Conveyor Belt Equations

17/09/2020 Conveyor Belt Equations
ConveyorBeltGuide Engineering Production Installation Monitoring
EQUATIONS
TROUGHABILITY
The troughability of a conveyor belt can be estimated by using this equation,

where
m"G = belt mass in kg/m²

B = belt width in m
Sz = carcass thickness in mm
Cq = transverse rigidity factor (polyamide = 18, steel cord = 42)
Test
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
The modulus of elasticity is calculated by dividing the stress by the strain,

where
M = modulus of elasticity (ISO 9856)

F = force (N)
εelast = elastic elongation at the end of the specified number of cycles (N/mm)
In other words: The higher the modulus the lower the elastic elongation per unit stress. More
TENSION FORCE
The modulus of elasticity can be used to calculate the tension force it exerts under a specific extension,
where
T = tension force
λ = modulus of elasticity
A = cross-sectional area
x = extension
l = length (m)
MINIMUM PERIPHERAL FORCE
The minimum belt tensions for transmitting

the pulley peripheral forces are calculated as follows,
where
Fu = minimum peripheral force

C = coefficient C
f = artificial friction coefficient
L = conveyor length (m)
g = acceleration (m/s²)
qRo mass of revolving idler parts of top strand (kg/m),
qRu mass of revolving idler parts of bottom strand (kg/m),
qB mass of the belt on top strand (kg/m),
qG mass of the belt in bottom strand (kg/m),
H lift of the conveyor between discharge and loading area (m),
FS1 special main resistances,
FS2 special secondary resistances
Chart
TAKE-UP LENGTH
The required take-up length is calculated as follows,

https://conveyorbeltguide.com/equations.html 1/7
where
SSp = take-up length (m)

ε = belt elongation, elastic and permanent (%)
As a rough guideline, use 1,5 % elongation for textile belts

and 0,2 % for steel cord belts.
Note: For long-distance conveyors, dynamic start-up calculations

may be required, because not all elements are set in motion simultaneously,
due to the elastic properties of the conveyor belt.
COEFFICIENT C
The coefficient C is a function of the length of the conveyor.

The total resistances without slope and special resistances are divided by the main resistances,
where
C = coefficient C
FH = primary resistances
FN = secondary resistances
Chart
ARRHENIUS EQUATION
The Arrhenius equation describes the quantitative relation between reaction velocity and temperature
(the speed of chemical reactions increases with rising temperature),
where
k = temperature dependence of the rate constant (of a chemical reaction)

EA = activation energy
T = temperature (in Kelvin)
R = gas constant
Ae = prefactor (frequency factor)
STRESS IN RUBBER
where
σ = stress
v = period of strain oscillation
δ = phase lag between stress and strain
STRAIN IN RUBBER
where
ε = strain
ω = period of strain oscillation
t = time
STORAGE MODULUS
The storage modulus measures the stored energy, representing the elastic portion,
and the energy dissipated as heat, representing the viscous portion,
where
E' = storage modulus

σ = stress
ε = strain
LOSS MODULUS
The loss modulus measures the stored energy, representing the elastic portion,
and the energy dissipated as heat, representing the viscous portion,
where
E'' = loss modulus

σ = stress
ε = strain
INTERNAL FRICTION
Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material
while it undergoes deformation. The tan δ is sometimes used to determine the indentation
loss of a conveyor belt cover (energy saving belts). E' and E'' should be as low as possible.
However, there are a number of misconceptions related to specifying E' and E''.
Where
tan δ = internal friction of a rubber

E' = storage modulus (N/mm²)
E'' = loss modulus (N/mm²)
LENGTH RELATED MASS FLOW (m³/h)
Where
v = belt velocity (m/s),

lvth = theoretical volume flow (m³/h),
ρ = bulk density of the conveyed material (t/m³),
φSt = coefficient for determination of the volume flow.
More
BRAKING FACTOR
Where,
PB0 = braking factor related to the rated torque of all drive motors,
ηges = overall efficiency of all transmission elements between motor and pulley shaft,
PMerf = total capacity of the drive motors required in a steady operating state,
PMinst is the total installed capacity of the drive motors (N).
MINIMUM BELT TENSION FOR BELT SAG LIMITATION (top side, loaded)
Where
g = gravity (9,81 m/s²)

m'Li = mass of the conveyed material, uniformly distributed across a section of the conveyor (kg/m)
m'G = length related mass of the conveyor belt (kg/m)
IRo = idler spacing in top run (m)
hrel = maximum belt sag related to the spacing between the carry idlers (%)
MINIMUM BELT TENSION FOR BELT SAG LIMITATION (bottom side, unloaded)
Where
g = gravity (9,81 m/s²)

IRu = idler spacing in bottom run (m)
hrel = maximum belt sag related to the spacing between the carry idlers (%)
PRIMARY RESISTANCES IN AN EVENLY TILTED CONVEYOR

Where
f = friction factor in top and bottom run

g = gravity acceleration (m/s²)
m'R = mass of the idlers (kg/m)
m'G = length related mass of the conveyor belt in both runs (kg/m)
m'L = mass of the conveyor belt with an evenly distributed load (kg/m)
δ = even inclination of the conveyor (°)
VOIGT MODEL
The Voigt model consists of a Newtonian damper and Hookean elastic spring connected in parallel.
It is used to explain the creep resp. relaxation behaviour of polymers.
Where
η = dynamic viscosity
τ = total stress
γ = total deformation
D = shear rate
G = shear modulus
PERIPHERAL FORCE
Where
C = coefficient (main resistance factor)

f = resistance coefficient
L = belt length (m)
qRO = mass of the idlers on top side (kg/m)
qRU = mass of the idlers on bottom side (kg/m)
qB = belt mass (kg/m)
qG = mass of the conveyed material (kg/m)
H = lift (m)
FS1 = special main resistances
FS2 = special secondary resistances
MINIMUM TRANSITION LENGTH (m)
SLOPE RESISTANCE
Where
qG = conveying mass (kg/m)

H = lift (m)
TRANSITION CURVES (m)

Where

b = width (mm)
δ = troughing angle
l = idler length (mm)
B = belt width (mm)
Tx = drive traction
ELASTIC ELONGATION (ISO 9856)
Where
Δle = elastic elongation (mm),

Io = initial length of the test piece(mm).
Test
PLASTIC (PERMANENT) ELONGATION (ISO 9856)
Where
Δ lp = permanent elongation (mm),
Io = initial length of the test piece (mm).
Test
ELASTIC MODULUS
The E-Modulus (Young's modulus) defines the relationship between stress (force per unit area)
and strain (proportional deformation) in a belt,
where
ΔL = amount by which the length changes (mm)

F = force
Ao = original cross-sectional area
Lo = original length (mm)
DRIVE POWER
Where
F = resistances to motion
v = belt speed
RESISTANCES TO MOTION
Where
FH = primary resistances (idlers, belt indentation, etc.)

FN = secondary resistances (feeding, scrapers etc.)
FS = extraordinary resistances
FSt = gradient resistances
DOWNHILL FORCE
Where
FGH is the downhill force

FG is the weight force
Gravity acts straight down (= the weight of the conveyor belt) and the support force acts away from the conveyor. Since the
conveyor is sloped, there is a net force acting down the slope.
EYTELWEIN'S EQUATION
The belt friction equation relates the hold-force to the load-force when a belt is is wound around a pulley,
where
e = 2,7183
ROOT MEAN SQUARE
The RMS is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the values.
Please also see here.
US DIMENSIONS & METRICS
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17/09/2020 Conveyor Belt Equations

ConveyorBeltGuide Engineering Production Installation Monitoring

The troughability of a conveyor belt can be estimated by using this equation,

m"G = belt mass in kg/m²

The modulus of elasticity is calculated by dividing the stress by the strain,

M = modulus of elasticity (ISO 9856)

MINIMUM PERIPHERAL FORCE

The minimum belt tensions for transmitting

Fu = minimum peripheral force

The required take-up length is calculated as follows,

SSp = take-up length (m)

As a rough guideline, use 1,5 % elongation for textile belts

Note: For long-distance conveyors, dynamic start-up calculations

The coefficient C is a function of the length of the conveyor.

k = temperature dependence of the rate constant (of a chemical reaction)

E' = storage modulus

E'' = loss modulus

tan δ = internal friction of a rubber

LENGTH RELATED MASS FLOW (m³/h)

v = belt velocity (m/s),

g = gravity (9,81 m/s²)

g = gravity (9,81 m/s²)

PRIMARY RESISTANCES IN AN EVENLY TILTED CONVEYOR

f = friction factor in top and bottom run

C = coefficient (main resistance factor)

MINIMUM TRANSITION LENGTH (m)

qG = conveying mass (kg/m)

TRANSITION CURVES (m)

m'G = length related mass of the conveyor belt (kg/m)

ELASTIC ELONGATION (ISO 9856)

Δle = elastic elongation (mm),

PLASTIC (PERMANENT) ELONGATION (ISO 9856)

Δ lp = permanent elongation (mm),

Io = initial length of the test piece (mm).

ΔL = amount by which the length changes (mm)

FH = primary resistances (idlers, belt indentation, etc.)

FGH is the downhill force

ROOT MEAN SQUARE

Please also see here.

US DIMENSIONS & METRICS

2003-2020 Copyright ConveyorBeltGuide.com

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