Matrix (mathematics)

- Size of a matrix

Size of a matrix
(A) an “m by n”
matrix has m rows
and n columns, and
the element in the i
th row and j th
column is often
denoted by aij :

Note : The matrix is square if the number of rows and columns are equal
(i.e. m = n) and the elements aij of a square matrix are called the main
diagonal.
- Elementary operations with matrices and vectors
1. Equality:- Two matrices and A and B are said to be equal if: aij = bij

EX-1 – Find the values of x , y for the following matrix equation:

Sol. –
2. Addition:- The sum of two matrices of like dimensions is the matrix of the sum of the
corresponding elements

3+4=7 8+0=8
These are the calculations:
4+1=5 6−9=−3

Negative The negative of a matrix is also simple:

Subtracting
To subtract two matrices: subtract the numbers in the matching positions:

Multiply by a Constant We can multiply a matrix by a constant

2×4=8 2×0=0
These are the calculations:
2×1=2 2×−9=−18
Matrix multiplication:-
‫يتم ضرب المصفوفتين بشرط عدد‬
‫اعمدة االولى مساوي لعدد صفوف‬
‫الثانية‬

2x3 3x2
(1, 2, 3) • (7, 9, 11) = 1×7 + 2×9 + 3×11 = 58

(1, 2, 3) • (8, 10, 12) = 1×8 + 2×10 + 3×12 = 64

We can do the same thing for the 2nd row and 1st column:

(4, 5, 6) • (7, 9, 11) = 4×7 + 5×9 + 6×11 = 139

(4, 5, 6) • (8, 10, 12) = 4×8 + 5×10 + 6×12 = 154
 In General:
To multiply an m×n matrix by an n×p matrix, the ns must be the same,
and the result is an m×p matrix.

So ... multiplying a 1×3 by a 3×1 gets a 1×1 result:

But multiplying a 3×1 by a 1×3 gets a 3×3 result:

Identity Matrix The "Identity Matrix" is the matrix equivalent of the number "1":
It is a special matrix, because when we multiply by it, the original is unchanged:
commutative law does not hold AB ≠ BA

Transpose (matrix)

(A + B)T = AT + BT
(AT)T = A
(AB)T = BT AT
Example : If and , verify that (A ± B) = A ± B .
T T T
The determinant of matrix A is written as |A|.