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Procedia Engineering 173 (2017) 1334 – 1341

11th International Symposium on Plasticity and Impact Mechanics, Implast 2016

Bending analysis of laminated and sandwich composite

reissner-mindlin plates using nurbs-based isogeometric approach
Abha Gupta∗, Anup Ghosh
Dept. of Aerospace, Indian Institute o f Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, West Bengal and 721302, India

Abstract
Isogeometric analysis (IGA) is designed to combine computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA) so that it
significantly reduce the error in the representation of the computational domain. In the present work, a numerical procedure based
on the framework of IGA for bending analysis of laminated and sandwich composite plates using the first-order shear deformation
theory is described. In FEA, Lagrange or Hermit polynomial is used to approximate both the geometry and the solution field
but IGA employs non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) from CAD technology to this objective. Hence considering geometry
modelling, IGA have the advantage of no geometric error. Also, increasing the order of the elements in IGA gives higher con-
tinuous basis functions than FEA while maintaining few degrees of freedom. Therefore, isogeometric approach utilizes NURBS
to implement for the quadratic, cubic, and quartic elements. Bezier extraction operator is used to ease the integration of NURBS
in an existing finite element data structures. Several numerical examples are presented to show the performance of the current
approach, and the results obtained are compared with analytical and other numerical methods. NURBS elements display the same
convergence rate as Lagrange elements of equal order, with higher accuracy.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
c 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review underresponsibility
Peer-review under responsibility of the
of the organizing
organizing committee
committee of Implast
of Implast 2016 2016.
Keywords: Isogeometric analysis; Non-uniform rational B-splines; Reissner-Mindlin theory; Bending analysis; Bezier extraction

1. Introduction

Composite materials with fiber reinforcement have been widely used in various engineering structures such as
aircrafts, aerospace, vehicles, buildings, etc. Laminated and sandwich composite plates possess many favorable me-
chanical properties, e.g. wear resistance, high ratio of stiffness, strength-to-weight ratios, long fatigue life, etc. [1].
There are a number of approaches to model laminated and sandwich composite plates. The FSDT is simple to
implement and gives better results than the classical laminated plate theory because the generalized displacement
field not only requires any derivative but also includes transverse shear strains. Also, the computational cost using
the FSDT is cheaper than that using the HSDT. The FSDT only requires C 0 -continuity of generalized displacements.

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: abha.gupta91@gmail.com (Abha Gupta), anup@aero.iitkgp.ernet.in (Anup Ghosh)

1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of Implast 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.12.175
 Abha Gupta and Anup Ghosh / Procedia Engineering 173 (2017) 1334 – 1341 1335

However, it requires the so-called shear correction factors to take into account the non-linear distribution of shear
stress terms.
At present there are different numerical methods for structural analysis with its own advantages and disadvantages
such as FEM, BEM, smoothed FEM, mesh-free methods, etc. In the development of advanced computational method-
ologies, IGA, introduced by Hughes and his co-worker [2] to integrate both geometric description and finite element
approximation through the same basis function of B-spline or NURBS. The major strengths of this method are that
it is flexible to control the high continuity of basis shape functions, e.g. C p -continuity for pth -degree NURBS, which
naturally fulfill higher-order continuity requirement of plate/shell models [3,4]. The Bezier extraction operator [5]
decomposes the NURBS or T-spline based elements to C 0 -continuous Bezier elements i.e. linear combinations of
Bernstein polynomials which bear a close resemblance to the Lagrange elements. Which can be incorporated into
existing finite element codes as a basis for modeling and analysis. IGA has been applied to structural mechanics
problem not only for the geometrical accuracy that it provides, but also for the high quality of stress fields resulting
from the use of C 1 -continuous basis.

2. Nurbs-based isogeometric analysis fundamentals

2.1. Knot vectors and basis functions

The parameter space is partitioned into elements by a knot vector, Ξ in each direction, which is a non-decreasing
set of coordinates in one dimension [6],. The knot vector is written as,

Ξ = {ξ1 , ξ2 , ........, ξi , ......, ξn+p+1 } (1)

whereas the length of the knot vector is defined as, |Ξ| = n + p + 1. Here ξi denotes the ith knot, i is the knot index,
n is the number of basis functions and p is the polynomial order. A B-spline basis function is C in f continuous inside
a knot span and C p−1 continuous at a single knot. Given a knot vector, the B-spline basis functions Ni,p (ξ) of degree
p = 0 are defined recursively on the corresponding knot vector as follows:
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎨1, ξi ≤ ξ < ξi+1
Ni,0 (ξ) = ⎪
⎪ f or p = 0
⎩0, otherwise

ξ − ξi ξi+p+1 − ξ
Ni,p (ξ) = Ni,p−1 (ξ) + Ni+1,p−1 (ξ) f or p > 0 (2)
ξi+p − ξi ξi+p+1 − ξi+1

Which means that basis functions are on parametric form in contrast to FEA, where the Lagrange polynomials are
explicit functions. Fig. 1 illustrates a set of one-dimensional quadratic, cubic, and quartic B-spline basis functions
for open uniform knot vectors Ξ = {0, 0, 0, 12 , 1, 1, 1}, Ξ = {0, 0, 0, 0, 12 , 1, 1, 1, 1} and Ξ = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12 , 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},
respectively.

2.2. NURBS surface

B-spline curves is defined as


n
C(ξ) = Ni,p (ξ) Pi (3)
i=1

where Pi are the control points and Ni,p (ξ) is the pth -degree B-spline basis function defined on the open knot vector.
A B-spline surfaces are defined by the tensor product of basis function in two parametric dimension ξ and η with
two knot vector Ξ = {ξ1 , ξ2 , . . . ., ξn+p+1 } and H = {η1 , η2 , . . . ., ηm+q+1 } expressed as

n 
m
S (ξ, η) = Ni,p (ξ)M j,q (η)Pi, j (4)
i=1 j=1
1336 Abha Gupta and Anup Ghosh / Procedia Engineering 173 (2017) 1334 – 1341

(a) Quadratic (b) Cubic (c) Quartic

Fig. 1. This figure illustrates quadratic, cubic, and quartic B-spline basis functions

where Pi, j is the bidirectional control net and Ni,p (ξ) and M j,q (η) are the B-spline basis functions defined on the
knot vectors Ξ and H, respectively, over an n × m net of control points Pi, j .
In context with finite element, we identify the logical coordinates (i, j) of the B-spline surface with the traditional
notation of a node A [3,7] and rewrite Eq. 4 as follow:

n×m
S (ξ, η) = NAb (ξ, η)PA (5)
A

where NAb (ξ, η) = Ni,p (ξ) M j,q (η) is the shape function associated with a node A. The superscript b indicates that
NIb (ξ, η)
is a B-spline shape function.
NURBS curves and surfaces are generalizations of both B-Splines and Bezier curves and surfaces [5], the primary
difference being the weighting of the control points, which makes NURBS curves rational. NURBS are obtained
by augmenting every point in control mesh PA with the homogenous coordinate wgA . The weighting function is
constructed as follow:

n×m
wg (ξ, η) = NAb (ξ, η) wgA (6)
A=1

The NURBS surfaces are then defined by

n×m
A=1 NAb (ξ × η)wgA PA n×m
S (ξ, η) = = NA (ξ, η) PA (7)
wg (ξ, η) A=1

g
NAb (ξ,η)wA
where NA (ξ, η) = wg (ξ,η) are NURBS basis functions.

3. Isogeometric formulation for reissner-mindlin plates

The displacement field based on the FSDT is defined as

u(x, y, z) = u0 (x, y) + zθ x (x, y)

v(x, y, z) = v0 (x, y) + zθy (x, y)
w(x, y, z) = w0 (x, y) (8)

where as u0 , v0 , and w0 are mid-plane displacement and θ x , θy are shear deformation at the mid plane. The in-plane
strain vector  p = [ xx yy yx ]T =  m + z b and the transverse shear strain vector can be written as
 Abha Gupta and Anup Ghosh / Procedia Engineering 173 (2017) 1334 – 1341 1337

Fig. 2. Coordinate system and degree of freedom

⎡ ∂u0 ⎤ ⎡ ∂θx ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ∂x0 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ∂θ ∂x ⎥⎥⎥  ⎡ ∂w0 ⎤
 p = ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ∂v ⎥⎥⎥ + z ⎢⎢⎢⎢ y
⎥⎥⎥ yzs ⎢⎢⎢ + θy ⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎣ ∂u0 ∂y ∂v0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎢⎣ ∂θ ∂y ∂θy ⎥⎥⎦ ⎢
 = s = ⎢⎣ ∂w0
s ∂y
⎥⎦ (9)
∂y + ∂x ∂y + ∂x
 xz
∂x + θ x
x

The constitutive equation of an orthotropic layer in global coordinate is derived from Hookes law for plane stress
by

⎧ ⎫k ⎡ ⎤k ⎧ ⎫k
⎪
⎪ σ xx ⎪
⎪ ⎢⎢⎢ Q̄11 Q̄12 Q̄16 0 ⎥⎥ ⎪  xx ⎪
⎥⎥⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎢⎢⎢ Q̄ ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ σ ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎢⎢ 21 Q̄22 Q̄26 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎪  ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ yy
⎬ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎪ ⎨ yy ⎪
⎬
⎪
⎪ σ xy ⎪
⎪ = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ Q̄61 Q̄62 Q̄66 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎥⎥⎥ ⎪
2 xy ⎪
⎪ (10)
⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢⎢⎢ 0 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ σyz ⎪⎪
⎪ ⎢⎣ 0 0 Q̄44 Q̄45 ⎥⎥⎦ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 2yz ⎪⎪
⎪
⎩σ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎭ 0 0 0 Q̄54 Q̄55
⎪
⎪
⎩ ⎪
⎪
2 xz ⎭
xz

whereas

E1 ν12 E2 E2
Q11 = , Q12 = , Q22 = , Q66 = G12 , Q55 = G13 , Q44 = G23
1 − ν12 ν21 1 − ν12 ν21 1 − ν12 ν21

Where E1 and E2 are the Young modulus in the 1 and 2 directions, respectively; G12 , G13 , G23 are the shear modulus
in the 1-2, 3-1 and 2-3 planes, respectively; and ν12 and ν21 are Poisson ratios. Using NURBS basis functions, we
interpolate the displacement field as


n∗m
uh = N̄A (ξ, η)qA (11)
A

where n×m is the number basis functions and N̄A (ξ, η) and qA = [uA vA wA θ xA θyA ] are the rational basic functions
and the degrees of freedom of uh associated with control point A, respectively. The membrane, bending and shear
  
strains, are written as  m = A BmA qA ;  b = A BbA qA ;  s = A BAs qA . Whereas

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ N̄A,x 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 0 0 0 N̄A,x 0 ⎥⎥⎥  
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
BmA = ⎢⎢ 0 N̄A,y 0 0 0 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ BbA = ⎢⎢ 0 0 0 0 N̄A,y ⎥⎥⎥⎥ 0 0 N̄A,y 0 N̄A
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ BAs =
N̄A,y N̄A,x 0 0 0 0 0 0 N̄A,y N̄A,x 0 0 N̄A,x N̄A 0

For the static analysis, the formulation of a MindlinReissner plate can then be obtained as Kq = f
1338 Abha Gupta and Anup Ghosh / Procedia Engineering 173 (2017) 1334 – 1341

3.1. An Improved Technique On Shear Terms

Similar to FEM, the NURBS-based quadratic, cubic, and quartic elements are still locking when the plate becomes
very thin. To overcome this drawback, we adopt a stabilization technique given in [3], proposed by Lyly et al. [8] into
the shear terms for these elements.

4. Results and discussions

The bending analysis for laminated and sandwich composite Reissner-Mindlin plates using NURBS-based isoge-
ometric approach is presented here.

4.1. Material Properties

The following two sets of material properties, typical of a high-modulus graphite-epoxy are used in the examples:
1. MM1 − E1 /E2 = 25; G12 = G13 = 0.5E2 ; G23 = 0.2E2 ; ν12 = 0.25
2. MM2 − E1 /E2 = 40; G12 = G13 = 0.6E2 ; G23 = 0.5E2 ; ν12 = 0.25 (12)

4.2. Numerical examples and discussions

This segment is accomplished with some numerical investigations using IGA on static behavior of composite
plates that include validation and comparison of the present results with the exact results as well as with the published
results using same theory. In this, a number of examples are shown which includes problems of cross-ply and angle-
ply laminated and sandwich composite plates. Some new results with a detailed description are also evaluated and
presented in a tabularized form.

4.2.1. Simply supported three layered cross-ply square laminated plate

Three layered [0/90/0] symmetric cross ply square laminated plate under sinusoidal transverse load is considered.
The plate is composed of three orthotropic layers of material property  MM1 as shown in Eq. 12. Numerical results
for the non-dimensional deflection and non-dimensional stresses for a range of span to thickness ratio are obtained
at critical points and are shown in Table 1. The critical points of σ xx , σyy , σ xy and σyz are obtained at the planform
point (a/2, b/2, ±h/2), (a/2, b/2, ±h/4), (a, b, ±h/2) and (a/2, 0, 0) respectively. The present results are compared
with the elasticity solution given by Pagano [9] and available FEM results [1].

4.2.2. Simply supported five-layered square laminated plate

Considered a five-layered [0/90/0/90/0] square laminates plate with h1 = h3 = h5 = h/6, h2 = h4 = h/4 under
sinusoidal distributed transverse load whereas  h is the total thickness of the laminate with  MM1 material properties
shown in Eq. 12. The distribution of stresses of five layered [0/90/0/90/0] symmetric cross ply square laminated
plate through thickness of a plate with a/h = 10, 20, 100 is shown in Fig. 3. The present results are compared with
those of FSDT using FEM [1] and the elasticity solution given by Pagano [9,10] .

4.2.3. Three layered sandwich plate under sinusoidally distributed transverse loading
In this present case, face sheets (i.e., layers 1 and 3) are assumed to be orthotropic with the following material
properties:

E1 /E2 = 25E2 ; E2 = 106 ; G12 = G13 = 0.5E2 ; G23 = 0.2E2 ; ν12 = 0.25
and the core material is transversely isotropic and is characterized by the following material properties:
E1 = E2 = 0.04 × 106 ; G13 = G23 = 0.06 × 106 ; G12 = 0.016 × 106 ; ν12 = 0.25
Each face sheet is assumed to be one-tenth of the total thickness of the sandwich plate. The IGA results are
compared with the finite element results [1] and with the elasticity solution of Pagano [9] in Table 2. The results
indicate that the effect of shear deformation on deflections is significant in sandwich plates even at large values of a/h.
 Abha Gupta and Anup Ghosh / Procedia Engineering 173 (2017) 1334 – 1341 1339

Table 1. The normalized displacement deflection and stresses of a simply supported cross-ply [0/90/0] square laminated plate under sinusoidal
load as mentioned in 4.2.1.

a/h Method w̄ σ̄ xx σ̄yy σ̄ xy σ̄yz

10 Exact [9] − 0.59 0.288 0.0289 0.1228

FSDT(FEM) [1] 0.6692 0.5098 0.2518 0.025 0.0908
Present IGA (Quadratic) 0.6691 0.5090 0.2516 0.0251 0.0906
Present IGA (Cubic) 0.6691 0.5092 0.2516 0.0251 0.0908
Present IGA (Quartic) 0.6682 0.5094 0.2518 0.0251 0.0912
20 Exact [9] − 0.552 0.21 0.0234 0.0938
FSDT(FEM) [1] 0.4921 0.5281 0.1983 0.0222 0.0754
Present IGA (Quartic) 0.4920 0.5278 0.1980 0.0223 0.0752
Present IGA (Cubic) 0.4921 0.5279 0.1980 0.0223 0.0752
Present IGA (Quartic) 0.4921 0.5281 0.1983 0.0223 0.0754
100 Exact [9] − 0.539 0.181 0.0213 0.0828
FSDT(FEM) [1] 0.4336 0.5346 0.1791 0.0212 0.0699
Present IGA (Quartic) 0.4335 0.5345 0.1790 0.0213 0.0701
Present IGA (Cubic) 0.4336 0.5345 0.1790 0.0213 0.0701
Present IGA (Quartic) 0.4336 0.5244 0.1792 0.0213 0.0702

(a) σ̄ xx (b) σ̄yy

(c) σ̄yz
Fig. 3. The distribution of stresses through thickness of plate with a/h = 10, 20, 100 for [0/90/0/90/0] laminated plate with MM1 material
properties. (a) σ̄ xx (b) σ̄yy and (c) σ̄yz

4.2.4. Sandwich plate analyzed for simply supported and clamped BCs under UDL
The same sandwich plate as discussed above is analyzed for simply supported and clamped boundary conditions
when uniformly distributed load is used. The results are presented in Table 3. The effect of shear deformation on the
deflections is even more significant in clamped plates than in simply supported plates.

4.2.5. Antisymmetric cross-ply laminated square plates with various boundary conditions
The maximum bending deflections and stresses of anti symmetric cross-ply square laminates with different bound-
ary conditions and subjected to transverse distributed sinusoidal load of amplitude q0 are presented in Table 4. In all
1340 Abha Gupta and Anup Ghosh / Procedia Engineering 173 (2017) 1334 – 1341

Table 2. Comparison of nondimensionalized maximum deflections and stresses in a simply supported (SS-1) sandwich plate subjected to sinusoidally
varying transverse load (h1 = h3 = 0.1h, h2 = 0.8h) as mentioned in 4.2.3.

a/h Method w̄ σ̄ xx σ̄yy σ̄ xy σ̄ xz σ̄yz

10 Exact [9] − 1.153 0.1104 0.0717 0.300 0.0527

FSDT(FEM) [1] 1.5603 1.0384 0.0792 0.0548 0.1365 0.0278
Present IGA 1.5606 1.0389 0.0795 0.0551 0.1369 0.0281
20 Exact [9] − 1.110 0.0700 0.0511 0.317 0.0361
FSDT(FEM) [1]] 1.0523 1.0755 0.0608 0.0462 0.1399 0.0233
Present IGA 1.0525 1.0758 0.0609 0.0471 0.1399 0.0237
100 Exact [9] − 1.098 0.0550 0.0437 0.324 0.0297
FSDT(FEM) [1] 0.8851 1.0887 0.0542 0.0432 0.1412 0.0161
Present IGA 0.8855 1.0886 0.0549 0.0440 0.1416 0.0170

Table 3. Nondimensionalized maximum deflections and stresses in a square sandwich plate with simply supported (SS-1) and clamped boundary
conditions (h1 = h3 = 0.1h, h2 = 0.8h) as mentioned in 4.2.4.

(a) Simply supported plate under uniformly distributed load (b) Clamped plate under uniformly distributed load

a/h Method w̄ σ̄ xx σ̄ xz a/h Method w̄ σ̄ xx σ̄ xz

10 Exact [9] − − − 10 Exact [9] − − −

FSDT(FEM) [1] 2.3370 1.5430 0.2396 FSDT(FEM) [1] 1.2654 0.5018 0.2318
Present IGA 2.3373 1.5435 0.2397 Present IGA 1.2651 0.5021 0.2320
50 Exact [9] − − − 50 Exact [9] − − −
FSDT(FEM) [1] 1.3671 1.5964 0.2433 FSDT(FEM) [1] 0.3111 0.5356 0.2406
Present IGA 1.3673 1.5969 0.2440 Present IGA 0.3112 0.5361 0.2410
100 Exact [9] − − − 100 Exact [9] − − −
FSDT(FEM) [1] 1.3359 1.5978 0.2394 FSDT(FEM) [1] 0.2785 0.5347 0.2400
Present IGA 1.3361 1.5982 0.2398 Present IGA 0.2787 0.5352 0.2404

cases, the edges parallel to the x-axis are simply supported (SS1). Other two edges are subjected to various types of
boundary conditions: S-simply supported, C-clamped and F-free. The analytical solutions were obtained using the
Levy type solution procedure (see [12]). The IGA results are in good agreement with the analytical solutions. The
Non-dimensional results for the deflection and stresses obtained from the present theory are shown in table 4 along
with the published results.

5. Conclusions

1. Isogeometric Analysis is an emerging technology capable of:

(a) Directly interacting with the CAD systems

(b) Greatly simplifying the refinement processes

2. The Bezier extraction operator makes easier to implement isogeometric analysis into an existing finite element
framework.
3. For the same number of elements, the mesh of isogeometric analysis contains fewer control points than nodes in
the equal mesh of FEA. The consequence is fewer global degrees of freedom for the same mesh. Hence, there
are more elements in the Bezier mesh.
 Abha Gupta and Anup Ghosh / Procedia Engineering 173 (2017) 1334 – 1341 1341

Table 4. Comparison of the various solutions for antisymmetric cross-ply (0/90/. . . .) laminated square plates with various boundary conditions and
transverse sinusoidal load as mentioned in 4.2.5.

a/h No. o f layers S olution Method SSSS S S CC S S FF

10 2 w̄ Exact 1.237 0.656 2.028

FSDT(FEM) [11] 1.238 0.657 2.027
Present IGA 1.238 0.658 2.028
σ̄ xx Exact 7.157 4.450 2.442
FSDT(FEM) [11] 6.948 4.232 2.331
Present IGA 6.945 4.238 2.344
σ̄yz Exact 2.729 1.523 3.882
FSDT(FEM) [11] 2.652 1.459 3.814
Present IGA 2.658 1.462 3.823
10 w̄ Exact 0.615 0.385 0.915
FSDT(FEM) [11] 0.616 0.386 0.914
Present IGA 0.616 0.386 0.915
σ̄ xx Exact 5.009 2.692 1.723
FSDT(FEM) [11] 4.863 2.550 1.648
Present IGA 4.898 2.554 1.652
σ̄yz Exact 2.729 1.708 3.853
FSDT(FEM) [11] 2.652 1.648 3.782
Present IGA 2.658 1.649 3.786

4. One of the advantages of the present approach is the flexibility of increasing the order of basis functions by
simply changing the polynomial order, hence the control points whereas the classical FEM requires redefinition
of meshing. Therefore, the quadratic, cubic, and quartic elements have been investigated and their results show
very good agreement compared with those of other existing methods [13].

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