Name: Rolly S.

Tambe Assignment No: 2

Subject: CE 225- Structural Dynamics Date Submitted: October 16, 2020

ASSIGNMENT:

A small one-story industrial building, 8 by 12 m in plan, is shown in Fig. E1.2 with moment frames in the north–south direction

and braced frames in the east–west direction. The mass of the structure can be idealized as lumped at the roof level.

The horizontal cross bracing is at the bottom chord of the roof trusses. All columns are W10x30 sections; their second moments

of cross-sectional area about the x and y axes are and , respectively;

for steel, . The vertical cross-bracings are made of 32-mm-diameter rods. Formulate the equation governing free

vibration in

a) the north–south direction and

b) the east–west direction.

12 m

1.5m

8m 12 m 8m

Given:

Mass lumped at the roof,

Note* Because of the horizontal cross-bracing, the roof can be treated as a rigid diaphragm.

Solution:

a) North-south direction. Because of the roof truss, each column behaves as a clamped–clamped column and the lateral

stiffness of the two moment frames (Fig. E1.2b) is

( )

𝑘𝑁 𝑆 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
and the equation of motion is

𝑚𝑢 + 𝑘𝑁 𝑆 𝑢
Name: Rolly S. Tambe Assignment No: 2

Subject: CE 225- Structural Dynamics Date Submitted: October 16, 2020

b) East–west direction. Braced frames, such as those shown in Fig. E1.2c, are usually designed as two superimposed

systems: an ordinary rigid frame that supports vertical (dead and live) loads, plus a vertical bracing system, generally

regarded as a pin-connected truss that resists lateral forces. Thus the lateral stiffness of a braced frame can be

estimated as the sum of the lateral stiffnesses of individual braces. The stiffness of a brace (Fig. E1.2d) is

( ) . This can be derived as follows. We start with the axial force–deformation relation for a brace:

By statics , and by kinematics / . Substituting / and in Eq. (b) gives

For the brace in Fig. E1.2c, , , , and

√

Although each frame has two cross-braces, only the one in tension will provide lateral resistance; the one in compression will

buckle at small axial force and will contribute little to the lateral stiffness. Considering the two frames,

𝑘𝑁 𝑊 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

and the equation of motion is

𝑚𝑢 + 𝑘𝑁 𝑤 𝑢
Name: Rolly S. Tambe Assignment No: 2

Subject: CE 225- Structural Dynamics Date Submitted: October 16, 2020

Example 1.2 A small one-story industrial building, 6 by 10 m in plan, is shown in Fig. E1.2 with moment frames in the north–south

direction and braced frames in the east–west direction. The mass of the structure can be idealized as /

lumped at the roof level. The horizontal cross bracing is at the bottom chord of the roof trusses. All columns are HE-A 200

sections; their second moments of cross-sectional area about the x and y axes are and

, respectively; for steel, . The vertical cross-bracings are made of 25-mm-diameter rods.

Formulate the equation governing free vibration in

a) the north–south direction and

b) the east–west direction.

Given:

Mass lumped at the roof,

Note* Because of the horizontal cross-bracing, the roof can be treated as a rigid diaphragm.

Solution:

a) North-south direction. Because of the roof truss, each column behaves as a clamped–clamped column and the lateral stiffness of

the two moment frames (Fig. E1.2b) is

( )

( )

and the equation of motion is

+
Name: Rolly S. Tambe Assignment No: 2

Subject: CE 225- Structural Dynamics Date Submitted: October 16, 2020

b) East–west direction. Braced frames, such as those shown in Fig. E1.2c, are usually designed as two superimposed systems: an

ordinary rigid frame that supports vertical (dead and live) loads, plus a vertical bracing system, generally regarded as a pin-

connected truss that resists lateral forces. Thus the lateral stiffness of a braced frame can be estimated as the sum of the lateral

stiffnesses of individual braces. The stiffness of a brace (Fig. E1.2d) is k brace =(AE/L) cos2 θ. This can be derived as follows.

We start with the axial force–deformation relation for a brace:

By statics , and by kinematics / . Substituting / and in Eq. (b) gives

For the brace in Fig. E1.2c, , , , and

√

( )

Although each frame has two cross-braces, only the one in tension will provide lateral resistance; the one in compression will

buckle at small axial force and will contribute little to the lateral stiffness. Considering the two frames,

and the equation of motion is

𝑚𝑢 + 𝑘𝑁 𝑤 𝑢

*Observe that the error in neglecting the stiffness of columns is small: / / versus

/
Name: Rolly S. Tambe Assignment No: 2

Subject: CE 225- Structural Dynamics Date Submitted: October 16, 2020

Example 1.2.1) A small one-story industrial building, 6 by 10 m in plan, is shown in Fig. E1.2 with moment frames in the north–south

direction and braced frames in the east–west direction. The mass of the structure can be idealized as lumped at the

roof level. The horizontal cross bracing is at the bottom chord of the roof trusses. All columns are W8x24 sections; their

second moments of cross-sectional area about the x and y axes are and

, respectively; for steel, . The vertical cross-bracings are made of 25-mm-

diameter rods. Formulate the equation governing free vibration in

a) the north–south direction and

b) the east–west direction.

3.66 m 1.2m

Given:

Mass lumped at the roof,

Note* Because of the horizontal cross-bracing, the roof can be treated as a rigid diaphragm.

Solution:

a) North-south direction. Because of the roof truss, each column behaves as a clamped–clamped column and the lateral

stiffness of the two moment frames (Fig. E1.2b) is

( )

𝑘𝑁 𝑆 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
and the equation of motion is

+
Name: Rolly S. Tambe Assignment No: 2

Subject: CE 225- Structural Dynamics Date Submitted: October 16, 2020

b) East–west direction. Braced frames, such as those shown in Fig. E1.2c, are usually designed as two superimposed

systems: an ordinary rigid frame that supports vertical (dead and live) loads, plus a vertical bracing system, generally

regarded as a pin-connected truss that resists lateral forces. Thus the lateral stiffness of a braced frame can be

estimated as the sum of the lateral stiffnesses of individual braces. The stiffness of a brace (Fig. E1.2d) is

( ) . This can be derived as follows. We start with the axial force–deformation relation for a brace:

By statics , and by kinematics / . Substituting / and in Eq. (b) gives

For the brace in Fig. E1.2c, , , , and

√

Although each frame has two cross-braces, only the one in tension will provide lateral resistance; the one in compression will

buckle at small axial force and will contribute little to the lateral stiffness. Considering the two frames,

𝑘𝑁 𝑊 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

and the equation of motion is

𝑚𝑢 + 𝑘𝑁 𝑤 𝑢
Name: Rolly S. Tambe Assignment No: 2

Subject: CE 225- Structural Dynamics Date Submitted: October 16, 2020

Example 1.3 A 120-m-long concrete, box-girder bridge on four supports—two abutments and two symmetrically located bents—is
shown in Fig. E1.3. The cross-sectional area of the bridge deck is 12 m2. The mass of the bridge is idealized as lumped at
the deck level; the unit mass of concrete is / . The mass of the bents may be neglected. Each bent consists
of three 8-m-tall columns of circular cross section with Iy’ =Iz’ =0.15 m4 (Fig. E1.3b). Formulate the equation of motion
governing free vibration in the longitudinal direction. The elastic modulus of concrete is E=20,000 MPa.

Given:

The mass per unit length lumped at the deck level is (12)(2400) = 28,800 kg/m.

Solution:

The total mass lumped at the deck level is

The longitudinal stiffness of the bridge is computed assuming the bridge deck to displace rigidly as shown in Fig. E1.3c.
Each column of a bent behaves as a clamped–clamped column. The longitudinal stiffness provided by each bent is

[ ]

Two bents provide a total stiffness of

The equation governing the longitudinal displacement u is

𝑚𝑢 + 𝑘𝑢
Name: Rolly S. Tambe Assignment No: 2

Subject: CE 225- Structural Dynamics Date Submitted: October 16, 2020

Example 1.4 Derive the equation of motion of the mass m suspended from a spring at the free end of the cantilever steel

beam shown in Fig. E1.4a. For steel, E=200,000 MPa. Neglect the mass of the beam and spring.

Solution:

Figure E1.4b shows the deformed position of the free end of the beam, spring, and mass. The displacement of

the mass ̅ is measured from its initial position with the beam and spring in their original undeformed

configuration. Equilibrium of the forces of Fig. E1.4c gives

+ +

where

and the effective stiffness of the system remains to be determined. The equation of motion is

+ ̅ +
Name: Rolly S. Tambe Assignment No: 2

Subject: CE 225- Structural Dynamics Date Submitted: October 16, 2020

The displacement ̅ can be expressed as

̅ +

where is the static displacement due to mass and is measured from the position of static equilibrium.

Substituting Eq. (d) in Eq. (a) and noting that (1) ̅ because does not vary with time, and (2)

gives

+ ̅

Observe that this is the same as Eq. (1.5.2) with for a spring–mass system oriented in the horizontal

direction (Fig. 1.6.1). Also note that the equation of motion (e) governing , measured from the static

equilibrium position, is unaffected by gravity forces. For this reason we usually formulate a dynamic analysis

problem for a linear system with its static equilibrium position as the reference position. The displacement u(t)

and associated internal forces in the system will represent the dynamic response of the system. The total

displacements and forces are obtained by adding the corresponding static quantities to the dynamic response.

The effective stiffness ke remains to be determined. It relates the static force fS to the resulting displacement ̅

by

where

̅ ̅ +̅

where ̅ is the deflection of the right end of the beam and ̅ is the deformation in the spring. With

reference to Fig. E1.4d,

̅
Name: Rolly S. Tambe Assignment No: 2

Subject: CE 225- Structural Dynamics Date Submitted: October 16, 2020

In Eq. (g), substitute for from Eq. (f) and the ̅ and ̅ from Eq. (h) to obtain

Now / and

[ / ]

Substituting for and in Eq. (i) gives

𝑘𝑒 𝑁/𝑚
Name: Rolly S. Tambe Assignment No: 2

Subject: CE 225- Structural Dynamics Date Submitted: October 16, 2020

Example 1.5 Derive the equation governing the free motion of a simple pendulum (Fig. E1.5a), which consists of a point

mass m suspended by a light string of length L.

Solution:

Figure E1.5a shows the displaced position of the pendulum defined by the angle measured from the vertical

position, and Fig. E1.5b shows the free-body diagram of the mass. The forces acting are the weight ,

tension in the string, and D’Alembert’s fictitious inertia force .

Draw a free body diagram of the mass.

Write equation of motion in tangential direction.

Method 1: By Newton’s law.

This nonlinear differential equation governs the motion for any rotation θ
Name: Rolly S. Tambe Assignment No: 2

Subject: CE 225- Structural Dynamics Date Submitted: October 16, 2020

Method 2: Equilibrium of moments about yields

or +

Linearize for small .

For small , and Eq. (a) becomes

𝑔
𝜃 +( )𝜃
𝐿