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PARTS OF A VOLCANO
parts definitions
- mixtures of rock, minerals, glass particles and
Ash or gas cloud
gases pushed out of the volcano
*A cirque is a
bowl-shaped
hollow found high
up on the side of
a mountain
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 1:
parts definitions
- formed due to explosive volcanic activity, where molten
volcanic vomvs
lava is ejected from the volcano, solidifies into various
shapes and sizes during flight, and eventually lands as
extrusive igneous rocks
- at least 66mm in size
Simply: when volcanoes erupt, hot lava drips on the side of volcanoes
then cools and hardens. This becomes igneous rocks like granite.
Lava domes - When lava is too thick and sticky, it piles up around
the vent and forms a dome. These circular mounds
extends from volcanoes because of the slow release
of viscous lava
- these domes are solidified; it looks like a pimple
on the opening of the volcano
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 1:
PARTS OF A VOLCANO
Definition of Volcano
- a mountain that opens downward to
a pool of molten rock below the
surface of the Earth
- openings or vents in the Earth’s
crust through which lava, volcanic
ash, and gases escape
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 1:
VISCOSITY OF MAGMA
silica content = viscosity
temperature = viscosity
meaning: rhyolitic magma (70% silica) is more
viscous compared to the other types of magma
GASSES DISSOLVED
Small amounts of gas (0.2 - 3% by Volcano Classfication:
weight) are dissolved in all magma. gas dissolved = violence of eruption
The principal gas in water vapor, Active - have had a record of eruption within the
which, together with carbon dioxide, last 10,000 years
accounts for more than 98% of all Inactive - have not had a record of eruption
gases emitted from volcanoes. within the last 10,000 years
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 1:
SUMMARY:
FORMATION OF VOLCANOES 1. Tectonic plates collide and sometimes one
may go under the under through a process
Volcanoes are formed by the called subduction. Sometimes, this
movement of tectonic plates, which generates enough heat to melt rocks into
are like giant puzzle pieces that make up magma.
the Earth's surface. There are a few ways 2. The pressure builds up underneath the
this can happen: surface of the Earth as the magma tries to
find a way to escape.
1. subduction - When two plates
3. The magma rises due to buoyant forces
bump into each other, one might (due to having less density than solid rocK)
slide beneath the other. As one through a crack in the Earth’s surface,
plate slides beneath the other, it gets causing an eruption.
pushed deeper into the Earth. 4. The magma, now called lava, flows, cools
Magma, rises through cracks in the down and hardens once it reaches the
Earth's crust, eventually reaching the surface. The cycle continuously repeats until
surface and forming volcanoes enough lava hardens to form a cone-like
structure which we call a volcano.
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
1. Shield - large, broad volcanoes
that look similar to shields. These
volcanoes are built almost entirely of
fluid lava flow, thus these volcanoes
1. ch. are not steep. They can be easily
2. Divergent Boundaries - where identified because they are tall,
tectonic plates move apart from each broad, and flat.
other. As the plates separate, magma ................................................................................
- Its lava is not accompanied by
pyroclastic materials, which makes
................................................................................
from the mantle rises to fill the gap,
shield volcanoes relatively safe.
forming new crust. ................................................................................
Eruptions at shield volcanoes are
3. Hotspot - Sometimes, volcanoes ................................................................................
only explosive if water somehow
can also form away from tectonic ................................................................................
gets into the vent.
plate boundaries. Hotspots are areas .................................
where plumes of hot magma melts 2. Cinder - Simplest type of volcano.
through the tectonic plates from Most cinder cones have a steep
above. slope, wide crater and are the most
abundant of the three major volcano
types.
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science earth and space
1.
reviewer lesson 1:
2.
3. Composite - Composite TYPES OF ERUPTIONS
stratovolcanoes are large, typically
steep- sided, symmetrical cones of 1. Phreatic eruption (a.k.a. hydrothermal)
large dimension formed from steam-driven eruption as
the hot rocks come in
alternating layers of lava flows, contact with water.
volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and
*the image depicts taal’s phreatic
pyroclastic materials. eruption
3. Strombolian eruption
A period weak to violent
eruption characterized
cinder 1. Taal Volcano in Batangas
by fountain of lava
2. Mount Mayabobo (Quezon
(basaltic)
Province)
3. Mount Musuan in Bukidnon *image depicts Mt. Mayon’s eruption
classified as strombolian eruption
4. Vulcanian eruption
tall eruption that reach up
to 20km high with
pyroclastic flow and
composite 1. Mount Mayon in Albay ashfall tephra
2. Mount Apo in Davao Region
*consist of small volumes of magma,
but form vigorous eruption columns
made up of highly fragmented ash
5. Plinian eruption
excessively explosive
take note !! type of eruption of gas
Composite or stratovolcanoes has more narrow conduit. and pyroclastic producing
A volcano containing more viscous lava is associated ash columns with
with more narrow conduit. deposits of fallout ash
The more viscous a magma is, the more explosive the
*image depicts Mt. Pinatubo’s
eruption is. plinian eruption during 1991
Furthermore, composite volcanoes has more explosive types of
eruptions
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 2: Climate
↑
* altitude ↓temperature Latin cumulus stratus cirrus nimbus
↑
* distance from the equator ↓temperature
Presence of Body of Water - Clouds can also be classified as high-
regulates the temperature of the level, low-level, or mid-level
land near it.
- causes drastic temperature change Cloud Formation
w/ the lack thereof
Ocean heats up due to the sun ->
water evaporates into vapor -> hot
*water heats up faster but cools down slower than land.
Thus it makes the land cooler or warmer. air (water vapor) rises through the
atmosphere -> temperature cools
Ocean Currents - OC from North
down the higher it gets -> water
and South are cold while OC near the
vapor condenses and is suspended
equator are warm.
in the air -> clouds are formed
CLIMACTIC PHENOMENA *When the clouds get too heavy for them to hold
themselves up, the accumulated water falls to the Earth as
one of the following: Rain, hail, snow
ENSO (El Niño Southern
Oscillation) Cycle
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 2: Climate
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is the change in
average temperature and cycles of
weather over a long period of time.
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 3: Constellations
CHARACTERISTICS OF A STAR
1. Brightness - mainly affected by
example table:
the star’s size, temperature, and
distance
A large star shines brighter than smaller
ones
A hotter star shines brighter than the
cool ones
Stars’ distance from the Earth varies, so
its brightness also varies. (e.g., a hot
large star that is very far from the Earth
does not look very bright) 3. Size
> Apparent brightness: the the size of the star ranges from the ff:
brightness of the star you see from the 1. White dwarf - classified as small stars
Earth (same as the size of our planet Earth)
> Absolute brightness: the 2. Medium-sized (our sun’s size)
3. Red giants - have cooler temperatures
brightness the star would have if they
than giants, and are thus less bright,
had the same distance from the Earth
but their size is still massive.
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 3: Constellations
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 3: Constellations
becomes unstable
nebula gravity still
balanced state
of the Star
gravity creates inward
pressure (it makes the
cloud of dust & gas more
through
compact)
7 MAJOR CONSTELLATIONS
Cassiopeia – “The Queen” Cygnus – “The Swan”
- Brightest Star – Schedar - Brightest Star – Deneb
Best season to view – all year - Best season to view – all year
The Myth: The Myth:
Cassiopeia was the queen of Ethiopia. Three hunters were hiking through the
She was so proud of her beauty and forest when they came upon a clear lake,
bragged about it. She offended the sea home to many birds including a beautiful
god Poseidon. He sent a sea monster snow goose. One hunter shot his bow
to attack her kingdom and teach her and the snow goose fell into the lake. As
some humility. The sea god the sky darkened, the spirit of the snow
Poseidon placed her figure among the goose formed a constellation in the sky.
stars to remind people of her vanity.
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 3: Constellations
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 3: Constellations
ZODIAC CONSTELLATIONS
name definitions
- The Sea Goat
Capricornus
- Located in the Southern Hemisphere, Capricornus
represents a creature that is a blend of fish and goat; the
name means "goat horn" in Latin.
(Best viewed: During the month of September)
Pisces
- named for the Latin plural of fish
- the 14th largest constellation overall
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science earth and space
reviewer lesson 3: Constellations
name definitions
Gemini - anchored by dual stars Castor and Pollux, so named for
the twins of Greek mythology
Cancer
- the crab
- both hemispheres, Cancer is most visible in March,
April and May.
Leo
Virgo
Libra
- Latin for the weighing scales
- the only constellation of the Zodiac to be named after an
inanimate object
- best seen in the Northern Hemisphere in late spring/early
summer
Sagittarius
- the Archer
- Sagittarius is the largest constellation in the Southern
Hemisphere and the 15th largest constellation overall
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