1. For the most part, all packings must leak to work.

a. True.
b. False.
c. It depends.

2. The purpose of a mechanical seal is to reduce or eliminate visible leakage to the

environment.

a. True.
b. False.

3. Mechanical seals are constructed of:

a. Primary seal rings.

b. Secondary seals.
c. Metal hardware.
d. All of the above.

4. Which statement is correct?

a. In a mechanical seal, all the seal rings rotate with the shaft.
b. The ring that rotates is commonly referred to as the stationary seal ring.
c. The seal ring that rotates is commonly referred to as the rotary seal ring.
d. The seal ring that does not rotate with the shaft is called the rotary seal ring.

5. Mechanical seal secondary seals can be .

a. O-rings.
b. U-cups.
c. Rubber boots.
d. All of the above.

6. Typical mechanical seal metal hardware includes all of the following: Shaft sleeves,
Gland rings, Teflon wedges, Pins, Springs, Bellows.

a. True.
b. False.
7. Which statement is not correct?

a. Dissimilar materials are commonly used for the rotary and stationary seal rings.
b. One of the seal rings is usually a softer ring relative to the other.
c. The softer seal ring is always wider than the harder seal ring material.
d. Because the ring is softer, it will wear as the mechanical seal rotates.

8. To achieve seal face flatness, the seal faces must be lapped and polished.

a. True.
b. False.

9. Surface finish is a term that describes a level surface that has no elevations or
depressions.

a. True.
b. False.

10. What gas is usually used in a monochromatic light to measure seal face flatness?
a. Helium.
b. Hydrogen.
c. Argon
d. Nitrogen.
11. is used to measure mechanical seal face flatness.
a. Only the human eye.
b. An optical flat.
c. A very accurate straight-edge.
d. A micrometer.
12. The methods used to measure light bands with an optical flat are the methods.
a. contact and triangle.
b. wedge and interference.
c. interference and triangle.
d. contact and wedge.

13. When does visible leakage start between two mechanical seal faces?
a. 2 lightbands.
b. 5 lightbands.
c. 10 lightbands.
d. 20 lightbands.

14. Which statement is correct?

a. Mechanical seals typically require a layer of gas or liquid lubrication between the rotary
and stationary seal faces.

b. Seal face lubrication is crucial in maintaining seal life and reducing energy consumption.

c. We really don’t know what happens between seal faces.

d. All of the above.

15. The asperity theory assumes that small holes appear on the soft face as the face wears
providing places for lubricant to reside.

a. True.
b. False.

16. The pressure drop theory assumes that the asperities formed on the seal face act as an
infinite number of pressure reducers to bring the process pressure to atmospheric pressure.

a. True.
b. False.

17. The pressure wedge theory assumes a film of liquid exists between the seal faces
causing them to be pushed apart.

a. True.
b. False.
18. What theory proposes that mechanical seal faces run without the fluid to act as a
lubricant between them?

a. The pressure wedge theory.

b. The dry running theory.
c. The pressure drop theory.
d. The three band theory.

19. Proposes the separation of the lubricated fluid into a liquid, vapor and dry are between
the seal faces.

a. The dry running theory.

b. The pressure wedge theory.
c. The pressure drop theory.
d. The three band theory
20. Which of the following is a static seal?

a. The primary seal rings.

b. The wedge seal.
c. The gland seal.
d. None of the above.

21. Is the o-ring shown in the above illustration, static or dynamic?

a. Static.
b. Dynamic.

22. O-rings can be installed backwards and still work.

a. True.
b. False.
23. Can a V-ring seal be installed backwards and still work properly.

a. Yes.
b. No.

24. U-cup secondary seals can seal vacuum and high pressure.

a. True.
b. False.

25. A wedge seal is

a. a primary seal.
b. a secondary seal.
c. a tertiary seal.
d. None of the above.

26. Boot-type secondary seals are dynamic seals.

a. True.
b. False.

27. The gland holds the rotating parts of a mechanical seal.

a. True.
b. False.

28. Which of the following stores energy and releases it as required?

a. The gland.
b. The drive mechanism.
c. The spring mechanism.
d. The o-ring.

29. What spring mechanism is limited in its ability to provide even face load.
a. The bellows.
b. The large coil spring.
c. The set of multiple springs.
d. The set of finger springs.

30. Multiple small springs are recommended for high surface speed applications versus a
single coil spring.

a. True.
b. False.
31. What spring mechanism is constructed of thin metal plates welded together?

a. Single coil spring.

b. Multiple coil springs.
c. Metal bellows.
d. Rubber bellows.

32. What is the most common failure of bellows mechanical seals?

a. O-ring failure.
b. Bellows breakage.
c. Bellows hang-up due to coking.
d. Bellows corrosion.

33. What spring mechanism is usually mounted outside the gland?

a. The large coil spring.

b. The set of finger springs.
c. The metal bellows.
d. The set of multiple small coil springs.

34. Rubber bellows seals are required to bond to the shaft in order to perform their
functions.

a. True.
b. False.
35. If a rubber bellows is lubricated with silicone grease for installation, what usually
happens?

a. The shaft will spin inside the bellows.

b. The bellows will not seal properly.
c. The seal will fail prematurely.
d. All of the above.

36. Which of the following is a cylindrical-shaped piece of metal or composite material

placed over the shaft to provide protection to the shaft?

a. Metal bellows.
b. The spring mechanism.
c. The gland.
d. The sleeve.

37. Which of the following is the part of the mechanical seal that enables the rotary seal
ring to rotate?

a. The spring mechanism.

b. The gland.
c. The drive mechanism.
d. The shaft seal.

1. Which statement is correct?

a. Gas barrier mechanical seals use an inert gas to penetrate between the seal faces.
b. In a gas barrier mechanical seal, the seal faces are profiled to capture the gas and provide
lift for seal face separation.
c. In a gas barrier mechanical seal, an uninterrupted supply of inert gas is required for
proper operation.
d. All of the above.
2. Which statement is correct?
a. Non-gas barrier seals use the process fluid to penetrate between the seal faces.
b. Non-gas barrier seals generally operate using the product being sealed as the lubricating
film.
c. Non-gas barrier seals often require environmental controls.
d. All of the above.
3. A pusher-type mechanical seal can have an o-ring that moves axially along the shaft as
the seal face wears.
a. True.
b. False.

4. A metal bellows seal is most likely to

.
a. be a pusher-type mechanical seal.
b. be a non-pusher-type mechanical seal.
c. contain dynamic o-rings.
d. be used in paper stock.

5. Which statement is correct?

a. Unbalanced seals have the entire seal face area being acted upon by the stuffing box
pressure.
b. Unbalanced seals will generate more heat than balanced designs.
c. Unbalanced seals have a faster wear rate than balanced designs.
d. All of the above.

6. Which statement is correct?

a. A balanced mechanical seal arrangement reduces the hydraulic forces acting on the seal
faces through mechanical seal design.
b. As seal faces rub together, the amount of heat generated is determined by the amount of
pressure applied, the lubricating film between the faces, the rotational} speed, and the seal
ring materials.
c. Balanced seals reduce the seal ring area on which the stuffing box pressure acts.
d. All of the above.

7. Is the seal above balanced or unbalanced?

a. Balanced.
b. Unbalanced.
8. In double seal applications, is there an advantage to be able to handle pressure in both
directions?

a. Yes.
b. No.

9. What is the number one advantage that split seals have over non-split seals?
a. Split seals can be installed without equipment disassembly.
b. Split seals can take higher pressure.
c. Split seals cost less.
d. Split seals will“weep”sometimes.

10. A non-split mechanical seal is a seal which has its components in one piece such as a
cartridge seal.

a. True.
b. False.
11. A single seal ring mechanical seal has one set of seal rings.
a. True.
b. False.

12. A multiple seal ring has only two sets of seal rings.
a. True.
b. False.

13. Metallic seals are classified this way because they are made of metal.
a. True.
b. False.

14. A non-metallic mechanical seal is made entirely of non-metallic parts.

a. True.
b. False.

15. The majority of component seals fail because of

.
a. improper material selection.
b. improper seal selection.
c. improper installation.
d. bad equipment.

16. What item below most distinguishes a cartridge seal from a component seal.

a. The number of springs.

b. The location of the springs.
c. The location of the set screws.
d. The type of spring.

17. A mechanical seal is a rotary seal if the spring mechanism rotates with the shaft.
a. True.
b. False.

18. With a stationary seal, the most important issue is.

a. that the stationary seal rings are square to the shaft.

b. that the rotary seal face is square to the shaft.
c. the stuffing box face be square to the shaft.
d. All of the above.

19. An inside mechanical seal configuration seals on the inside diameter of the seal rings.

a. True.
b. False.
20. Which statement is incorrect?
a. Outside mechanical seals are used in extremely corrosive applications.
b. An outside seal arrangement allows only the gasket, seal rings, and secondary seals to be
exposed to the product.
c. Outside seals are suited for high pressure seal applications.
d. Outside seals are typically easy to install and must be made from corrosion resistant
materials.

1. What is the most popular metal used in mechanical seals?

a. 316 stainless steel.

b. Alloy 20.
c. Titanium.
d. Nickel.
2. Which of the following was developed primarily for use in sulfuric acid related
processes, but is now used in many other applications?

a. 316 stainless steel.

b. Alloy 20.
c. 304 stainless steel.
d. Monel.

3. Which of the following, when pure, is a lustrous white metal?

a. Hastelloy B.
b. Alloy 20.
c. Bronze.
d. Titanium.

4. Which of the following is the proprietary name for a well-known nickel alloy?

a. Hastelloy B.
b. Inconel.
c. Nickel.
d. Monel.

5. Hastelloy B is extremely corrosion resistant to hot hydrochloric acid.

a. True.
b. False.
6. What is the base metal of Hastelloy C that gives it tremendous corrosion resistance?

a. Molybdenum.
b. Nickel.
c. Chromium.
d. Copper.

7. Which of the following is commonly used in mechanical seal metal bellows?

a. Inconel 718.
b. Monel.
c. Titanium.
d. 316 stainless steel.
8. Which of the following is a nickel-chromium alloy used to manufacture mechanical seal
metal bellows?
a. Alloy 20.
b. Hastelloy C.
c. Titanium.
d. Inconel 600.

9. Which of the following is a copper alloy in which the major alloying element is tin?

a. Bronze.
b. Inconel 600.
c. Monel.
d. Brass.

10. Which of the following is a silvery white metal used in high temperature acid
applications?
a. Alloy 20.
b. Nickel.
c. 316 stainless steel.
d. Monel.

11. An elastomer gets its name from the “elastic” properties imparted by the chemical
bonds formed during the curing process.
a. True.
b. False.

12. Which of the following elastomers were first introduced in the mid 1950‘s?

a. Perfluoroelastomer.
b. Fluoroelastomer.
c. Aflas.
d. Teflon encapsulated
13. EPR has excellent resistance to mineral oil and vasoline.
a. True.
b. False.
14. Buna-N is recommended for steam at 350°F (180°C).
a. True.
b. False.

15. In mechanical seals, is mainly used to seal ammonia and refrigeration oils.

a. Buna-N.
b. Neoprene.
c. Ethylene-Propylene.
d. Viton.
16.
has a “sheath”of fluorine atoms to give the highest chemical and thermal resistance of any
elastomer.

a. Perfluoroelastomer.
b. Fluorocarbon.
c. Neoprene.
d. Ethylene-Propylene.

17. Kalrez 4079 is not recommended for

.
a. glacial acetic acid.
b. methyl ethyl ketone.
c. steam.
d. gasoline.

18. Kalrez 1050LF has good resistance to hot water and steam.
a. True.
b. False.

19. What Kalrez compound offers the best hot water and steam resistance.

20. What Kalrez compound is recommended for ethylene oxide?

a. 4079.
b. 3018.
c. 6375.
d. 2037.

21. Chemraz 505 has excellent resistance to steam and hot water.

a. True.
b. False.

22. What Chemraz compound is white?

a. 505.
b. 513.
c. 605.
d. 615.

23. Which elastomer listed below is a TFE elastomer?

a. Viton.
b. Kalrez.
c. Fluoraz.
d. Teflon.

24. What chemical listed below will attack Aflas?

a. Steam.
b. Caustic.
c. Ether.
d. Alcohol.

25. Fluoraz is highly resistant to all of the following except

.
a. sour oil and gas.
b. ketones.
c. alcohols.
d. steam or hot water.

26. What o-ring is Viton coated with Teflon?

a. Fluoroway.
b. Vanway.
c. Fenway.
d. Vanton.

a. 4079.
b. 1050LF.
c. 3018
27. Silicone elastomers have good strength and are often used as dynamic o-rings.
a. True.
b. False.

28. What elastomer is comprised of silicone with fluorine bonded to it?

a. Fluorocarbon.
b. Perfluorocarbon.
c. Fluorosilicone.
d. TFE silicone.

29. Teflon is.

a. a plastic.
b. inert to just about any fluid.
c. is used to coat cooking pots and pans.
d. All of the above.

30. Which statement is correct?

a. Blistering is a concern with carbon-graphite seal ring materials.
b. A common high-end grade of carbon-graphite is P-658RC from Pure Carbon .
c. Lower grades of carbon-graphite have a lower modulus of elasticity may bend or distort
easily under pressure.
d. All of the above.

31. What purity grade of alumina oxide ceramic is recommended for seal ring parts and is
the grade of choice in the chemical process industry?

a. 85%.
b. 94%.
c. 96.5%.
d. 99.5%.
32. As a general rule, nickel-bound TC is more chemical resistant than cobalt-bound TC.

a. True.
b. False.

33. There is only one type of silicon carbide used in mechanical seal manufacturing.

a. True.
b. False.

34. RSC contains free silicon.

a. 4 – 6%.
b. 6 – 8%.
c. 6 – 10%.
d. 10 – 12%.

35. Which seal ring material is called PG9723?

a. Carbon-graphite.
b. Sintered Silicon Carbide.
c. Tungsten Carbide.
d. Duplex Carbide.
36. What seal ring material is the hardest?
a. RSC and SSC.
b. Ceramic.
c. Tungsten Carbide.
d. Duplex Carbide

1. Which statement is incorrect?

a. Gas mechanical seal configurations use an inert gas to penetrate between the seal faces.
b. The seal faces are profiled to capture the gas and provide lift for seal face separation.
c. A continuous and uninterrupted supply of inert gas is required for proper operation.
d. All of the above.

2. Concentric mechanical seals are always dual seals.

a. True.
b. False.
3. A back-to-back mechanical seal has the two sets of seal rings mounted as mirror images
of each other.
a. True.
b. False.

4. Identify the mechanical seal operation above.

a. Back-to-back mechanical seal operation.
b. Tandem mechanical seal operation.
c. Face-to-face mechanical seal operation.
d. Concentric mechanical seal operation

5. have two inside mechanical seals.

a. Back-to-back mechanical .
b. Face-to-face mechanical seals.
c. Tandem mechanical seals.
d. None of the above.

6. Identify the mechanical seal operation above.

a. Gas barrier mechanical seal operation.
b. Tandem mechanical seal operation.
c. Back-to-back mechanical seal operation.
d. Concentric mechanical seal operation.

7. A back-to-back mechanical seal is always a dual seal.

a. True.
b. False.
13. Identify the mechanical seal operation above.
a. Single mechanical seal operation.
b. Back-to-back mechanical seal operation.
c. Gas barrier mechanical seal operation.
d. Tandem mechanical seal operation.

8. In an unbalanced back-to-back mechanical seal the outboard seal will usually fail
.
a. before the inboard seal.
b. after the inboard seal.
c. at the same time as the inboard seal.
d. Both “a” and “c”.

9. If the inboard stationary slides down the shaft,.

a. the springs over-compress.

b. the seal faces wear faster.
c. the seal faces will fail sooner.
d. All of the above.

10. If solids accumulate in front of the inboard stationary of a back-to-back seal, what is the
usual result?

a. The inboard seal faces can‘t close.

b. Solids get between the inboard seal faces.
c. The seal will fail prematurely.
d. All of the above.

11. Product dilution will result from

.
a. the inboard seal leaking with high pressure barrier fluid.
b. the inboard seal leaking with low pressure barrier fluid.
c. the outboard seal leaking with high pressure barrier fluid.
d. the outboard seal leaking with low pressure barrier fluid.

12. Single mechanical seals can use more than one set of seal rings.

a. True.
b. False.

1. Which application is a good candidate for suction recirculation?

a. Condensate.
b. Gasoline.
c. Raw sewage.
d. Clean water.

2. What API plan uses a line from the pump discharge and a strainer to pressurize the seal
chamber?

a. Plan 32.
b. Plan 12.
c. Plan 2.
d. Plan 11.

3. What is a good reason for using a discharge recirculation?

a. To increase the pressure in the seal chamber.
b. To create flow through the seal chamber so seal generated heat is removed.
c. To keep product from flashing in the seal chamber.
d. All of the above.

4. Why is a cooling jacket used on a pump seal chamber?

a. To cool the product in the pump casing.
b. To cool the product below the temperature limit of the mechanical seal.
c. To cool the barrier fluid.
d. To cool the flush water.

5. is required for Cooled Seal Recirculation only and no other single seal environmental
control.

a. A barrier fluid tank.

b. A heat exchanger.
c. A pumping ring.
d. An orifice.

6. What application below would benefit from Plan 21?

a. Raw sewage.
b. Gasoline.
c. Condensate.
d. Sea water.

7. In order to use Plan 31 what item listed below is required for the cyclone separator
to perform properly?
a. The solids’ specific gravity is 2.5 times that of the fluid.
b. The discharge and suction pressure differential is greater than 50 psig (3,5 barg).
c. The cyclone separator needs to be flushed regularly.
d. All of the above.

8. What is Plan 32?

a. A recirculation of the product from the discharge to the mechanical seal.
b. A recirculation of the product from the suction to the mechanical seal.
c. An injection of a clean external source of fluid into the mechanical seal.
d. A recirculation of the product from the seal, through a heat exchanger, and back to the
seal.
9. What is the difference between
Plan 31 and Plan 41?
a. Only Plan 31 uses a heat exchanger.
b. Only Plan 41uses a heat exchanger.
c. Only Plan 31 uses seal recirculation.
d. Only Plan 41 uses seal recirculation.

10. Plan 52 uses

pressure fluid in the external reservoir.
a. high.
b. low.
c. atmospheric.
d. All of the above.

11. What is the main difference between Plan 52 and Plan 53?

a. The size of the external tank.

b. Plan 52’s tank is low pressure and Plan 53’s tank is high pressure.
c. Plan 52 uses a heat exchanger.
d. Plan 53 can be used with single seals.

12. Dual seal circulation with a pressurized external barrier fluid source
a. needs to be properly engineered.
b. needs to have a reliable barrier fluid source.
c. needs to use a barrier fluid with a pressure of at least 20 psig (1,4 barg) over the seal
chamber pressure.
d. All of the above.

13. Flush and Quench are the same environmental control with two different names.

a. True.
b. False.

1. What is not a feature of a first-generation mechanical seal?

a. Inadequate instructions and misinstallation.
b. Limited pressure range.
c. Balanced designs.
d. High fugitive emissions.

2. Mechanical seals that have their springs in the fluid are usually
.
a. first generation seals.
b. second generation seals.
c. third generation seals.
d. None of the above.

3. Shaft fretting .
a. is bad.
b. is totally unnecessary.
c. is often found on pump shafts using first generation seals.
d. All of the above.

4. What item listed below directly affects the amount of mechanical seal fugitive
emissions?

a. Product pressure.
b. Product temperature.
c. Shaft deflection.
d. All of the above.

5. What is a feature of a second generation mechanical seal?

a. Unbalanced design.
b. Component design only.
c. Non-clogging design.
d. None of the above.

6. Second and third generation mechanical seals are usually balanced designs. This means
that

a. these seals will run cooler.

b. these seals will have lower face wear.
c. these seals will require less energy to rotate.
d. All of the above.

7. Third generation mechanical seals answer the needs of pump companies and
maintenance mechanics.

a. True.
b. False.
8. Third generation dual mechanical seals use a seal ring geometric double balance
arrangement.

a. True.
b. False.

9. A totally non-fretting seal is

.
a. a feature of third generation seals.
b. a feature that should be used where possible.
c. not going to damage the equipment or the seal.
d. All of the above.

10. What does FEA stand for?

a. Finite Experimental Analysis.
b. Final Element Analysis.
c. Finite Element Analysis.
d. Finite Engineering Analysis.

1. What cause listed below can produce a wider than normal seal face wear track?
a. Shaft deflection.
b. Bad bearings.
c. Bent shaft.
d. All of the above.

2. What cause listed below can produce a miscentered wear track?

a. Pump operation far away from its BEP.

b. Misinstallation of the seal.
c. Excessive vibration.
d. All of the above.

3. Uneven wear on a seal face can occur because of seal ring distortion caused by bolt
overtightening.

a. True.
b. False.
4. What item listed below can cause scoring of the seal face?

a. Shaft deflection.
b. Product flashing.
c. Cavitation.
d. All of the above.

5. A common cause of seal face chipping is .

a. bad bearings.
b. chattering.
c. cavitation.
d. All of the above.

6. Fluid evaporation across the seal faces causes

a. an uneven wear track.
b. a wide wear track.
c. crystallization.
d. face blistering.

7. What is the formation of thin radial cracks on the hard seal face called?
a. Stress corrosion cracking.
b. Catalytic cracking.
c. Heat checking.
d. Blistering.

8. Blistering usually occurs because carbon seal rings were used in oil.
a. True.
b. False.

9. If an o-ring has become “square”, what most likely caused this to happen?

a. The o-ring was stepped on.

b. The o-ring was put into a vice and squeezed.
c. The o-ring temperature limit was exceeded.
d. All of the above.

10. An o-ring can become extruded because

a. of excessive seal chamberpressure.
b. of excessive o-ring clearances.
c. the o-ring is too soft.
d. All of the above.
11. What phenomenon leaves o-rings with large holes in them?
a. Extrusion.
b. Nibbling.
c. Caustic embrittlement.
d. Explosive decompression.

12. Chemical attack will cause an o-ring to .

a. swell.
b. become soft.
c. become brittle.
d. All of the above.

13. If the seal is miscentered, all the items below can occur except one. Which one?
a. Wide wear track.
b. O.D. seal sleeve scoring.
c. Seal face I.D. chipping.
d. An off-center wear track.

14. As the temperature of a corrosive fluid increases, its corrosiveness .

a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. remains the same.
d. Need more information.

15. After the seal set screws are tightened and then loosened, the cup points should be flat.
a. True.
b. False.

16. For 316 stainless steel to turn black what has to happen?

a. Be exposed to 700°F (370°C).

b. Be exposed to 1200°F (650°C).
c. Be exposed to 5000°F (2760°C).
d. Be exposed to 98% sulfuric acid.
17. A ruptured bellows can be caused by .
a. excessive equipment vibration.
b. the seal faces sticking together.
c. running the seal dry.
d. All of the above.

18. A clogged bellows can cause seal failure.

a. True.
b. False.

Chapter 1 – Mechanical Seal Purpose and Parts

1. a, 2. a, 3. d, 4. c, 5. d, 6. b, 7. c, 8. a, 9. b, 10. a, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
11. b, 12. d, 13. b, 14. d, 15. a, 16. a, 17. a, 18. b, 19. d, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
20. c, 21. b, 22. a, 23. b, 24. b, 25. b, 26. b, 27. b, 28. c, 29. b, 30. a, . . . . . . . .30
31. c, 32. b, 33. b, 34. a, 35. d, 36. d, 37. c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Chapter 2 – Mechanical Seal Classifications
1. d, 2. d, 3. a, 4. b, 5. d, 6. d, 7. b, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
8. a, 9. a, 10. a, 11. a, 12. b, 13. b, 14. b, 15. c, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
16. c, 17. a, 18. b, 19. b, 20. c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Chapter 3 – Mechanical Seal Materials
1. a, 2. b, 3. d, 4. d, 5. a, 6. b, 7. a, 8. d, 9. a, 10. b, 11. a, 12. a, . . . . . . . . . . . .87
13. b, 14. b, 15. b, 16. a, 17. c, 18. a, 19. c, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
20. c, 21. a, 22. b, 23. c, 24. c, 25. b, 26. b, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
27. b, 28. c, 29. d, 30. d, 31. d, 32. a, 33. b, 34. d, 35. d, 36. a . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Chapter 4 – Mechanical Seal Operation
1. d, 2. a, 3. b, 4. c, 5. c, 6. b, 7. a, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
8. d, 9. d, 10. d, 11. a, 12. b, 13. a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Chapter 5 – Mechanical Seal Environmental Controls
1. c, 2. b, 3. d, 4. b, 5. c, 6. c, 7. d, 8. c, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
9. b, 10. b, 11. b, 12. c, 13. b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Chapter 6 – Mechanical Seal Generation Design
1. c, 2. a, 3. d, 4. d, 5. c, 6. d, 7. a, 8. a, 9. d, 10. c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Chapter 7 – Mechanical Seal Troubleshooting
1. d, 2. d, 3. a, 4. d, 5. d, 6. c, 7. c, 8. a, 9. c, 10. d, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
11. d, 12. d, 13. c, 14. a, 15. b, 16. b, 17. d, 18. a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155