COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. DEFINE COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
2. IDENTIFY THE DETERMINANTS OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
3. DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROWD
4. GIVE EXPLANATIONS FOR CROWD BEHAVIOR
 MEANING OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

 It refers to social behavior that is relatively spontaneous, transitory, emotional, and unpredictable.
 It refers to crowd behavior, riots and panics, mass action, social movements, and publics.
 It refers to types of group actions in which the level of institutionalization is low.
 It is relatively spontaneous activity involving a large number of people that do not conform to established norms.
 Collective behavior is not stable and predictable, but changeable and episodic.
 It is also defined as temporary, relatively undifferentiated patterns of behavior that are not guided by shared norms
 DETERMINANTS OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

 1. when the existing pattern of social organization is inadequate and irrelevant for coping with the challenge of
everyday life, collective behavior arises. When the situation is changed or modified , the prescribed pattern of
behavior become inadequate. The pattern of stimulus response will also be altered.
 2. collective behavior also arises when there is an increasing indication that social control is becoming weak in
checking on the deviation committed by members.
 3. when the people is faced with a new and different situation, which they have never encountered before, collective
behavior is formed. This new situation is brought about by the introduction of new ideas from other cultures or as a
result of the modification of some of the social institutions within.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GROUP INVOLVED IN COLLECTIVE
BEHAVIOR

 Some of the characteristics of a group involved in collective behavior are;

1. it is composed of relatively large number of people
2. its relative anonymity prevails
3. it is usually temporary in nature
4. it lacks formal organization in terms of an established system of differentiated position
TYPES OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

 Crowd – a temporary collection of people reacting to the same stimulus for a particular period or duration.
 TYPES OF CROWD
Casual – cluster of people who are gathered together because of an event or happening. It is a loose collection
of people who interact a little.
Conventional – people are gathered because of a pre-arrange activity. It is the result of a deliberate planning of
an event. In is the type of crowd, there are simple rules that guide the behavior of the crowd.
Expressive – this kind of crowd is formed around an event that has an emotional appeal. People joined expressive
crowds to share in the excitement caused by an occasion. It is characterized by rhythmic activity, intense emotional
contagion, emotional release.
I

 TYPES OF CROWD
4. Acting crowd – members are actually involved in the event. They actively participate in pursuit of their goal.
Acting crowds are often united by emotions even more powerful than those of the expressive crowd, sometimes
reaching feverish intensity that provokes participants to violence.
FORMS OF ACTING CROWD
Riot – refers to the restless, unorganized behavior of crowds whose actions are directed against one another
or targets.
Mob – crowd that becomes violent, a highly emotional crowd in common pursuit of some violent or
destructive goal. The participants cooperate with the crowd against another stimulus.
Orgy – a ravel crowd which transgresses the normal norms. Thru orgy, the individuals find means to release
suppress emotions and tensions.
EXPLANATION FOR CROWD BEHAVIOR

 Contagion Theory – Gustav Le Bon- French thinker, believed that when people are in crowd, a collective
consciousness emerges. This collective consciousness supplant consciousness. He perceive this process as the law
of mental unity crowds.
 Convergence Theory – it stresses the idea that participants of a crowd are basically revealing their true selves.
The crowd functions as a pretext to translate latent impulses into overt action. Convergence theorist stress
convergence of people who share the same disposition and identity a category of people as a crowd prone or
focus attention upon latent impulses of hate, frustration, and aggression that purportedly exist among crowd
participants.
 Emergent-norm Theory – Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian formulated the emergent-norm theory of crowd
dynamics. They pointed out that crowd behavior, like other collective and group processes, should be
incorporated within a common theoretical framework of structure and processes
HYSTERIA AND PANIC

 Panic- is an abnormal response of people who are facing life-threatening situations. People who panic usually
become very emotional and irrational. Extraordinary reflexes are observed.
 Mass hysteria – a socially contagious frenzy of irrational behavior in a group of people as reaction to an event.
Such inappropriate physical or emotional responses arise from wrong information, false assumptions and
predictions to certain events, and obedience to someone who is not an expert in the field.
CRAZES, FADS, FASHIONS

 Fads – refer to activities, objects of interest, style or trends that are popular or acceptable only foa a short period
of time. People like to possess new objects, be involved in a new activities or hobbies, or use new variations of
speech just to show that they are in.
 Fashion – refers to the preferred mode of dressing, adornment or way of life at a given period of time by a large
number of people. Fashion is temporary, sometimes lasting only for a few months. The changes are cyclical.
 Crazes – these develop when particular object, are given unusually high values and become obsessions of
individuals. The popularity of craze and its acceptance depend on the shared beliefs of members.
RUMOR AND GOSSIP

 Rumor – is unsubstantiated information spread informally, often by word of mouth. It has always been an element
of social life, but the means of transmitting them has changed dramatically in the last century.
 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUMOR
 Rumors thrives in ambiguity. It grows when people are deprived of definitive information about a topic of interest.
 Rumor is changeable – as rumor circulate, it is altered so that the variations of the accounts add to the confusion. Change
in details depends largely on the interest of those involved.
 Rumors are typically difficult to stop – the number of people who have heard the rumor increases in geometric progression
as each person spreads the information to several others.
 Rumor the unconfirmed or unsubstantiated information on the personal affairs of other people. Charles Horton
Cooley points out, while rumor involved issues or events of interests to a large segment of the public.
 Gossips interest only those possessing some personal knowledge of the people being talked about.
 Gossip is localized while rumor may spread throughout a society.
PUBLIC OPINION

 The wide spread attitude toward one or more controversial issues. Horton and Hunt defined public opinion as a
number of people who are concerned over, divided upon, and in discussion about an issue. The most important
instrument in the formation of public opinion is the media. People are exposed to an issue through newspaper,
television, or radio. People may be apart but may be unite din terms of similarities in their reaction to an issue.
When an issue is raised, people react to it either favorably or unfavorably. A group’s collective opinion about
another group regarding as issue leads to the formation of public opinion. Public opinion then is refers to the
commonly held view by most of the people in a society.
CULTURAL CONCEPTS
AND VARIATIONS
 OTHER CULTURAL CONCEPTS
• Ethnocentrism – it is a feeling that one’s own particular way of life is superior
and right and that all other cultures are inferior and defective. This kind of
feeling tends to judge other cultures in terms of the values and norms of
one’s own cultures. In this sense, ethnocentrism gives rise to the erroneous
concept of perfunctorily regarding one’s culture or superior and right in
comparison with other cultures.
• Cultural Relativism – the opposite of ethnocentrism. The concept refers to the
notion that each culture should be evaluated according to its own merits
and standard rather than from the standpoint or bases pf different culture. In
other words, norms, values, and belief should be judge only from the
viewpoint of the culture where they belong.
• Xenocentrism – it is the belief that is what is foreign is best in terms of one’s
lifestyle, products or ideas.
• Temporocentrism – it is the belief that’s one own time is more important than
that the past or future.
• Subculture – it is a group or category within a society that shares in the
general culture but maintain distinctive of ways thinking, acting and feeling.
This kind of group is usually found in a big and complex society.
• Counter-culture – it is a sub-culture that has values and norms that sharply
contradict those of the larger society.
• Culture universal – this refers to common cultural elements that are found
within all known societies.
• Culture lag – it is the inability of a given society to adapt immediately to
another culture as a result of disparity in the rate of change between the
material and non-material elements of culture.
• Culture shock – it is the experience of disorientation and frustration that
occurs when individuals finds themselves among those who do not share
their fundamental premises.
• Cultural integration – it is concern with adaption of a mass consumer culture
where everything from fashion to sport, music, to television, becomes
integrated into the national culture, often without challenge.
 CULTURAL DIVERSITY

• The variation of culture in some ways with another culture which guides
human behavior. From language to appearance, from great ideas to good
manners, from laws to values, the culture of the world offer what seems like
an infinite number of alternatives. You may find many foreign customs
practical, logical, or even attractive.
 CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT
CULTURAL VARIATIONS
• Environment – a person’s surrounding play a major role in shaping his/her
culture. In various part of the world, the physical and natural environments
differ from one another. In some parts, the climate is cool and in other parts,
it is torrid and hot; in certain in regions, there are four seasons while in other
areas, there are only two seasons. In terms of geographical features, some
places are sandy while other are made up of soil, some countries abound in
trees and forests, while others are arid, desert lands. These environmental
condition greatly affects people who must therefore adopt to these
conditions in order to survive.
• Isolation – under condition, a culture continues on its own course, unaltered
and uncontaminated by other culture. A secluded society bring no changes
in its adaptation to its physical environment remain the same. The absence
of contact with other societies tend to perpetuate the patterns that have
been adopted.
 CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT
CULTURAL VARIATIONS
• Technology – cultural variation is also caused by technological advances in
a society. The technology used by a society determines its social structures
that leads to a change in culture.
• Cultural themes- cultural patterns generally contain themes that contribute
to variations among culture. Based on themes, culture tends to select and
interpret the new ideas that are meaningful to people. If people find no
point of correspondence between the new ideas and their usual ones, the
new ideas are abandoned.
• Diffusion – this involve the borrowing or transferring of certain element of one
culture to another culture when the former comes into contact with the
latter.
 MODES OF ACQUIRING CULTURE
• 1. Imitation – it is a human action by which one tends to duplicate more or less
exactly the behavior of others.
• 2. Indoctrination – this takes the form of formal teaching or training which may
happen anywhere. This formal teaching takes into account the cultural components
of society where the learning individual lives.
• 3. Conditioning – through norms prevailing in one’s society and cultural milieu, and
through the process of conditioning, the individual acquires certain patterns of
belief, values, behavior, and actions. This process is further reinforced by a system of
reward and punishment practice in the cultural environment.
• 4. Acculturation – it is a process by which societies with different cultures are
modified through fairly close and long continued contract.
• 5. Amalgamation – it is the intermarriage of persons coming from different cultural
groups resulting in some kind of biological fusion.
FILIPINO CULTURAL
VALUES
 VALUES

• Values are important for they are the

enduring belief or ideals shared by the
members of a culture about what is good
or desirable and what is not. Values
strongly influence the behavior of an
individual and serve as broad guidelines
in all situations.
 CULTURAL CLASSIFICATION
• Through heredity or through the environment, an individual acquires values.
The influence of the family, community, society, nation and other individuals
makes a persons unique as he/she develops a set of values. These values
determine the priorities and lifestyle of the person. They also mold the
personality of the person and contribute to the growth of he individual,
family, society, nation and the entire human race.
• 1. Individualistic Values – the first law of nature is self-preservation. It is
inherent to all human beings and other animals to protect, satisfy, and
promote their own personal needs and desire to the extent of harming
others. The selfish notion of helping oneself before others seems to justify this
individualistic perspective. Individualistic values cannot be separated from
human being for these are essential to their survival.
 CULTURAL CLASSIFICATION
• 2. Family values – The family is the natural and social institution founded on
conjugal union that binds together the individuals composing of it, for the
common accomplishment of the material and spiritual ends of life, under the
authority of the original ascendant who heads it.
• The necessary care, training, and protection of every child are provided for
in the family. The family is an essential factor in general, social and even
political life of the nation. The living together of family members contributes
to the development of a strong sense of duty, of an aptitude for heroic
sacrifices, and of the love by future generations of the traditions and moral
conquest of those preceded them.
• The family ensures the continuity of values and tradition of the family.
 CULTURAL CLASSIFICATION
• Professional Values – There are organizations for professional. These professionals are
expected to conform to the values demanded by their organization. These, values
in turn, serve as their identify. It is also these values that keep the members united
and motivated.
• An individual develops as set of values because of his/her profession. Each
profession has its own values, which often contradict those of other professions.
• National Values – each nation has a set of values that every citizen must manifest.
These values define the traits of the people and serve as their identity. These values
are cherished and the state is tasked to inculcate them among the citizens. These
values are embodied in the people’s supreme law an non-observance of these
values carries a penalty, or worse damage the culture of the nation. These values
are evolve from the country’s history, tradition and experiences.
 CULTURAL CLASSIFICATION
• Moral values – laws are enacted to maintain peace and order, eliminate
injustice, and attain equality. These laws are expected to bring harmony to
the members of the society. Legislators are expected to enact laws that will
promote the welfare of the majority. And law enforcers are tasked to
implement laws fairly.
• Spiritual Values – often attributed to God. They are called Divine values.
There is no specific time as to when values are given by God but hey gave
rise to other values. These values are eternal or permanent. They are
universal that all humans can easily understand them even without formal
education. Through these values, humans are united and there is harmony
among the community of nations.
 FILIPINO CULTURE
• A. Belief System – Filipinos are known to be religious by nature. They believe in
supernatural powers and divine intervention. The belief in supernatural
makes them dependent on prayers than hard work in pursuing their dreams.
Success is considered a blessing from above as a result of faith in God. The
religiosity of most of the Filipinos are inherently good. The belief and trust in
God and the power of prayers makes the Filipinos distinct with other races.
• B. Value System – cultural values are shared assumptions of what is right,
good or important. Values actually guide people’s behavior and action as
they relate themselves to most situations in life. Filipino values can be seen
from the aspects of personal and social relationships. Personally, the Filipino
value their honor and status more than any thing else. Majority of them
protect their honor rather than their wealth. Filipinos consider their
relationship with other people important.
 FILIPINO CULTURE
• They love to mingle with friends and relatives. They assist and cooperate with
other people, and this is best exemplified through the Bayanihan spirit.
Filipinos are friendly, warm and simple.
 CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS TO
FILIPINO CULTURE
• Filipino culture is a summation of indigenous forces and foreign influences
that had come to bear upon the people varying degrees during the last five
centuries.
• The following races contributed in shaping the Filipino Culture:
* Malays – the temperament which could be best described by
niceness and pleasantness to others rather than by rigid obedience to the
established system of laws.
* Chinese – Filial piety between parents and children, the flexibility to go
along other people, and the sageliness within and the kingliness without of the
Filipinos are reflective of the Confucian philosophy.
 CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS TO
FILIPINO CULTURE
• Indian – Indian influences are found on the languages, mode of dressing,
architectural art, folk belief, brass and copper wares and other cultural
artifacts.
• Hindu – the Hindu influence is most pervasive in the Filipino belief system.
• Spanish – introduced a community-oriented rather than a family-oriented
religion in the form of Christianity.
• Americans – broadened the cultural heritage by introducing democracy
that called for individual liberty and equality as well as a national political
community to which everybody is supposed to participate through universa
suffrage.
 FILIPINO CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
• Traditional Concept – The traditionalist maintain that Filipino culture is a
conglomeration of physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual aspects. They
assume that underneath the independent and widely divergent culture as
shown in the Filipino way of life, there is an underlying basic foundation of
unity that holds the cultural tree together and infuses one clear, distinct
substance through its veins. It is rooted in the Filipinos art of living, philosophy
in life, and attitudes toward God, nature, and fellowmen.
• Nationalistic view – This concept regards culture as the summation of the
needs of the people, the description of their past and present conditions, an
expression of their values, thoughts and emotions, and depiction of their
historic struggles to liberate themselves. The national culture is inextricably
linked to the people’s needs, ideas, emotions, and practices.
 FILIPINO CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
• Cultural Dualism – this view is from a philosophical perspective that believes
in the existence of two opposing sides every phenomenon. This concept
holds that Philippine society is composed of two opposite sides: the
traditional culture and modern culture. The traditional culture represents the
old norms, folkways, values, etc. while the modern one represents those
introduced by colonizers or adopted/adapted from another culture. Since
these norms, folkways, and values contradict each other, conflict then is
inevitable. In order to resolve this conflict and maintain balance, Filipinos
arrive at a particular culture that is distinct, without sacrificing, rejecting or
abandoning any of the old or new culture.
 FILIPINO VALUES
• Values are an integrated part of every culture. A common core set of values
creates expectations and predictability without which a culture would
disintegrate and its members would lose their personal identify and sense of
worth. With worldwide view and personality, values dictate behavior. Values
tell people what is good, beneficial, important, useful, beautiful, desirable,
constructive, etc. they answer the question of why people do what they do.
Values help people solve common problems for survival. Over time, they
become the roots of traditions that groups of people find important in their
day-to-day lives.
• The values of the Filipinos that originated from their ancestors had been
heavily influenced by their colonizers. Some values are bipolar-they can
viewed from either positive or negative perspective.
 POSITIVE FILIPINO VALUES
• Bayanihan System or spirit of kinship and camaraderie – the Filipino
community spirit of cooperation in which a group of individuals extends a
helping hand without expecting any remuneration. It is characterized by
communal work towards one goal exemplified in relocating a nipa house or
pushing a stalled passenger jeepney.
• Damayan system – symphaty for
FORMS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
AND SOCIAL PROBLEM
Intended Learning Outcome

Define social problem

Determine the different forms of deviant behavior

Analyze each form of deviant behavior

Identify the root causes of the different forms of deviant behavior

Establish tentative solutions to some identified problems

MEANING OF SOCIAL PROBLEM

 A situation affecting a significant number of people that is believed by them and

by a significant numbers of others in the society to be a source of difficulty or
unhappiness.
 Reab & Selznick put social problem in the real of human relationships. It is a
problem that is seriously threatens society or impedes the important aspirations
of many people.
 Are breakdowns or deviations in social behavior involving a considerable number
of people. They are of serious concern to many members of the society where the
aberrations occur.
 It is a problems of moral values; they are problems because the behavior involve in
these breakdowns and deviations is widely regatrded as immoral, illegal, or
potentially destructive to established institution.
FORMS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

 A. Drug Abuse – relate to the subjective effects of drugs on the individual. It is

repeated misuse of drugs.
 Classification of Drugs
1. Sedatives – depressant drug, it exert calming effects on the nervous
system. They are chemicals that relieve anxiety, sedate a person, or induce him to
sleep. An overdose may depress the brain’s respiratory control, which leads to the
cessation of breathing and eventual death.
2. Stimulants – uppers or pep pills, it increase the alertness and physical
disposition of the individual. They reduce hunger and provide a feeling of well-
being. Thy mask fatigue and create exhilaration and state of euphoria. Excessive
use may lead to insomnia, and later exhaustion and deep depression.
 3. Hallucinogens or psychedelics – these drugs are capable of provoking
changes of sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and emotion. They lead to changes
in perception of time and space, as well as delusions or false beliefs. The results vary
depending on the dose. It may be high trip or bad trip.
4. Narcotics – these are drugs that relieve pain and make one drowsy and
relaxed. They taken by injection, subcutaneously or intravenously. If taken in
excessive dose, they may cause coma or even death.
CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

 1. Child trauma – they have been abused when they were young.
 2. Family history – children of drug users are likely to inherit or imitate the habits
of their parents.
 3. Escape from reality – to cope with stressful life events and traumatic
experience.
 4. Self-medication – used for various purposes relieving pain or controlling mental
disorders like anxiety or drug depression.
 5. To feel high or get as thrilling experience or sensation – used to eliminate
boredom. Users usually engage in death-defying activities.
 6. Peer pressure – use for pakikisama or to belong/accepted in a group.
 7. Low self-esteem – used to boost their self-confidence.
COMMON SIGNS OF DRUG ABUSE

 1. changes in behavioral patterns.

 2. changes in appearance
 3. changes in mood
 ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
 1. establish close and harmonious family relations.
 2. government should promote the physical well-being of the youth.
 3. government should launch a massive campaign thru the use of various media
 4. establishment of barangay anti-drug abuse committee
 5. enact laws to limit the accessibility to prohibited drugs
 6. monitoring the students behavior by the educational institution
 7. the church to constantly remind their members on the sanctity of human body.
CRIME

 One form of deviance, specially behavior that violates certain criminal laws. There
are two division of crimes; misdemeanor and felony.
 Misdemeanor – crime of lesser degree that typically involves punishment by
paying fine, rendering community service, or getting imprisoned for not more
than one year.
 Felony – is a serious crime such as killing, overthrowing the government,
destroying other people’s property, abusing minors etc. grave penalty is imposed
ranging from more than as year of imprisonment to death penalty.
CRIMES

 CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
 Crimes against person – crimes involve destruction of life, inflicting injury to other
person.
 Crime against property – crimes involve taking of another property or destroying
other’s property.
 Crimes against chastity – crimes involve sexual infidelity, corruption of minors,
and other abnormal sexual behavior.
 Crime against public morals – considered as offensive to decency, public morals,
and good customs.
 Crime against the state – crimes involve taking up arms against the government
or committing an act that threatens national security.
CAUSES OF CRIME

 1. unemployment
 2. crimes like theft are committed due to property
 3. crimes are committed due to behavioral disorders
 4. crimes are committed by those who wants to remain in power or to protect
their business.
 5. crimes are a product of uncontrollable behavior cause by alcoholic beverages or
addiction to drugs.
 6. crimes may arise from concupiscence.
 7. crimes maybe product of individual ignorance
CAUSES OF CRIME

 8. crimes are sometimes caused by advocacy, political belief, or aspiration.

 9. crimes maybe a result of individual desire to gain profit using illegal means like
prostitution, illegal recruitment etc.
 10. crimes maybe a product of one’s failure to take precautionary measures,
observe proper diligence and prudence that result in the death of another person
or destruction of property.
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

 Strengthen family relationships

 Coordinate the efforts of the police and the community, enhance their
cooperation.
 Foster the relationship between the church and the family
 Weed out the misfits and scalawags in the law enforcement agencies
 Restrict violent films and sex movies
PROSTITUTION

 The act of submitting one’s self in sexual relations in exchange for money or other
valuables.
 The practice of submitting to sexual relations usually sexual intercourse, for pay.
 Many prostitute come the ranks of women.
 There are also male who engaged in prostitution.
 There are also children in the prostitution
TYPES OF PROSTITUTE

 Streetwalkers – prostitutes found on the main avenues and boulevards of well

known cities of the Philippines.
 Bar/hotel – prostitutes – they found in the KTV bars, night clubs, videoke bars,
massage parlors, and hotel lobbies
 Escort services – prostitute works on an outcall basis. Their calls are usually on
locations where there are rich and prominent clients who prefer the secrecy of an
intermediary referral service.
 House or brothel – prostitutes are legally allowed to practice their profession.
 Other prostitutes – they found in beaches, plazas, and parks.
CAUSES OF PROSTITUTION

 Poverty – one goes to prostitution either voluntarily or involuntary. It is voluntary

when they decided to become prostitute because of great financial need. It is
involuntary when they are forced into prostitution.
 Acculturation – basic factor for the existence and proliferation of prostitution,
particularly in poor countries. Exposure to affluent but decadent western
societies, liberate our young women from their demureness and femininity. Such
growing atmosphere of permissiveness is exacerbated by wide spread poverty.
 Tourism – the influx of tourist to the country and the organized sex tours catering
to Japanese and European tourist, have resulted in the proliferation of houses of
prostitution and sex den. The imbalance in foreign exchange reserves and huge
public debts have made the government tolerant to the entry of perverted tourist
in the country.
EFFECTS OF PROSTITUTION

 It causes the spread of various venereal diseases including HIV/AIDS

 Leads to moral degradation and deviation to the norms that most communities
protect and cherish.
 It promises high income, it takes away initiative, creativity, and perseverance of
the people in searching for a decent means of livelihood.
 It promotes exploitation children, uneducated, poor, and the unemployed.
Businessmen take advantage of these people’s weaknesses and condition.
 It promotes elicit sexual relationship and destroy marriage.
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY DEFICIENCY
SYNDROME
 It is a dreaded disease. It is a viral disease that destroy the human body cells that
resist the infection, leaving the individual vulnerable to infectious diseases.
 AIDS is cause by human immunodeficiency syndrome virus HIV, which cripples the
immune system. The patient becomes susceptible to transmissible viruses,
bacteria, and even tumors that are deadly. The incubation period between the
initial HIV infection and the presence of symptoms maybe as long as ten years,
which means the person infected may transmit the virus to many other people
unknowingly.
MEANING, ORIGIN, ELEMENTS,
CHARACTERISTICS, AND FUNCTIONS OF
CULTURE.
 MEANING OF CULTURE
• Derived from Latin word cultura or cultus means care or cultivation. Culture is
analogous to caring for an infant. Because a infant has prolong
dependency, he/she has to be taken care of by the people around
him/her. S/he has to learn from them so S/he can better adjust as s/he grows
up in his immediate environment.
• Culture all modes of thought, behavior, and production that are handed
down from one generation to the next of communicative interaction rather
than by genetic transmission.
 MEANING
• Culture as cultivation implies that every human being is a potential member
of his/her own social group. He/She is endowed with certain innately useful
qualities. However S/he cannot develop these inborn talents without the
help of other people. He/She needs other people who can provide him/her
with the needed opportunities so he/she can translate these potentialities
into realities called achievements. These accomplishments not only help
him/her achieve self-actualization but also make him/her a contributing
member of his/her society.
 ORIGIN OF CULTURE
• Anthropologists believe that culture is a product of human evolution. Human
devised a common way of classifying experiences and transmitting them
symbolically. Since these experiences were learned and transmitted, they
developed distinctly, independent from biological evolution. Hence, a
person may transmit beliefs, values, norms, or way of life to another person
even if they are not related by blood.. The ability for symbolic thinking and
social learning rejects the old issue about the nature versus nurture. Human
physiology and neurology developed together with the first cultural
activities; thus, sociologists concluded that instincts were culturally formed.
This view of culture argues that the people from different places develop
distinct culture.
 ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
• 1. Material Culture – it includes the physical objects of society produces,
things people create and use. These are tools, pieces of furniture, clothing,
automobiles, and computer systems. Awareness of the kinds of objects
created and how people use them brings about greater understanding of
the culture of society.
• 2. Non-Material Culture – it consists of termed norms, values, beliefs, and
language shared by members of society. Non-material culture is considered
as the carriers of culture.
a. Language – perhaps the most defining characteristics of the human
being is the ability to develop and use highly complex systems of symbols like
language. A symbol is a foundation of culture.
• The essence of culture is the sharing of meanings among members of a
society. Unless one shares the language of a culture, one cannot participate
in it.
• Language influences people’s ways of perceiving, behaving, and feeling,
and thus , tends to define and shape the world around them. It is through
language that ideas, values, beliefs and knowledge are transmitted,
expressed, and shared. Without language, there will no culture.
• B. Belief – these are ideas that people hold about the universe or any part of
the total reality surrounding them. They show how people perceive reality.
The subject of human beliefs may be infinite and may include ideas
concerning the individual, other people, and any aspects of the biological,
physical, social, and supernatural world, be it primitive or scientific.
• C. Values – these are shared ideas about desirable goals. These are a
person’s ideas about worth and desirability or an abstract of what is
important and worthwhile. Values make up human judgments what is moral
and immoral, good and bad, right or wrong, beautiful and ugly.
• D. Norms. These are shared rules of conduct that specify how people ought think
and act. Norm is simply defined as “specific rules of behavior”.
• Three forms of Norms
• Mores – these are norms associated with strong ideas of right and wrong. Mores are
standards of conduct that are highly respected and valued by the group and their
fulfillment is felt to be necessary and vital to group welfare. They are considered
essential to the group’s existence and accordingly , the group demands that they
be followed without question. They represent obligatory behavior because their
infraction results in punishment, formal or informal.
• Folkways – these are norms that are simply the customary, normal, and habitual ways
a group does things. These customary ways are accumulated and become
repetitive patterns of expected behavior, which tend to become permanent
traditions. One of essential features of folkways is that there is no strong feeling of
right or wrong attached to them. If one violates folkways, there is no punishment
attached.
• Laws – these are often referred to as the formal norms. They are rules that are
enforced and sanctioned by the authority of the government.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
• Cultured is learned – it is basically a human creation. That cultures is created
and developed by human beings implies that is learned. Culture is learned
through the process of human interpretation.
• Cultured is shared – no one person knows the entire culture. This means that
it could be impossible for a person to acquire total experience and
knowledge of the whole group or society. There are certain things that an
individual may know which another person may not know, or vice-versa,
hence the sharing of ideas.
• Culture is cumulative – it has a tendency to grow and expand. Stored
knowledge is transmitted from one generation to another. Newly acquired
knowledge is then added to the stock of knowledge as it passes through the
process of transmission.
• Culture is Dynamic – change in culture is continuous, and no culture is totally
fixed or static. Culture changes from within and without. One of the principal
sources of change is diffusion, which involves borrowing or transferring of
elements from one culture to another.
• Culture is diverse – this means that culture is different from one another.
 FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE
• 1. Culture helps people adapt to the demands of the surrounding physical
environment.
• 2. Culture compensates for many human physical limitations.
• 3. Culture provides ways and means to regulate human collective existence.
• 4. Culture prescribes behavioral patterns.
SOCIAL CHANGE
 MEANING OF SOCIAL CHANGE
• Involving the alteration or modification of social institution and society of
time.
• Refers to significant and major changes in patterned social behavior at the
institutional level.
• The transformation of culture and social institutions over time.
 PROCESS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
• Social change occurs based on the following;

• Invention and discovery – Invention involves the creation of new things.

Through invention, societies grow and change. Discovery, on the other
hand, is a shared human experience of an element of reality, which already
exists. A discovery is an addition to the world’s store of verified knowledge. It
add something new to culture because although this reality may have
existed, it becomes part of the culture its only after its discovery. Discovery
becomes factor in social change when new knowledge is put to new use.
• Diffusion – is the transfer of cultural elements from one society to another. It
involves borrowing and adopting culture patterns or traits from other groups
or societies. When group or societies are in contact with one another,
diffusion occurs. It can occur indirectly, through the mass media, or directly
when groups of people are in physical contact with each other.
 MODERNITY
• The key concept in the study of social change is modernity. Modernity
involves patterns of social life linked to industrialization. Modernization,
therefore, is the social change initiated by industrialization.
• Modernity is characterized by
• The decline of small traditional communities
• Expansion of personal choice
• Increasing diversity of belief
• Future orientation and growing awareness of time
Social control
Intended Learning Outcomes

 Define social control

 Identify the different means of social control
 Identify some of the mechanisms to encourage conformity
 Give examples of social control
 Meaning of Social Control

 Societies have devised an approach to ensure conformity to norms and restrain deviant
behavior.
 The approach of compelling members of the society to perform their roles according to what is
expected to them is termed as social control.
 Social control simply means the attempt by the society to regulate the people’s thoughts and
behavior.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL

 1. Internal social control – a process of internalizing the norms and standards of a

given society and recognizing them as ideal and reasonable. Through socialization,
an individual learns and adopts the norms of the society where he belongs. The
moment of acceptance, norms are internalized. When one violates the norms, there is
a normal feelings of guilt and regret.
 2. External social control – an effort to rectify or reform people ho violate norms
through a system of reward and punishment . Positive reinforcement occurs through
provisions of reward; negative reinforcement is done through punishment.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL

 3. Informal social control – an interpersonal action between and among people in response to a
good or bad behavior. This manifested by the actions or facial expressions of the people like a
smile, a praise, a ridicule or frown . The agents of control are individuals not kwon to the violators
of the norms of acting in unofficial capacity.

 4. Formal social control – a means to ensure observance of laws using the agents of the
government like the police, courts or social welfare agency. The agents task to ensure
conformity enjoy the mandate from constitution and other laws of the state.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL CONROL

 Informal Social Control – can be observe in a primary group or small society like a remote rural
area where one knows everyone. It is a self-restraint exercise because of the fear of an
individual of what others might think. It brings with it sanctions and punishment if one fails to
follow the accepted behavior. Sanctions may either be in the form of ridicule, criticism,
ostracism.
 Formal Social Control – social control is needed to maintain order among the members. Rules re
written down and laws are specified. Members then are expected to know, obey, and follow
the rules. Failure to conform means punishment.
 TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
A. those instituted by agencies other than the states.
B. those imposed by the political state
 Some Mechanics used to encouraged
Conformity

 Hollnsteiner identified different mechanism used to encouraged conformity in the society.

1. pakikisama
2. the tendency to level an individual who is out of line
3. indirect method of criticism or gossip
4. curbing of anti social attitude by making a person painfully aware of his shortcomings.
THEORETICAL EXPLANATION
• A. STRUCTURAL – FUNCTIONAL VIEW – PEOPLE DEVIATE FROM GIVEN SOCIAL NORMS BECAUSE OF THE
RAPID SOCIAL CHANGE THAT ARE TAKING PLACE. THE NORMS OF SOCIETY BECOME UNCLEAR AND ARE NO
LONGER APPLICABLE TO CURRENT CONDITION.
• EMILE DURKHEIM – CALLED THIS SITUATION AS ANOMIE, OR A BREAKDOWN OF SOCIAL NORMS. HE
BELIEVE THAT THIS THE CAUSE OF SUICIDE IN THE INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES.
• WITH SOME AMOUNT OF DEVIANCE SOCIETY COULD NOT EXIST AT ALL.
• NOTHING IS ABNORMAL ABOUT DEVIANCE SINCE IT IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE SOCIETY.
THEORETICAL EXPLANATION
• B. SOCIAL STRAIN THEORY INTRODUCED BY ROBERT MERTON . EACH SOCIETY HAS A PRIMARY SET OF
VALUES AND GOALS WITH CORRESPONDING MEANS OF ACHIEVING THEM. THE GAP BETWEEN THE
DESIRED GOAL AND THE MEANS PEOPLE USE IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THEM CREATES THE SOCIAL STRAIN.
• SUCCESS IS MEASURED IN TERMS OF MATERIAL POSSESSIONS, POPULARITY, AND SOCIAL STATUS. THE
INDICATORS OF MATERIAL SUCCESS ARE INCOME, DOMICILE, LUXURY CARS, PIECES OF JEWELRIES, AND
OTHER ECONOMIC GOODS.
• THE UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED MEANS OF ACHIEVING SUCCESS ARE HARD WORK, PERSEVERANCE AND
EDUCATION.
MERTON’S SOCIAL STRAIN
• INNOVATION – IS A MODE IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL ACKNOWLEDGES SOCIETY’S GOAL, BUT HIS
POSITION WITHIN SOCIETY HINDERS HIM FROM ATTAINING SUCH GOAL VIA LEGAL OR LEGITIMATE
MEANS. THE INDIVIDUAL THEN RESORTS TO UNLAWFUL MEANS TO ATTAIN CULTURALLY APPROVED GOALS
SUCH AS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, MATERIAL POSSESSIONS, AND SOCIAL STATUS.
• RETREATISM - IS A MODE IN WHICH THE INDIVIDUAL ABANDONS THE GOAL AND THE MEANS OF
ACHIEVING SUCCESSES IN LIFE. THE INDIVIDUAL IN THIS MODE REJECTS BOTH THE GOALS AND THE
NORMS OF ONE’S CULTURE. THIS INDIVIDUAL LIKELY USES ILLEGAL; DRUGS, BECOMES ALCOHOLIC, AND
EVENTUALLY COMMITS SUICIDE.
MERTON’S SOCIAL STRAIN
• REBELLION – INVOLVES REJECTION OF BOTH SOCIETY’S GOAL AND THE EXPECTED MEANS OF ACHIEVING
THEM AND THE FORMATION OF A NEW SOCIETY THAT HAS DIFFERENT GOALS AND VALUES. REBELS GO
FURTHER BY PROMOTING RADICAL ALTERNATIVES TO THE CURRENT SOCIAL ORDER, ADVOCATING NEW,
NON-TRADITIONAL VALUES AND NORMS.
• RITUALISM – OCCURS WHEN PEOPLE GIVE UP ON SOCIETAL GOALS BUT CONTINUOUSLY ADHERE TO THE
SOCIALLY APPROVED MEANS OF ACHIEVING THEM . IT IS THE OPPOSITE OF INNOVATION; A PERSON WHO
CANNOT AFFORD TO ACQUIRE LUXURIOUS GOODS MAY , NEVERTHELESS SEEK TO PRESERVE HIS
REPUTATION BY BEING A LAW-ABIDING, RELIGIOUS AND HONEST CITIZEN.
MERTON’S SOCIAL STRAIN
• SYMBOLIC INTERACTION THEORY – DEVIANCE IS LEARNED THROUGH INTERACTION WITH OTHER DEVIANT
PEOPLE AND INVOLVES THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DEVIANT CONCEPT. DEVIANCE IS A PRODUCT OF FACE-TO-FACE
INTERACTION AND NOT A DIRECT PRODUCT OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE.
• FOUR SUB-THEORIES
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY – THE MORE CONTACT A PERSON HAS WITH PEOPLE WHO COMMIT
DEVIANT ACTS, THE MORE LIKELY THAT PERSON IS TO ENGAGE IN DEVIANT ACTIVITIES. EDWIN SUTHERLAND –
ALL HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS LEARNED THROUGH ASSOCIATION WITH OTHERS, THUS INDIVIDUAL PATTERNS THEIR
THINKING, ACTING, AND FEELING TO THE NORMS, VALUES, AND BELIEFS CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS SUB-
CULTURE.
MERTON’S SOCIAL STRAIN (4 SUB-
CULTURE)
• SELF-ESTEEM THEORY – THAT PEOPLE CHOOSE DEVIANCE OR CONFORMITY DEPENDING ON WHICH WILL
DO THE MOST TO ENHANCE THEIR SELF-ESTEEM.
• CONTROL THEORY – DEVELOPED BY TRAVIS HIRSCHI – SUGGEST THAT DEVIANCE ARISES FROM
PARTICULAR SOCIAL ARRANGEMENTS, SPECIALLY THE INABILITY OF SOCIETY TO CONTROL ADEQUATELY
THE ACTIVITIES OF ITS MEMBERS. DEVIANCE OCCURS WHEN INDIVIDUALS LACK THE TIES TO
CONVENTIONAL SOCIETY THAT ARE NECESSARY TO CURB THEIR NORMAL TENDENCY TO DEVIANCE.
HIRSCHI 4 TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
• ATTACHMENT – STRONG SOCIAL ATTACHMENTS TO OTHER PEOPLE ENHANCE CONFORMITY; WEAK
RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE FAMILY, PEER GROUP, AND SCHOOL LEAVE PEOPLE FREER TO ENGAGE IN DEVIANCE.
• COMMITMENT – THE HIGHER ONE’S COMMITMENT TO LEGITIMATE OPPORTUNITY , THE GREATER THE
ADVANTAGES OF CONFORMITY.
• INVOLVEMENT – EXTENSIVE INVOLVEMENT IN LEGITIMATE ACTIVITIES SUCH AS WORKING ON A JOB INHIBITS
DEVIANCE.
• BELIEF – STRONG BELIEF IN THE CONVENTIONAL MORALITY AND RESPECT TO AUTHORITY FIGURES ALSO
CONTROL TENDENCIES TOWARD DEVIANCE.
MERTON’S SOCIAL STRAIN

• LABELLING THEORY – DEVIANCE IS A RESULT OF BEING LABELED BY SOCIETY . HOWARD BECKER

POPULARIZED THIS THEORY. SOCIAL GROUP CREATE DEVIANCE BY MAKING THE RULES WHOSE
INFRACTION CONSTITUTES DEVIANCE, AND BY APPLYING THESE RULES TO PARTICULAR PEOPLE AND
LABELLING THEM AS OUTSIDERS. DEVIANCE IS NOTHING MORE THAN BEHAVIOR THAT THE PEOPLE SO
LABEL. PEOPLE MAY ALSO BE LABELED FOR INVOLVEMENT IN SITUATIONS COMPLETELY BEYOND THEIR
CONTROL.
THE CONFLICT THEORY

• SOCIAL INEQUALITY IS THE ROOT OF NUMEROUS SOCIAL PROBLEM SUCH AS DEVIANCE AND CRIME. IT
STARTS WHEN AN INFLUENTIAL GROUP IMPOSES THEIR NORMS AND VALUES ON LESS POWERFUL
GROUPS. THESE NORMS FAVORED THE POWERFUL GROUP, THEIR OWN INTERESTS, AND STANDARDS OF
MORALITY.
3 WAYS OF EXPLAINING SOCIAL CONFLICT
THEORY BY MACIONIS
• FIRST – IT IS THE INTERESTS OF THOSE CHARGE, THE RICH AND POWERFUL, WHICH ARE REFLECTED IN
ANY SOCIETY’S LAWS AND NORMS.
• SECOND – THE RULING CLASS HAS ENOUGH POWER TO KEEP THEMSELVES FROM BEING LABELED AS
DEVIANT; THOSE INVOLVED IN SCANDAL ARE RARELY ARRESTED .
• THIRD – ALL LAWS AND NORMS ARE GOOD AND NATURAL. PEOPLE TEND TO BE CONCERNED OVER THE
FACT THAT LAWS ARE NOT APPLIED EQUALLY TO ALL MEMBERS OF SOCIETY. MORE PEOPLE RARELY
CONSIDER WHETHER THE LAWS THEMSELVES ARE EVEN FAIR.
FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE
• DEVIANCE PROMOTES SOCIAL UNITY
• IT AFFIRMS CULTURAL VALUES AND NORMS
• IT CLARIFIES MORAL BOUNDARIES
• IT ENCOURAGES SOCIAL CHANGE
• IT PROVIDES JOBS FOR PEOPLE
• IT PROVIDES SAFETY VALVE FOR SOCIETY
DYSFUNCTION OF DEVIANCE
• DEVIANCE IS A SOURCE OF HARM, INJURIES, AND DEATHS
• IT ENDANGERS SOCIAL NORMS
• IT IS EXPENSIVE
• IT CREATES DISORDER IN THE SOCIETY
• DEVIANCE MAY LEAD INTO ANOTHER DEVIANT ACT