science earth and space

reviewer lesson 1: volcano

PARTS OF A VOLCANO
parts definitions
- mixtures of rock, minerals, glass particles and
Ash or gas cloud
gases pushed out of the volcano

summit - highest point or peak of the volc.

- it has an opening called vent
- slides or the flanks of the volc. that radiates from
slopes
the main vent

base - the lower outer part of volc.

magma chamber - storage or reservoir of magma or molten rocks

*when high pressure builds up in the chamber,
it will push up the magma out of the volcano
causing volcanic eruption to occur
main vent - main opening or outlet on the surface of a
volcano that emits lava, gases, ash or other volcanic
materials
side vent - smaller outlet through which magma escapes

- a pipe-like structure connecting magma chamber

conduit
to the crater
- it is where the magma travels through

crater - mouth of the volcano which is a funnel-shaped or

bowl-shaped hollow at the top of the vent from
where magma, ash and gas comes out
*bowl-shaped hollow

*A cirque is a
bowl-shaped
hollow found high
up on the side of
a mountain

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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 1:

parts definitions
- formed due to explosive volcanic activity, where molten
volcanic vomvs
lava is ejected from the volcano, solidifies into various
shapes and sizes during flight, and eventually lands as
extrusive igneous rocks
- at least 66mm in size

Simply: when volcanoes erupt, hot lava drips on the side of volcanoes
then cools and hardens. This becomes igneous rocks like granite.

Lava domes - When lava is too thick and sticky, it piles up around
the vent and forms a dome. These circular mounds
extends from volcanoes because of the slow release
of viscous lava
- these domes are solidified; it looks like a pimple
on the opening of the volcano

- towering plume of volcanic ash, gases, and other

Eruption column
materials ejected high into the atmosphere during a
volcanic eruption
- has the potential to impact climate and aviation
*aviation: state of atmosphere, sky, or air
- within an eruption column and cloud, highly charged
particles can generate thunder and lightning

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PARTS OF A VOLCANO
MAGMA
molten rock beneath Earth’s
surface (has high temperature)
it is fluid—it has the ability to flow.
Most magma actually is a mixture
of liquid (often referred to as melt)
and solid mineral grains
composition of magma & lavas
controlled by the most abundant
elements in the Earth—Si, Al, Fe, Ca,
Mg, Na, K, H, and O
has a wide range of compositions,
but silica (SiO2) always dominates
the mix
Magma has 3 distinct types (B.A.R.) :
– Basaltic, containing about 50% SiO2.
80% common
– Andesitic, about 60% SiO2.
10% common
– Rhyolitic, about 70% SiO2.
10% common
earth and space
lesson 1:
Definition of Volcano
- a mountain that opens downward to
a pool of molten rock below the
surface of the Earth
- openings or vents in the Earth’s
crust through which lava, volcanic
ash, and gases escape
question: why does magma rises
towards the surface
Buoyancy - Magma, being less
dense than the surrounding
solid rock, experiences buoyant
forces that push it upwards.
Simply: magma forms when the solid rocks
underneath melts, pero since may mga solid
rocks pa rin na hindi tunaw, mas magaan ung
magma which are rocks na tunaw. therefore, mas
umaangat ung magma- it rises upwards. Tapos,
just like when you blow bubbles in your drink,
there are tiny bubbles inside magma too. These
bubbles are filled with gas. We all know na gas
makes objects lighter, so mas gumagaan ang
magma, mas tumataas ito to the surface. And
while it rises, the pressure lessens. While the
pressure lessens, the bubbles filled with gas
expands and will eventually pop kaya mas nag-
eexplode ang magma, causing volcanic
eruption:))
Magma VS Lava
molten rock molten rock
beneath Earth’s beneath that has
surface (still reached the
inside the surface during a
volcano) volcanic eruption
(nakalavas na sa
volcano)
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 1:

VISCOSITY OF MAGMA
silica content = viscosity

dissolved-gas content = viscosity

temperature = viscosity
meaning: rhyolitic magma (70% silica) is more
viscous compared to the other types of magma

viscosity - internal property of a Vasaltic

substance that offers resistance to
Erupted by approximately 80 percent of
flow
volcanoes worldwide (the seafloor
pahoehoe - smooth, ropy-surfaced
worldwide is mostly basalt).
lava in Hawaii, formed from a very
Magma from Hawaiian volcanoes such as
hot, very fluid lava (see fig. 01)
Kilauea and Mauna Loa is basaltic.
aa - rough-looking lava formed from
The entire island of Iceland is basaltic.
a cooler lava having a high viscosity
(see fig. 02) Andesitic and Rhyolitic
Magma from Mount St. Helens in
Washington State and Krakatau in
Indonesia is usually andesitic.
Magmas erupted from volcanoes that
once were active at Yellowstone Park are
fig. 01 fig. 02
mostly rhyolitic.
TEMPERATURE OF MAGMA
Magma temperatures range from
1000 - 1200C.
* Magma temperatures can reach 1400C
under some conditions.

GASSES DISSOLVED
Small amounts of gas (0.2 - 3% by
weight) are dissolved in all magma.
The principal gas in water vapor,
which, together with carbon dioxide,
accounts for more than 98% of all
gases emitted from volcanoes.
Volcano Classfication:
gas dissolved = violence of eruption
Active - have had a record of eruption within the
last 10,000 years
Inactive - have not had a record of eruption
within the last 10,000 years

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FORMATION OF VOLCANOES
Volcanoes are formed by the
movement of tectonic plates, which
are like giant puzzle pieces that make up
the Earth's surface. There are a few ways
this can happen:
1. subduction - When two plates
bump into each other, one might
slide beneath the other. As one
plate slides beneath the other, it gets
pushed deeper into the Earth.
Magma, rises through cracks in the
Earth's crust, eventually reaching the
surface and forming volcanoes
1. ch.
2. Divergent Boundaries - where
tectonic plates move apart from each
other. As the plates separate, magma
from the mantle rises to fill the gap,
forming new crust.
3. Hotspot - Sometimes, volcanoes
can also form away from tectonic
plate boundaries. Hotspots are areas
where plumes of hot magma melts
through the tectonic plates from
above.
earth and space
lesson 1:
SUMMARY:
1. Tectonic plates collide and sometimes one
may go under the under through a process
called subduction. Sometimes, this
generates enough heat to melt rocks into
magma.
2. The pressure builds up underneath the
surface of the Earth as the magma tries to
find a way to escape.
3. The magma rises due to buoyant forces
(due to having less density than solid rocK)
through a crack in the Earth’s surface,
causing an eruption.
4. The magma, now called lava, flows, cools
down and hardens once it reaches the
surface. The cycle continuously repeats until
enough lava hardens to form a cone-like
structure which we call a volcano.
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
1. Shield - large, broad volcanoes
that look similar to shields. These
volcanoes are built almost entirely of
fluid lava flow, thus these volcanoes
are not steep. They can be easily
identified because they are tall,
broad, and flat.
................................................................................
- Its lava is not accompanied by
pyroclastic materials, which makes
................................................................................
shield volcanoes relatively safe.
................................................................................
Eruptions at shield volcanoes are
................................................................................
only explosive if water somehow
................................................................................
gets into the vent.
.................................
2. Cinder - Simplest type of volcano.
Most cinder cones have a steep
slope, wide crater and are the most
abundant of the three major volcano
types.
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science earth and space
1.
reviewer lesson 1:

2.
3. Composite - Composite TYPES OF ERUPTIONS
stratovolcanoes are large, typically
steep- sided, symmetrical cones of 1. Phreatic eruption (a.k.a. hydrothermal)
large dimension formed from steam-driven eruption as
the hot rocks come in
alternating layers of lava flows, contact with water.
volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and
*the image depicts taal’s phreatic
pyroclastic materials. eruption

examples 2. Phreatomagmatic eruption

TYPE OF VOLCANO NAME OF VOLCANOES A violent eruption due to
the contact between
shield 1. Mauna Loa in Hawaii water and magma
2. Mount Etna in Italy water and magma

*it results into a violent fine ash

volcanic eruption

3. Strombolian eruption
A period weak to violent
eruption characterized
cinder 1. Taal Volcano in Batangas
by fountain of lava
2. Mount Mayabobo (Quezon
(basaltic)
Province)
3. Mount Musuan in Bukidnon *image depicts Mt. Mayon’s eruption
classified as strombolian eruption

composite 1. Mount Mayon in Albay
2. Mount Apo in Davao Region
4. Vulcanian eruption
tall eruption that reach up
to 20km high with
pyroclastic flow and
ashfall tephra
*consist of small volumes of magma,
but form vigorous eruption columns
made up of highly fragmented ash

5. Plinian eruption
excessively explosive
take note !! type of eruption of gas
Composite or stratovolcanoes has more narrow conduit. and pyroclastic producing
A volcano containing more viscous lava is associated ash columns with
with more narrow conduit. deposits of fallout ash
The more viscous a magma is, the more explosive the
*image depicts Mt. Pinatubo’s
eruption is. plinian eruption during 1991
Furthermore, composite volcanoes has more explosive types of
eruptions

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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 2: Climate

Climate - the long term conditions of El Niño - severe drought

the atmosphere. La Niña - severe rainfall

Weather - short term conditions of the

atmosphere CLOUDS & CLOUD
FORMATION
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
Clouds - a visible mass of tiny particles
CLIMATE
of water or ice, or a mixture of both,
suspended in the air.
Altitude - elevation relative to sea
level. Cloud Classification

↑
* altitude ↓temperature Latin cumulus stratus cirrus nimbus

Latitude - distance from the equator

going to North or South. Transla
heap layer
curl of
rain
tion hair

↑
* distance from the equator ↓temperature
Presence of Body of Water - Clouds can also be classified as high-
regulates the temperature of the level, low-level, or mid-level
land near it.
- causes drastic temperature change Cloud Formation
w/ the lack thereof
Ocean heats up due to the sun ->
water evaporates into vapor -> hot
*water heats up faster but cools down slower than land.
Thus it makes the land cooler or warmer. air (water vapor) rises through the
atmosphere -> temperature cools
Ocean Currents - OC from North
down the higher it gets -> water
and South are cold while OC near the
vapor condenses and is suspended
equator are warm.
in the air -> clouds are formed

CLIMACTIC PHENOMENA *When the clouds get too heavy for them to hold
themselves up, the accumulated water falls to the Earth as
one of the following: Rain, hail, snow
ENSO (El Niño Southern
Oscillation) Cycle

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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 2: Climate

Cloud formations is affected by

temperature, humidity, dew point, and
the presence of water.

Humidity is the amount of water vapor

present in the air.

Relative Humidity is how much water

vapor the air currently holds in
comparison to how much it can hold at
the temperature of the surroundings.
Usually shown in percentage.

The higher the humidity, the higher

the temperature.

CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is the change in
average temperature and cycles of
weather over a long period of time.

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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 3: Constellations

OUR SUN IS A STAR! 2. Color and temperature - the

color of a star ranges from red to
there are approximately 400B stars
in our galaxy and there are 170M of
blue
The color of the star will indicate its
glaxies!
surface temperature
Our star is only medium-sized
The arrangement of the stars’ colors from
what is a star? cooler to hotter:
red -> orange -> yellow -> white -> blue
> Star is a luminous body visible in the sky,
especially at night
> They are a huge sphere of very hot
glowing gas (mostly hydrogen)
> Widely recognized astronomical objects
> Represents the most fundamental building
blocks of the galaxies
> They are also a big help for navigating
through Earth!

CHARACTERISTICS OF A STAR
1. Brightness - mainly affected by
example table:
the star’s size, temperature, and
distance
A large star shines brighter than smaller
ones
A hotter star shines brighter than the
cool ones
Stars’ distance from the Earth varies, so
its brightness also varies. (e.g., a hot
large star that is very far from the Earth
does not look very bright) 3. Size
> Apparent brightness: the the size of the star ranges from the ff:
brightness of the star you see from the 1. White dwarf - classified as small stars
Earth (same as the size of our planet Earth)
> Absolute brightness: the 2. Medium-sized (our sun’s size)
3. Red giants - have cooler temperatures
brightness the star would have if they
than giants, and are thus less bright,
had the same distance from the Earth
but their size is still massive.

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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 3: Constellations

4. Giants- more common than Supergiants, CONSTELLATIONS

and have diameters 10 to 100 times as
large as the Sun. group of stars having imaginary
5. Supergiants - the largest stars, and may patterns
have diameters several hundred times the stars that make up a
the size of the Sun.
constellation appear close to each
4. Mass - stars have a life cycle other on Earth (but in reality, it is not)
that depends on their initial its names can be traced back to the
mass early Babylonians and Greek
civilizations
there are 88 constellations
recognized by the Int’l Astronomy
Union (IAU)
> zodiac signs has 12 constellations
revolution:
responsible for the fact that we can see
different parts of the sky at different
parts of the year
low to ave. stars survive for billions of reason why the constellations appear to
years move (it appears to move across night
> The stars with low to average mass sky from east to west)
is a white dwarf
> dies quietly or is left behind
large-mass-stars survive only for a few
million years
> it is a neutron star - a neutron star is
extremely dense, compact stars
thought to be composed primarily of
neutrons. Neutron stars are typically
about 20 km (12 miles) in diameter.
Very large mass star
> it could/ will turn into a black hole
DO YOU KNOW?
Scientists believe that all stars came from
huge clouds of gas and dust called nebulae The constellations you see depend on
The biggest star in the universe (that we know
your location, date, and time.
of) is Uy Scuti
Stars can produce energy through nuclear Most have legends, myths, or stories
fusion! behind them.

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science
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LIFE CYCLE OF STARS
becomes unstable
nebula
through
7 MAJOR CONSTELLATIONS
Cassiopeia – “The Queen”
- Brightest Star – Schedar
Best season to view – all year
The Myth:
Cassiopeia was the queen of Ethiopia.
She was so proud of her beauty and
bragged about it. She offended the sea
god Poseidon. He sent a sea monster
to attack her kingdom and teach her
some humility. The sea god
Poseidon placed her figure among the
stars to remind people of her vanity.
earth and space
lesson 3: Constellations
Cygnus – “The Swan”
- Brightest Star – Deneb
- Best season to view – all year
The Myth:
Three hunters were hiking through the
forest when they came upon a clear lake,
home to many birds including a beautiful
snow goose. One hunter shot his bow
and the snow goose fell into the lake. As
the sky darkened, the spirit of the snow
goose formed a constellation in the sky.
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Scorpius – “The Scorpion”
- Brightest Star – Antares
Best season to view – Summer
The Myth:
To the ancient Greeks, the constellation
Scorpius was the image of a scorpion.
The constellation was related to the
death of the giant hunter Orion.
According to one story, Orion wanted to
kill all the earth's wild animals, but the
Earth goddess Gaia got angry because
she made the animals. The goddess sent
a scorpion to attack Orion. The scorpion
stung Orion to death with its tail. As a
reward, Gaia changed the insect into a
constellation.
Ursa Major – “Big Bear”
- Brightest Star – Dubhe and Merak
- Best season to view – all year
The Myth:
Zeus, king of the gods, fell in love with
Callisto.Together they had a son, Arcas.
Zeus changed Callisto into a bear to
protect her from his jealous wife, Hera.
When Arcas grew up, he almost shot his
mother by mistake. Zeus protected
Callisto by changing Arcas into another
bear (Ursa Minor-Little Dipper) and
placing both bears in the sky.
earth and space
lesson 3: Constellations
Orion – “The Hunter”
- Brightest Star – Rigel + Betelgeuse
VS - Best season to view – Winter
The Myth:
Orion was a very good hunter, but also
boastful. Gaia, the goddess of Earth,
became fed up with Orion’s boast so she
sent a deadly scorpion to kill the hunter.
The scorpion ended Orion’s bragging.
Both Orion and Scorpius were placed in
the sky, but to avoid any further battles,
they are never in the sky at the same
time. Orion is seen in the winter and
Scorpius is seen in the summer.
Ursa Minor – “Little Bear”
- Brightest Star – Polaris
- Best season to view – all year
The Myth:
Remember Zeus loved Callisto and
changed her into a bear to protect her
from his jealous wife. Arcas liked to hunt
and almost killed his mother, Callisto,
Big Bear. Zeus decided to also change
Arcas into a bear to protect both his son
and his lover. He placed both bears in
the sky together.
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 3: Constellations

Draco - “The Dragon ”

- Brightest Star – Gamma Draconis
- Best season to view – all year (esp.
July)
The Myth:
Draco the dragon fought Minerva during the wars between the giants and the gods. Minerva
threw Draco's twisted body into the heavens before it had time to unwind itself.

ZODIAC CONSTELLATIONS
name definitions
- The Sea Goat
Capricornus
- Located in the Southern Hemisphere, Capricornus
represents a creature that is a blend of fish and goat; the
name means "goat horn" in Latin.
(Best viewed: During the month of September)

Aquarius - "cup bearer" or "water bearer,"

- The brightest star in the Aquarius constellation, is a
rare yellow supergiant known as beta Aquarii, also known
as Sadalsuud.

Pisces
- named for the Latin plural of fish
- the 14th largest constellation overall

Aries - named for the Latin of ram

- small grouping of stars in the northern sky

Taurus - The bull

- prominent northern constellation
- between spring and fall

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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 3: Constellations

name definitions
Gemini - anchored by dual stars Castor and Pollux, so named for
the twins of Greek mythology

Cancer
- the crab
- both hemispheres, Cancer is most visible in March,
April and May.

Leo

- the Lion is visible from pretty much anywhere on Earth,

except for Antarctica.

Virgo

- means "the virgin" in Latin

- the largest constellation of the Zodiac
- contains one of the brightest stars, Spica

Libra
- Latin for the weighing scales
- the only constellation of the Zodiac to be named after an
inanimate object
- best seen in the Northern Hemisphere in late spring/early
summer
Sagittarius
- the Archer
- Sagittarius is the largest constellation in the Southern
Hemisphere and the 15th largest constellation overall

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