Reservoir Dynamic Modeling Technologies &

Geological Modeling Technologies

Kassem Ghorayeb
MEA Reservoir Engineering Advisor

CONSULTING SERVICES | The Middle East Hub

 © 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.

An asterisk is used throughout this presentation to denote a mark of Schlumberger.

Other company, product, and service names are the properties of their respective
owners.

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 Overview

Field Development Plan – The Big Picture

Integrated Seismic-to-Simulation

Static Modeling

Uncertainty Analysis

Dynamic Modeling

Integrated Surface-Subsurface Modeling

Multi-Scenario Production Forecast

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

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 Field Development Planning – The Big Picture

Exploring Possible Subsurface Outcomes (Realizations).

– Predictive Reservoir Simulation Models
– Reservoir Uncertainties and Risk Mitigation

Building Alternative Development Concepts.
– Wells, Completions & Facilities

Developing the Optimum Concept
– Robustness of Development Concepts to Subsurface Uncertainty.
– Economic Analysis

Supporting the Recommended Concepts with Appropriate Strategies in
a Comprehensive FDP.

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 Build a Petrel project of the
Static Model field assembling all the data
available

Seismic Interpretation & Inversion
– Horizons and Fault Interpretation

Core Description:
– Conceptual depositional model

Petrophysical Interpretation
– Data review and QC
– Cementation factor (m), and Saturation exponent (n)
– Permeability-Porosity Transform
– Rock Typing (MICP, RCA, Log Data, Lithofacies)
– Free Water Level and Saturation Height Function

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 Static Model (Cont.)

Structural modeling
– Fault model, Pillar gridding, Horizon model, Zonation and Layering

Facies Modeling
– Population of lithofacies and depositional facies in the 3D Grid

Petrophysical Property Modeling
– Realistic property model reflecting the reservoir geological and
production characteristics.
– Stochastic porosity and permeability modeling
– Water saturation modeling

Volumetrics Estimation
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 Static Model Workflow (SPE 127599)

Well Tops
Structural Model
Seismic Horizons

Core Data

Log Data Facies Model

3D Interpretation
OIIP & GIIP
Estimates
Core Data

Log Data Porosity Model Matrix Model

3D Interpretation
Uncertainty
&
Sensitivity
SCAL DATA
Analysis
MDT Data Log Data SHF
Log Data FWL Model

Well Test Data

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 Uncertainty Analysis Workflow

3D Porosity Model
3d Facies Model
Constrained with Facies Model

Multiple Runs Multiple Runs

Structural Uncertainty Porosity Modeling Uncertainty Facies Modeling Uncertainty

In Place Volumetrics Estimation

Uncertainty & Sensitivity Analysis

FWL Uncertainty Bo/Bg/Rs/Rv Uncertainty

Derive & Generate
Multiple Runs Multiple Runs P10/P50/P90 Models
Fluid Contact Model PVT Model

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 Uncertainty Analysis Workflow (Cont.)

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 Uncertainty Analysis Workflow (Cont.)

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 Uncertainty Analysis Workflow (Cont.)

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 Fracture Model Workflow (SPE 140666)
Hard Data (Image Logs, Core, MEM Logs) Soft Data

Fracture Rose Stereo Rigidity 3D Seismic

Tadpoles Diagrams Plots Modulus Volume Curvature

Understanding of Fracture Fracture Intensity

Fracture Corridors
Orientation & Relation to Tectonics Model

Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)

Upscaling to
3D Model
Fracture Model
Assign Fracture Assign Fracture
Aperture Permeability

Calibration with Fracture Model Calibration with

Well Test Data Calibration Fracture Density Log

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 Fracture Model Workflow (SPE 140666)

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 Building the Dynamic Model – Building Blocks
SCAL PVT VFP
Fully Petrel
1
Based

Relative Permeability
0.8 Liquid Va por
Workflow

BHP, (10 3) Psia

0.6

Pr essure
0.4

0.2
T wo -Phase
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Liquid Rate, MMSTB/Day
Water Saturation T emperature

Upscaling

Calibration Depletion Scenarios

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 Fully Integrated Petrel Framework

Entire model will be based on Petrel

– PVT, SCAL, VFP, Aquifers, Development Strategies, …

Petrel workflows and macros will be used to ensure a
portable and maintainable history matched model.

Grid block-independent multipliers will be used:
Zones, Segments, polygones, …This enables a
smooth transition from one grid size to another in the
history matching process.

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 Upscaling

Honoring reservoirs heterogeneity

– Retain as much geological details as possible

Two Upscaled models:
– High Resolution: Targeted studies (infill drilling, EOR, …)
– Low Resolution: Multi-scenario production forecasts.
– History Matching will take place on the low resolution
model first
– Results will then feed into the HM of the high resolution
model

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 Upscaling (Cont.)

Understand the continuity of the reservoir properties

both areally and vertically (facies)

Preserve vertical barriers

HCPV maps per zone and porosity cross-sections
were made. The final proposed layering scheme is
selected giving priority to zones with high HCPV and
high vertical contrast of porosity.

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 Upscaling – QC

Check Volumetrics (see separate slide)

For all wells compare synthetic porosity, permeability and
saturation logs (fine scale and upscaled models).

Perform visual checks on the upscaled porosity and permeability
by comparing 2D map views, 2D cross-sections for the upscaled
model and the static model for all relevant zones.

Compare histograms and k-phi cross-plots before and after
upscaling for all the relevant horizons and facies

Compare dynamic behavior on a sector model between fine scale
and upscaled models

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 History Matching

Uncertainty Analysis: Identify the set of reservoirs

parameters with high uncertainty and their corresponding
ranges of uncertainty.

Run a sensitivity analysis to investigate the impact of
different parameters on the flow performance (rates, water
breakthrough, WCT, GOR, pressure).

Narrow down the set of uncertainty parameters to be carried
on to be used in the history matching process.

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 History Matching (Cont.)

Field, Group & Well level.

Production data analysis helps on setting the HM criteria.

Calibrate model to well test data.

Check quality of the HM using the RST/PNL Data.

Potential usage of assisted history matching as applicable
(Petrel HM & Optimization or MEPO).

History match the Low Resolution model followed my HM of
the High Resolution model.

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 History Matching & Calibration of the DFN Model (SPE
125566)

Upscale the DFN into Static Model
Grid.

Reservoir information from
analytical PDD/PBU interpretations.

Extract a reservoir sector model
from the full field model.

Simulate the pressure transient
tests.

Adjust fracture properties to get a
good match.

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 Calibration Results Example 1

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 Multi-Scenario Production Forecasts SPE144442
Automated Well Placement Accounting for Uncertainty

'

 Automated well layout and

scheduling.
 Centralized drilling queues..

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 Integrated Asset Model (SPE papers 79702, 92381)

Pressure interaction between a reservoir and a surface facility

network model.

Pressure interaction between different reservoirs in the case of
multiple reservoirs sharing a surface facility.

Influence of facility constraints on a set of reservoirs sharing a
surface facility.

Mixing of fluids from several reservoirs with different fluid
descriptions in a production network.

Integration with process and economic models.

Optimization of the integrated system.

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 Integrated Asset Model (SPE papers 125595 and
144442)

Avocet IAM

Reservoir Model 1 Reservoir Model 2 Reservoir Model N

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 Integrated Asset Model – Surface/Subsurface
Integration SPE papers 112223, 123689

Breaks Down Barriers between Disciplines.

Bring the Engineering Models Closer to the Operational World.

Feasibility Validation of Field Development Plans.

Evaluation of any Possible Production System Bottleneck.

Optimizing CAPEX and OPEX.

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 Network Modeling

Well/Network Modeling

Well Design and Analysis

Nodal Analysis

Network Debottlenecking

Pipeline & Equipment Sizing

Gas Lift / ESP Optimization

Flow Assurance

Erosion & Corrosion Modeling

Slug flow prediction / Slug catcher sizing

Field Network Development Planning

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 Schlumberger EOR Strategy
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

Differentiated Offering Market Segmentation Leverage

Field Implementation / Management

Reservoir Management
Full IPM

Field Implementation
All segments

Field Pilots

Field Pilots
Wireline / Deepreading

Mini & Micro pilots
Testing Services

Large Scale Pilots
Completions

EOR Screening

Method Selection
SIS

Designing Phase
Testing Services

Completions

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 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
EOR Stage
Preliminary Screening and Design
Detailed Study and Laboratory Analysis
Risk evaluation
Pilot Execution and Analyses
Evaluation of Pilot and scale up
Evaluation of Business Impact
Full-Field Implementation
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Consulting Services
 Simulation modeling and screening
 Evaluation of formation connectivity
 Validation of Reserves
 Rock and fluid characterization
 Relative Permeability Upscaling
 Recovery Forecasting
 Fluid and rock compatibility
 Risk profiling
 Evaluation of investment cost
 Resource planning
 Selection of observation, production and
injection wells
 Well and completion design
 Testing, interpretation and monitoring
 Displacement efficiency evaluation
 Full field EOR design
 Determination of EOR fluid requirements
 Project implementation business risk evaluation
 Determination of expected potential
 Production and injection rates evaluation
 Well and surface facilities integrity evaluation
 Flow assurance
 Reservoir monitoring