IV Lecture/II semestr Physiotherapy,Beauty Sc,Sport

Sc 24.04.2020

Hello dr Ivonka

Topic/very important !!!

1. General Organization of the nervous system/
Central nervous system (CNS)/ Peripheral
nervous system (PNS)/ Somatic nervous system
2. The Nervous system Division/ major functions
3. Neural tissue/ Classification of neurons
4.Autonomic Nervous
system/Parasympathetic/sympathetic
5.Vagus N.X
6. The enteric nervous system
7. THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
The Nervous system has three major functions:

Sensory – monitors internal & external environment through

presence of receptors

Integration – interpretation of sensory information (information

processing); complex (higher order) functions

Motor – response to information processed through stimulation of

effectors

muscle contraction

glandular secretion

General Organization of the nervous system

Two Anatomical Divisions /

Central nervous system (CNS)

Brain

Spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

All the neural tissue outside CNS

Afferent division (sensory input)

Efferent division (motor output)

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Histology of neural tissue

Two types of neural cells in the nervous system:

Neurons - For processing, transfer, and storage of information

Neuroglia – For support, regulation & protection of neurons

Neuroglia (glial cells)

CNS neuroglia:

astrocytes

oligodendrocytes
 microglia

ependymal cells

PNS neuroglia:

Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

satellite cells

Astrocytes
• create supportive
framework for neurons
• create “blood-brain
barrier”
• monitor & regulate
interstitial fluid
surrounding neurons
• secrete chemicals for
embryological neuron
formation
• stimulate the
formation of scar tissue
secondary to CNS
injury

Oligodendrocytes
• create myelin sheath
around axons of
neurons in the CNS.
Myelinated axons
transmit impulses
faster than
unmyelinated axons
 Classification of neurons

Structural classification based on number of processes coming off

of the cell body:

Classification of neurons
Functional classification based on type of information & direction of information transmission:

Sensory (afferent) neurons –

transmit sensory information from receptors of PNS towards the CNS

most sensory neurons are unipolar, a few are bipolar

Motor (efferent) neurons –

transmit motor information from the CNS to effectors (muscles/glands/adipose tissue) in the
periphery of the body

all are multipolar

Association (interneurons) –

transmit information between neurons within the CNS; analyze inputs, coordinate outputs

are the most common type of neuron (20 billion)

are all multipolar

Anatomical organization of neurons:Neurons of the nervous system

tend to group together into organized bundles

The axons of neurons are bundled together to form nerves in the PNS
& tracts/pathways in the CNS. Most axons are myelinated so these
structures will be part of “white matter”

The cell bodies of neurons are clustered together into ganglia in the
PNS & nuclei/centers in the CNS. These are unmyelinated structures
and will be part of “gray matter

Divided in two categories

Functions Parasympathetic

Symathetic very importen !!!! so please your homework

and remember all!!!!

What Is the Autonomic Nervous System?

The autonomic nervous system regulates a variety of body process that take
place without conscious effort, regulated by the hypothalmus, The autonomic
system is the part of the overall nervous system and this is a functional division
of the nervous system, not a structural division like the central nervous system
or peripheral nervous system.

Organs affected by ANS

Autonomic nerves travel to organs throughout the body. Most organs receive
parasympathetic supply by the Vagus nerve and sympathetic supply by paired
visceral nerves.

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system that
supplies the internal organs, including the blood vessels, stomach, intestine,
liver, kidneys, bladder, genitals, lungs, pupils, heart, and sweat, salivary, and
digestive glands.

Vagus-X Cranial N !!!!!!! everything!!!from book

The Vagus nerve functions contribute to the autonomic nervous
system, which consists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic
parts. The nerve is responsible for certain sensory activities and
motor information for movement within the body

The Vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve, and interfaces with the
parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. The
vagus nerves are paired but are normally referred to in as a „whole”.
It is the longest nerve of the autonomic nervous system in the human
body.

The sensory functions of the vagus nerve are divided into 2

components:
Somatic components. Sensations felt on the skin or in the muscles.

Visceral components. Sensations felt in the organs of the body.

The Vagus nerve functions contribute to the autonomic nervous

system, which consists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic
parts. The nerve is responsible for certain sensory activities and
motor information for movement within the body

The Vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve, and interfaces with the
parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. The
vagus nerves are paired but are normally referred to in as a „whole”.
It is the longest nerve of the autonomic nervous system in the human
body.

The sensory functions of the vagus nerve are divided into 2

components:

Somatic components. Sensations felt on the skin or in the muscles.

Visceral components. Sensations felt in the organs of the body.

Motor functions of the vagus nerve include:

stimulating muscles in the pharynx, larynx, and the soft palate (back
of the roof of our mouth)

stimulating muscles in the heart, helping to lower resting heart rate

stimulating involuntary contractions in the digestive tract, including

the esophagus, stomach, and most of the intestines, allwoing food to
move throught the trackt.
The enteric nervous system
ENS or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main
divisions of ANS and consists of a mesh-like system of
neurons that works the function of the gastrointestinal
tract. It is capable of acting independently of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems,
although it may be influenced by them.
The ENS is also called the „second brain”.

What if you had a second brain?

The brain uses the Vagus nerve to communicate with many
parts of the body including the vocal cords, heart, lungs and
most of the digestive tract. Also using this nerve, sends
signals for you to receive the „ Fight or Flight” messages to
the body which explains why you would have a cracking
voice, raising heart , shortness of breath and a hurting in your
stomach when your stressed or nervous.
80-90 % of the nerve fibres in the ENS are actually going from
the gut to the brain.

Tissues both to SNS and PNS

Gastrointestinal system, both the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system play a role such as blood flow to the intestines. In
SNS the flow decreases and blood is diverted away to skeletal
muscle , so all our muscle that can help us move for the „ fight or
flight „ situation, the blood is going to leave the intestines and go to
that .

When your not in a threatening situation and its time to „ rest and
digest” the peripheral NS is activated and increases blood flow to the
intestines which in turn diverts blood away from skeletal muscle so
you can digest food.

Tissues according to SNS and PSN

Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS inervate the heart and
if we look at the output ( how much blood the heart is pumping out )
in the SNS , the heart output increases so the heart pumps harder
and faster and pushes more blood out so that skeletal muscles can
get more blood flow.

PSN is activated the heart output goes down, the heart is pumping
less hard and is beating less often, its just working less because you
don’t need as much blood flow for the muscles for movement , you
just have enough for „ rest and digest’.

What about the glands?

One gland activated during „ fight or flight” situations when the SNS
is active are sweat glands to secrete sweat which helps cool us down
which increases our ability to move faster and farther

In the PNS, salivary glands are activated that produce saliva in our
mouth which is useful for digestions

Gland summary in SNS and PNS

Most of the things the SNS does when its activated is the ability to
use stored energy in to movement to deal with dangerous situations
like moving blood from the intestines to skeletal muscle and
increasing the amount of blood being pumped around from the heart
and increasing sweat production from sweat glands to keep us cool
while were moving to deal with a dangerous situation

The PNS in non threating situations where we are actually trying to

conserve and store energy, like diverting blood flow away from
skeletal muscle to the intestines to increase digestions , decreasing
heart cardiac output to conserve energy and increasing saliva
production from the salivary glands to help with digestion
The ANS affects many more structures and has many more functions
because almost any organ that you are interested in is going to have
autonomic neurons coming in and affecting how that organ system
functions

Disease-Autonomic Disfunction-homework for example:

THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK

Function. The sympathetic trunk is a fundamental part of the
sympathetic nervous system, and part of the autonomic nervous
system. It allows nerve fibres to travel to spinal nerves that are
superior and inferior to the one in which they originated

Both sympathetic trunks (left and right) join to create ganglion impar
and they both go from the base of the skull to the base of coccyx.

The cervical part of Sympathetic trunk is located in front of the

transverse processes of cervical vertebrae and neck of the 1st rib
behind the carotid sheaths and in front of prevertebral fascia.
Location is 1 on either side of cervical part of the vertebral column.

The cervical part of sympathetic trunk does give gray rami

communicantes to all the cervical spinal nerves but doesn’t get the
preganglionic fibres via white rami communicantes from the cervical
sections of the spinal cord. Every trunk gets preganglionic fibres from
lateral horn cells of T1-T4 spinal sections.

There are just three cervical sympathetic ganglia: superior, middle

and inferior. They’re created by the fusion of 8 archaic ganglia,
corresponding to 8 cervical nerves. The features of these ganglia are
as follows:

PLEXUS AROUND SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

Its spindle shaped and about 2.5 cm long.

It is located just below the skull, in front of transverse processes of C2

and C3 vertebrae, behind the carotid sheath and in front of the
prevertebral fascia.

It’s created by the fusion of 4 archaic cervical ganglia.

MIDDLE CERVICAL GANGLION

It’s quite small and frequently absent.

It is located in the lower part of the neck, in front of transverse

process of C6 just above the inferior thyroid artery.

It’s created by the fusion of the 5th and 6th archaic cervical ganglia.

INFERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION

It’s created by the fusion of the 7th and 8th archaic cervical ganglia.
It’s usually fused with the 1st thoracic ganglion to create the
cervicothoracic ganglion; it’s also referred to as stellate ganglion due
to its star shaped look.

Every of the 3 ganglia supplies 3 common types of branches, viz.

Gray rami communicantes to cervical nerves.

A cardiac branch/nerve.

A branch or branches to create a plexus around an artery.

BRANCHES OF SUPERIOR GANGLION

All these are as follows:

Gray rami communicantes to ventral rami of upper 4 cervical nerves.

Superior cardiac nerve.

Carotid branches create sympathetic plexus around internal and

external carotid arteries.

BRANCHES FROM MIDDLE GANGLION

All these are as follows:

Gray rami communicantes to ventral rami of C5 and C6 spinal nerves.

Thyroid branches to create a plexus around the inferior thyroid

artery.

Middle cervical cardiac nerve.

Along with the above mentioned branches, the middle cervical

ganglion also supplies rise to tracheal and esophageal branches.

BRANCHES FROM INFERIOR GANGLION

All these are as follows:

Gray rami communicantes to ventral rami of C7 and C8 spinal nerves.

Inferior cervical cardiac nerve.

Vertebral and subclavian branches, which create plexus around

vertebral and subclavian arteries, respectively.

Ansa subclavia is a nerve loop around subclavian artery attaching

middle and inferior cervical ganglia.

HORNER’S SYNDROME

The head and neck region is supplied by the sympathetic fibres,

which originate in the upper thoracic spinal sections. These
preganglionic fibres go through stellate ganglion to relay in the
superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. The postganglionic fibres
originate from cells of the ganglion and supply the structures in the
head and neck.

An injury to cervical sympathetic trunk generates a clinical illness

named Horner’s syndrome
So we will continue NS !!!!-you alredy know everything about Automatic NS !And how we
meet also I will check knowledge!!! …….

Thanks dr Iwonka …..and please repeat everything from I and IIsemestr what has been done
and soon I will give you open questions to work out !!!