EARTH SCIENCE 9

S.Y. 2023-2024
 3 rd grading Period
Coverage
I. Volcanoes
•Types of Volcanoes
•Volcanic eruptions
•Energy from Volcanoes
II. Climate
•Factors that affect climate
•Global climate phenomenon
III.Constellations
•Characteristics of stars
•Arrangement of stars in a group
•Changing position of constellations
during the night and at different
times of the year.
•Beliefs and practices about
constellations and astrology.
 GRADING SYSTEM
WRITTEN WORKS 40%
Quizzes
Long tests/Unit tests

PERFORMANCE TASKS 40%

Skill demonstration
Group presentation
Oral work/Multimedia presentations
Research projects/Written outputs

QUARTERLY ASSESSMENTS 20%

100%
 What Am I?
I produce ash but I’m not a bonfire
I can throw rocks great distances but I’m not a
slingshot
I’m often a mountain but I’m not in the
Himalayas
I have a crater but I’m not the moon
I erupt but I’m not someone with a bad temper
Guess It!
RING OF FIRE
WHAT IS A VOLCANO?
What is a volcano?
A volcano is an opening or vent in the earth’s surface
through which molten material erupts and solidifies as
lava.
Volcanic vent
Classification
of
Volcanoes
According to PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute
of Volcanology and Seismology)…

 ACTIVE VOLCANOES
 INACTIVE VOLCANOES
 Potentially active
volcanoes
ACTIVE VOLCANOES
- Are those that have a record of
eruption within the last 600 years or
those that erupted 10,000 years ago
based on the analyses of their
materials.
INACTIVE VOLCANOES
- Are those that have not erupted
10,000 years and their physical form
is being changed by agents of
weathering and erosion through
formation of deep and long gullies.
 POTENTIALLY ACTIVE
VOLCANOES
-are those that have no records
of volcanic activity but are
morphologically young-
looking.
VOLCANOES IN THE PHILLIPINES
NO. OF LATEST
VOLCANO LOCATION HISTORICAL ERUPTION
ERUPTIONS ACTIVITY

Cabaluyan Pangasinan, Ilocos 0 -

Mayon Albay 49 2013 May
Cocoro Magsaysay, Palawan 0 -
Kanlaon Negros 26 2006 June
Iraya Batanes 1 1454
PARTS OF A VOLCANO
A typical volcano
usually has a summit,
slope, and base.
➢ At the summit, there is
an opening which
may either be a
crater or a caldera.
➢ A crater is a funnel-
shaped opening at
the top of a volcano
while a caldera is
formed when a part
of the wall collapses
after an explosive
eruption
Crater Caldera
 1.
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6.
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MAGMA CHAMBER

http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/mountains/volcanoparts.html
1. 2.

4.
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LET’S CHECK!
8.

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MAGMA CHAMBER
WHAT IS A VOLCANIC
ERUPTION?
WHAT IS VOLCANIC ERUPTION?
▧ Volcanic eruption happens when magma, gases
and other molten materials are discharged from
the opening.
▧ Since volcanic eruptions are caused by magma
expelled onto the earth’s surface, we must first
identify the factors that affect the viscosity of the
magma.
 Factors Affecting
the Viscosity of the
Magma
Viscosity- defines a fluid's resistance to flow.
- The higher the viscosity of a liquid, the thicker it
is and the greater the resistance to flow
▧ Viscosity – is the property of
the material’s resistance to
flow.
▧ It is also described as the
liquid’s thickness and
stickiness.
▧ The more viscous and thicker
the material is, the greater is
its resistance to flow.
Example: Ketchup is more
viscous than soda.
 FACTORS
AFFECTNG
VISCOSITY OF
MAGMA

AMOUNT OF
CHEMICAL
TEMPERATURE DISSOLVED GASES
COMPOSITION
IT CONTAINS
 TEMPERATURE
▧ The higher the temperature of magma, the lower is
its viscosity.
▧ As lava flows, it travels far before it begins to harden.
▧ On the other hand, if the temperature of magma is
lower, the higher is its viscosity so the lava does not travel
far.
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
▧ Magma with high silica content is
more viscous than those with low
silica content. It is too viscous so it
does not travel far, and tends to
break up as it flows.
▧ The magma that contains less
silica is relatively fluid, so it
travels far before solidifying.
 AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED GASES IT
CONTAINS
▧ When magma has high amount of gas (mainly water
vapor), lava flow is less viscous and increases its ability
to flow.
▧ Magma has high viscosity when it has low amount of
gas as it rises. The ability of the lava to flow decreases, so
it piles up at a vent resulting into a columnar or a
dome.
Lava with low amount of gas as it
rises has high viscosity that piles
up at a vent resulting into a dome.

Lava with less silica content

is too viscous to travel far,
and tends to break up as it
flows

Lava with higher temperature

has low viscosity, it travels a
great distance, forming a thin
sheet
CLASSIFICATION OF
VOLCANOES:
1. Cone shape
2. Type of Eruption
 After a volcanic eruption, a cone-shaped structure may be produced. Its
slope also changes. The following are the three (3) general types of volcanoes
according to the shape of their cones:

TYPES OF
VOLCANOES
ACCORDING TO
CONES

SHIELD COMPOSITE CINDER

VOLCANOES VOLCANOES CONES
 SHIELD VOLCANOES
▧ are formed by the pileup of non-viscous lava that
oozes out from the volcano.
▧ Since lava can flow freely, a broad, slightly domed
structure is formed that resembles like a warrior’s
shield. Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii is an example of
this type.
Sierra Negra volcano in the Galápagos Islands

Mt. Biliran in Biliran

Mauna LoaProvince
in Hawaii( 1939)
Kīlauea is a currently active shield
volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, and
the most active of the five volcanoes
that together form the island of Hawaiʻi.
 CINDER CONES
▧ are formed from alternating ejected lava
fragments and ash.
▧ They have a steep slope, wide crater on top and are the
most abundant of the three major volcano types.
▧ Although small, they are also destructive since they
release high amounts of pyroclastic materials.
Taal Volcano in San Nicolas, Batangas
Paricutin Volcano in Mexico
 COMPOSITE VOLCANOES
▧ are formed due to alternating
solidification of both lava and
pyroclastic deposits which makes it
nearly a perfect sloped structure.
▧ Pyroclastic flows occur when these
volcanoes erupt.
▧ Mount Saint Helens in Washington,
Mt. Vesuvius in Italy and Mt. Mayon in
the Philippines are examples of this
type.
COMPOSITE VOLCANOES
Mt. Mayon in Albay
Mt. Vesuvius in Italy
 WHAT
TYPE OF
CONE DO
I HAVE?
 COMPOSITE CONE
VOLCANO/STRATOVOLCANO
 Mauna Loa is one of five
volcanoes that form the
Island of Hawaii in the U.S.
state of Hawaiʻi in the Pacific
Ocean.

SHIELD CONE VOLCANO

 Mt. Rainer in Washington

COMPOSITE VOLCANO
 Paricutin Volcano in Mexico

CINDER CONE VOLCANO

 TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
> Volcanoes erupt differently and not all of them are violent.
Magma can explode from the vent, or it can flow out of the volcano. In addition to
the top vent, magma and gas may escape through cracks and weak areas on the
sides of the volcano. Aside from lava, pyroclastic flows, ash clouds and
mudflows(lahar) can be extremely dangerous.
The levels of silica and dissolved gases in the magma determine whether a volcano
erupts explosively or not.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Phreatic or Phreatomag
matic Strombolian Vulcanian Plinian
hydrothermal
PHREATIC or HYDROTHERMAL
▧ is a steam-blast small
eruption as hot rocks heat the
ground water or surface water.
▧ This eruption tears down
surrounding rocks and can
produce ash columns, but do
not include new magma.
▧ Taal Volcano which erupted last
January 12, 2020 is an example
of this type.
 PHREATOMAGMATIC
▧ a violent and explosive
eruption resulting from the
interaction of new magma
or lava with water.
▧ It results to a large column
of very fine ash, high-speed
and sideway emission of
pyroclastics.
TAAL VOLCANO
https://www.gna.org.gh/1.21007701
 STROMBOLIAN
▧ least violent type of
explosive eruption
characterized by a
fountain of lava
fragments.
▧ Eruptions are weak to a little
more violent which has
thicker lava flows and small KRAKATUA, INDONESIA
explosions. https://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/perm/krakatau/stro
mbolian-eruption-en.html?id=9
 VULCANIAN
▧ small to moderate explosive eruptions
characterized by tall columns that reach
up to 20km high with pyroclastic flow
and ash fall tephra.
▧ They have larger explosions of rocks
and ashes which rise in dark clouds
lasting for seconds to minutes.
Paricutin Volcano eruption in Mexico is
an example of this type.
VULCANIAN ERUPTION
VULCANIAN ERUPTION
https://cdn.britannica.com/48/4948-050-
https://imaggeo.egu.eu/view/2004/
8D32ACB9/types-eruptions.jpg
 PLINIAN
▧ excessively explosive type of
eruption of gas and
pyroclastics like that of
Mount Pinatubo eruption in
1991.
▧ The explosive eruptions, lasting
for seconds to minutes have 20
to 35 km tall gas, rock
particles and ash columns.
PLINIAN ERUPTION
MOUNT PINATUBO ERUPTION
https://cdn.britannica.com/48/4948-050-
https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/
8D32ACB9/types-eruptions.jpg
-THE END-