Tutorial 2: solutions

G. Catalanotti
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9
5AH, UK

1. (a) A closed ended cylinder has an internal radius of 50mm and

an external radius of 100mm. if there is an internal pressure of
120MPa, calculate the radial and the circumferential stresses at
the inner surface, at the outer surface, and at a radius of 70mm.
(b) The metal from which the cylinder is made has a yield stress
of 400MPa when tested in simple tension. Calculate the factor of
safety with respect to the onset of yield at any point in the pres-
surised cylinder using: (i) Tresca Yield Criterion; (ii) von Mises
Yield Criterion.

(a) Let be:

– ri , the internal radius, ri = 0.05m;

– ro , the outer radius, ro = 0.1m;
– κ, the radius ratio, κ = ro /ri = 2;

– pi , the internal pressure, pi = 120MPa.

For internal pressure only, the Equations of Lamé–Clapeyron read:

r2
 
B pi
σr = A − 2 = 2 1 − o2 (1)
r κ −1 r

r2
 
B pi
σθ = A + 2 = 2 1 + o2 (2)
r κ −1 r

• At r = ri :
The radial stress reads:
0.12 m2
 
120MPa
σr |r=ri = 2 1− = −120MPa (3)
2 −1 0.052 m2

as expected, the radial stress is σr |r=ri = −pi .

The circumferential stress reads:
0.12 m2
 
120MPa
σθ |r=ri = 1+ = 200MPa (4)
22 − 1 0.052 m2
 • At r = ro :
The radial stress reads:
0.12 m2
 
120MPa
σr |r=ro = 1− = 0MPa (5)
22 − 1 0.12 m2

as expected, the radial stress is σr |r=ro = −po = 0MPa.

The circumferential stress reads:
0.12 m2
 
120MPa
σθ |r=ro = 1+ = 80MPa (6)
22 − 1 0.12 m2

• At r = 0.07m
The radial and circumferential stresses read:
0.12 m2
 
120MPa
σr |r=0.07m = 2 1− = −41.6MPa (7)
2 −1 0.072 m2

0.12 m2
 
120MPa
σθ |r=0.07m = 1+ = 121.6MPa (8)
22 − 1 0.072 m2

(b) If Tresca Yielding Criterion is used, the yielding occurs when:

σy
τmax = (9)
2
where τmax is the maximum shear stress, and σy the yielding stress of the
material. If Tresca Yielding Criterion is used the maximum stress reads:
σθ − σr
τmax = (10)
2
and does not depend on the axial stress σz . The stresses were calculated, before
and reads:
σr |r=ri = −120MPa σθ |r=ri = 200MPa (11)
therefore the safety factor, ηT resca , reads:
σy σy 400MPa
ηT resca = = = = 1.25 (12)
2τmax σθ |r=ri − σr |r=ri 200MPa − (−120MPa)

If von Mises Yielding Criterion is used we need first to calculate the axial
stress σz . For closed end caps, the axial stresses read:
pi 120MPa
σz = = 2 = 40MPa (13)
κ2 − 1 2 −1
The safety factor, ηvM ises , reads:
√
2 σy
ηvM ises = q
2
2
2 (14)
σθ |r=ri − σr |r=ri + σr |r=ri − σz + σz − σθ |r=ri

2
 that after substitution yields:
√
2 400MPa
ηvM ises = q = 1.44
2 2 2
(200MPa + 120MPa) + (−120MPa − 40MPa) + (40MPa + 120MPa)
(15)

2. Determine the radius ratio, κ, for a thick-walled cylinder subjected

to an internal pressure of 80MPa if the maximum circumferential
stress is not to exceed 140MPa. Calculate the maximum shear
stresses on the inner and outer surfaces.

If the cylinder if subjected to the only internal pressure, pi , the maximum

circumferential stress occurs at the inner surface and reads:
r2
 
pi pi
1 + o2 = 2 1 + κ2 = σ̂θ


σθ |r=ri = 2 (16)
κ −1 ri κ −1
where σ̂θ = 140MPa is the maximum value of the circumferential stress. Sub-
stituting the values of pi and σ̂θ in the previous Equation, yields:
80MPa
1 + κ2 = 140MPa


2
(17)
κ −1
that can be solved for κ:

∴ 80MPa + 80MPaκ2 = 140MPaκ2 − 140MPa (18)

∴ 60MPaκ2 = 220MPa =⇒ κ2 = 3.67 =⇒ κ = 1.915 (19)

At inner surface, r = ri :

σr |r=ri = −pi = −80MPa (20)

σθ |r=ri = 140MPa (21)

σθ |r=ri − σr |r=ri 140MPa + 80MPa

τmax |r=ri = = = 110MPa (22)
2 2
At outer surface, r = ro :

σr |r=ro = −po = 0MPa (23)

r2
 
pi 80MPa
σθ |r=ro = 2 1 + o2 = (1 + 1) = 60MPa (24)
κ −1 ro 1.9152 − 1
σθ |r=ro − σr |r=ro 60MPa + 0MPa
τmax |r=ro = = = 30MPa (25)
2 2

3
3. A closed cylinder has an external diameter of 0.5m and an inter-
nal diameter of 0.3m. The cylinder is sealed at atmospheric pres-
sure (1bar) and is submerged to the sea to experience an external
pressure of 10bar; calculate the circumferential stresses with the
greatest magnitude. Assume that the internal volume change may
be neglected. (1bar=0.1MPa)

Let be:
– po , outer pressure, po = 10bar=1MPa;

– pi , internal pressure, pi = 1bar=0.1MPa;

– ro , outer radius, ro = 0.25m;
– ri , internal radius, ri = 0.15m;
– κ, radius ratio, κ = ro /ri = 1.67.

The circumferential stress, σθ , at the inner surface reads:

ro2 ri2
    
1 2
σθ |r=ri = 2 pi 1 + 2 − po κ 1 + 2
κ −1 ri ri
1 (26)
0.1MPa 1 + 1.672 − 1MPa 1.672 1 + 12



= 2
1.67 − 1
= −2.9MPa

while at the outer surface:

r2 r2
    
1
σθ |r=ro = 2 pi 1 + o2 − po κ2 1 + i2
κ −1 ro r0
1 (27)
0.1MPa 1 + 12 − 1MPa 1.672 1 + 1.67−2



= 2
1.67 − 1
= −1.6MPa

Therefore, the maximum value of the circumferential stress (in magnitude) is

located at the inner surface.

4. A compound cylinder has an internal diameter of 100mm and an

external diameter of 200mm. The interface between the two com-
ponent cylinders has a diameter of 140mm, and interference fit of
0.07mm. Calculate the maximum shear stress at the inner, inter-
face and outer surfaces of the compound cylinder (E = 210GPa).

Let be:
– ro , the outer radius, ro = 0.1m;

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 – ri , the internal radius, ri = 0.05m;
– rm , the radius of the mating surface, rm = 0.07m;
– δ, the interference fit, δ = 7 · 10−5 m;
– E, the Young’s modulus, E = 210GPa=2.1·105 MPa.
The interference pressure, p, is easily calculated as:

"
2
#
Eδ ro2 − rm
2
rm − ri2
p= 2 (r 2 − r 2 )
2rm rm o i
"
#
(28)


2.1 · 10 MPa 7 · 10 m 0.12 m2 − 0.072 m2 0.072 m2 − 0.052 m2
5 −5
= 2 2 2 2 2 2
20.07m 0.07 m (0.1 m − 0.05 m )
= 35MPa

Inner cylinder
The stresses for the inner cylinder are readily obtained using the Lamé formula
with external pressure equal to p, and radius ratio κi = rm /ri = 1.4. Therefore:
• At r = ri = 0.05m (at the internal surface):

σr |r=ri = −pi = 0MPa (29)

−pκ2i ri2 −35MPa 1.42

 
σθ |r=ri = 1+ = · 2 = −143MPa (30)
κ2 − 1 ri2 1.42 − 1
Therefore the maximum shear stress reads:
σθ |r=ri − σr |r=ri 0MPa + 143MPa
τmax |r=ri = = = 71.5MPa (31)
2 2

• At r = rm = 0.07m (at the mating surface):

σr |r=rm = −p = −35MPa (32)

−pκ2i ri2 −35MPa 1.42

0.052 m2
   
σθ |r=rm = 1+ = 1+ = −108MPa
κ2 − 1 2
rm 1.42 − 1
0.072 m2
(33)
It should be noted that in this case σz = 0MPa is the maximum prin-
cipal stress, while the minimum principal stress is σθ |r=rm = −108MPa.
Therefore the maximum shear stress read:
σz − σθ |r=rm 0MPa + 108MPa
τmax |r=rm = = = 54MPa (34)
2 2

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Outer cylinder
In a similar way, the outer cylinder is solved using the Lamé formula with an
internal pressure equal to p and a radius ratio equal to κo = 0.1m/0.07m=1.43.
• At r = rm = 0.07m (at the mating surface):

σr |r=rm = −p = −35MPa (35)

ro2 0.12 m2
   
−p 35MPa
σθ |r=rm = 1+ = 1+ = 102MPa
κ2o − 1 2
rm 1.432 − 1 0.072 m2
(36)
Therefore the maximum shear stress read:
σθ |r=rm − σr |r=rm 102MPa + 35MPa
τmax |r=rm = = = 68.5MPa (37)
2 2
• At r = ro = 0.1m (at the outer surface):

σr |r=r0 = −po = 0MPa (38)

ro2
 
p 35MPa
σθ |r=ro = 1 + = · 2 = 67MPa (39)
κ2o − 1 ro2 1.432 − 1
And a maximum shear stress of:
σθ |r=ro − σr |r=ro 67MPa − 0MPa
τmax |r=ro = = = 33.5MPa (40)
2 2

5. A thick-walled cylinder has an internal radius of 50mm and an

external radius of 100mm. The cylinder material has an yield
stress of 240MPa in axial tension. If yielding is according to the
Tresca criterion, calculate: (i) The internal pressure necessary to
initiate yielding; (ii) The internal pressure required to render the
cylinder fully plastic and the stress at the internal and external
surfaces when in this condition.
(i) When only an internal pressure is applied, yielding will occurs on the
inner surface, and the radial and circumferential stress distribution read:
ro2 ro2
   
pi pi
σr |r=ri = 1− 2 σθ |r=ri = 1+ 2 (41)
2 (κ2 − 1) ri 2 (κ2 − 1) ri
The maximum shear stress at the inner surface is equal to:
σθ |r=ri − σr |r=ri
τmax |r=ri =
2 
ro2 ro2

pi
= 1 + − 1 + (42)
2 (κ2 − 1) ri2 ri2
pi ro2
= 2
(κ − 1) ri2

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 According to Tresca Yielding Criterion, yielding occurs when:
σy
τmax = (43)
2
therefore, at the inner surface:
σy
τmax |r=ri = (44)
2

pi ro2 σy
∴ = (45)
(κ2 − 1) ri2 2
Solving for pi the internal pressure necessary to initiate yielding is obtained:

σy ri2 2
σy κ2 − 1 240MPa 22 − 1
pi = κ − 1 = = = 90MPa (46)
2 ro2 2 κ2 2 22
(ii) The internal pressure necessary to plasticise, partially, a thick walled
cylinder read: !
rp σy rp2
pi = σy ln + 1− 2 (47)
ri 2 ro
where rp is the radius of the elastic-plastic interface. While the stress distribu-
tion read:
rp σy
− 2 ro2 − rp2


σr = −σy ln (48)
r 2ro
 rp  σy
− 2 ro2 − rp2


σθ = σy 1 − ln (49)
r 2ro
The cylinder will be fully plastic for rp = ro ; therefore, under this condition
the internal pressure reads:
ro
pi = σy ln
ri
0.1m (50)
= 240MPa ln
0.05m
= 166.4MPa

while the stresses read:

ro
σr = −σy ln (51)
r
 ro 
σθ = σy 1 − ln (52)
r
The radial stress at the inner surface (r = ri ) reads:
ro 0.1m
σr |r=ri = −σy ln = −240MPa ln = −166.4MPa (53)
ri 0.05m

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that as expected is equal to −pi . While the circumferential stress reads:
   
ro 0.1m
σθ |r=ri = σy 1 − ln = 240MPa 1 − ln = 73.6MPa (54)
ri 0.05m

At the outer surface (r = ro ) the stress read:

ro 0.1m
σr |r=ro = −σy ln = −240MPa ln = 0MPa (55)
ro 0.1m
 
ro
σθ |r=ro = σy 1 − ln = 240MPa (1 − 0) = 240MPa (56)
ro