You are on page 1of 10

QUARTER 1

MODULE 1: EARTH AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY

 
 
 

Lesson  1
• Volcanoes,  Eartquakes,  and  
Mountain  Ranges
 
 
 
    Lesson  Objectives:    
•   describe  and  relate  the  distribution  of  active  volcanoes,  
earthquake  epicenters,  and  major  mountain  belts  to  
Plate  Tectonic  Theory  
  

•   familiarization  of  the  maps  of  active  volcano,  


earthquakes  and  mountain  ranges.    

  1  
 
                       Introduction  
 
Our  territory  is  traversed  by  the  Pacific  Ring  of  Fire.  As  a  result,  there  are  numerous  
earthquakes  and  numerous  gorgeous  but  dangerous  volcanoes.  
 
The  crust,  mantle,  inner,  and  outer  cores  of  our  planet  are  made  up  of  diverse  
components.  The  lithosphere,  which  is  made  up  of  the  crust  and  upper  mantle,  will  be  the  
focus  of  this  module.  
                                                                                                                           Earth's  Crust    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The  lithosphere  is  supposed  to  move  constantly  but  slowly.  These  motions  aren't  uniform  
across  the  board.  Tectonics  refers  to  the  movement  of  the  lithosphere.  
 
 
The  Plate  Tectonics  Theory  states  that  the  Earth's  lithosphere  is  divided  into  multiple  
parts  called  plates  (see  Figure  1).  The  arrows  indicate  the  plate  movement  direction,  
whereas  the  other  lines  are  fault  lines.  
 
Figure  1.  Moving  Plate  soft  the  Earth  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  2  
VOLCANO  
A  volcano  is  a  hill  or  mountain  formed  by  the  eruption  of  lava  or  rock  fragments  from  a  
magma  source  beneath  it.  
 
 
Volcanic  eruption  undergoes  two  processes  before  eruption:  
 
1.  Melting  of  rock  masses    
  2.  Movement  of  this  
10km  below  the  earth's  
  magma  toward the  earth's  
surface  to  produce  
  surface.
magma.  
 
  •determines  the   initial   •controls  the   nature  and  
  temperature  and timing  of  eruption.
  composition   of  the  magma.  
 
 
 
 
The  Philippines  has  a  unique  tectonic  context  that  is  conducive  for  the  creation  of  
volcanoes.  Subducting  plates  encircle  the  archipelago,  as  seen  by  the  trenches  associated  
with  volcano  creation.    
 
                       
Classification  of  Volcanoes  (According  to  Physical  form)  
1.     •   Shield  volcanoes  are  so  named   Example:    
Lava,  Dome  or   because  of  their  form.  Shield  volcanoes    
Shield  Volcanoes   are  not  particularly  steep,  although   Mauna  Loa  Volcano    
they  can  be  rather  massive.  At   and  Mauna  Kea  
spreading  centers  or  intraplate  hot   Volcano  (world's  
zones,  shield  volcanoes  are  common.   tallest  volcano)    in  
•   The  lava  that  forms  shield  volcanoes  is   Hawaii  
fluid  and  easily  flows.  The  shield  is    
formed  by  the  expanding  lava.  Many    
layers  of  shield  volcanoes  are    
developed  over  time,  and  the  layers    
are  usually  of  similar  composition.    
Shield  eruptions  are  also  non-­explosive    
due  to  their  low  viscosity.    
2.  Composite   •   Made  of  felsic  to  intermediate  rock.   Mt. Fuji, the
volcanic  cones   The  viscosity  of  the  lava  means  that   highest mountain
eruptions  at  these  volcanoes  are  often   in Japan, is a
explosive   dormant composite
volcano.

  3  
 
3.   •   Simplest  type  of  volcano.   Taal  Volcano  
 Cinder  cones   •   Volcanoes  of  this  class  are  the  most  
common.  The  shape  of  a  cinder  cone  is  
similar  to  that  of  a  composite  volcano,  
although  it  is  much  smaller.  Cinder  
cones  are  rarely  taller  than  300  
meters,  but  they  have  steep  slopes.  
Cinder  cones  grow  quickly,  often  
during  a  single  eruption  cycle.  Cinder  
cones  are  made  up  of  small  rock  
fragments  heaped  on  top  of  one  
another,  such  as  pumice.  The  boulder  
flies  through  the  air  and  lands  not  far  
from  the  vent.  The  composition  of  the  
lava  erupted  by  the  volcano  
determines  the  specific  composition  of  
a  cinder  cone.  A  crater  is  common  on  
the  summit  of  cinder  cones.  
•   Cinder  cones  are  often  found  near  
larger  volcanoes.  
4.  Supervolcanoes   •   In  the  history  of  the  Earth,  eruptions   The largest
are  extremely  infrequent.  It's  a  good   supervolcano in
thing,  too,  because  they're  enormous.   North America is
A  supervolcano  must  spew  more  than   beneath
1,000  cubic  kilometers  (240  cubic   Yellowstone
miles)  of  material,  compared  to  1.2   National Park in
km3  for  Mount  St.  Helens  and  25  km3   Wyoming.
for  Mount  Pinatubo,  the  Philippines'   Yellowstone sits
1991  major  eruption.  Supervolcanoes,   above a hotspot
unsurprisingly,  are  the  most  hazardous   that has erupted
type  of  volcano.     catastrophically
•   In  the  field  of  volcanology,   three times: 2.1
supervolcanoes  are  a  relatively  recent   million, 1.3 million,
concept.  It's  still  unclear  what  causes   and 640,000 years
supervolcano  eruptions.  Scientists   ago.
believe,  however,  that  a  massive    
magma  chamber  bursts  in  a  single  
catastrophic  explosion.  This  forms  a  
massive  hole,  or  caldera,  into  which  
the  surface  of  the  earth  collapses.  
 
 
 
 
 

  4  
Volcanic  Hazards-­  are  volcanic-­related  phenomena  that  pose  potential  threat  or  cause  
negative  impact  to  man,  property  and  the  environment  in  a  given  period  of  time.    
 
Volcanoes  represent  a  constantly  changing  array  of  risks,  and  each  one  is  unique.  Some  
erupt  with  terrifying  force,  such  as  Mount  St.  Helens  in  1980.  Other  volcanoes,  such  as  
Kilauea,  pour  streams  of  lava  down  their  flanks,  as  happened  during  the  2018  eruption.  
And  these  dangers  can  lead  to  a  slew  of  other  problems,  such  as  fires  and  debris  flows.  
The  following  are  just  a  few  of  the  many  dangers  that  volcanoes  can  bring:  
 
1.  Lava  flows:    These  molten  rock  rivers  are  tremendously  hot.  Lava  flows  can  reach  
temperatures  of  over  2,000  degrees  Fahrenheit,  which  is  hot  enough  to  melt  copper,  
depending  on  its  composition.  The  viscosity  of  the  lava,  which  determines  how  quickly  it  
flows,  is  also  affected  by  temperature  and  chemistry.  While  some  people  can  be  easily  out  
walked,  others  go  at  a  breakneck  pace.  Kilauea  erupted  in  2018,  flowing  lava  at  a  rate  of  
15  miles  per  hour  near  the  vent,  quicker  than  the  great  majority  of  people  could  run.  
 
2.  Volcanic  Projectiles:  Hot  rock  shards  are  hurled  from  active  vents  and  volcanic  
craters.  Lava  bombs  are  defined  as  anything  larger  than  2.5  inches  in  diameter.  While  
reports  of  refrigerator-­sized  lava  bombs  during  Kilauea's  2018  eruption  were  exaggerated,  
these  flaming  chunks  can  span  several  yards.  Even  little  volcanic  projectiles  can  cause  fires,  
break  bones,  and  melt  human  flesh  when  temperatures  are  extremely  high.  
 
3.  Pyroclastic  flows:  Blistering-­hot  avalanches  of  gasses,  boulders,  and  volcanic  ash  can  
bury  structures,  cause  flames,  and  destroy  everything  in  their  path  as  they  slide  down  a  
volcano's  slopes.  They  are  exceedingly  fast,  with  some  reaching  speeds  of  up  to  450  mph.  
Even  uphill  or  across  water,  pyroclastic  flows  can  travel.  Volcanoes  that  create  such  flows  
pose  a  serious  threat.  Pyroclastic  flows,  for  example,  abundant  during  the  famed  eruption  
of  Mount  Vesuvious  in  79  A.D.,  which  wreaked  havoc  on  the  city  of  Pompeii,  Italy.  
 
4.  Lahars  or  debris  flows:  According  to  the  USGS,  lahars  or  debris  flows  are  a  hot  or  
cold  slurry  of  water  and  rock  fragments  that  pours  down  a  volcano's  slopes  like  "rivers  of  
concrete."  These  are  commonly  found  following  valleys  or  river  channels  and  can  move  at  
breakneck  speeds.  While  a  lahar  may  begin  small,  it  can  quickly  expand  as  it  travels,  
bringing  any  debris  it  comes  across.  
 
5.  Toxic  gases:  Such  as  carbon  dioxide,  carbon  monoxide,  sulfur  dioxide,  and  hydrogen  
chloride,  are  also  released  by  volcanoes.  Sulfur  dioxide,  for  example,  is  extremely  corrosive  
and  can  irritate  the  skin,  eyes,  and  respiratory  systems  of  unwitting  bystanders.  The  gasses  
can  be  deadly  in  rare  cases:  in  1986,  a  surge  of  carbon  dioxide  spilled  out  of  Africa's  
volcanic  Lake  Nyos,  engulfing  a  nearby  hamlet  and  killing  hundreds  of  people  and  cattle.  
 
6.  Volcanic  ash:  Unlike  the  fluffy  particles  that  linger  after  a  campfire,  is  made  up  of  
microscopic  rock  fragments  and  shards  of  glass.  It  is  harmful  to  the  lungs  and  can  form  a  
thick  blanket  over  adjacent  towns,  collapsing  the  roofs  of  certain  buildings.  Ash  can  also  
rocket  thousands  of  feet  into  the  air  and  fall  down  for  kilometers,  posing  a  threat  to  people  
living  far  away  from  an  active  volcano.  
 

  5  
EARTHQUAKE  
An  earthquake  is  a  sudden  vibration  within  the  lithosphere  from  a  quick  release  of  energy  
which  results  in  the  movement  of  rock  due  to  folding  or  faulting.  
 
Causes  
Earthquakes  can  occur  for  many  reasons.  The  ground  can  shake  from  the  eruption  of  a  
volcano,  the  collapse  of  a  cavern,  or  even  from  the  impact  of  a  meteor.  However,  the  
major  cause  of  earthquakes  is  the  stress  that  builds  up  between  two  lithospheric  plates.    
Most  of  the  time,  a  friction  between  the  plates  prevents  movement  along  the  plate  
boundary.  Instead,  the  stresses  cause  the  plates  to  deform,  or  change  shape.  Eventually,  
the  stresses  become  great  enough  to  overcome  the  frictional  forces,  and  the  plates  
suddenly  move.  This  movement  causes  an  earthquake.  The  plates  then  snap  back  to  the  
shapes  they  had  before  they  were  deformed  but  at  new  locations  relative  to  each  other.  
This  explanation  for  the  cause  of  an  earthquake  is  called  the  elastic-­rebound  theory  and  is  
fundamental  to  understanding  of  earthquakes.    
 
Source  of  Earthquake  
1.  Tectonic-­earthquakes  produces  by  sudden  movement  along  faults  and  plate  
boundaries.    
2.  Volcanic-­  earthquakes  produces  by  the  movement  of  magma  beneath  volcanoes.  
 
 
Earthquakes  are  describes  or  measured  in  two  ways:    
 
Magnitude  refers  to  the  energy  waves  released  during  an  earthquake.  This  is  based  on  
the  readings  of  a  seismograph,  and  by  examining  the  actual  energy  waves.    
Richter  scale  is  one  of  the  most  popular  scales  used  to  measure  earthquake  magnitude.    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  6  
Intensity  is  defined  as  the  strength  od  seismic  shaking  at  a  given  location.  In  general,  the  
areas  closest  to  the  epicenter  experience  the  highest  intensities,  and  shaking  diminishes  in  
strength  farther  away.  This  phenomenon  is  the  result  of  seismic-­wave  attenuation,  which  is  
the  reduction  in  wave  amplitude  and  wave  energy  as  they  travel  away  from  their  source.    
 
 
There  are  several  scales  to  measure  earthquake  intensity,  such  as  the  Original  
Rossi-­Forel  Scale  of  Earthquake  Intensities,  the  Adapted  Rossi-­Forel  Scale  of  Earthquake  
Intensities  and  the  1956  Modified  Mercalli  Intensity  Scale.  However,  the  Philippines  
Department  of  Science  and  Technology-­Philippine  Institute  of  Volcanology  and  Seismology  
developed  its  own  intensity  scale,  which  is  the  PHIVOLCS  Earthquake  Intensity  Scale  which  
is  more  suitable  for  geographic  conditions  in  the  Philippines.    
 
The  Philippine  Earthquake  Intensity  Scale  

 
 
 
 
 

  7  
Earthquake  Hazards  
1.  Ground  rupture-­  The  movement  of  the  ground  along  one  side  of  a  Fault  relative  to  the  
other  side.    
2.  Ground  shaking-­  General  term  referring  to  the  qualitative  or  quantitative  aspects  of  
the  movement  of  the  Earth's  surface  from  earthquakes.  Ground  motion  is  produced  by  
waves  that  are  generated  by  a  sudden  slip  on  a  fault  or  sudden  pressure  at  the  explosive  
source  and  travel  through  the  Earth  and  along  its  surface.    
3.  Liquefaction-­  A  phenomenon  in  which  the  strength  and  stiffness  of  a  soil  are  reduced  
by  earthquake  shaking  or  other  rapid  loading.    
4.  Tsunami-­  are  long  period  sea  waves  or  wave  trains  that  are  generated  by  the  under-­
the-­sea  earthquake.  Most  tsunamis  are  caused  by  fault  displacements  on  the  sea  floor  and  
of  volcanic  sudden  displacement  of  water.  They  travel  at  high  speed  water  as  low  broad  
waves  and  build  to  great  heights  as  they  approach  the  shore.  Origins  would  be  volcanic  or  
volcano-­tectonic  earthquakes,  explosions  collapse  or  subsidence,  landslides,  lahars,  
pyroclastic  flows  or  debris  avalanches  entering  bodies  of  water,  and  atmospheric  waves  
that  couple  with  the  sea.    
5.  Landslides  or  mass  wasting.  
6.  Fire,  diseases  and  famine.    
 
 
Map  of  major  earthquakes  and  volcanic  eruptions    

 
 
       
 
 
 
 
 
 

  8  
       Map  of  major  mountain  ranges  

 
 
             Map  of  active  volcanoes  in  the  ring  of  fire  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Keep  in  mind  that  plates  are  always  moving.  Important  geologic  processes,  such  as  the  
development  of  major  mountain  ranges,  active  volcanoes,  and  earthquake  epicenters,  
occur  as  they  interact  along  their  borders.  It  means  that  where  earthquakes  occur,  crusts  
can  either  meet  or  separate,  forming  mountains  and  volcanoes.  
Earthquakes  may  occur  as  a  result  of  plate  movements  at  a  place  where  Plate  Tectonics  is  
particularly  obvious.  Earthquakes  can  happen  anywhere,  on  land  or  under  water,  at  any  
moment.  On  land,  earthquakes  can  be  caused  by  tectonic  plate  movement  or  volcanic  
eruptions.  Earthquakes  beneath  the  sea  can  create  tsunamis.  Our  country,  the  Philippines,  
is  situated  in  the  Ring  of  Fire,  a  region  characterized  by  strong  Plate  Tectonics.  A  long  chain  
of  volcanoes  and  other  tectonically  active  objects  surrounds  the  Pacific  Ocean.  With  regular  
earthquakes  and  large  volcanic  eruptions,  the  Ring  of  Fire  is  one  of  the  world's  most  
geologically  active  zones.  

  9  
 
                                 Enrichment  resources:  
 
  To  further  understand  the  topic  please  watch  the  following  videos.    
 
                     VOLCANO  101:    https://youtu.be/uZp1dNybgfc  
 
                       Mountains,  volcanoes  and  earthquakes:  https://youtu.be/S9ty-­ta1wyI  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                       References:  
Signey,  P.,  Christopher  Santos  Sicat,  &  Damaso,  W.  (2014).  Earth  Science.  

Jimczyville  Publications.  

 Richter  Scale  &  Magnitude.  (n.d.).  Www.sms-­‐Tsunami-­‐Warning.com.  Retrieved  


October  6,  2021,  from  https://www.sms-­‐tsunami-­‐warning.com/pages/richter-­‐
scale#.YV0z5JMzb_Q    

Volvano  -­‐  National  Geographic  Search.  (n.d.).  National  Geographic.  Retrieved  


October  6,  2021,  from  
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/search?q=volvano&location=srp&type=ma
nual  

Types  of  Volcanoes  |  Earth  Science.  (n.d.).  Courses.lumenlearning.com.  


https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sanjac-­‐earthscience/chapter/types-­‐of-­‐
volcanoes/  

 
     
 

  10  

You might also like