LESSON 7 - MATRICES

MAIN VIDEO:-

1. Matrices and Matrix Addition

A matrix is just another way of representing data. An m×n matrix has m rows and n columns, and each entry is
given a unique name, based on its row and column:

   

A=

The matrix A is often denoted [A] .

The number of rows and the number of columns are called dimensions. Here is an example of a 3×2 -dimensional
matrix:

   

A=

The number a 12 is the number in the 1st row and the 2nd column. Thus, a 12 = 16 . a 21 is the number in the 2nd row and
the 1st column. Thus, a 21 = - 12 .

a 11 = 1
a 12 = 16
a 21 = - 12

a 22 = -
a 31 = 4
a 32 = 0

Matrix Addition

Two matrices can be added if and only if they have the same number of rows and the same number of columns. To add
two matrices, add their corresponding entries:
 [A] + [B]    

= +

    

For example,

   
+ =

    
=

Matrix addition is commutative: A + B = B + A . Matrix addition is also associative: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) .

Matrix Subtraction

As in addition, two matrices can be subtracted if and only if they have the same number of rows and the same number of
columns. To subtract one matrix from another, subtract their corresponding entries:

[A] - [B]    

= -

    

For example,
    

- =

  

2. Matrix Multiplication

To multiply a matrix by a scalar, that is, a single constant, variable, or expression,

multiply all the entries in the matrix by the scalar:

   

± =

For example,

5 =

Scalar multiplication is distributive: ±(A + B) = ±A + ±B . For example,

4( + )=4 +4

Multiplication of Two Matrices

matrix). To
To multiply two matrices, we first must know how to multiply a row (a 1×p matrix) by a column (a p×1
multiply a row by a column, multiply the first entry of the row by the first entry of the
column. Then multiply the second entry of the row by the second entry of the column,
and so on, and add all the results. The answer should be a single number. For example,
    

[ 8 –1 3 0 ] = 8(2) + (- 1)(6) + 3(- 4) + 0(- 2) = 16 - 6 - 12 + 0 = - 2

A row can be multiplied by a column if and only if the row and the column have the same number of entries. Similarly, two
matrices can be multiplied if and only if the first matrix has the same number of columns as the second matrix has rows.
That is, two matrices can be multiplied if and only if they have the dimensions m×p and p×n . The answer will be a matrix
with the same number of rows as the first matrix and the same number of columns as the second matrix. In other words, it
will be of dimension m×n .

PARGRAPH To multiply two matrices, multiply each row in the first matrix by each column in the second matrix. Place the
result of multiplying the 1st row by the 1st column in the 1st row and 1st column of the answer matrix. Place the result of
multiplying the 1st row by the 2nd column in the 1st row and second column of the answer matrix. In general, place the
result of multiplying row i by column j in row i and column j of the answer matrix.

Here is an example of matrix multiplication:

   

=?

Row 1, column 1:

   

= 1(5) + 6(2) + - 2(- 1) = 5 + 12 + 2 = 19

Row 1, column 2:

   

= 1(0) + 6(4) + (- 2)(- 2) = 0 + 24 + 4 = 28

Row 1, column 3:

   

= 1(- 1) + 6(0) + (- 2)(4) = - 1 + 0 - 8 = - 9

Row 1, column 4:

   

= 1(1) + 6(6) + (- 2)( ) = 1 + 36 - 1 = 36

Row 2, column 1:

   

= 0(5) + (- 3)(2) + 10(- 1) = 0 - 6 - 10 = - 16

and so on...

Thus, the answer is

Note that a 2×3 matrix times a 3×4 matrix is a 2×4 matrix.

3. The identity Matrix

The Additive Identity

The identity property of addition states that when zero is added to any real number, the number does not change. Thus,
the number "0" is called the additive identity for real numbers.

There is a matrix which is an additive identity for matrices:

   

This matrix is also denoted [0]. When [0] is added to any matrix of the same dimensions,
the matrix does not change. For example,

   
+ =

The Multiplicative Identity

The identity property of multiplication states that when 1 is multiplied by any real number, the number does not change;
that is, any number times 1 is equal to itself. The number "1" is called the multiplicative identity for real numbers.

There is a matrix which is a multiplicative identity for matrices—the identity matrix:

   

I=

This matrix, denoted I , is a square matrix. When any m×n matrix is multiplied on the left by an m×m identity matrix, or on
the right by an n×n identity matrix, the m×n matrix does not change. For example,
    

and

=
4. The Inverse of a matrix

Example 1: Find a formula for the inverse of a 2 x 2 square matrix A given by

A = [a b]

[c d]

Solution

Let B be the inverse of A given by

B = [a' b']

[c' d']

From definition, we have

AB = I
[a b][a' b'] = [1 0]

[c d][c' d'] [0 1]

We need to find terms a', b', c' and d' of B (inverse) in terms of a, b, c and d
which are the terms of matrix A. Multiply matrices A and B above.
[a a' + b c' a b' + b d']= [1 0]

[c a' + d c' c b' + d d'] [0 1]

The above gives 4 equations

a a' + b c' = 1 (equation 1)

c a' + d c' = 0 (equation 2)
a b' + b d' = 0 (equation 3)
c b' + d d' = 1 (equation 4)

We now need to solve the first and second equations simultaneously to find a'
and c' in terms of a, b, c and d.

Multiply the first equation by d and the second equation by b and subtract the left
and right terms of the equations obtained to find
a'(a d - b c) = d

a ' = d / (a d - b c)

Substitute a' in the second equation to obtain c'= - c / (a d - b c)

To find b' and d', multiply equation (3) by d and equation (4) by b and subtract the
left and right terms of the equations obtained to find

b'(a d - b c) = - b

or b' = - b / (a d - b c)

Substitute b' in equation (3) to obtain d'= a / (a d - b c)

Finally matrix B , the inverse of A, is given by

B = 1 / (a d - b c) [d -b]

[-c a]
In solving the question in the above example, we have found a formula for the
inverse of any invertible 2 x 2 matrix. A 2 x 2 matrix will have an inverse if it
determinant D = a d - b c is not equal to zero since division by zero is not
allowed.

Example 2: Use the above formula for the inverse of a 2 x 2 square matrix to find
the inverse of
A = [3 5]

[2 3]

Solution

According to formula above the inverse of A , A -1 is given by

A -1
= 1 / [ (3)(3) - (5)(2) ] [ 3 -5 ]

[-2 3]
Simplify to obtain
A -1
= [ -3 5 ]

[2 -3]