VOLCANO

and Volcanism
Formation, Types and Benefits
Learning Objectives

01 02 03
Describe the different Explain what happens Illustrate how energy from
tupes of volcano and when volcanoes erupt volcanoes may be tapped
volcanic eruptions for human use

04 05
Enumerate other benefits Appreciate how the presence of
that human can get from volcanoes shape the earth’s
volcanoes geologic features
 01
VOLCANO
Volcanism and Parts
VOLCANO

● It is a vent, hill or mountain

that erupts, releasing molten
rocks, rock fragments, and
gaseous materials onto Earth’s
surface.
VOLCANISM

● It refers to any phenomenon

of eruption of molten lava onto
the surface.
● It happens when a magma
find a path through the
lithosphere to the surface.
 Parts of a Volcano
Ash cloud is formed when thick volcanic ashes are discharged into the
atmosphere caused by violent explosion or eruption of the volcano.

Ash is a mixture of rocks, minerals and

glass particles expelled during a volcanic
eruption.
It is a bowl-shaped depression produced by
volcanic activity and explosion.

It is where magma passes

through from the magma chamber
to reach Earth’s surface. This is formed when lava and ashes
escape from smaller vents; it is also
known as parasitic cones.
Lava flow is the stream of molten
rock flowing out of crater. This is an alternative smaller
outlet where magma escapes to
reach Earth’s surface.

It is a extremely hot liquid and

semi-liquid rock located under
Earth's surface.

This is a large reservoir that stores molten rock (magma)

prior to eruption.
Caldera – depression that surrounds the vent

Formation of Caldera
Largest Caldera
 02
FORMATION OF VOLCANO
Where are volcanoes formed?
Formation of Volcano
Sites of Volcano Formation
Volcanoes are formed on land or under the ocean when there is a rich source of magma..

Convergent Plate Divergent Plate

Boundary
Collision of two plates,
where the heavier plate
moves under another
Boundary
Separation of two plates,
thus a ridge is produced
Hotspot
Volcanoes are also formed
within a rigid plate, thus a
hot plume is formed
1. Convergent Plate Boundary

• Magma is abundant in
subduction zones
• Trench is formed when a denser
plate descend into the mantle
• Magma is formed due to
pressure and temperature
• Magma is force out of Earth’s
surface when the plates collide
2. Divergent Plate Boundary

• Volcanoes are formed along the

oceanic ridge system
• Magma formed below the
oceanic crust eventually moves
upward, filling the newly-formed
cracks
• Volcanic cones are formed
around the ridge system.
Some volcanoes form Ridge – long, narrow chain of

along the oceanic ridge

folds in the oceanic crust
produced
system.

Rift – a valley that

separates the ridges
Asthenosphere – it is
a zone consisting of
weak materials that lie
below the lithosphere
3. Hot Spots

• A volcanic "hotspot" is an area

in the mantle from which heat
rises as a thermal plume from
deep in the Earth
• It is produced when molten rock
materials from the mantle find
their way out as hot plumes
Volcanoes form at hot spot, such as in Hawaii.

Major hotspots in the world.

 03
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
and The Nature of Magma
 What’s the difference?

Magma vs. Lava

It is a molten rock It is a molten rock
material below the flowing on the
earth’s surface earth’s surface
 A MAGMA influences the
eruption of a volcano and the
resulting type of cone formed.
Properties of the Different Types of Magma
Properties of the Different Types of Magma
Viscosity of Magma

● Viscosity – the resistance of a fluid

to flow
● The viscous the material. The

greater its resistance to flow.

● High viscosity magma flows more

slowly than low-viscosity magma..

● The higher the silica content of the

magma, the more viscous the

magma is.
 Magma Types
based on Chemical
Composition
Why do volcanoes erupt explosively?

Highly viscous magma

causes a violent eruption

Very fluid magma causes a

specular eruption (neither
loud nor explosive)
Types of Volcanic Eruption

PHREATIC ERUPTION
● It is an explosion driven by steam
prodcued when groundwater is
heated due to an underlying heat
source
● Explosion includes water, steam and
ash with other rock fragments
Mayon Volcano
Eruption (2018)
 Types of Volcanic Eruption

VULCANIAN ERUPTION
● It resulted from the release of large
quantities of accumulated magmatic
gas, which lifts fine ash with great
force high into that air
Sakurajima Volcano
(2014)
 Types of Volcanic Eruption

STROMBOLIAN ERUPTION
● It is a weak to violent eruption
characterized by lava fountains and
outbursts of molten lava
● Ash is relatively scarce and eruption
cloud is generally yellowish to white.
Mount Etna (2002)
 Types of Volcanic Eruption

PELEAN ERUPTION

● It occurs when gas-rich (high water content), pasty (high silica content)
lava accumulate to form a dome on the volcano edifice or beneath its
surface and bursts with explosive violence
● A glowing avalanche or nuée ardente moves rapidly toward the lower
splopes and base of the volcano
La Soufrière Volcano (2021)
 Types of Volcanic Eruption

PHREATOMAGMATIC ERUPTION
● An eruption that results from an ejection of
magmatic gases and steam produced by the
conversion of groundwater to steam by
ascending magma.
Kavachi Volcano Eruption (2000)
 Types of Volcanic Eruption

PLINIAN ERUPTION
● A violent explosion characterized by
voluminous ejections of pumice and ash
flows which is accompanied by the collapse
of the top of volcanic cone/broad region..
● It may result in the formation of caldera or
vocano-tectonic depression.
Mount St. Helens
Eruption (1980)
 04
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
According to Shape of Cones
COMPOSITE VOLCANO
● Also known as STRATOVOLCANO
● These are produced when viscous
lava of andesitic composition flows
out over a long time.
● During eruption, pyroclastic materials
fall near the summit, builds a steep-
sided mound
● Over multiple eruptions, the
accumulation of both explosive
activity and lava flows form the
steep, sweeping side of this volcano
Mt Fuji, Japan
CINDER VOLCANO
● Also known as SCORIA CONE
● These are built from ejected lava
fragments or magma thrown into
the air, cools into cinders and
settles around the volcano
opening
● Small (<300 m high) and are
formed near or inside large
volcanoes; usually occur in groups
Taal Volcano and Others
SHIELD VOLCANO
● These are formed by less viscous basaltic lava
flows.
● They have wide base and are slightly domed.
Mauna Kea, Hawaii
LAVA DOME VOLCANO
● Forms when thick, extremely
viscous lava erupts, hardening in
a dome shape
● These emerge in one active
period; afterward, they are
usually extinct, but they may
occur on the side of a larger
volcano.
Mt. St. Helens, USA
Guess the shape.

Mayon Volcano, Philippines Paricutin Volcano, Mexico

Guess the shape.

Mauna Loa, Hawaii Chaitén Volcano, Chile

 05
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
According to Eruptive History
 TYPES OF VOLCANO According to ERUPTION HISTORY

ACTIVE DORMANT EXTINCT

Have erupted within the last
600 years; have erupted at least
once in the past 10 000 years
Example: Mt. Mayon (Albay)
Mt. Biliran (Leyte)
Mt. Hibok-Hibok (Camiguin)
These volcanoes are active but
not erupting; however, they are
expected to erupt anytime soon.
Example: Mahagnao Volcano (Leyte)
These volcanoes have not erupted in
the past 10 000 yeards and are
expected not to erupt anymore in
the future.
Example: Mt. Guinsilaban (Camiguin)
Map of Active and
Potentially Active
Volcanoes in the
Philippines
 06
VOLCANIC MATERIALS AND
HAZARDS
What are the effects of volcanic eruptions?
Pyroclastic Flow
● It is the fast movement of a
turbulent mass of fragemental
volcanic materials (ash and rocks)
mized with hot gases down the
slope
● It can burn everything along their
path
 Lava Flow
● It is the streamlike flow of
incandescent, molten rock
materials erupted from a volcano
● Areas that are buried will be
unusable for long periods of time
Ashfall or Tephra Fall
● It is a shower of fine-to-coarse-
grained volcanic materials and
other airborne products of a
volcanic eruption
● When inhaled, these can cause
respiratory problems; may lead
to collapse of residential roofs
 Lahar
● It is a rapid-flowing thick mixture
of volcanic materials and water.
● It can bury areas with volcanic
debris several meters thick.
 Volcanic Gas
● It is a high-temperature mixture
of water vapor, hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrogen chloride and hydrogen
fluoride
Debris Avalanche
● or Volcanic Landslide is the
massive collapse of a huge
portion of a volcano triggered by
an earthquake or volcanic
eruption
 Tsunamis
● These are waves brought by
sudden displacement of water
during volcanic eruptions; may be
due to undersea eruptions or by
debris avalanche
Secondary Explosion
● It is a noneruptive event
generated when groundwater
comes in contact with still hot
pyroclastic flow deposits and
converts it to steam
 How does volcanic eruption affect climate change?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5ArzoUu6-c
The Role of PHIVOLCS in Disaster Risk Management

PHIVOLCS
What is the role of PHIVOLCS in Disaster Risk Management?

Volcano Seismic Geophysical Gas Emission and

Monitoring Monitoring Technique Slope Monitoring
PHIVOLCS monitors PHIVOLCS use different Changes in Changes in the shape and
volcanic activities to methodologies to electromagnetic field form of the ground is
mitigate disasters by monitor volcanoes and due to to the activity of mesureed; emission of gases
issuing warnings predict their eruption magma are measured are monitored for indication
whenever necessary. by placing sensor along using special of magma activity and
their slope instruments. impending volcanic activity
Role of PHIVOLCS: Summary

Roles:
Predict the occurrence of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in the
1 Philippines
2 Determine how volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur
3 Determine areas that are likely to be affected
Generate sufficient data for forecasting volcanic eruptions and
4 earthquakes
Formulate appropriate disaster preparedness and plans to lessen the
5 possible effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes
Visit the PHIVOLCS website to view
the following:

• Seismic Monitoring Network

• Alert Levels
• Hazard Maps
• Volcano Bulletin
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php
 07
BENEFITS FROM VOLCANOES
What benefits are derived from volcanic eruptions?
 Benefits:

Farming Geothermal Energy Construction

Volcanic eruptions can Volcanoes are used to drive Volcanic rocks can be used
produce fertile soil turbines (thru steam) in a in construction/concrete.
power plant
Geothermal Powerplants in the
Philippines
 THANKS
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