Research on Design and Application Based on TCSC
Optimal Model for Congestion
Fei Li
College of Electrical Engineering and Information Science
China Three Gorges University
Yichang, China
Lifei_ctgu@163.com
Abstract-People pay more attention to the use of FACTS devices
to ease grid congestion problems. On the base of the traditional
optimal power flow (OPF), an optimal congestion dispatch model
with TCSC devices is proposed in this paper, expressing the
control of the TCSC over the power systems as additional power
equations. Instead of introducing a TCSC controller equation,
optimization can be achieved in the variable space including
TCSC controlled parameters. Non-linear interior point method
(Nonlinear IP method) is used to solve the optimal problems. The
results show that the control of TCSC can flexibly adjust the
network power flow, and effectively ease the network congestion
problems.
Keywords- Congestion; TCSC; Additional power; Nonlinear IP
method
I. INTRODUCTION
With the interconnection of the large regional power grid
and the establishment of the future electricity market, since the
grid power flow randomness and the probability of
transmission congestion occurred greatly increased,
transmission congestion has become more serious that affects
the safe and stability of the modern power grid [1], which is bad
for the efficient and economical operation of electricity
market. How to solve the transmission network congestion
problems have become forefront topics at the field of
electricity market.
In the traditional vertical management mode, once the
transmission power exceeds the limited case, the dispatch
center schedules independently according to certain principles,
which is different from the electricity market environment. The
electrical energy is circulated by electricity trading. The
economic interests of all market participants is involved in
eliminating the congestion process, meanwhile, eliminating
congestion requires not only the technical support, but also the
consideration of the justice and benefits, which makes the
congestion problem more complicated. Elimination of
congestion mainly uses two types of technical and economic
methods. The former mainly relies on the advanced and
reasonable scheduling means (e.g. FACTS controlling
technology [2]); the latter mainly uses the price mechanism [3].
978-1-4244-4813-5/10/$25.00 ©2010 IEEE
Xianshan Li
College of Electrical Engineering and Information Science
China Three Gorges University
Yichang, China
lixianshan@ctgu.edu.cn
As the special advantage of flexible AC transmission
device (FACTS) [4], such as quickly adjusting, convenient,
directional adjustment as needed and good effects, it plays an
increasingly important role in the network congestion
scheduling.
In the early time, transmission congestion can be eased by
improving the tie-line power flow capacity through power flow
control [5]. Based on DC power flow model, the control effects
of TCSC and TCPS are expressed as additional power flow of
nodes. Coordination and optimization for congestion
controlled problems of power system which contains a number
of phase shifter is deeply studied in reference [6], and
interior-point method is applied to the solution process.
Recently, the injection power of FACTS device is expressed as
independent variables [7], and introduced it to the global
optimal control mode of FACTS device, using non-linear
programming method to solve the problem for improving
system transmission capacity. Using FACTS device to
improve system security is presented in reference [8]. It gives a
new format for solving the optimization problem: It expresses
additional injected power and control parameters of FACTS
device as independent variables introduced to the optimization
problems, and successive quadratic programming algorithm is
used to the solution, but lack of the analysis of convergence
performance. Many scholars have considered that the
introduction of FACTS control parameters will increase the
system's non-linear and non-convexity, and in some cases, the
convergence will be affected by using numerical method
directly, even not converge. The introduction of UPFC control
parameters affecting the convergence of optimization
algorithm is proposed in reference [9, 10].
In this background, from a point of view of technology,
this paper focuses on the study of the optimization congestion
method including the FACTS devices (e.g. TCSC). The part 1
introduces FACTS congestion model, and the optimization
congestion model containing TCSC is proposed in part 2.
Using the system of IEEE5 to check the method is in part3,
and the part4 comes to the conclusions.
II. FACTS CONGESTION MODEL
FACTS devices using to active power regulation are as
follows: thyristor controlled series compensation (TCSC),
controlled phase shifter (TCPS), unified power flow controller
(UPFC).
There are mainly the physical model and the power
injection model for power flow control of FACTS devices. The
physical model is based on the physical characteristics. The
other is power injection model. It expresses the control of the
FACTS devices as injection power flow of nodes and can be
good to combine optimization power flow method. In this part,
the power injection model [11] of FACTS devices is introduced.
TCSC is taken as an example to illustrate the method proposed
here.
TCSC equivalent circuit model is shown in Figure 1.
i Zij=rij+jxij
-jxc
Fig.1 TCSC equivalent circuit model
i Zij=rij+jxij
△Si
Fig.2 TCSC power injection model
Fig.2 shows the power injection model of TCSC. The
injected power of lines at both ends can be expressed as:
⎧ΔPi = Vi2 ΔGij − VVi j (ΔGij cos θij + ΔBij sin θij )
⎪ the accuracy inevitably.
⎪ΔQi = −Vi2 ΔBij + VV i j (ΔBij cos θij − ΔGij sin θij )
⎪
⎨
⎪ΔPj = V j ΔGij − ViV j (ΔGij cos θij − ΔBij sin θij )
2 III.
⎪ MODEL ADDING TCSC
i j (ΔGij cos θij + ΔBij sin θij )
2
⎪⎩ΔQ j = −V j ΔBij + VV
KC X ij2 ( KC − 2)
ΔGij =
(rij2 + X ij2 ) ⎡⎣ rij2 + X ij2 (1 − K C ) 2 ⎤⎦
KC X ij ⎡⎣ X ij2 (1 − KC ) − rij2 ⎤⎦
ΔBij =
(rij2 + X ij2 ) ⎡⎣ rij2 + X ij2 (1 − K C ) 2 ⎤⎦
KC = X C / X ij
In which,
Additional active power of line caused by TCSC can be
expressed as:
ΔPij = Pij ′ − Pij = −Vi 2 ΔGij + ViV j (ΔGij cos θ ij + ΔBij sin θ ij )
KC is defined as the compensation degree of TCSC. When
KC >0, TCSC comprehensive reactance represents capacitive,
otherwise is perceptual. It considers as controlled parameters
of TCSC. The value range of TCSC is among the maximum of
the capacitive and perceptual compensation degree. In
practical engineering calculations, since the reactance is much
larger than resistance in high-voltage lines, it ignores the
resistance to simplify the model which is easy to resolve. It
supposes the resistance rij=0, and substitute it to equation (2):
ΔGij = 0 ΔBij = Kc / ⎡⎣ X ij (1 − K c ) ⎤⎦ = KTCSC / X ij
(4)
KTCSC = K C /(1 − K C )
There, , and：
KTCSC max = KC max /(1 − KC max )
K TCSC min = K C min /(1 − K C min )
j In the simplified equations, KTCSC is controlled parameter
of TCSC in steady-state analysis. The following analysis will
use simplified parameter of KTCSC.
Calculated by equation (1 ~ 3) were:
⎧ ΔPi = −ViV j sin θij KTCSC / X ij
⎪
⎪⎪ ΔQi = −Vi 2 KTCSC / X ij + ViV j cos θij KTCSC / X ij
j ⎨
⎪ ΔPj = ViV j sin θij KTCSC / X ij
⎪
⎪⎩ ΔQ j = −V j KTCSC / X ij + ViV j cos θij KTCSC / X ij
2
△Sj
ΔPij = ViV j sin θ ij K TCSC / X ij
(5)
The simplified equations ignore the resistance of line and
eliminate the nonlinear term, which helps to improve the
convergence of resolving the power flow, while it also affects
OPTIMIZATION CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
(1) In the system environment, the total cost of fuel to
generate electricity (6) and net loss can be chosen as the
objective function for optimal congestion model.
Fcos t = ∑
i∈S
( a 2 i PGi2 + a1i PGi + a 0 i ) (6)
G
Considering the equation and inequality constraints:
(2) A. Equality constraints are as follows:
⎧ n
⎪⎪ ΔPi = PGi − PDi + ΔPi − Vi ∑ V j (Gij cos θij + Bij sin θij ) = 0
'
j∈i
(7)
⎨ n
⎪ ΔQi = QGi − QDi + ΔQi' − Vi ∑ V j (Gij sin θij − Bij cos θ ij ) = 0
(3) ⎪⎩ j∈i
ΔPi ' , ΔQi' are the additional active power and reactive
power of the nodes connected with TCSC respectively.
B. Inequality constraint are as follows:
Upper and lower bounds constraints of generator’s active
power and reactive power are as follows:
 ⎧⎪ Pgimin ≤ Pgi ≤ Pgimax i ∈ mp IV. SIMULATION EXAMPLES
⎨ min max IEEE standard 5-node system (Fig.3) is used to explain
⎪⎩Qgi ≤ Qgi ≤ Qgi i ∈ mp
(8) congestion phenomenon. The active power of 1# generator is
6p.u. TCSC is installed at the branch (2-3), the boundary of
Upper and lower bounds constraints of node-voltage are as the active power of each branch (1-2,1-3,2-3,2-4,3-5) is
follows: respectively 2p.u.,0.65 p.u.,2 p.u.,6 p.u. and 5 p.u..
4 2 3 5
Vi min ≤ Vi ≤ Vi max i∈n 1# 2#
(9)
G G
The line flow constraints are as follows:

Plijmin ≤ Plij + ΔPlij ≤ Plijmax 2+j1 3.7+j1.3

i, j ∈ n, i ≠ j 1
1.6+j0.8
i j (Gij cos θij + Bij sin θij ) − Vi Gij
2
Plij = VV
(10) Fig.3 IEEE standard 5-node network topology

TCSC control parameters constraints are as follows: 2 0.1

10

K Cmin ≤ KC ≤ KCmax i ∈ mk (11)

0
10 0.05

-2
10 0
△ Plij is the additional active transmission power
generated in the line i-j due to the introduction of TCSC; KC -4
10 -0.05

is the controlled parameter of TCSC. Superscript “max” and -6

“min” indicate the maximum and minimum value constraints 10
0 10 20 30
-0.1
0 10 20 30
of the corresponding variables.
Fig.4 Convergence of the Gap Fig.5 Convergence of the KC
The original-dual interior point method [12] is used to solve
the optimization problem. The original-dual interior point 4 2 3 5
method is also known as tracking center locus method. The 1# 6 1.5251 2#
original-dual interior point algorithm is essentially a 2.12
combination of Lagrange function, Newton algorithm and the G G
logarithmic barrier function. While maintaining the feasibility 2
and viability of the original and the dual solutions, it finds an
5.7946 1.88 0.0998 1.6729
optimal solution along a primal-dual path. It can inherit the 2+j1 3.7+j1.3
advantages of Newton algorithm of OPF, and deal with 1.7946 0.058
functional-type inequality constraints and variable-type 1
inequality constraints well.
Power flow calculation 1.6+j0.8
When considering the controlled parameter variable Ki, Optimization congestion calculation adding
comparing with the OPF algorithm, it has the main change of TCSC located in tie-line (2-3)
adding the effects of additional power caused by TCSC in
power flow equation constraints of nodes connected with Fig.6 Simulation results of transmission power of each branch
TCSC and active inequality constraints related to TCSC (see
above section 2). It needs to consider the effects of Fig.4 and Fig.5 show the convergence of Gap and KC,
corresponding additional power in the solution of OPF Fig.6 shows the active power of all braches of the system.
calculation, including calculation of the initial value, Jacobi From these data above, by conventional power flow
and Hessen matrix which related to the additional power calculation, congestion phenomenon has occurred at the
equations of TCSC. To Jacobi and Hessen matrix, it only branch (2-3). After adding a TCSC device at the branch (2-3)
needs derivative calculation for additional power individually, and using optimization congestion model calculations,
and takes the results to the corresponding location of Jacobi congestion is eliminated. The model took full advantage of the
and Hessen matrix. Considering that the additional power physical characteristics of the network, increasing network
only partly related to the branch parameters and the node transmission capacity, which was conducive to eliminate the
variables connected with TCSC as well as the TCSC control congestion phenomenon.
parameter itself, so the modification of Jacobi and Hessen
V. CONCLUSIONS
matrix caused by the introduction of TCSC control parameters
and the additional power has a little calculation. This paper proposes an optimal congestion dispatch model
adding TCSC, expressing the regulation of the TCSC over the
power systems as additional power equations. Nonlinear IP
method is used to solve the optimal problems. Comparing
with the optimization power flow algorithm without TCSC, it
adds the effects of additional power equations among the
resolve process, which is easy to use the algorithm and
program of former OPF. Results obtained by the method
proposed here show that FACTS devices can effectively ease
the congestion of transmission lines to promote the healthy
development of power industry.
REFERENCES
[1] Zhang Yongping, Jiao Lianwei, Chen Shousun, et al. Electricity Market
Congestion Management Overview [J]. Power System Technology,
2003, 27 (8): 1-9.
[2] Zhang Yanping, Ge Chaoqiang, Tang Guoqing. FACTS Application in
Congestion Management [J]. Electricity Demand Management, 2002,
10:16-19.
[3] Harry Singh ， Shangyou Hao, Alex Papalexopoulos. Transmission
congestion management in competitive electricity markets[J]．IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems，1998，13(2)：672-680．
[4] Xie Xiaorong, Jiang Qirong. Flexible AC Transmission Systems Theory
and Application. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2006.
[5] Taranto.G.N，Pinto.L.M.V.G，Pereira.M.V.F. Representation of FACTS
devices in power system economic dispatch．IEEE transactions on
Power Systems，1992，7(2)：572-576．
[6] James A.Momoh，Jizhong Z.Zhu，Garfield D.Boswell，et al．Power
system security enhancement by OPF with phase shifter ． IEEE
transactions on Power Systems，2001，16(2)：287-293．
[7] Ying Xiao， Y.H.Song， ChenChing Liu ， et al． Available transfer
capability enhancement using FACTS devices．IEEE transactions on
Power Systems，2003，18(1)：305-312
[8] Carsten Lehmkoster．Security constrained optimal power flow for an
economical operation of FACTS-devices in liberalized energy
markets[J]．IEEE transactions on Power Delivery，2002，17(2)：
895-897．
[9] Xu Yan, Li Naihu. Power Flow Control of Interconnected Power Systems
Based on FACTS Technology [J]. Electric Power Systems Automation,
1998, 22 (5): 37-40.
[10] Naihu Li，Yan Xu，Heng Chen．FACTS-Based Power Flow Control
in Interconnected Power System．IEEE transactions on Power Systems
，2000，15(1)：257-262．
[11] Zhao Jianjun, Guo Jianbo, Zhou Xiaoxin. Using the Method of Injecting
Current from Additional Nodes for Modeling and Simulation of SSSC
Power Flow Controller [J]. Proceeding of the CSEE, 2005, 25 (23) .1-6.
[12] Wang Xifan. Modern Power System Analysis [M]. Beijing: Science
Press, 2003.