Eisenstein Final 2010

SCIENCE CHINA
Mathematics
. ARTICLES . September 2010 Vol. 53 No. 9: 2275–2316
doi: 10.1007/s11425-010-4097-1
Eisenstein series for SL(2)

Dedicated to Professor Wang Yuan on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday
KUDLA Stephen S.1 & YANG TongHai2,∗
1Department of Mathematics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S2E4, Canada;

2Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Van Vleck Hall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Email: skudla@math.utoronto.ca, thyang@math.wisc.edu
Received June 21, 2010; accepted July 26, 2010
Abstract This paper gives explicit formulas for the Fourier expansion of general Eisenstein series and local
Whittaker functions over SL2 . They are used to compute both the value and derivatives of these functions at
critical points.
Keywords Eisenstein series, local Whittaker functions, Weil representation, derivative
MSC(2000): 11G15, 11F41, 14K22
Citation: Kudla S S, Yang T H. Eisenstein series for SL(2). Sci China Math, 2010, 53(9): 2275–2316, doi:
10.1007/s11425-010-4097-1
1 Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to derive explicit formulas for the Fourier coefficients of Eisenstein series
and their derivatives for the group SL(2) and its metaplectic cover. Eisenstein series play an important
role in number theory. They provide the first examples of modular forms and are one of the most im-
portant ingredients in the study automorphic L-functions, e.g., the Rankin-Selberg L-functions, doubling
L-functions, and the Langlands-Shahidi method. In particular, they are useful in proving analytic contin-
uation and functional equations of the L-functions, since the corresponding properties of Eisenstein series
are known in full generality due to the work of Langlands [26]. On the arithmetic side, the well-known
Siegel-Weil formula (e.g., [20,21,31,32]) asserts that the Fourier coefficients of a special value of an Eisen-
stein series can be used to count the number of representations of a number by a quadratic form, at least
on average. The deep relation between the Fourier coefficients of the derivative of a certain Eisenstein
series and the height pairing on a Shimura variety was implicit in the work of Gross and Zagier in their
beautiful Gross-Zagier formula [14], and was made explicit and generalized in the arithmetic Siegel-Weil
formula (see [17,22–24]). At the moment, the proof of these deep relations is a little ad hoc, as it amounts
to computing both quantities explicitly and comparing them. In any case, precise information about the
Fourier coefficients of Eisenstein series and their derivatives is important for such applications.
In this paper, we consider the simple case of the Eisenstein series for the group G = SL(2) over Q
defined for a global induced representation I(s, χ), where χ is a quadratic character of Q× \A× . We
include the case of the metaplectic cover. When the Eisenstein series has weight l ∈ 21 Z, we make a
thorough study of the Fourier expansions of the values and derivatives at certain critical values s = s0 .
∗ Corresponding author
⃝
c Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 math.scichina.com www.springerlink.com
2276 KUDLA Stephen S. et al. Sci China Math September 2010 Vol. 53 No. 9
For example, when the Eisenstein series arises from a quadratic space V over Q of dimension m and
signature (p, q), the weight is l = 12 (p − q), and s0 = 12 m − 1 is the point at which the Siegel-Weil
formula identifies the value of the Eisenstein series with the integral of a theta function. Of course, not
all Eisenstein series arise in this way—for example there are incoherent Eisenstein series—and a given
Eisenstein series may be attached to many different quadratic spaces—the phenomena of ‘matching’,
see [18].
On the basis of many examples and conjectures, we expect that the Fourier coefficients of the second
term in the Laurent expansion of an Eisenstein series at a critical point s0 should also have important
arithmetic meaning. This should be true even when the series is convergent at s0 and the value at s0 is a
familiar classical Eisenstein series like E2k (τ )! Of course, in this case, the classical holomorphic Eisenstein
series is usually defined without introducing s at all; nonetheless, the Fourier coefficients of the next term
in the Laurent expansion turn out to carry arithmetic information. Thus, the many explicit formulas
for the Fourier series of both values and derivatives provided by this paper — a kind of zoo of examples
— will be the basis for further investigations of their arithmetic significance. Some cases have already
played a role, e.g., in [7, 8, 12, 18, 30], and [9].
For m ∈ Q× , the m-th Fourier coefficient of an Eisenstein series constructed from a factorizable section
Φ(s) = ⊗Φp (s) ∈ I(s, χ) is a product of local Whittaker functions. For good finite primes p and for p = ∞,
these functions are well known, and so the essential point is to determine the values and derivatives of
the remaining local Whittaker functions at critical points s = s0 . The basic technique is to express
such local Whittaker functions in terms of the Weil representation associated to local quadratic spaces.
This allows us to obtain a very general formula whose specializations give a wide range of examples. As
noted, in a number of cases, an interpretation of these formulas can be given in terms of the geometry
and arithmetic geometry of Shimura varieties attached to rational quadratic spaces of signature (n, 2),
including modular curves, Shimura curves, Hilbert modular surfaces, Siegel 3-folds, etc. We expect that
such interpretations can be given in general, and this is the motivation for this exploration.
In the simplest case, the classical Eisenstein series of weight l ∈ 2Z is given by
∑ 1 1
E(τ, s; l) = Im(γτ ) 2 (1+s−l)
( ) (cτ + d)l
γ= a b ∈Γ∞ \SL2 (Z)
c d
for Re(s) > 1. If l > 2, then s0 = l − 1 > 1 and

∞
2l ∑
E(τ, l − 1; l) = 1 − σl−1 (m)q m ,
Bl m=1
where, as usual, Bl is the l-th Bernoulli number and σl−1 (m) is the divisor function. On the other hand,
writing
d ∑
E(τ, s; l)|s=s0 = Al,m (v)q m ,
ds
m∈Z
we obtain the following formulas:

1. For m < 0, ∫ ∞
2l
Al,m (v) = − σl−1 (|m|)(4πmv)1−l e−4π|m|vr r−l dr.
Bl 1
2. For m > 0,
[
2l 1 1 1 Γ′ (l) ζ ′ (l)
Al,m (v) = − σl−1 (m) J(l − 1, 4πmv) + log(mπ) − −
Bl 2 2 2 Γ(l) ζ(l)
∑ ( ) ]
kp (m) + 1 1
+ −kp (m) + − log p .
1 − p(1−l)(kp (m)+1) 1 − p1−l
p|m
Here J(n, z) is given in Lemma 2.2, and kp (m) is given in (2.15) and (2.16).
KUDLA Stephen S. et al. Sci China Math September 2010 Vol. 53 No. 9 2277
3. The constant term is given by
1 π(−i)l (2v)1−l ζ(l − 1)

Al,0 (v) = log v + .
2 l−1 ζ(l)
The quantities appearing here should be related to the arithmetic volumes of a certain divisors on an
integral model of a Shimura variety attached to a rational quadratic space of signature (2l − 2, 2). Some
information in the case of signature (2, 2) is given in [3], while, in the case of signature (1, 2) where l = 23 ,
a precise version of the analogous statement is proved in [23].
A rough draft of this paper was written in 2001 in preparation for [23], [24], and [18]. Since then, some
of the formulas we obtain have been used in various places, as noted above.
Contents
1 Introduction 2275
1.1 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2277
2 Eisenstein series 2278
3 Classical Eisenstein series 2284
4 Local Whittaker functions 2286

4.1 Generalized local densities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2286
4.2 The case p ̸= 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2287
4.3 The case p = 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2289
4.4 Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2292
5 Local examples 2293

5.1 The unary case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2293
5.2 The case of a quadratic extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2293
5.3 Quaternion algebras—the odd case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2296
5.4 Quaternion algebras—the even case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2298
6 Cohen and Zagier Eisenstein series 2299
7 An incoherent Eisenstein series of weight 1 2303
8 Quaternion algebras—ternary forms 2305
9 Quaternion algebras—quaternary forms 2308
10 Integrals of Borcherds forms 2312
1.1 Notation
∏
We write Q, Qp , R and C for the fields of rational, p-adic, real and complex numbers. Let Ẑ = p Zp ,
where Zp ⊂ Qp is the ring of p-adic integers, write Q̂ = Ẑ ⊗Z Q and A = R × Q̂. We fix the standard
additive character ψ : A/Q → C× that is trivial on Ẑ and has restriction ψ∞ (x) = e(x) = e2πix to R. Let
(·, ·)A be the global Hilbert symbol on the idèle group A× , and, for a prime p 6 ∞, let (·, ·)p be the local
Hilbert symbol on Q× p , where Qp = R if p = ∞.
A quadratic lattice L, (·, ·) over a domain R is a finite rank free R-module L with a symmetric R-biinear
form (·, ·) : L × L → R. Its associated Gram matrix S = S(L) is defined as S = ((ei , ej )) where ei is a
R-basis of L, and its determinant det L is defined to be det S ∈ R/R×,2 .
If R = Qp and L = V is a vector space of dimension n, we let χV be the quadratic character of Q×

p
defined by
n(n−1)
χV (x) = (x, (−1) 2 det(V ))p (1.1)
and let ϵ(V ) = ±1 be the Hasse invariant of V .
Let G = SL(2) over Q, and let P = N M be its standard Borel subgroup, where
{ ( ) }
1 b
N= n(b) = : b∈Q , M = {m(a) = diag(a, a−1 ) : a ∈ Q× }. (1.2)
0 1
There is an Iwasawa decomposition G(A) = P (A)K, where K = K∞ Kf , K∞ = SO(2), Kf = SL2 (Ẑ) =

∏
p SL2 (Zp ). For τ = u + iv ∈ H, the upper half-plane, and for θ ∈ R, we write
( )
1 cos θ sin θ
gτ = n(u)m(v 2 ) ∈ P (R), kθ = . (1.3)
− sin θ cos θ
Let
1 −→ C1 −→ G′A −→ G(A) −→ 1 (1.4)
be the metaplectic extension of G(A) by C1 . As in the appendix to [24, Chapter VIII], we fix a section
of (1.4) and identify G′A = G(A) × C1 via [24, (8.5.32)] with multiplication given by [g1 , z1 ][g2 , z2 ] =
[g1 g2 , z1 z2 c(g1 , g2 )], where the global cocycle c(g1 , g2 ) is given in [24, (8.5.31)]. The cocycle is a product
of local cocycles that define the extensions G′p obtained by restricting G′A to the image of G(Qp ) in
G(A). We identify G(Q) = SL2 (Q) with a subgroup G′Q of G′A via the canonical splitting homomorphism
G(Q) → G′A . For the compact open subgroup
∏
K0 (4) = K0 (4)2 × Kp (1.5)
p̸=2
of G(Q̂) there is a splitting homomorphism K0 (4) → G′A . There is also a splitting homomorphism
P (A) → G′A so that, if PA′ denotes the inverse image of P (A) in G′A , we have
P (A) × C1 ≃ PA′ , (p, z) 7→ [p, z]. (1.6)
We will frequently abuse notation and write n(b), m(a), and w for the elements [n(b), 1], [m(a), 1], and
[w, 1]. We will write K ′ for the inverse image of K in G′A .
Similarly, let K∞ ′
be the preimage of K∞ = SO(2) in G′∞ . K∞ ′ f
≃ SO(2) f
· C1 , where SO(2) is the
f
double cover of SO(2). We identify the character group of SO(2) with 2 Z and note that the value of the
1
character νl on −1 ∈ C1 ∩ SO(2)f is (−1)2l . For l ∈ Z, the character νl factors through SO(2) and we
write νl (kθ ) = eilθ .
By strong approximation, G(A) = G(Q)G(R)K0 for any compact open subgroup K0 ⊂ G(Q̂) and so
G′A = G′Q G′∞ K0 , where we suppose that K0 ⊂ K0 (4) and identify it with its image under the splitting
homomorphism.
∏ −s −1
For a (finite) set of finite primes S, we write ζ S (s) = p∈S / (1−p ) , and similarly for other functions
∏
defined by products over primes. Similarly for an integer D, ζ (s) = p-D (1 − p−s )−1 .
D
√
For m ∈ Q× , let χm be the quadratic Dirichlet character associated with Q( m). For m ∈ Q× p , let
√
χm be the quadratic character of Q× p associated with Q p ( m)/Q p . On the other hand, for a Dirichlet
character χ, let χp be the associated quadratic character of Q× p . We trust that the reader will easily
distinguish the two different meanings of χp in context.
2 Eisenstein series
An idèle class character χ of Q× \A× defines two principal series representations of G′A , one genuine (odd)
and the other factoring through G(A) (even), both of which are denoted by I(s, χ) in this paper. A
section Φ(s) ∈ I(s, χ) is a smooth function on G′A such that

{
′ ′ ′ 1, in the even case,
Φ(p g , s) = χ(a) |a| s+1
Φ(g , s) (2.1)
z, in the odd case,
where p′ = [n(b)m(a), z] ∈ PA′ . Notice that we use the normalization in [24, p. 287]. Different authors have
different normalizations, we refer to [24, Section 8.4.2] for discussion on this. The formula [24, (8.5.10)]
implies that [p, z] = [p, z]L for any p ∈ PA , where [ , ]L is the Leray cocycle defined in [24].
A section Φ(s) ∈ I(s, χ) is called standard if its restriction to the maximal compact subgroup K ′ ⊂ G′A
is independent of s. It is called factorizable if Φ(s) = ⊗p Φp (s) for the decomposition of the induced
representation I(s, χ) = ⊗′p Ip (s, χ). Here Ip (s, χ) is the corresponding induced representation of G′p . The
Eisenstein series associated to a standard section Φ(s) ∈ I(s, χ) is given by
∑
E(g ′ , s, Φ) = Φ(γg ′ , s). (2.2)
γ∈P (Q)\G(Q)
This series is absolutely convergent for Re (s) > 1 and has a meromorphic continuation to the whole
complex s-plane. Furthermore, it has a functional equation
E(g ′ , −s, M (s)Φ) = E(g ′ , s, Φ), (2.3)
where M (s) : I(s, χ) → I(−s, χ−1 ) is the intertwining operator, defined in the half-plane of absolute
convergence by ∫
M (s)Φ(g ′ , s) = Φ(wn(b)g ′ , s) db,
A
( 0 −1 )
for w = 1 0 and for db the self-dual measure with respect to ψ. The Eisenstein series has a Fourier
expansion ∑
E(g ′ , s, Φ) = Em (g ′ , s, Φ), (2.4)
m∈Q
where ∫
′
Em (g , s, Φ) = E(n(b)g ′ , s, Φ) ψ(−mb) db, (2.5)
Q\A
for vol(Q\A, db) = 1. When m ̸= 0 and Φ(s) = ⊗p Φp (s) is factorizable, the m-th Fourier coefficient has
a product expansion ∏
Em (g ′ , s, Φ) = Wm,p (gp′ , s, Φp ), (2.6)
p6∞
where ∫
Wm,p (gp′ , s, Φp ) = Φp (wn(b)gp′ , s) ψp (−mb) db (2.7)
Qp
is the local Whittaker function. Here db is the self-dual measure on Qp for ψp . On the other hand, the
constant term is
∏
E0 (g ′ , s, Φ) = Φ(g ′ , s) + W0,p (g ′ , s, Φ) = Φ(g ′ , s) + M (s)Φ(g ′ , s). (2.8)
p6∞
Recall that the poles of the Eisenstein series are precisely those of its constant term.
From now on, we suppose that χ is a quadratic character and write
{
(x, κ)A , in the even case,
χ(x) = (2.9)
(x, 2κ)A , in the odd case
for a square free integer κ.

The archimedean component Φ∞ (s) will be taken as follows. For l ∈ 12 Z satisfying


(−1)l = sign(κ), in the even case,
1 (2.10)
l ≡ sign(κ) (mod 2), in the odd case,
2
let Φl∞ (s) be the normalized eigenfunction of weight l in I∞ (s, χ), i.e.,
Φl∞ (g ′ k ′ , s) = νl (k ′ ) Φl∞ (g ′ , s), Φl∞ (1, s) = 1 (2.11)
f
for k ′ ∈ SO(2), ′
where νl is the character of K∞ of weight l as defined in Section 1.1. The functions Φl∞ (s)
′
for l satisfying (2.10) span the K∞ -finite functions in I∞ (s, χ).
Now take Φ(s) = Φl∞ (s) ⊗ Φf (s) and note that the section Φf (s) = ⊗p<∞ Φp (s) is invariant under
some open subgroup K0 of K0 (4). By strong approximation, E(g ′ , s, Φ) is determined by the Eisenstein
series
E(τ, s, Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) := v − 2 E(gτ′ , s, Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ),
l
(2.12)
which is a non-holomorphic modular form of weight l. Thus, it is enough to determine the Fourier
expansion of this series,
∏
Em (τ, s, Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) = Wm,∞ (τ, s, Φl∞ ) Wm,p (s, Φp ), m ̸= 0, (2.13)
p<∞
where, for p < ∞,

Wm,p (s, Φp ) = Wm,p (1, s, Φp ). (2.14)
We write
4κm = dc2 (2.15)
√
so that d is the fundamental discriminant of Q( κm). For a square free positive number D, we define
bp (κm, s; D) as follows.
√
Let k = kp (c) = ordp (c) and X = p−s . Let vp = 1, 0, or − 1, depending on whether Q( κm)/Q is
split, ramified, or inert at p.
1. If p - D and ordp c > 0, then
1 − vp X + pk vp X 1+2k − pk+1 X 2k+2

bp (κm, s; D) = . (2.16)
1 − pX 2
2. If p|D and ordp c > 0, then
(1 − vp X)(1 − p2 X 2 )−vp pk+1 X 2k+1 + pk+2 X 2k+2 +vp pk+1 X 2k+3 −p2k+2 X 2k+4
bp (κm, s; D) = . (2.17)
1 − pX 2
3. If ordp c < 0, then bp (κm, s; D) = 1.

Clearly, bp (κm, s; D) depends only on p-adic properties of κ, m, and D. According to [23, (8.10)], it
satisfies the following function equation
|cD|−s
p bp (κm, s; D) = |cD|p bp (κm, 1 − s; D).
s−1
(2.18)
We will simply write bp (κm, s) = bp (κm, s; D) for p - D.

We also need the divisor function
∑ ∏ ∑
ordp m
σs (m, χ) = χ(d)ds = σs,p (m, χ), with σs,p (m, χ) = (χp (p)ps )r . (2.19)
d|m p|m r=0
Proposition 2.1. Assume that χp is unramified and that p ̸= 2 in the odd case. Let Φ0p (s) be the
spherical, i.e., Kp -invariant, section in Ip (s, χ) with Φ0p (e, s) = 1. Then


 σ−s,p (m, χ)

 L (s + 1, χ) , in the even case,
p
Wm,p (s, Φ0p ) = ( )

 Lp (s + 12 , χκm ) 1

 bp κm, s + , in the odd case.
ζp (2s + 1) 2
Here bp (κm, s) is given by (2.16). In particular,


 Lp (s, χ)

 , in the even case,
L p (s + 1, χ)
W0,p (s, Φ0p ) =

 ζ (2s)
 p , in the odd case.
ζp (2s + 1)
Next, we consider the archimedean local Whittaker function.

∫
Wm,∞ (τ, s, Φl∞ ) = v − 2 l Φl∞ (wn(b)gτ′ , s) ψ∞ (−mb) db.
1
R
Let ∫ ∞
1
Ψ(a, b; z) = e−zr (r + 1)b−a−1 ra−1 dr
Γ(a) 0
be the standard confluent hypergeometric function of the second kind [27], where a > 0, z > 0 and b is
any real number. It satisfies the functional equation [27, p. 265]
Ψ(a, b; z) = z 1−b Ψ(1 + a − b, 2 − b; z). (2.20)
For convenience, we also define

Ψ(0, b; z) = lim Ψ(a, b; z) = 1.
a→0+
So Ψ(a, b; z) is well defined for z > 0, a > min{0, b − 1}. Finally, for any number n, we define Ψn (s, z) =
Ψ( 12 (1 + n + s), s + 1; z). Then (2.20) implies
Ψn (s, z) = z −s Ψn (−s, z). (2.21)
The formulae in the following lemma will be used in this paper.

Lemma 2.2. Let the notation be as above.
(i) For t > 0,
1 1
Ψ−l (l − 1, t) = 1, and Ψ′−l (l − 1, t) = − log t + J(l − 1, t),
2 2
where ∫ ∞
(1 + r)n − 1
J(n, t) = e−zr dr.
0 r
(ii) ∫ ∞
Ψl (l − 1, t) = t1−l et e−rt r−l dr.
1
Proof. The first part of (i) is clear. The second part of (i) is [23, (15.9)]. Part (ii) follows from the
calculation just before [23, (15.11)]. 2
Here is the relation between Ψ and the usual W -Whittaker function. Let Wν,µ (z) be the W -Whittaker
function defined in [1, (13.2.5)] for Re ( 12 + µ − ν) > 0 and Re z > 0:
∫ ∞
e− 2 z µ+ 2
z 1
e−tz t− 2 +µ−ν (1 + t)− 2 +µ+ν dt.

1 1
Wν,µ (z) = (2.22)
Γ( 12 + µ − ν) 0
To lighten the notation, for s ∈ C and v ∈ R \ {0}, we let
Wsk (v) = |v|−k/2 Wsgn(v)k/2,(1−k)/2−s (|v|). (2.23)
Notice that {
e−v/2 , if v > 0,
W0k (v) = −v/2
(2.24)
e Γ(1 − k, |v|), if v < 0,
∫∞
where Γ(a, x) = x
e−t ta−1 dt denotes the incomplete Gamma function as in [1, p. 81]. It is easy to check
that
Ψ(a, b; v) = e 2 v − 2 W b−2a , b−1 (v).
v b
(2.25)
2 2
So, when l > 0, and v > 0, one has
Ψl (s, v) = W l1−l−s (v) e 2 v −

v 1+s−l
2 , (2.26)
2
|v|
|v|−
1+s−l
Ψl (s, v) = W l1−l−s (−v) e 2 2 . (2.27)
2
s+1+l s+1−l
Proposition 2.3 [23, Proposition 15.1]. Let q = e(τ ), (−i)l = e(−l/4), and α = 2 , β= 2 .
(i) For m > 0,
Ψ−l (s, 4πmv) m
Wm,∞ (τ, s, Φl∞ ) = 2π (−i)l v β (2πm)s ·q .
Γ(α)
(ii) For m < 0,
Ψl (s, 4π|m|v) −4π|m|v m

Wm,∞ (τ, s, Φl∞ ) = 2π (−i)l v β (2π|m|)s e ·q .
Γ(β)
(iii) For m = 0,
1 2−s Γ(s)
W0,∞ (τ, s, Φl∞ ) = 2π (−i)ℓ v 2 (1−l−s) .
Γ(α)Γ(β)
(iv) The special value at s0 = l − 1 is


0, if m 6 0,
Wm,∞ (τ, l − 1, Φl∞ ) = (−2πi)l l−1 m

 m q , if m > 0.
Γ(l)
Combining these facts, we obtain the following preliminary result.

Theorem 2.4. Let Φf (s) = ⊗Φp (s) ∈ I(s, χf ) be a factorizable standard section and let l ∈ 12 Z satisfy
(2.10). Let S = S(Φf ) be a finite set of finite primes such that Φp (s) = Φ0p (s) for p ∈
/ S, and let
∏
Wm,S (s, ΦS ) = Wm,p (s, Φp ).
p∈S
Then the Eisenstein series (2.12) has the following Fourier expansion.
(i) In the even case, where l is an integer,
2−s Γ(s) LS (s, χ)

E(τ, s, Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) = v β Φf (1) + 2π(−i)l v (−l−β) W0,S (s, ΦS )
Γ(α)Γ(β) LS (s + 1, χ)
∑ σ S (m, χ)
+ Wm,S (s, ΦS )Wm,∞ (τ, s, Φl∞ ) S−s .
L (s + 1, χ)
m̸=0
(ii) In the odd case, where l ∈ 12 Z − Z,
2−s Γ(s) ζ S (2s)

E(τ, s, Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) = v β Φf (1) + 2π(−i)l v −l−β) W0,S (s, ΦS )
Γ(α)Γ(β) ζ S (2s + 1)
∑ ( )
LS (s + 12 , χκm ) S 1
+ Wm,S (s, ΦS )Wm,∞ (τ, s, Φl∞ ) S
b κm, s + .
ζ (2s + 1) 2
m̸=0
The normalized Eisenstein series has better analytic properties.

Corollary 2.5. Let
{
∗ LS (s + 1, χ), in the even case,
E (τ, s, Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) = E(τ, s, Φl∞ ⊗ Φf )
ζ S (2s + 1), in the odd case.
Then E ∗ (τ, s, Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) is a holomorphic function of s with one possible exception when l = 12 where a
pole could occur at s = 12 .
The purpose of this paper is to compute the Fourier coefficients of the first two terms of the Laurent
expansion of the Eisenstein series at the critical point s0 = l − 1. By the functional equation (2.3), we
may and will assume that l > 1 and hence s0 > 0. Our intermediate results can also be used to compute
the Laurent expansion of the Eisenstein series at other ‘critical’ points s0 . The key is to compute the
local Whittaker functions at ‘ramified’ primes p ∈ S. We first state a few consequences of Theorem 2.4
for l > 2. The cases l = 1, 3/2, and 2 are very interesting and will be dealt with separately in later
sections, after the local Whittaker functions have been computed.
Proposition 2.6. When l > 2, the special value E(τ, l − 1, Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) is a holomorphic modular form
of weight l.
(i) In the even case, it has Fourier expansion
(−2πi)l 1 ∑
E(τ, l − 1,Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) = Φf (1) + S
Wm,S (l − 1, ΦS ) ml−1 σ1−l
S
(m, χ) q m .
Γ(l) L (l, χ) m>0
(ii) In the odd case, it has Fourier expansion

( )
(−2πi)l ∑ l−1 LS (l − 12 , χκm ) S 1
E(τ, l − 1,Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) = Φf (1) + m b κm, l − Wm,S (l − 1, ΦS ) q m .
Γ(l) m>0 ζ S (2l − 1) 2
The derivative is more delicate. For the moment, we still assume l > 2. First consider the case m < 0.
In this case Wm,∞ (τ, l − 1, Φl∞ ) = 0. Moreover Lemma 2.2 and Proposition 2.3 imply that
′
Wm,∞ (τ, l − 1, Φl∞ ) = π (−i)l (2π|m|)1−l Γ(l − 1, 4π|m|v) q m . (2.28)
Thus, from Theorem 2.4, we have

Proposition 2.7. Assume that l > 2 and m < 0.
(i) In the even case,
′
Em (τ, l − 1, Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) · q −m
LS (l − 1, χ) S
= π(−i)l (2π|m|)l−1 Γ(l − 1, 4π|m|v)Wm,S (l − 1, ΦS ) σ1−l (m, χ).
LS (l, χ)
(ii) In the odd case,

′
Em (τ, l−1, Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) · q −m
( )
LS (l − 12 , χκm ) S 1
l
= π(−i) (2π|m|) l−1
Γ(l − 1, 4π|m|v)Wm,S (l − 1, ΦS ) b κm, l− .
ζ S (2l − 1) 2
When m > 0 and Wm,S (l − 1, ΦS ) = 0, a similar formula holds. Finally, when m > 0 and Wm,S (l −
1, ΦS ) ̸= 0, one has Em (τ, l−1, Φl∞ ⊗Φf ) ̸= 0 by Proposition 2.6. A simple calculation using Theorem 2.4,
Proposition 2.3, and Lemma 2.2 gives the following result.
Proposition 2.8. Assume that l > 2, m > 0 and that Wm,S (l − 1, Φf ) ̸= 0.

′ ′
′
Em (τ, l − 1, Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) Wm,∞ (τ, l − 1, Φl∞ ) Wm,S (l − 1, Φf )
= +
( )
LS,′ (l, χ) ∑ kp (m) + 1 1
− S + − − 1 log p.
L (l, χ) (χp (p)ps )kp (m)+1 − 1 χp (p)ps
p|m

′ ′
′
= +
Em (τ, l − 1, Φ∞ ⊗ Φf )
l Wm,∞ (τ, l − 1, Φ∞ ) Wm,S (l − 1, Φf )
l
LS,′ (l − 12 , χκm ) ζ S,′ (2l − 1) ∑ b′p (κm, l − 12 )

+ S −2 S + .
L (l − 2 , χκm )
1 ζ (2l − 1) bp (κm, l − 12 )
p|m
Moreover,
′ [ ]
Wm,∞ (τ, l − 1, Φl∞ ) 1 Γ′ (l)
= log(πm) − + J(l − 1, 4πmv) ,
Wm,∞ (τ, l − 1, Φl∞ ) 2 Γ(l)
where J(n, z) is defined in Lemma 2.2.
For the constant term, we have the following proposition by Theorem 2.4 and the fact that Γ(β)−1 = 0
and has derivative 12 at s = l − 1.
Proposition 2.9. The derivative of the constant term at s = l − 1 is the following.
1 π(−i)l LS (l − 1, χ)
E0′ (τ, l − 1,Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) = Φf (1) log v + W0,S (l − 1, Φf )(2v)1−l .
2 l − 1 LS (l, χ)
1 π(−i)l ζ S (2l − 2)
E0′ (τ, l − 1,Φl∞ ⊗ Φf ) = Φf (1) log v + W0,S (l − 1, Φf )(2v)1−l .
2 l − 1 ζ S (2l − 1)
3 Classical Eisenstein series
In this section, as a first example, we reconsider the classical Eisenstein series for SL2 (Z). In this
case the exceptional set S is empty and no further computation of local Whittaker functions is needed.
Let l be an even integer and let χ be the trivial character, so that I(s, χ) is the basic principle series
for G(A) = SL2 (A) (the even case). We take the unramified section Φp (s) = Φ0p (s) with value 1 on
Kp = SL2 (Zp ) for all finite primes p and set
E(τ, s; l) = E(τ, s, Φl∞ ⊗ (⊗p Φ0p )).
Then it is easy to see from the definition that

∑ 1 1
E(τ, s; l) = Im(γτ ) 2 (1+s−l) .
( ) (cτ + d)l
γ= a b ∈Γ∞ \SL2 (Z)
c d
The following Fourier expansion follows immediately from Theorem 2.4.

1+s+l 1+s−l
Proposition 3.1. Set α = 2 and β = 2 . Then
∞
2π(−i)l 2−s v β−s ζ(s) (−i)l (2π)s+1 v β ∑
E(τ, s; l) = v β + + σs (m)Ψ−l (s, 4πmv)q m
Γ(α)Γ(β)ζ(s + 1) ζ(s + 1)Γ(α) m=1
∞
(−i)l (2π)s+1 v β ∑
+ σs (m)Ψl (s, 4πmv)q̄ m .
ζ(s + 1)Γ(β) m=1
∑
Here σs (m) = d|m ds and Ψl is defined by (2.9).
The case of weight l = 0 gives the classical Kronecker limit formula, from which one can derive the
modularity of the famous ∆ function [31].
Corollary 3.2 (Kronecker limit formula). Let
∑
E(τ, s) := E(τ, 2s − 1; 0) = Im(γτ )s .
γ∈Γ∞ \SL2 (Z)
1
Then E(τ, s) = 1 + log(v|∆(τ )| )s + O(s2 ). Here ∆(τ ) is the modular delta function.
6
Proof. (sketch) By Proposition 3.1, we have

∞
2π21−2s Γ(2s − 1)ζ(2s − 1) 1−s (2π)2s v s ∑
E(τ, s) = v s + v + σ2s−1 (m)Ψ0 (2s − 1, 4πmv)(q m + q̄ m ).
Γ(s)2 ζ(2s) ζ(2s)Γ(s) m=1
Since Γ(s) has a simple pole at s = 0 with residue 1, and Ψ0 (−1, 4πmv) = 1, we have E(τ, 0) = 1 and
∑∞
π
E ′ (τ, 0) = log v −
1
v−2 σ−1 (m)(q m + q̄ m ) = log(v|∆(τ ) 6 |).
3 m=1
When l > 2, taking the value at s = l − 1 gives the following well-known result.
Corollary 3.3. (i) When l > 2 is even,
∑ ∞
1 2l ∑
E(τ, l − 1; l) = = 1 − σl−1 (m)q m .
(cz + d)l Bl m=1
γ∈Γ∞ \SL2 (Z)
Here Bl are the Bernoulli numbers.

∑∞
(ii) Let E2 (τ ) = 1−24 m=1 σ1 (m)q m . Then E(τ, 1; 2) = − π3 v −1 +E2 (τ ) is a non-holomorphic modular
form of weight 2.
We remark that Corollary 3.3 (ii) is equivalent to the usual transformation formula
( )
−2 1 12
τ E2 − = E2 (τ ) + .
τ 2πiτ
Corollary 3.4. For l > 2, let
d ∑
E(τ, s; l)|s=l−1 = Al,m (v)q m .
ds
m∈Z
(i) For m < 0,

2l
Al,m (v) = − σl−1 (|m|)Γ(l − 1, 4π|m|v).
Bl
(ii) For m > 0,
[
2l 1 1 1 Γ′ (l) ζ ′ (l)
Al,m (v) = − σl−1 (m) J(l − 1, 4πmv) + log(mπ) − −
Bl 2 2 2 Γ(l) ζ(l)
∑ ( ) ]
kp (m) + 1 1
+ − kp (m) + − log p .
1 − p(1−l)(kp (m)+1) 1 − p1−l
p|m
Here J(n, z) is given in Lemma 2.2.

(iii) The constant term is given by


 1 π(−i)l (2v)1−l ζ(l − 1)
 log v + , if l > 2,
Al,0 (v) = 2 (l − 1 ζ(l)
′
)

 1 3 1 1 ζ (2)
 log v + log v + − γ + log 2 + , if l = 2.
2 πv 2 2 ζ(2)
4 Local Whittaker functions
In this section, we compute the local Whittaker functions at finite primes. We will do this by expressing
the local sections and Whittaker functions in terms of the Weil representation. We begin by reviewing
some basic machinery, see [28].
For any p 6 ∞, let (V, Q) be a quadratic space of dimension n over Qp with character χV defined by
(1.1). Associated to the reductive dual pair (O(V ), Gp ), there is a Weil representation ω = ωV,ψp of G′p
on the space S(V ) of Schwartz functions, and a G′p -equivariant map
n
λV : S(V ) −→ Ip (s0 , χV ), λV (ϕ)(g ′ ) = ω(g ′ )ϕ(0), s0 = − 1. (4.1)
2
We refer to [24, Section 8.5] for the explicit formula for ω. Here the even (resp. odd) case occurs when
dim V is even (resp. odd). The map λV is surjective except for the following cases:
1. When dim V = 4, χV = 1, and V is anisotropic, so that (V, Q) can be identified as the reduced
norm on the division quaternion algebra over Qp . In this case, R(V ) is irreducible of codimension one in
Ip (1, χV ).
2. When dim V = 3, and V is the trace zero elements of a division quaternion algebra over Qp with
scalar multiple of the reduced norm as its quadratic form. In this case, R(V ) is irreducible of infinite
codimension in Ip ( 12 , χV ) with the quotient also irreducible.
3. When dim V = 2 is anisotropic. Then s0 = 0 and Ip (0, χp ) = R(V + ) ⊕ R(V − ), where V ± are two
dimensional quadratic space over Qp of character χV = χ ̸= 1 and Hasse invariant ±1.
In view of this, one sees that every standard section Φp (s) ∈ Ip (s, χp ) is associated to some λV (ϕp ) for
some ϕp ∈ S(V ) and some Qp -quadratic space. For example, one has the following well-known lemma.
Lemma 4.1. (i) Let V be a quadratic space over R of signature (p, q), and let V = V + ⊕V − , x = x+ +x−
be a fixed orthogonal decomposition of V as a direct sum of a positive definite and a negative definite
subspace. Let
−
ϕ∞ (x) = e−2πQ(x )+2πQ(x ) ∈ S(V ).
+
p−q
Then the standard section associated with λV (ϕ∞ ) is Φ∞2 (s).
(ii) Assume that p is a finite prime, and L is a unimodular Zp -lattice in V , i.e., L∗ = L, where
L∗ = {x ∈ V : (x, y) ∈ Zp , ∀ y ∈ L}.
Then the standard section associated to λV (char(L)) is the spherical section Φ0p (s) ∈ Ip (s, χp ), i.e.,
Φ0p (g ′ k, s) = Φ0p (g ′ , s), Φ0p (1, s) = 1,
for any k ∈ Kp = SL2 (Zp ).

A little explanation is needed about the meaning of last formula in the lemma. When p is odd,
k→7 [k, 1] is a group homomorphism from Kp to G′p by [24, (8.5.30)], and we identify Kp with its image
in G′p . When p = 2, a lattice L cannot be unimodular unless m = dim V is even, in which case we are
dealing with the even case of the induced representation Ip (s, χp ).
For a finite prime p and an even integral lattice L in V , i.e., Q(x) = 21 (x, x) ∈ Zp for every x ∈ L, we
write ϕµ = char(µ + L) for the characteristic function of the coset µ + L. Then S(V ) is generated by the
functions ϕµ as the even integral lattices L and the coset representatives µ ∈ L∗ /L vary.
4.1 Generalized local densities
In this subsection, we assume p < ∞. Let (V, Q) be a non-degenerate quadratic space over Qp of dimension
n and character χ = χV . For ϕ ∈ S(V ), let Φ(s) ∈ I(s, χ) be the standard section associated with ϕ,
i.e., the standard section such that Φ(s0 ) = λV (ϕ) with s0 = n2 − 1. We will simply write Wm,p (s, ϕ) for
Wm,p (s, Φ). Let H = Z2p be the standard hyperplane quadratic lattice: Q((x, y)) = xy. For an integer
r > 0, Let Vr = H r ⊗ Qp and V (r) = V ⊕ Vr . For a lattice L of V , we denote L(r) = L ⊕ H r . Then we

have the following interpolation trick which we learned from Rallis, (see [17, Lemma A.3]).
Lemma 4.2. For any ϕ ∈ S(V ), ϕ(r) = ϕ ⊗ char(H r ) ∈ S(V (r) ) and ϕ give the same standard section
Φ(s) ∈ I(s, χ). In particular, let Φ(s) be the standard section associated with ϕ, then
Φ(g ′ , s0 + r) = ωV (r) (g ′ )(ϕ(r) )(0).
From this lemma, one obtains easily

∫ ∫
Wm,p (s0 + r, ϕ) = γ(V ) ψ(bQ(r) (x))ϕ(r) (x) dV x ψ(−bt) db (4.2)
Qp V (r)
for any even integer r > 0. Here dV x is the self-dual Haar measure on V with respect to ψ((x, y)), and
{ ( )n ( )}−1
1 1
γ(V ) = ϵp (V )γ ψp γ det V, ψp (4.3)
2 2
is the local splitting index defined in [19, Theorem 3.1], where ϵp (V ) is the Hasse invariant of V , and γ
is Weil’s local index (see [29, 32]).
Choose a Zp -basis {ej : j = 1, . . . , n} of L and identify
∑
L = ⊕Zp ej ∼ = Znp , µj ej 7→ (µ1 , . . . , µn ).
∏
Let dx = dxj be the standard Haar measure on L = Znp . Then
1
dV x = [L∗ : L]− 2 dx = |det S|p2 dx
1
where S = ((ei , ej )) is the Gram matrix of L. So we have
Wm,p (s0 + r, ϕµ )
1 = Wp (s0 + r, m, µ), (4.4)
γ(V )| det S|p2
where ∫ ∫
Wp (s0 + r, m, µ) = ψ(bQ(r) (x)) dx ψ(−mb) db. (4.5)
Qp µ+L(r)
In the rest of this section, we compute this integral by extending the method in [33], where we deal
with the special case µ = 0.
4.2 The case p ̸= 2
As in [33], we deal with the cases p = 2 and p ̸= 2 separately. In this subsection, we assume that p ̸= 2.
Let L ∼= Znp be an integral lattice and let S be its Gram matrix. Then S is GL2 (Zp )-equivalent to the
matrix of the form S = diag(2ϵ1 pl1 , . . . , 2ϵn pln ), with ϵi ∈ Z×
p and li > 0 being integers (warning: the
matrix S is twice of that used in [33]). In this case, L∗ = ⊕p−li Zp . For µ = (µ1 , . . . , µn ) ∈ V = Qnp , we
define Hµ = {i : 1 6 i 6 n, µi ∈ Zp } and
{
∞, if µ ∈ L,
K0 = K0 (µ) = (4.6)
min(li + ordp µi : i ∈
/ Hµ ), if µ ∈/ L.
Following [33], we further define
Lµ (k) = {i ∈ Hµ : li − k < 0 is odd}, lµ (k) = #Lµ (k),

( )[ lµ2(k) ] ∏ ( ϵi )
1 ∑ −1
dµ (k) = k + min(li − k, 0), ϵµ (k) = ,
2 p p
i∈Hµ , i∈Lµ (k)
( ) {
where
α (α, p)p , if α ∈ Z×
p,
=
p 0, otherwise.
Finally, we define
 1

− p ,
 if lµ (a + 1) is even,
f1 (αp ) = ( )
a

 α 1
 √ , if lµ (a + 1) is odd.
p p
Theorem 4.3. Let the notation be as above and fix µ ∈ L∗ .
(i) If m ∈
/ Q(µ) + Zp , then Wp (s + s0 , m, µ) = 0.
(ii) If m ∈ Q(µ) + Zp , set
∑
tµ = tµ (m) = m − ϵi pli µ2i , a = aµ (m) = ordp tµ ,
i∈H
/ µ
and let X = p−s .

If 0 6 a < K0 , then
( ) ∑
1
Wp (s + s0 , m, µ) = 1 + 1 − ϵµ (k)pdµ (k) X k + ϵµ (a + 1)f1 (tµ )pdµ (a+1) X a+1 .
p
0<k6a
lµ (k) even
If a > K0 , then ( )
1 ∑
Wp (s + s0 , m, µ) = 1 + 1 − ϵµ (k)pdµ (k) X k .
p
0<k6K0
lµ (k) even
We remark that the sum in the definition of tµ is just the quadratic form Q(µ) with the terms for
which µi ∈ Zp omitted. In particular, one has tµ ≡ m − Q(µ) ∈ Zp .
Proof. The proof is similar to that of [33, Theorem 3.1] and we give a sketch of it for the convenience
of the reader. For µ ∈ Qp /Zp , define
∫
Iµ (t) = ψ(tx2 )dx.
µ+Zp
Then I0 (t) = I(t) is given by [33, Lemma 2.1]. For µ ∈

/ Zp , a similar calculation gives a simpler formula:
Iµ (t) = ψ(tµ2 )char(µ−1 Zp )(t). (4.7)

∫
Next, for µ = (µ1 , . . . , µn ) ∈ L∗ − L, set Jµ (t) = µ+L ψ(tQ(x))dx. Then
∏ ∏ ∏
Jµ (t) = Iµi (ϵi pli t) = char(µ−1
i Zp )(p t)ψ(tϵi p µi )
li li 2
I(ϵi pli t)
i i∈H
/ µ i∈Hµ
( ∑ ) ∏
= char(p−K0 Zp )(t)ψ li 2
ϵi p µi t I(ϵi pli t).
i∈H
/ µ i∈Hµ
∏
Now applying [33, Lemma 2.2] to i∈Hµ I(ϵi pli t), one sees for k > 0
( ∑ )[( ) ]lµ (k) ∏ ( ϵi ) 1 ∑
−β
Jµ (βp −k −K0
) =char(p Zp )(p −k
)ψ ϵi p li
µ2i βp−k δp p 2 li <k (li −k) . (4.8)
p p
i∈H
/ µ i∈Lµ (k)
Clearly, ( ∑ )
Jµ (b) = ψ ϵi pli µ2i b
i∈H
/ µ
for b ∈ Zp . Finally, one has

∫ ∫ ∫
Wp (s0 , m, µ) := ψ(bQ(x))ψ(−bm)dx db = Jµ (b)ψ(−bm)db
Qp µ+L Qp
∫ ∑ ∏ ( ϵi ) ∫ ( )l (k)
−β µ
= Jµ (b)ψ(−bm)db + δplµ (k) pdµ (k) ψ(−tµ p−k β) dβ
Zp p ×
Zp p
0<k6K0 i∈Lµ (k)
∑ ∫
=1+ ϵµ (k)pdµ (k) ψ(−tµ p−k β) dβ
0<k6K0 Z×
p
lµ (k) even
∑ ( )∫ ( )
−1 β
+ ϵµ (k)p dµ (k)
δp ψ(−tµ p−k β) dβ.
p ×
Zp p
0<k6K0
lµ (k) odd
Here we have used the fact that δp2 = ( −1

p ). Notice that

 −1
∫ 1 − p , if a > k,

ψ(−tµ p−k β)dβ = −p−1 , if a = k − 1,
Z× 

p 0, if a < k − 1,
and (see [33, Lemma 2.4])

 ( )
∫ ( )  −1
 tµ p−p+1
β p 2 δ p , if a = k − 1,
ψ(−tµ p−k β) dβ = p
Z× p 
0,
p
otherwise.
Plugging these formulas back into the formula for Wp (s0 , m, µ), one obtains the theorem for r = 0.
Replacing L by L(r) , one obtains the theorem by Lemma 4.2.
4.3 The case p = 2
In this subsection, we assume that p = 2. By [10, Lemma 8.4.1], the Gram matrix S of L is Z2 equivalent
to (M ( ))  N ( )
⊕ 0 1 ⊕ 2 1
diag(ϵ1 2l1 , . . . , ϵH 2lH ) ⊕ ϵ′i 2mi ⊕ ϵ′′j 2nj  (4.9)
i=1 1 0 j=1 1 2
where ϵh , ϵ′i , ϵ′′j ∈ Z×

2 , lh > 1, mi , and nj are all non-negative integers. The associated quadratic form is
∑ ∑ ∑
Q(x) = ϵh 2lh −1 x2h + 2mi xi yi + 2nj (x2j + xj yj + yj2 ).
h6H i6M j6N
Of course, n = H + 2M + 2N . In this case, we identify L with Zn2 and then
⊕
H
L∗ = (2−lh Z2 ) ⊕ (⊕i 2−mi Z22 ) ⊕ (⊕j 2−nj Z22 ).
h=1
We need some more notation. For µ ∈ V = Qn2 , we write
µ = (µ1 , . . . , µH , µ′1 , . . . , µ′M , µ′′1 , . . . , µ′′N ), with µh ∈ Q2 , µ′i , µ′′j ∈ Q22 ,

Mµ = {i : 1 6 i 6 M, µ′i ∈ Z22 }, and Nµ = {j : 1 6 j 6 N, µ′′i ∈ Z22 }.
We also define
Hµ = {h : 1 6 h 6 H, µh ∈ Z2 }
and
Lµ (k) = {i ∈ Hµ : li − k < 0 is odd}, lµ (k) = #Lµ (k),
as in th last subsection. We have to redefine
1 ∑ ∑ ∑
dµ (k) = k + min(lh − k, 0) + min(mi − k, 0) + min(nj − k, 0).
2
h∈Hµ i∈Mµ j∈Nµ
We also redefine K0 = K0 (µ) to be ∞ when µ ∈ L and to be the minimum of the following numbers
otherwise
{lh + ord2 µh : ord2 µh < −1}, {lh : ord2 µh = −1},

{mi + ord2 µ′i :i∈
/ Mµ }, {nj + ord2 µ′′j : j ∈
/ Nµ }. (4.10)
Here ord2 (t1 , t2 ) = min(ord2 t1 , ord2 t2 ).

Furthermore, we need
{
∑
min(nj −k,0)
∏ 0, if lh = k for some h ∈ Hµ ,
pµ (k) = (−1) j∈Nµ
, ϵµ (k) = ϵh , δµ (k) =
h∈Lµ (k)
1, otherwise.
The following result is analogous to [33, Theorem 4.1].

Theorem 4.4. Let the notation be as above and fix µ ∈ L∗ .
(i) If m ∈
/ Q(µ) + Zp , then W2 (s + s0 , m, µ) = 0.
(ii) If m ∈ Q(µ) + Zp , then setting X = 2−s ,
∑ ( )
3 2
W2 (s + s0 , m, µ) = 1 + δµ (k)pµ (k)2dµ (k)− 2 Xk
ϵµ (k)ν
16k6min(K0 ,a+3)
lµ (k) odd
∑ ( ) ( )
dµ (k)−1 2 ν
+ δµ (k)pµ (k)2 ψ char(4Z2 )(ν)X k .
ϵµ (k) 8
16k6min(K0 ,a+3)
lµ (k) even
Here ∑
tµ = m − Q′ (µ), a = ord2 tµ , ν = νµ (m, k) = tµ 23−k − ϵh ,
h∈Hµ ,lh <k
and ∑ ∑ ∑
Q′ (z) = ϵh 2lh x2h + ϵ′i 2mi yi1 yi2 + ϵ′′j 2nj (zj1
2 2
+ zj1 zj2 + zj2 )
h∈H
/ µ i∈M
/ µ j ∈N
/ µ
is the quadratic form on V obtained from Q(µ) by omitting the terms where µh , µ′i or µ′′j ∈ Z2 . When
∑
there is no h ∈ Hµ with lh < k, set h∈Hµ ,lh <k ϵh = 0.
Proof. It is not hard to verify that

∫ 
 if µ ∈ Z2 ,
I(t),
ψ(tx2 )dx = −1
Iµ (t) := ψ(tµ ) char(2 Z2 )(t),
2
if ord2 µ = −1, (4.11)


µ+Z2 ψ(tµ2 ) char((2µ)−1 Z )(t), if ord µ < −1,
2 2
where I(t) = I0 (t) is computed in [33, Section 4], and is given by



1, if a > 0,


I(α2a ) = 0, if a = −1,
 ( )( )a+1

 α 2
2 2 ψ
a+1
, if a < −1.
8 α
Similarly, for µ = (µ1 , µ2 ) ∈ Q22 , one has
∫ {
min(1, |t|), if µ ∈ Z22 ,
Iµ′ (t) := ψ(ty1 y2 ) dy1 dy2 = (4.12)
µ+Z22 ψ(tµ1 µ2 ) char(Z22 )(tµ1 , tµ2 ), if µ ∈
/ Z22 ,
and
∫
Iµ′′ (t) := ψ(t(z12 + z1 z2 + z22 )) dz1 dz2
µ+Z22


 if µ ∈ Z22 , t ∈ Z2 ,
1,
= (−1)ord2 t |t|−1 , if µ ∈ Z22 , t ∈
/ Z2 , (4.13)


ψ(t(µ2 + µ µ + µ2 )) char(Z2 )(tµ), if µ ∈
/ Z2 .
2
1 1 2 2 2
We verify (4.13) and leave the others to the reader. The case µ ∈ Z22 is [33, Lemma 4.2]. The case
tµ ∈ Z22 is also clear after replacing z by µ + z. Now assume tµ ∈/ Z22 . We prove Iµ′′ (t) = 0. By symmetry,
we may assume ord2 (tµ1 ) 6 min(ord2 (tµ1 ), −1). Choose b ∈ Z2 such that tb, tµ1 b ∈ Z2 , and tµ2 b ∈ / Z2 .
Replacing z1 by b + z1 , and using the conditions on b, we have Iµ′′ (t) = ψ(btµ2 )Iµ′′ (t). So Iµ′′ (t) = 0.
Next, unfolding the Whittaker integral as in Theorem 4.3 gives the desired formula. Indeed,
∫ ∫ ∫
Wp (s0 , m, µ) = ψ(bQ(x))ψ(−mb) dx db = Jµ (b)Jµ′ (b)Jµ′′ (b)ψ(−mb) db.
Q2 µ+L Q2
Here Jµ , Jµ′ , and Jµ′′ are given as follows. First,
∏∫ ∏
Jµ (b) = ψ(ϵh 2lh −1 bx2 ) = I(ϵh 2lh −1 b)ψ(bQH (µ))char(2K0 (H) Z2 )(b),
h µh +Z2 h∈Hµ
where
∑
QH (µ) = ϵh 2lh −1 µ2h ,
h∈H
/ µ
and K0 (H) is the minimum of lh + ord2 µh for ord2 µh < −1 and lh for ord2 µh = −1. Plugging in the
formula for I(t), one sees that
( )( )lµ (k) ∏ ( )
−k 2 2 lh −k ϵh β
Jµ (β2 ) = δ(k) 2 2 ψ ψ(β2−k QH (µ))char(2k−K0 (H) Z2 )(1). (4.14)
ϵµ (k) β 8
µ∈Hµ ,lh <k
Similarly, one has

∏ ∫ ∏
Jµ′ (β2−k ) = ψ(β2mi −k xy) dx dy = 2mi −k ψ(β2−k QM (µ))char(2k−K0 (M ) Z2 )(1)
i6M µi +Z22 i∈Mµ ,mi <k
with
∑
QM (µ) = 2mi µi,1 µi,2 , K0 (M ) = min{mi + ord2 µi : ord2 mi < 0}.
i∈M
/ µ
Finally,
∏
Jµ′′ (β2−k ) = (−1)nj −k 2nj −k ψ(β2−k QN (µ))char(2k−K0 (N ) Z2 )(1)
j∈Nµ ,nj <k
with QN and K0 (N ) similarly defined. Putting things together, and using [33, Lemma 4.2], one proves
the theorem for r = 0. Replacing L by L(r) , one proves the theorem.
4.4 Consequences
Theorems 4.3 and 4.4 have the following implications.

Corollary 4.5. Let L be a unimodular lattice over Zp and let ϕ0 ∈ S(V ) be the characteristic function
of L. Then the standard section in I(s, χ) associated to λ(ϕ0 ) is the spherical section Φ0p (s), and the
Whittaker function Wm,p (s, ϕ0 ) is given by Proposition 2.1.
Proof. We assume p ̸= 2 and leave the case p = 2 to the reader. So L is Zp -equivalent to Znp with
Q(x) = x21 + · · · + x2n−1 + ϵx2n with ϵ ∈ Z×
p . It is easy to check from the definition that γ(V ) = 1 and
| det S|p = 1 in this case. Notice that µ = 0. So
Wm,p (s, ϕ0 ) = Wp (s, m, 0),
where Wp (s, m, µ) is given by (4.5). In this case, Kp is viewed as subgroup of G′p via its splitting. Since
Kp is generated by m(a), n(b) and w with a ∈ Z× p and b ∈ Zp . One checks that
n
ω(m(a))ϕ0 (x) = χp (x)|a|p2 ϕ0 (xa) = ϕ0 (x),
ω(n(b))ϕ0 (x) = ψp (bQ(x))ϕ0 (x) = ϕ0 (x),
∫
ω(w)ϕ0 (x) = γ(V ) ψ(−(b, x))db = ϕ0 (x).
L
So ϕ0 and thus λ(ϕ0 ) is Kp -invariant. So Φ0p (s)

is the standard section associated with λ(ϕ0 ). Now
Theorem 4.3 easily gives the formula for Wm,p (s, ϕ0 ), which is the same as that in Proposition 2.1. We
check the odd case, and leave the even case to the reader. Assume that n = dim V is odd. Then l0 (k) is
even if and only if k is even. Moreover, d0 (k) = (1 − n/2)k,
{
1, if k > 1 is even,
ϵ0 (k) = [n
((−1) 2 ϵ, p)p , if k > 1 is odd.
]
Recall that 4κm = dc2 . If p|d, then χκm is ramified at p and a = ordp m = 1 + 2ordp c = 1 + 2k is odd.
Theorem 4.3 gives
( ) ∑
n
Wp s + − 1, m, 0 = 1 + (1 − p−1 ) (p2−n X 2 )k − p−1 (p2−n X 2 )a+1
2
0<l6k
∑
= (1 − p 1−n 2
X ) (p2−n X 2 )l .
06l6k
So ( )
1 − X 2k+2 Lp (s + 12 , χκm ) 1
Wp (s, m, 0) = (1 − p−1 X 2 ) = b p κm, s + ,
1 − X2 ζp (2s + 1) 2
as claimed.
If p - d, then χκm is unramified at p and a = 2k. Theorem 4.3 gives
( ) ∑
n
Wp s + − 1, m, 0 = 1 + (1 − p−1 ) (p2−n X 2 )l + vp p− 2 (p2−n X 2 ) 2 ,
1 2k+1
2
0<l6k
d n
with vp = ϵ0 (a + 1)( 4κ , p)p . The condition χV = χ implies ((−1)[ 2 ] 2ϵ, p)p = (2κ, p)p . So vp = (d, p)p =
χκm (p). The rest is a simple calculation.
Corollary 4.6. Let L be an even integral lattice in a non-degenerate quadratic space V of dimension
n. Fix µ ∈ L∗ and let s0 = n2 − 1.
(i) Wp (s0 + s, m, µ) is a polynomial in X = p−s with coefficients in Z[ p1 ].
(ii) When s0 = 0, i.e., when n = 2, Wp (s, m, µ) is a polynomial of X = p−s with coefficients in Z
unless L is unimodular. When L is unimodular, L(s + 1, χ) Wp (s, m, µ) is a polynomial in X = p−s with
coefficients in Z.
Proof. (sketch) The first claim follows from Theorems 4.3 and 4.4 and the fact that dµ (k) − 12 ∈ Z when
lµ (k) is odd and that dµ (k) ∈ Z when lµ (k) is even. Now assume that n = 2. The unimodular case
follows from Proposition 2.1. When L is not unimodular, and p ̸= 2, one has S = diag(ϵ1 pl1 , ϵ2 pl2 ), and
at least one li is positive. One sees that if lµ (k) is even and k > 0, one has dµ (k) = k or 21 l1 + l2 . In
either case, dµ (k) > 0. Similarly f1 (tµ )pdµ (a+1) ∈ Z. So Wp (s, m, µ) ∈ Z[X]. We leave the case p = 2 to
the reader.
5 Local examples
In this section, we will compute several local Whittaker functions using the formulas in section 4. The
results will be used later in this paper. Let (L, Q) be an even integral quadratic lattice over Qp of
dimension n, and let V = L ⊗Zp Qp .
5.1 The unary case
We first consider the case L = Zp with quadratic form Q(x) = κx2 , and κ ∈ Z×
p . The associated quadratic
character is χV (x) = (2κ, x)p .
Proposition 5.1. Let L be as above. Then for any µ ∈ L∗ /L,
( )
1 Lp (s, χκm )
Wp s − , m, µ = bp (κm, s)char(Q(µ) + Zp )(m).
2 ζp (2s)
Here bp (κm, s) = bp (κm, s; 1) is given by (2.16).

Proof. When p ̸= 2, L is unimodular, and the claim is covered by Corollary 4.5. Now assume p = 2 so
that L∗ /L = 12 Z2 /Z2 , and there are two choices µ = 0 or 12 .
When µ = 12 , one has, in the notation of Theorem 4.4, that K0 (µ) = 1, dµ (k) = k, and tµ = m − κ4 .
Theorem 4.4 gives ( ) [ ( ) ]
1 4m − κ
W2 s − , m, µ = 1 + ψ X char(Z2 )(tµ ).
2 8
√
Write 4κm = dc2 such that dZ2 is the discriminant of Q2 ( κm)/Q2 . Then tµ ∈ Z2 implies ord2 c = 0,
( )
4m − κ
ψ = (2, d)2 = χκm (2),
8
and b2 (κm, s) = 1. Therefore

( )
1 L2 (s, χκm )
W2 s − , m, µ = b2 (κm, s)char(Q(µ) + Z2 )(m).
2 ζ2 (2s)
The case µ = 0 is handled in the same way. One can also use [23, Proposition 13.4]. Indeed, let
L′ = {X ∈ M2 (Z2 ) : tr X = 0}
with quadratic form Q(X) = −κ det(X). Then L′ is equivalent to L(1) = L ⊕ H and thus (Lemma 4.2)
Wm,2 (s, char(L)) = Wm,2 (s, char(L′ )),
see [23, Proposition 13.4], then gives the answer.
5.2 The case of a quadratic extension

√
In this subsection, let k = Qp ( κ) be a quadratic extension of Qp with ordp κ = 0, 1, and L = Ok with
quadratic form Q(x) = ϵxx̄ where ϵ ∈ Z× p . The associated quadratic character is χV = χκ , the quadratic
character of Q×p associated with k .
When k is unramified over Qp , L is unimodular and this case is covered by Corollary 4.5. Now we
√
assume that k is ramified so that L = Zp + Zp κ ∼ = Z2p with quadratic form Q(x) = ϵx21 − ϵκx22 . Then
∗ ∗
L ≃ 2 Zp ⊕ 2κ Zp , and [L : L] is equal to p, 8, or 4 according to whether p ̸= 2, p = 2|κ, or p = 2 - κ
1 1
respectively.
√
Proposition 5.2. Let the notation and assumption be as above. Let µ = µ1 + µ2 κ ∈ L∗ /L, and
m ∈ Q× p.
(i) If m ∈
/ Q(µ) + Zp , then Wp (s, m, µ) = 0.
(ii) If m ∈ Q(µ) + Zp , let a = ordp m > −f , where f = ordp (dk/Qp ). Then, for X = p−s ,
{
1, if a = −f,
Wp (s, m, µ) =
1 + χκ (mϵ)X a+f
, if a > −f.
Proof. We verify the complicated case p = 2 and leave the case p ̸= 2 to the reader. This amounts
to a tedious calculation using Theorem 4.4. We first assume κ = 2κ0 ∈ 2Z× 2 so f = 3. In this case,
√ √
Q(x1 +x2 κ) = ϵx21 −2ϵκ0 x22 , so l1 = 1, l2 = 2 in the notation of Theorem 4.4. Write µ = µ1 +µ2 κ ∈ L∗ .
Case 1. We first assume µ ∈ L. In this case, we have K0 (µ) = ∞,


1, if k = 1,
dµ (k) = 3

 , if k > 2,
2
and lµ (k) = 1. Furthermore, for m = m0 2a with m0 ∈ Z×
2 one has
νµ (m, k) = m0 23−k+a − ϵ + ϵκ0 ∈ Z×

2 ⇔ k = a + 3.
When k = a + 3, νµ (m, k) = m0 − ϵ + ϵκ0 . On the other hand, ϵµ (a + 3) = ϵ or −κ0 ϵ depending on

whether a is odd or even. Set o(a) = 0 or 1 according to whether a is odd or even. Then one has by
Theorem 4.4
o(a)
W2 (s, m, µ) = 1 + (2, ϵm0 − 1 + κ0 )2 (2, −κ0 )2 X a+3 .
Here (a, b)2 is the local Hilbert symbol. Now the desired formula follows from the identity
o(a)
χκ (mϵ) = (2, −κ0 )2 (2, ϵm0 − 1 + κ0 )2 . (5.1)
Indeed, V represents m if and only if χκ (mϵ) = 1 by [17, Proposition 1.3]. If χκ (mϵ) = −1, then V does
not represent m and thus W2 (0, m, µ) = 0, which forces
o(a)
(2, ϵm0 − 1 + κ0 )2 (2, −κ0 )2
= −1 = χκ (mϵ).
√
If χκ (mϵ) = 1, then mϵ ∈ Nk/Qp k× . So there is an element x1 + x2 κ ∈ Ok× such that
√ √
mϵ = N(( κ)a (x1 + x2 κ)) = 2a (−κ0 )a (x21 − 2κ0 x22 ),
and so
m0 ϵ = (−κ0 )a (x21 − 2κ0 x22 ) ≡ (−κ0 )1−o(a) (1 − 2κ0 x22 ) (mod 8).
So
(m0 ϵ + κ0 − 1)(−κ0 )o(a) ≡ −1 + 2x22 (mod 8) ≡ ±1 (mod 8).
This gives
o(a)
(2, m0 ϵ + κ0 − 1)2 (2, −κ0 )2 = 1 = χκ (mϵ).
This proves the claim.
Case 2. Next we assume that µ1 ∈ 12 + Z2 and µ2 ∈ 12 Z2 . In this case, K0 = 1, δµ (1) = 1, a = −2,
and m = 41 m0 . Furthermore, lµ (1) = 0 is even
ν = νµ (m, 1) = 4(m − Q′ (µ)) ≡ m0 − 4Q(µ) (mod 8),

and, by Theorem 4.4, one has

( )
m0 − 4Q(µ)
W2 (s, m, µ) = 1 + ψ X.
8
A simple calculation shows

( )
m0 − 4Q(µ)
ψ = (2, m0 ϵ + κ0 − 1)2 (2, −κ0 )2 = χκ (mϵ)
8
by (5.1).
Case 3. Now we assume that µ2 ∈ 1
2 + Z2 and µ1 ∈ Z2 . In this case, K0 = 2, a = −1 and m = 21 m0 .
Furthermore, {
0, if k = 1,
δµ (k) =
1, if k > 1.
One also checks lµ (2) = 1, dµ (2) = 32 , ϵµ (2) = ϵ, and
νµ (m, 2) = 2(m + 2ϵκ0 µ22 ) − ϵ ≡ m0 + κ0 ϵ − ϵ (mod 8)
So Theorem 4.4 gives

W2 (s, m, µ) = 1 + (2, ϵm0 + κ0 − 1)2 X 2 .
Now (5.1) gives the desired result in this subcase.
Case 4. Finally we assume µ2 ∈ 41 Z2 − 12 Z2 . In this case, K0 = 0, and thus W2 (s, m, µ) = 1 as
claimed. This proves the case 2|κ, i.e, f = 3.
√
Now we assume κ ≡ −1 (mod 4) (still the case p = 2) with f = 2. In this case, Q(x1 + x2 κ) =
√
ϵx21 − ϵκx22 with l1 = l2 = 1. Let µ = µ1 + µ2 κ ∈ L∗ . There are also several cases.
Case 1. First assume µ ∈ L. We have Hµ = {1, 2}, dµ (k) = 0 when k = 1 and dµ (k) = 1 when k > 1.
One has also lµ (k) ≡ 0 (mod 2), and
{
−κ, if k > 1 even,
ϵµ (k) =
1, if k > 1 odd.
Finally,
νµ (m, k) = m0 23−k+a − ϵ + ϵκ ∈ 4Z2
if and only if k = a + 2. So Theorem 4.4 gives
( )
2m0 − ϵ + ϵκ
W2 (s, m, µ) = 1 + (2, ϵµ (a + 2))2 ψ X a+2 .
8
So the proposition in this case follows from the identity

( )
2m0 − ϵ + ϵκ
(2, ϵµ (a + 2))2 ψ = χκ (mϵ). (5.2)
8
Just as in the proof of (5.1), χκ (mϵ) = −1 implies the left-hand side of (5.2) is also −1. Now assume
that χκ (mϵ) = 1. When a is even,
( ) ( )
1+κ ϵ + ϵκ
(2, ϵµ (a + 2))2 = (2, −κ)2 = ψ =ψ ,
8 8
and so ( ) ( ) ( )
2m0 − ϵ + ϵκ 2m0 + 2ϵκ ϵm0 + κ
(2, ϵµ (a + 2))2 ψ =ψ =ψ = 1,
8 8 4
√
since m0 ϵ is a norm from k. When a is odd, 2m0 ϵ is a norm from k. Since ϖ = 1 + κ is a uniformizer,
one has
2m0 ϵ = N(ϖ)(x21 − κx22 ) = (1 − κ)(x21 − κx22 ) ≡ 1 − κ (mod 8)
√
for some x1 + x2 κ ∈ Ok× . So
( ) ( )
2m0 − ϵ + ϵκ 2m0 − ϵ + ϵκ
(2, ϵµ (a + 2))2 ψ =ψ =1
8 8
in this case. This proves the claim and thus the proposition in this special case.
Case 2. Next we assume that µ1 ∈ 12 + Z2 , µ2 ∈ Z2 or µ2 ∈ 12 + Z2 , µ1 ∈ Z2 . In this case, K0 = 1,
δµ (1) = 0, and a = ord2 m = −2. So Theorem 4.4 asserts W2 (s, m, µ) = 1 as claimed.
Case 3. Finally we assume that µ1 , µ2 ∈ 1
2 + Z2 . In this case, K0 = 1, dµ (1) = 1, and m = 1
2 m0 ,
a = −1. Furthermore, ϵµ (1) = 1, and
νµ (m, 1) = 4(m − Q(µ)) = 2m0 − ϵ(2µ1 )2 + ϵκ(2µ2 )2 ≡ 2m0 − ϵ + ϵκ (mod 8).
So Theorem 4.4 and (5.2) assert W2 (s, m, µ) = 1 + ψ( 2m0 −ϵ+ϵκ

8 )X = 1 + χκ (mϵ)X as claimed.
5.3 Quaternion algebras—the odd case
Let B be a quaternion algebra over Qp with maximal order OB . Let V be the quadratic space consisting
of trace zero elements in B with the quadratic form Q(x) = κ det x, where κ ∈ Z× p and det x is the
reduced norm of x. When B = M2 (Qp ), we take OB = M2 (Zp ), and for an integer e > 0
{ ( ) }
b a
Le = A= : a, b ∈ Zp , c ∈ pe Zp . (5.3)
c −b
We also write L = L0 when e = 0. When B is the division algebra, we take L = V ∩ OB , and write, as
in (2.15),
4κm = dc2 , (5.4)
√
where dZp is the discriminant of Qp ( κm)/Qp , and we write kp = ordp c. Careful calculation using
Theorems 4.3 and 4.4 gives the following proposition. The special case µ = 0 is given in [23, Proposition
8.1].
Proposition 5.3. Let the notation be as above. Then, for µ ∈ L∗ /L,
( )
1
Wp s + , m, µ = char(Q(µ) + Zp )(m) Lp (s + 1, χκm )
2
{
ζ(2s + 2)−1 , if B is split,
× bp (κm, s + 1; B)
1, if B is ramified.
Here bp (κm, s; B) = bp (κm, s; D) is given as in (2.16) and (2.17) where D is square free with p|D if and
only if B is a division algebra.
Proof. (sketch) When B = M2 (Qp ) is split, L = L0 ⊕ H, where L0 = Zp with quadratic form κx2 , and
H = Z2p is the standard hyperplane. The result follows from Proposition 5.1 and Lemma 4.2. When B is
a division algebra, L ∼
= Z3p with quadratic form
{
κ(βx21 + pz22 − βpx22 ), if p ̸= 2,
Q(x1 , x2 , x3 ) =
−κ(x21 + x22 + x23 ), if p = 2.
Here β ∈ Z× p with (p, β)p = −1. Now the claim follows from Theorems 4.3 and 4.4 and a careful
calculation.
Proposition 5.4. Let B = M2 (Qp ). Assume e > 0 and µ ∈ Le . Then

( )
1
Wp s + , m, µ = char(Zp )(m)
2
 ∑
−1

1 + (1 − p ) pc(2l) X 2l − pc(2kp +2)−1 X 2kp +2 if p|d,

× ∑
16l6kp

 1 + (1 − p−1
)
1
pc(2l) X 2l + χκm (p)pc(2kp +1)− 2 X 2kp +1 if p - d.

16l6kp
Here c(l) = min(l/2, e − l/2).

Now we deal with the case µ ∈ L∗e − Le . Write
( )
x1 x2 1
µ= , x1 ∈ Zp , x2 , x3 ∈ p−e Zp .
p x3 −x1
e 2
Let tm = tµ (m) be defined as in Theorems 4.3 and 4.4. It is given as follows. Let Ke = min(e + ordp x2 , e
+ ordp x3 ). When p ̸= 2, µ ∈
/ L means Ke < e. In this case tµ (m) = m − pκe x2 x3 . When p = 2, there are
three cases for µ ∈
/ L. Accordingly, we have


 Q(µ), if x1 ∈/ Z2 , Ke < e,

1
tµ (m) = m − κ, if x1 ∈/ Z2 , Ke > e,


 4 −e
κp x2 x3 , if x1 ∈ Z2 , Ke < e.
We write
4κtµ (m) = dµ c2µ , (5.5)
√ ×
µ Zp is the discriminant of Qp ( κtµ (m))/Qp . Let χκm be the quadratic character of Qp associated
where d√
to Qp ( κtµ (m)). Let kp = ordp cµ .
Proposition 5.5. Let the notation be as above and assume that x1 ∈ Z2 if p = 2. Then, for X = p−s ,
[ ∑ ]
1
Wp (s + , m, µ) = char(Zp )(tµ (m)) 1 + (1 − p−1 ) (pX 2 )l + Tail
2 Ke
16l6min(kp , 2 )
with 

−p X
 kp 2kp +2
, if p|d, 2kp + 1 < Ke ,
Tail = kp
χκm (p)p X 2kp +1
, if p - d, 2kp < Ke ,


0, otherwise.
Proof. (sketch) We check the case p ̸= 2 and omit the case p = 2. It is easy to check, in the notation
of Theorem 4.3,
{ ( )
1, if k 6 Ke odd, 1  κ , if k 6 K odd,
e
lµ (k) = dµ (k) = k for k 6 Ke , ϵµ (k) = p
0, if k 6 Ke even, 2 
1, if k 6 Ke even.
So
1
Wp (s + , m, µ) = char(Q(µ) + Zp )(m)
2
 ∑
1 + (1 − p−1 )
 (pX 2 )l , if a > Ke ,



 K


16l6 2e
∑ 1
−1
× 1 + (1 − p ) (pX 2 )l − p 2 (a−1) X a+1 , if a < Ke odd,

 16l6 a

 ∑ 2

 − −1 1
(pX 2 )l + χκm (p)p 2 a X a+1 , if a < Ke even.

 1 + (1 p )
16l6 a
2
Here a = ordp (tµ (m)). It is easy to check that

{
2kp , if p - dµ ,
a=
2kp + 1, if p|dµ .
Now the proposition is clear. 2

Proposition 5.6. Assume p = 2, and µ ∈ L∗e
− Le with x1 ∈ 2 Z2
− Z2 .
1
Then


 1, if Ke = 0,
1 
W2 (m, s + , µ) = char(Z2 )(tµ (m)) 1 + χκm (2)X, if Ke > e,
2 

1 + ψ( 1 t (m))X, if 0 < Ke < e.
µ
2
Proof. In this case, K0 (µ) = min(1, Ke ), and thus the case Ke = 0 is trivial by Theorem 4.4. When
Ke > 0, K0 (µ) = 1, Theorem 4.4 gives
( ( ) )
1 1
W2 (m, s + , µ) = char(Z2 )(tµ ) 1 + ψ tµ X .
2 2
Here tµ = tµ (m). When Ke > e, we have tµ = m − κ

4 ∈ Z2 . So ψ( 21 tµ ) = 1 if and only if
4m ≡ κ (mod 8), i.e. 4κm ≡ 1 (mod 8),
which is the same as χκm (2) = 1. 2
5.4 Quaternion algebras—the even case
Let B be a quaternion algebra over Qp , and let V = B with the quadratic form Q(x) = det x, the reduced
norm of x. The associated quadratic character χV is trivial.
We first consider the case where B is the division algebra over Qp . We take L = OB to be the
unique maximal order of B. When p ̸= 2, choose β ∈ Z× ∼ 4
p such that (β, p)p = −1, then L = Zp with
2 2 2 ∼
quadratic form Q(x) = x1 − βx2 − px3 + pβx4 . When p = 2, L = Z2 with quadratic form Q(x) =
2 4
x21 + x1 x2 + x22 + 2(x23 + x3 x4 + x24 ).

Applying Theorems 4.3 and 4.4, we obtain
Proposition 5.7. Let B be a division algebra over Qp and let L be as above. For µ ∈ L∗ /L and
m ∈ Q(µ) + Zp ,

1, if µ ∈
/ L,
Wp (s, m, µ) = 1 − pX + pX a+1 − X a+2
 , if µ ∈ L.
1−X
Here a = ordp m. In particular,
{
ζp (s) 0, if µ ∈
/ L,
Wp (s, 0, µ) =
ζp (s − 1) 1, if µ ∈ L.
When B = M2 (Qp ), we will consider the lattices for an integer e > 0

{ ( ) }
a b
Le = X = : a, b, c, d ∈ Zp .
pe c d
In this case, L∗e /Le ∼

= (Z/pe Z)2 . Notice that L0 is unimodular, and the associated Whittaker function is
covered in Corollary 4.5.
Proposition 5.8. (i) When µ ∈ Le ,
( ( ) ∑ )
1
Wp (s + 1, m, µ) = char(Zp )(m) 1 + 1 − pd(k) X k − pd(kp +1)−1 X kp +1
p
16k6kp
where kp = ordp m, d(k) = min(e − k, 0).

µ µ
(ii) When µ = ( pe µ1 3 µ24 ) ∈
/ Le , let Ke = min(e + ordp µ2 , e + ordp µ3 ). Then
( ( ) ∑ )
1
Wp (s + 1, m, µ) = char(Zp )(tµ ) 1 + 1 − k
X + Tail ,
p
16k6min(kp ,Ke )
where
tµ = tµ (m) = m + pe µ2 µ3 , kp = ordp (tµ ),
and 
0 if kp > Ke ,
Tail = 1
− X kp +1 if kp < Ke .
p
Proof. (sketch) We deal with the case p = 2 and omit the case p ̸= 2.
When µ ∈ Le , Theorem 4.4 gives
( ∑ )
−k
W2 (s + 1, m, µ) = char(Z2 )(m) + 2d(k)−1
ψ(m2 )char(2 k−1
Z2 )(m)X k
16k
( ( ) ∑ )
1
= char(Z2 )(m) 1 + 1 − 2d(k) X k − 2d(kp +1)−1 X kp +1
2
16k6kp
as claimed. When µ ∈/ Le , Theorem 4.4 gives

( )
1 ∑
W2 (s + 1, m, µ) = char(Z2 )(tµ ) 1 + ψ(tµ 2−k )char(2k−1 Z2 )(tµ )X k
2
16k6K0
( ( ) ∑ )
1
= char(Z2 )(tµ ) 1 + 1 − k
X + Tail
2
16k6min(kp ,Ke )
as claimed. 2
Corollary 5.9. Let the notation be as in Proposition 5.8 with e = 1. Then

 1 + (p − 2)X

 if µ ∈ L1 ,
 (1 − X) ,
Wp (s, 0, µ) = 1, if µ ∈
/ L1 , Q(µ) ∈ Zp ,



0, if Q(µ) ∈
/ Zp .
6 Cohen and Zagier Eisenstein series
Given l ∈ 12 Z and a quadratic character χ satisfying (2.10), there is a systematic way to construct
Eisenstein series using global quadratic lattices as follows. Let L be a quadratic integral Z-lattice of
even or odd dimension depending on whether 2l is even or odd such that χL = χ. We do not require
∏
dim L = 2l in general. For µ ∈ L∗ /L, let ϕµ = char(µ + L̂) = p<∞ ϕµ,p and let Φµ (s) be the associated
⊗′
standard section in If (s, χ) = p<∞ Ip (s, χ). This way we obtain an Eisenstein series
E(τ, s, Φl,µ ) = E(τ, s, Φl∞ ⊗ Φµ ). (6.1)
Using the results in previous sections, we can give an explicit formula for the Eisenstein series for any
given lattice. We will give some examples in the next few sections. When dim L = 2l and L is of signature
(2l − 2, 2), Φl∞ also comes from S(V∞ ) where V = L ⊗ R. In this case, the first author (see [18], see also
Section 10) has used the first derivative of the Eisenstein series to compute certain integral of Borcherds
modular forms which are of interest in Arakelov theory.
When l is an even integer, L = H r , r > 0, and µ = 0, the Eisenstein series (6.1) are the classical
Eisenstein series discussed in Section 3.
In this section, we assume l ∈ 12 + Z, and κ = ±1 such that (2.10) holds, i.e.,
( )
1 κ
l1 := l− ∈ Z, (6.2)
2 2
First we take L = Z with quadratic form Q(x) = κx2 . Then L∗ /L = 12 Z/Z is of order two with µ = 0, 12 .
Theorem 6.1. Assume that l ∈ 1
2 + Z>0 and κ = ±1 satisfy (6.2), and let L = Z with quadratic form
κx2 . Let µ = 0, 12 ∈ L∗ /L. Then
∑
E(τ, s, Φl,µ ) = Am (v, s; l, µ) q m ,
m∈Q(µ)+Z
where Am (v, s) = Am (v, s; l, µ) is given as follows for m ∈ Q(µ) + Z. Let

1 1
α=(1 + s + l), β= (1 + s − l)
2 2
√
be as in Proposition 2.3 and let c1 (l) = 2π(−1)l1 .
(i) If m > 0, then
L(s + 12 , χκm )b(κm, s + 12 ) Ψ−l (s, 4πmv)

Am (v, s) = c1 (l)v β (2πm)s .
ζ(2s + 1) Γ(α)
∏
Here b(κm, s) = bp (κm, s) is given in (2.16), and χκm is the quadratic Dirichlet character associated
√
to Q( κm), as in the notation section.
(ii) If m < 0, then
L(s + 12 , χκm )b(κm, s + 12 ) Ψl (s, 4π|m|v)

Am (v, s) = c1 (l)v β (2π|m|)s .
ζ(2s + 1) Γ(β)e4π|m|v
(iii) When µ = 12 , the constant term is A0 (v, s) = 0.

(iv) When µ = 0, the constant term is
1−l+s 1−l−s 2−s Γ(s)ζ(2s)
A0 (v, s) = v 2 +v 2 c1 (l) .
ζ(2s + 1)Γ(α)Γ(β)
Proof. We sketch the proof of the case m > 0 and leave the other cases to the reader. By (2.6),
Propositions 2.3 and 5.1, one has
∏ 1
Em (τ, s, Φl,µ ) = Wm,∞ (τ, s, Φl∞ ) γ(Vp )|2κ|p2 Wp (s, m, µ)
p<∞
( ∏ )
√ L(s + 21 , χκm )b(κm, s) Ψ−l (s, 4πmv) m
= 2π(−i)l γ(Vp ) (2πm)s v β q
p<∞
ζ(2s + 1) Γ(α)
× char(Q(µ) + Z)(m).
So it suffices to verify the identity ∏

(−i)l γ(Vp ) = (−1)l1 .
p<∞
This follows from the general fact that

∏ κ
γ(Vp ) = 1 and γ(V∞ ) = (−i) 2 .
p6∞
The following corollary follows from Theorem 6.1 and the functional equations of L-function, bp -
function (see (2.15)), and Ψn (see (2.21)).
Corollary 6.2. Set

1 −1 (
l∏ )
κ
Gl (s) = Λ(2s + 1) 1 + + 2j + s .
j=0
2
Then the normalized Eisenstein series
E(τ, s, Φl,µ ) = Gl (s)E(τ, s, Φl,µ )
has the simple functional equation
E(τ, s, Φl,µ ) = E(τ, −s, Φl,µ ).
Taking l = and s = l − 1 = − 12 in Theorem 6.1, we get immediately

1
2
1 ∑ 2
Proposition 6.3. For µ = 0, 12 E(τ, − 12 , Φ 2 ,µ ) = n∈µ+Z q n is the classical theta functions.
Proof. When m > 0, χκm is a real quadratic character and thus
{
0, ̸ 1,
if d =
L(0, χκm ) =
ζ(0), if d = 1.
So, for m ∈ Q(µ) + Z, Theorem 6.1 gives

( ) {
1 √ 1 0, if d ̸= 1,
= 2π(2πm)− 2 L(0, χd ) b(−m, 0) 1 =
1
Am v, −
2 Γ( 2 ) 2, if d = 1.
When m < 0, 1
Γ(β) = 0 at s = − 12 , and thus Am (v, − 12 ) = 0. Finally when m = 0, the same reasoning
gives 
( ) 1, if µ = 0,
1
A0 v, − = 2
2 0, if µ = 1 .
2
By this proposition, the next result can be viewed as giving the ‘derivative’ of theta functions. We
need some additional notation.
Let H(N ) be the Hurwitz class number of integral binary quadratic forms of discriminant −N for an
integer N > 0. It is well-known that (see [15, p. 69])
∑ ∏
H(N ) = L(0, χ−N ) n (1 − χ−N (p)p−1 ),
n|c p|n
√
where −N = dc2 with d being the fundamental discriminant of Q( −N ). One usually defines H(0) =
ζ(0). We extend the definition of H(N ) to N < 0 by letting
∑ ∏
H(N ) = L′ (0, χ−N ) n (1 − χ−N (p)p−1 ).
n|c p|n
In particular, when −N is a fundamental discriminant, i.e., when c = 1, one has



 2h(N )

 , if N > 0,

 w(N )

h(N ) log ϵ(N )
H(N ) = , if N < 0,

 w(N )




− 1 , if N = 0.
12
Here h(N ), w(N ), and ϵ(N ) are the class number, the number of roots of unity, and the fundamental
√
unit (of value larger than 1) of Q( −N ).
Proposition 6.4. Let the notation be as above, and µ = 0, 12 . Then,

( ) ∑
1 1 1 π√
E ′ (τ, − , Φ 2 ,µ ) =
2
log v − v δ0,µ + an (v) q n
2 2 3
n∈µ+Z
n>0
∑ H(−4m) m
−2 √ q
m
m∈µ2 +Z
m>0
m not a square
∑ ∫ ∞
H(4m) −m
e−4πmvr (r − 1)− 2 dr,
1
− √ q
m 1
m∈−µ2 +Z
m>0
∑ ( pkp − 1 ) ( )
where
1
an (v) = γ + log 2 + 2 log π + 2 − kp log p + J − , 4πn 2
v
pkp (p − 1) 2
p|2n
with kp = ordp (2n).

When l = 3
2 and κ = −1, Theorem 6.1 gives the well-known Zagier’s Eisenstein series and its ‘deriva-
tive’.
Proposition 6.5. Let the notation be as above. For µ = 0, 12 ,
( ) ∑ ∑ ∫ ∞
1 3 3
e−4πn vr r− 2 drq −n .
2 3 2
E τ, , Φ 2 ,µ = δ0,µ − 12 H(4m)q m − √
2 2
2π v 1
m∈−µ +Z>0 n∈µ+Z
In particular,
( ( ) ( ))
1 3 ,0 1 3,1
ζ(−1) E 4τ, , Φ 2 + E 4τ, , Φ 2 2
2 2
1 ∑∞
1 ∑∫ ∞
e−4πn vr r− 2 drq −n
2 3 2
=− + H(m)q m + √
12 m=1 16π v 1 n∈Z
is Zagier’s Eisenstein series in [34].

Proof. This follows from Theorem 6.1 by a simple calculation. We only check the special case
m = −n2 ∈ −µ2 + Z. In this case, −4m = (2n)2 , d = 1 and L(s, χ−m ) = ζ(s). So, by Theorem 6.1, one
has
3 2π b(−m, s + 21 ) ζ(s + 21 ) −n2
Em (τ, s, Φ 2 ,µ ) = − √ v β (2πn2 )s Ψ 32 (s, 4πn2 v) q .
2 ζ(2s + 1) Γ(β)
Therefore,
( ) ( )
1 3 2π 2 12 b(−m, 1) 1 1 −n2
Em τ, , Φ 2 ,µ = − √ (2πn ) Ψ 23 2
, 4πn v q
2 2 ζ(2) 2 2
∫ ∞
3
e−4πn vr r− 2 dr q −n .
2 3 2
=− √
π v 1
Similarly, one can check that ( )
1 3 3
E0 (τ, , Φ 2 ,µ ) = 1 − √ δ0,µ .
2 π v
Notice that ∫ ∞
1
r− 2 dr.
3
1=
2 1
One sees that
∑ ∫ ∫ ∞
∞
−4πn2 vr − 32 −n2 1 ∑
e−4πn vr r− 2 dr q −n .
2 3 2
δ0,µ + e r dr q =
1 2 1
n∈µ+Z,n>0 n∈µ+Z
Now the first part of the proposition is clear. For the relation with Zagier’s Eisenstein series, it suffices
to note that H(m) = 0 unless m ≡ 0, −1 (mod 4). 2
Theorem 6.6. Let the notation be as above. Write −m = dc2 .
(i) The derivative of the constant term is
( ) ( ( ))
′ 1 3 ,µ 1 3 1 ζ ′ (−1)
E0 τ, , Φ 2 = δ0,µ log v − √ log v − γ − log 8π + .
2 2 π v 2 ζ(−1)
(ii) When m > 0 and m ∈ −µ2 + Z,

( ) (
′ 1 3 ζ ′ (−1) 1 1
Em τ, , Φ 2 ,µ = −12H(4m) q m 1 + 2 − γ − log π − log d
2 ζ(−1) 2 2
( ) ( ))
L′ (0, χ−m ) ∑ b′p (−m, 0) 1 1
− − − 2kp (c) log p + J , 4πmv .
L(0, χ−m ) bp (−m, 0) 2 2
p|c
Here kp (c) = ordp c.

(iii) When m < 0, m ∈ −µ2 + Z, and −m is not a square,
( ) ∫
′ 1 3 ,µ 3 H(4m) ∞ 4πmvr − 3
Em τ, , Φ 2 =− √ √ e r 2 drq m .
2 π v |m| 1
(iv) When m = −c2 ∈ −µ2 + Z,

′
′
ζ ′ (−1) ∑ b′p (−m, 0) Ψ 32
1 3
,µ
E−n 2 (τ, 2 , Φ 2 ) 1 1 1
3 = log v + 2 − 2 log 2 + log 2π − γ + 2 − + .
E−n2 (τ, 12 , Φ 2 ,µ ) 2 2 2 ζ(−1) bp (−m, 0) Ψ 32
p|2c
For an integer r√> 1 and positive integer N , write (−1)r N = dc2 such that d is the fundamental
discriminant of Q( (−1)r N ). Cohen defined
∑ ∏
H(r, N ) = L(1 − r, χ−N ) n2r−1 (1 − χ(−1)r N (p)p−r ). (6.3)
n|c p|n
He further let H(r, 0) = ζ(1 − 2r). Notice that H(1, N ) = H(N ). He proved that [11, Theorem 3.1]
∑
Hr (τ ) = H(r, N ) q N (6.4)
N >0
is a modular form of weight r + 21 for Γ0 (4) for r > 2—the so-called Cohen’s Eisenstein series. This
Eisenstein series can be derived from Theorem 6.1 as follows.
Proposition 6.7. Let the notation be as in Theorem 6.1 with l = r + 12 and κ = (−1)r . Then
( ( ) ( ))
1 1 1 1 1
Hr (τ ) = ζ(1 − 2r) E τ, r − , Φr+ 2 ,0 + E τ, r − , Φr+ 2 , 2 .
2 2
Proof. This follows from a simple calculation with Theorem 6.1. 2
7 An incoherent Eisenstein series of weight 1

√
Let k = Q( D) be an imaginary quadratic field with fundamental discriminant D, ring of integer Ok ,
and different ∂. Let χ be the quadratic Dirichlet character associated to k. Let a be a fractional ideal
∗ −1
and let L = a with integral quadratic form Q(x) = − N(x) N(a) . Then L = ∂ a. Let V = L ⊗Z Q, so that
V∞ has signature (0, 2). Notice that Φ1∞ (s) is associated to a quadratic space over R of signature (2, 0).
Thus, the Eisenstein series E(τ, s, Φ1,µ ) of weight 1 associated to µ ∈ L∗ /L is an incoherent Eisenstein
series in the sense of [17], and is automatically zero at s = 0. Its derivative at s = 0 is very important and
was calculated and used in [22] for µ = 0 and in [30] for general µ. It is also used in [8]. The analogous
series for a CM number field was used in [9].
Let ( )
s
− s+1 s+1
Λ(s, χ) = |D| π
2 2 Γ L(s, χ) (7.1)
2
be the complete L-function of χ.
Proposition 7.1. Let the notation be as above. For m ∈ Q(µ) + Z, define o(D) to be the number of
primes p|D such that ordp (mD) > 0. Let
∏
ρ(m, s) = σ−s,p (m, χ),
p-D
and ∏1
ρD (m, s) = (1 + χp (−m N(a))|mD|sp ).
2
p|D
Then ∑
E(τ, s, Φ1,µ ) = Am (v, s, µ) q m
m∈Q(µ)+Z
where Am (v, s, µ) is given as follows.

(i) When m > 0,
√
Λ(s + 1, χ)Am (v, s, µ) = −2o(m)+1 (2m |D|πv)s ρ(m, s)ρD (m, s)Ψ−1 (s, 4πm, v).
(ii) When m < 0,

√
Λ(s + 1, χ)Am (v, s, µ) = −2o(m) s(2m |D|πv)s ρ(m, s)ρD (m, s)Ψ1 (s, 4πmv)e−4π|m|v .
(iii) When m = 0, the constant term is

( s )
Λ(s + 1, χ)Am (v, s, µ) = δ0,µ v 2 Λ(−s, χ) − v − 2 Λ(s, χ) .
s
Here δ0,µ = 1 or 0 depending on whether µ ∈ L or not.

Proof. This follows from Propositions 2.1, 2.3, and 5.2 and the fact that
∏ ∏
(−i) γ(Vp ) = − γ(Vp ) = −1. 2
p<∞ p6∞
To see that E(τ, 0, Φ1,µ ) = 0 and to calculate the central derivative, notice first that
ρ(m, 0) = ρ(|mD|) = |{b ⊂ Ok : N(b) = |mD|}|.
For m > 0, let Diff(m) be the set of primes p < ∞ such that χp (−mN (a)) = −1. For m < 0, let Diff(m)
be the set of such finite primes together with ∞. It is easy to see that Diff(m) is a finite set of odd
cardinality. It is also easy to see that if p ∈ Diff(m) is finite and unramified in k, then p is inert in k,
σ−s,p (m, χ) is zero at s = 0, and
1
ρ′ (m, 0) = (ordp (m) + 1)ρ(|mD|/p) log p.
2
If p ∈ Diff(m) is finite and ramified in k, then ρD (m, 0) = 0 and
1 ∏ 1
ρ′D (m, 0) = (ordp (mD)) (1 + χq (−m N(a))) log p.
2 2
q|D,q̸=p
On the other hand, when m < 0 one has

∫ ∞
Ψ1 (0, 4π|m|v) = e−4π|m|v e−4π|m|vr r−1 dr.
1
Now a simple calculation using Proposition 7.1 gives the following theorem, which is essentially [30,
Theorem 4.1]. It was also used in [8] and [25].
Theorem 7.2. Let the notation be as in Proposition 7.1. Then E(τ, 0, Φ1,µ ) = 0. Assume that
m ∈ Q(µ) + Z. Then A′m (v, 0, µ) = 0 unless | Diff(m)| = 1. Assume Diff(m) = {p}. Then
(i) If m > 0 and p inert in k, then
Λ(0, χ)A′m (v, 0, µ) = −2o(m) (ordp (m) + 1) ρ(|mD|/p) log p,
and it is independent of v.
(ii) If m > 0 and p is ramified in k, then
Λ(0, χ)A′m (v, 0, µ) = −2o(m) ordp (mD) ρ(|mD|) log p,
and it is independent of v.
(iii) If m < 0, then
∫ ∞
Λ(0, χ)A′m (v, 0, µ) = −2o(m) ρ(|mD|) e−4π|m|vr r−1 dr.
1
(iv)
( )
Λ′ (0, χ)
A′0 (v, 0, µ) = δ0,µ log v − 2 .
Λ(0, χ)
8 Quaternion algebras—ternary forms
Let B be a quaternion algebra over Q and let D = D(B) be the product of finite primes at which B is
ramified, i.e., D(B) is the reduced discriminant of B. Let OB be a maximal order of B.
Let l > 3/2 be a half-integer and κ = ±1 such that (2.10) is satisfied, i.e., l1 = 12 (l − κ2 ) is an integer.
Let
L = {x ∈ OB : tr x = 0}, Q(x) = −κ det x
where det x is the reduced norm of x, and let V = L ⊗ Q. Then |L∗ /L| = 2D2 . In this section, we will
compute the Eisenstein series E(τ, s; l, D, µ) = E(τ, s, Φl,µ ) for all µ ∈ L∗ /L. When µ = 0, and l = 32 ,
the Eisenstein series is studied in detail in [23] and its derivative at s = 1/2 is shown to be the generating
functions of Faltings’s heights of certain arithmetic CM cycles. The hope of extending this result to all
µ ∈ L∗ /L is one important motivation for the present paper.
Theorem 8.1. Let the notation be as above, and set α = 12 (1 + l + s), β = 1
2 (1 − l + s), and
l1 +o(D) 2π
C1 (l, D) = (−1) D , where o(D) is the number of prime factors of D.
(i) When m > 0 and m ∈ Q(µ) + Z, the m-th Fourier coefficient is
C1 (l, D) L( 12 + s, χκm )b(κm, s + 21 ; D) Ψ−l (s, 4πmv) m

Em (τ, s; l, D, µ) = √ D
(2πm)s v β q .
2 ζ (2s + 1) Γ(α)
∏
Here b(κm, s; D) = p bp (κm, s; D) and Ψn is given by (2.10).
(ii) When m < 0 and m ∈ Q(µ) + Z,
C1 (l, D) L( 12 + s, χκm )b(κm, s + 21 ; D) Ψl (s, 4π|m|v) m

Em (τ, s; l, D, µ) = √ D
(2π|m|)s v β q .
2 ζ (2s + 1) Γ(β)e4π|m|v
(iii) The constant term is

( −s
∏ )
p|D (1 − p
1−2s
C1 (l, D) β−s 2 Γ(s)ζ(2s) )
E0 (τ, s; l, D, µ) = δ0,µ v + √
β
v D
.
2 Γ(α)Γ(β)ζ (2s + 1)
Proof. It follows from (2.6), Propositions 2.3, and 5.2, and the fact that
∏
(−i)l γ(Vp ) = (−1)l1 +o(D) ,
p<∞
since ∏
γ(Vp ) = 1,
p6∞
and {
(−i)− 2 ,
κ
if B∞ = M2 (R),
γ(V∞ ) = −κ
2
−(−i) 2 , if B∞ is a division algebra.
The functional equations for L-functions, bp , and Ψn , together with Theorem 8.1, yield:
Corollary 8.2. Set
( ) 1 −1 (
l∏ )
−s− 12 1 D κ
G(s; l, D) = π Γ s+ ζ (2s + 1) 1 + + 2j + s .
2 j=0
2
Then the normalized Eisenstein series
E(τ, s, Φl,µ ) = G(s; l, D)E(τ, s, Φl,µ )
has the simple functional equation
E(τ, s, Φl,µ ) = E(τ, −s, Φl,µ ).
For computational purposes, the following variant, which is a consequence of Theorem 8.1, the func-
tional equation for L(s, χκm ), and (2.18), is useful.
Theorem 8.3. Let the notation be as above.
(i) For m > 0 and m ∈ Q(µ) + Z,
vβ
Em (τ, s; l, D, µ) = ∏
p|D (1 − p
1+2s )
Γ(β − s) L( 12 − s, χκm )b(κm, 12 − s; D)

× Ψ−l (s, 4πmv) q m .
Γ(−s) ζ(−2s)
(ii) For m < 0 and m ∈ Q(µ) + Z,
vβ Γ( 12 (1 + l − s))Γ( 12 ( 32 − l + s))
Em (τ, s; l, D, µ) = ∏
p|D (1 − p
1+2s ) Γ(−s)Γ(β + 1)
L( 21 − s, χκm )b(κm, 12 − s; D) Ψl (s, 4π|m|v) m
× q .
ζ(−2s) e4π|m|v
Corollary 8.4. The values at s = l − 1 of the Eisenstein series E(τ, s; l, D, µ) as µ runs over L∗ /L
are the components of a holomorphic vector-valued with rational Fourier coefficients form for SL2 (Z) of
weight l. Explicitly,
1 ∑
E(τ, s; l, D, µ) = δ0,µ + ∏ H(l, m; D) q m .
p|D (1 − p2l−1 )ζ(2 − 2l) m>0
m∈Q(µ)+Z
Here ( ) ( )
3 3
H(l, m; D) = L − l, χκm b κm, − l; D (8.1)
2 2
is the analogue of Cohen’s general class number H(r, N ) in (6.3). Indeed, H(l, m, ; 1) = H(l − 12 , 4m).
Theorem 8.5. Assume that l > 25 , and µ ∈ L∗ /L.

(i) For m > 0 and m ∈ Q(µ) + Z,
′
Em (τ, l − 1; l, D, µ) 1 1 Γ′ (1 − l) ζ ′ (2 − 2l) L′ ( 23 − l, χκm )
= − log π|d| + +2 −
Em (τ, l − 1; l, D, µ) 2 2 Γ(1 − l) ζ(2 − 2l) L( 32 − l, χκm )
∑ [ 2p2l−1 1 b′p (κm, 32 − l; D)
]
+ k p (D) − kp (c) − log p
1 − p2l−1 log p bp (κm, 32 − l; D)
p|cD
1
+ J(l − 1, 4πmv).
2
Here c, d are given by 4κm = dc2 (see (2.15)), kp (c) = ordp c, and J(n, t) is given in Lemma 2.2.
∫ ∞
′ (4πv)1−l
Em (τ, l − 1; l, D, µ) = − |m| H(l, m; D)
1−l
e4πmvr r−l drq m .
Γ(1 − l)ζ(2 − 2l) 1
Here ( ) ( )
3 3
H(l, m; D) = L′ − l, χκm b κm, − l; D
2 2
is the analogue of (8.1) when L( 32 − l, χκm ) = 0.
(iii) Finally, the constant term is given by
(−1)l1 +o(D) 2 2 −l v 1−l ζ ′ (3 − 2l) ∏ 1 − p3−2l

5
1
E0′ (τ, l − 1; l, D, µ) = log v − .
2 D ζ(2 − 2l) 1 − p1−2l
p|D
Proof. We first claim that, for m ̸= 0, L( 32 − l, χκm ) = 0 if and only if m < 0. Indeed, 23 − l = 3−κ
2 − 2l1
is a negative integer. First assume that m < 0. In this case 32 − l is odd if and only if κ = 1, which
√
is equivalent to that Q( κm) is imaginary. On the other hand, it is well known, by the functional
√
equation, that L(s, χκm ) vanishes at odd negative integers when Q( κm) is imaginary and vanishes at
√
even negative integers when Q( κm) is real. So one has always L( 32 − l, χκm ) = 0 if m < 0. The same
argument shows that L( 32 − l, χκm ) ̸= 0 when m > 0. Now both (i) and (ii) follow from Theorem 8.3
1
and Lemma 2.2. For (iii), notice that Γ(β) vanishes at s = l − 1 and has derivative 12 at s = l − 1. So
Theorem 8.1 gives
(−1)l1 +o(D) 2 2 −l v 1−l π Γ(l − 1)ζ(2l − 2) ∏ 1 − p3−2l

3
1
E0′ (τ, l − 1; l, D, µ) = log v + .
2 D Γ(l)ζ(2l − 1) 1 − p1−2l
p|D
Now the functional equation for the zeta function gives

Γ(l − 1) 2 ζ ′ (3 − 2l)
Γ(l)ζ(2l − 1) = − .
ζ(2l − 2) π ζ(2 − 2l)
This proves (iii). 2

3
The case where l = 2 , o(D) > 1 is even, and µ = 0, is dealt with in [23, Theorem 8.8], and can be
extended to the case l = 32 , o(D) > 1 and any µ without any difficulty. Here is the result in our notation.
It can also easily be derived from Theorem 8.3.
Theorem 8.6. Assume that l = 23 , o(D) > 1, and µ ∈ L∗ /L. Assume further that µ ∈ Q(µ) + Z.
(i) When m > 0 and there is no prime p|D for which χκm (p) = 1,
′
Em (τ, 12 ; 32 , D, µ) 1 1 Γ′ (− 12 ) ζ ′ (−1) L′ (0, χκm )
= − log π|d| + + 2 −
Em (τ, 12 ; 32 , D, µ) 2 2 Γ(− 12 ) ζ(−1) L(0, χκm )
∑ [ ′ ] ( )
2p2 1 bp (κm, 0; D) 1 1
+ kp (D) − kp (c) − log p + J , 4πmv .
1 − p2 log p bp (κm, 0; D) 2 2
p|cD
Here 4κm = dc2 as in (2.15) and kp (c) = ordp c.

(ii) When m > 0 and there is a unique prime p|D for which χκm (p) = 1,
( ) ( )
′ 1 3 24 D 1 + p − pkp
Em τ, ; , D, µ = − ∏ δ d, H0 (m, D) log p,
2 2 q|D (1 − q) p 1+p
where ∏ ∏
1
δ(d, D) = (1 − χκm (q)), and H0 (m, D) = L(0, χκm ) bq (κm, 0; D),
2
q|D q-D
are given by [23, (8.19)–(8.20)].

(iii) When m < 0 and m ∈ Q(µ) + Z,
( ) ∫
′ 1 3 3 H( 32 , m; D) ∞ 4πmvr − 3
Em τ, ; , D, µ = − √ √ e r 2 dr q m .
2 2 π v |m| 1
(iv) Finally, when µ = 0, the constant term is given by E0′ (τ, 21 ; 23 , D, µ) = 1

2 log v.
3
The case l = and D = 1 is the same as Zagier’s Eisenstein series and its derivative as discussed
2
in Proposition 6.5 and Theorem 6.6. Finally, when l = 23 , and D = p is a prime number, i.e., B is the
quaternion algebra ramified exactly at p and ∞, Theorem 8.6 still holds with two modifications as follows.
1. When −m = n2 is a square, in this case, L(s, χκm ) = ζ(s) does not vanish at s = 0, but bp (n, s; D)
does and
b′p (κm, 0; D) = (1 + p − pkp ) log p.
So in this case ( ) ∫ ∞
′ 1 3 1 + p − pkp 3
e4πmvr r− 2 dr q −n .
3 2
E−n2 τ, ; , D, µ = − √
2 2 1−p 2 π v 1
2. The constant term for µ = 0 is
( )
′ 1 3 1 6 1
E0 τ, ; , D, 0 = log v + √ .
2 2 2 π v p − p−1
9 Quaternion algebras—quaternary forms

In this section, let B be a quaternion algebra over Q with reduced discriminant D = D(B), and let x 7→ x̄
be the main involution in B. Let R be an Eichler order of B of level N with (N, D) = 1. Let V = B
with the quadratic form Q(x) = det x, the reduced norm of x, and let L = R. Then
L∗ = {y ∈ B : tr(xȳ) ∈ Z for all x ∈ R}

∏
and |L∗ /L| = D2 N 2 . For µ ∈ L∗ /L, let ϕµ = char(µ + L̂) = p<∞ char(µ + Lp ). For a positive even
integer l, we are interested in computing the Eisenstein series E(τ, s; l, µ, R) = E(τ, s, Φl,µ ). For simplicity,
we will assume that N is square free. For p such that for µ ∈ Rp , let


1 − X
 if p - DN,
kp +1
,
−1
Bp (s; m, µ, R) = (1 − X) 1 − pX + pX p − X p ,
k +1 k +2
if p|D, (9.1)


1 − 2X + pX − pX kp +1 + X kp +2 , if p|N.
Here kp = ordp m and X = p−s . For p with µ ∈ / Rp , we set Bp (s; m, µ, R) = 1. It is easy to check that
Bp (s; m, µ, R) satisfies the following simple functional equation for p - N and kp > −1
Bp (s; m, µ, R) = |mD|s Bp (−s; m, µ, R). (9.2)
Theorem 9.1. Let α = 12 (1 + l + s), and β = 12 (1 − l + s). Then the Fourier expansion of
∑
E(τ, s; l, µ, R) = Am (τ, s; l, µ, R) q m
m∈Q(µ)+Z
is given as follows.
(i) For m > 0 and m ∈ Q(µ) + Z,
Am (τ, s; l, µ, R) = C + (s, l, D) ms v β B(m, s; µ, R) Ψ−l (s, 4πmv),
where
l (2π)s+1
C + (s, l, D) = (−1)o(D)+ 2
DN ζ DN (s
+ 1)Γ(α)
( ∏ ) 1
s − 2j π 2 2s+1
= (−1) o(D)
∏ −s )
.
p|DN (p − p
l
s + 2j + 1 Γ( l−s
2 )ζ(−s)
06j< 2

Ψl (s, 4π|m|v)
Am (τ, s; l, µ, R) = C − (s, l, D)|m|s v β B(m, s; µ, R) ,
Γ(β)e4π|m|v
where
√ s+1 s+1
− o(D)+ 2l (2π)s+1 o(D)+ 2l π2 Γ( 2 )
C (s, l, D) = (−1) = (−1) ∏ .
DN ζ DN (s + 1) Γ(− 2s )ζ(−s) p|DN (p − p−s )
(iii) For Q(µ) ∈ Z, the constant term is

l 2π
A0 (τ, s; l, µ, R) = v β δ0,µ + (−1)o(D)+ 2 v β−s
DN
∏ 1 − p1−s ∏ 1 + p1−s − 2p−s ∏ 1 − p−s 2−s Γ(s)ζ(s)
× .
1 − p−1−s 1 − p−1−s 1 − p−1−s Γ(α)Γ(β)ζ(s + 1)
p|D p|N,µ∈Rp p|N,µ∈R
/ p
(iv) For Q(µ) ∈

/ Z, the constant term is 0.
Proof. First, for m ̸= 0, we have by (4.4), and Propositions 5.7 and 5.8,

 −1
ζp (s + 1) , if p - DN,

Wm,p (s, ϕµ ) = γ(Vp )|DN |p char(Q(µ) + Zp )(m) Bp (m, s; µ, R) −1, if p|D,


1, if p|N.
∏
One can check that p<∞ γ(Vp ) = γ(V∞ ) = (−1)o(D) . Thus, for m ̸= 0,
(−1)o(D) B(m, s; µ, R)
Em (τ, s; l, µ, R) = Wm,∞ (τ, s; Φl∞ )char(Q(µ) + Z)(m).
DN ζDN (s + 1)
Now applying Proposition 2.2, one proves claims (i) and (ii) with the first formula for C ± (s, l, D). The
second formula for C ± follows from the first one, the functional equation of ζ(s) and the basic properties
of Γ(s). To see (iii) and (iv), recall from Proposition 5.7 and Corollary 5.9 that


 1, if p - DN,



 1−p 1−s

 − if p|D, µ ∈ Rp ,

 ,

 1 − p−1−s
W0,p (s, ϕµ ) = γ(Vp )|DN |p
ζp (s) 1 + p1−s − 2p−s
ζp (s + 1)  , if p|N, µ ∈ Rp ,

 1 − p−1−s

 1−p −s

 if p|N, µ ∈
/ Rp , Q(µ) ∈ Zp ,
 1 − p−1−s ,




0, otherwise.
We notice that, for p|D, µ ∈ Rp if and only if Q(µ) ∈ Zp . We also recall from Proposition 2.2 that
l 2−s Γ(s)
W0,∞ (τ, s, Φl∞ ) = 2π(−1) 2 v β−s .
Γ(α)Γ(β)
Now (iii) and (iv) follow from the formula

∏
E0 (τ, s; l, µ, R) = v β δ0,,µ + W0,∞ (τ, s, Φl∞ ) W0,p (s, ϕµ ). 2
p<∞
Corollary 9.2. Let the notation be as above.

(i) When l > 2 or D > 1, the special value at s = l − 1 is a holomorphic modular form of weight l with
rational Fourier coefficients and is given by
∑
E(τ, l − 1; l, µ, R) = δ0,µ + C + (l, D) ml−1 B(m, l − 1; µ, R) q m ,
m∈Q(µ)+Z,m>0
where ( ∏ )
l − 2j − 1 1 2l
C + (l, D) = (−1)o(D) ∏ −l
.
l
l + 2j DN p|DN (1 − p ) ζ(1 − l)
06j< 2
(ii) When l = 2 and D = 1, so that B = M2 (Q),

1 ∑ 3
E(τ, 1; 2, µ, R) = δ0,µ − ∏ m B(m, 1; µ, R) q m − δ(µ, N ),
ζ(−1) p|N (p − p−1 ) πv
m∈Q(µ)+Z,m>0
where 

0, if Q(µ) ∈
/ Z,
∏
δ(µ, N ) = |{p|N,µ∈Rp }| −1
2 (p + 1) , if Q(µ) ∈ Z.

p|N
Proof. Noting that C + (l, D) = C + (1, l, D) and Ψ−l (l − 1, z) = 1, the case m > 0 follows directly from
Theorem 9.1(i). When m < 0, Γ(β)−1 = 0 at s = l − 1, and thus Em (τ, l − 1; l, µ, R) = 0. For the same
reason one has for l > 2, E0 (τ, l − 1; l, µ, R) = δ0,µ . When l = 2, ζ(s) has a simple pole at s = l − 1 = 1,
cancelling the zero of Γ(β)−1 . If D > 1, the term
∏ 1 − p1−s
1 − p−1−s
p|D
is zero at s = 1 and we still have E0 (τ, l − 1; l, µ, R) = δ0,µ . If D = 1, then a direct computation using
(iii) and (iv) gives the extra term − πv
3
δ(µ, N ) for the constant term. 2
Corollary 9.3. (i) When m > 0 and m ∈ Q(µ) + Z,
′
Em (τ, l − 1; l, µ, R) ∑ ( 1 1
)
1 ζ ′ (1 − l)
= − − (γ + log(4π)) +
Em (τ, l − 1; l, µ, R) l
l − 2j − 1 l + 2j 2 ζ(1 − l)
06j< 2
∑ 1
+ Kp log p + J(l − 1, 4πmv).
2
p|mDN
Here γ is the Euler’s constant, kp = ordp m, J(n, z) is given in Lemma 2.2, and Kp is given as follows.
When µ ∈ Rp , Kp is equal to
 1 1

 kp + (l−1)(k +1) − l−1 , if p - DN,

 p −1 p −1


p

 pl + pl−1 − 2 p2−l − (kp + 1)p(1−l)(kp +1)+1 − (kp + 2)p(1−l)(kp +2)
kp − l−1 + , if p|D,

 (p − 1)(p − 1)
l 1 − p2−l + p(1−l)(kp +1)+1 − p(1−l)(kp +2)



 l l−1
−2 2 − p2−l − (kp + 1)p(1−l)(kp +1)+1 + (kp + 2)p(1−l)(kp +2)
k − p + p
 + , if p|N.
p
(pl−1 − 1)(pl − 1) 1 − 2p1−l + p2−l − p(1−l)(kp +1)+1 + p(1−l)(kp +2)
When µ ∈ / Rp , Kp = 12 kp − pl1−1 . Finally J(n, t) is given in Lemma 2.2, and the value Em (τ, l − 1; l, µ, R)
is given by Corollary 9.2.
(ii) When m < 0 and m ∈ Q(µ) + Z,

∫ ∞
′
Em (τ, l − 1; l, µ, R) = C − (l, D) (2πv)1−l B(m, l − 1; µ, R) e4πmvr r−l dr q m
1
with √ l
− πΓ( 2l )(−1)o(D)+ 2
C (l, D) = ∏ −l
2 )ζ(1 − l)DN
Γ( 1−l p|DN (1 − p )
Corollary 9.4. When l > 2, the derivative of the constant term at s = l − 1 is

l √
1 (−1)o(D)+ 2 πΓ( 2l ) ζ(l − 1)
E0′ (τ, l − 1; l, µ, R) = δ0,µ log v + l−1 ζ(1 − l)
2 DN (l − 1)Γ( 1−l
2 )(2πv)
∏ 1 − p2−l ∏ 1 + p2−l − 2p1−l ∏ 1 − p1−l
×
1 − p−l 1 − p−l 1 − p−l
/ p
1 ζ(l − 1)
= δ0,µ log v + (2πv)1−l C − (l, D)
2 l−1
∏ ∏ ∏
× (1 − p )
2−l
(1 + p 2−l
− 2p1−l ) (1 − p1−l ),
/ p
if Q(µ) ∈ Z. Otherwise, the derivative is zero.

Corollary 9.5. Suppose that l = 2.
(i) If o(D) > 1, then E0′ (τ, 1; 2, µ, R) = 21 δ0,µ log v.
(ii) If o(D) = 1 so that D is a prime number, then
1 3 D
E0′ (τ, 1; 2, µ, R) = δ0,µ log v + δ(µ, N ) 2 ,
2 πv D −1
where δ(µ, N ) is given in Corollary 9.2.
(iii) If D = 1, then
( )
1 3 1 1 ζ ′ (−1)
E0′ (τ, 1; 2, µ, R) = δ0,µ log v − δ(µ, N ) − log v + − log(4π) +
2 πv 2 2 ζ(−1)
( ∑ ∑ )
3 p p
− δ(µ, N ) log p − log p .
πv p2 − 1 2(p + 1)
p|N,µ∈R
/ p p|N,µ∈Rp
Proof. (sketch) Since 1 − p1−s vanishes at s = 1, (i) and (ii) are clear. When D = 1 and l = 2, one has
2−s Γ(s) ζ(s)

E0 (τ, s; 2, µ, R) = v β δ0,µ − v β−s
Γ( s+3
2 )ζ(s + 1) Γ( s−1
2 )
2π ∏ 1−p −s ∏ 1 + p1−s − 2p−s
× .
N 1 − p−1−s 1 − p−1−s
p|N,µ∈R
/ p p|N,µ∈Rp
Thus,
3 1 3
E0 (τ, 1; 2, µ, R) = δ0,µ − δ(µ, N ) and E0′ (τ, 1; 2, µ, R) = δ0,µ log v − δ(µ, N )(A1 + A2 ),
πv 2 πv
where
1 Γ′ (1) 1 Γ′ (2) ζ ′ (2) d ζ(s)
A1 = − log v − log 2 + − − + log s−1 ,
2 Γ(1) 2 Γ(2) ζ(2) ds Γ( 2 ) s=1
and
∑ ( ) ∑ ( )
p−1 p−2 −1 + 2p−1 p−2
A2 = −1
− log p + − log p
1−p 1 − p−2 2 − 2p−1 1 − p−2
p|N,µ∈R
/ p p|N,µ∈Rp
∑ p ∑ p
= log p − log p.
p2 −1 2(p + 1)
p|N,µ∈R
/ p p|N,µ∈Rp
To compute A1 , recall the basic formulas
Γ′ (1) Γ′ (2) Γ′ (− 12 )
= −γ, = 1 − γ, and = 2 − γ − 2 log 2.
Γ(1) Γ(2) Γ(− 12 )
These formulas and the functional equation of ζ(s) give
ζ ′ (2) ζ ′ (−1)
= log 2π − 1 + γ − .
ζ(2) ζ(−1)
Finally, one has

( )
ζ(s) 1 1 Γ′ ( 1+s
2 )
= 1 + (γ − )(s − 1) + · · · ,
Γ( s−1
2 ) 2 2 Γ( 1+s
2 )
2
so that
d ζ(s) 3
log s−1 = γ,
ds Γ( 2 ) s=1 2
′
and hence A1 = − 12 log v − log 4π + 12 + ζζ(−1)
(−1)
. This proves (iii). 2
Using (9.3), and (2.10), one can easily obtain from Theorem 9.1 the following simple functional equation
when N = 1, i.e., R is a maximal order of B, which we write as a theorem without proof.
Theorem 9.6. Let R = OB be a maximal order of B. Then
( ) s+1 ( ) ( ∏ )
D 2
s+1
E(τ, s, l; µ, OB ) = Γ ζ(s + 1) (1 + s + 2j) E(τ, s; l, µ, OB )
π 2 l
06j< 2
satisfies the functional equation E(τ, s, l; µ, OB ) = E(τ, −s, l; µ, OB ).

It would be interesting to work out the (matrix) functional for E(τ, s; l, µ, R) for a general Eichler
order.
10 Integrals of Borcherds forms
The derivatives of Eisenstein series computed in the previous sections are useful in computing period
integrals of Borcherds’ modular forms, see, for example, [6, 18, 35]. We first briefly review the result
of [18], which is one of the main original motivations for this paper.
Let V be a non-degenerate quadratic space over Q of signature (n, 2), let L be an even lattice in V ,
and let L∗ be its dual. Let G = GSpin(V ), and let D be the Hermitian symmetric domain of the oriented
negative 2-planes in VR . Let K be a compact open subgroup of G(Q̂) which fixes L and acts trivially on
L∗ /L. Then there is a Shimura variety XK = Sh(G, D)K over Q such that
( )
XK (C) = G(Q)\ D × G(Q̂)/K .
Let SL = ⊕Cϕµ be the space of Schwartz functions on V̂ = V ⊗Q Q̂ which are L̂-invariant and are
supported on L̂∗ . For simplicity, we assume that n is even, and refer to [18] for the general case. A
weakly holomorphic modular form of weight k valued in SL is defined to be a holomorphic function
F : H → SL with the following properties:
1. For every γ = ( ac db ) ∈ SL2 (Z), F (γτ ) = (cτ + d)k ωV−1 (γ)F (τ ), where on the right-hand side we
identify γ with its image in SL2 (Ẑ).
2. There is a polynomial PF (τ ) ∈ SL [q −1 ] such that F (τ ) − PF (τ ) = o(e−ϵv ) as v = Im(τ ) → ∞ for
some fixed constant ϵ > 0.
Such a modular form has a Fourier expansion

∑ ∑
F (τ ) = cµ (m) q m ϕµ (10.1)
µ∈L∗ /L m
such that cµ (m) = 0 when −m > 0 is sufficiently large.

For a weakly holomorphic modular form of weight 1 − n2 with cµ (m) ∈ Z whenever m < 0, Borcherds
constructed a meromorphic modular form Ψ(F ) on XK with some amazing properties, via a regularized
theta lifting, [2], see also [18] for a brief review. It is of interest in Arakelov theory to compute the integral
∫
1
κ(F ) = − log ∥Ψ(z, F )∥2 dµ(z)
Vol(XK ) X(C)
where µ(z) is a normalized G(R)-invariant volume form on D, and ∥Ψ(z, F )∥ is a suitably normalized
Peterson metric of Ψ(z, F ) (see [18]).
n
2 +1
n
Let E(τ, s; Φ 2 +1,µ ) be the Eisenstein series on SL(2) associated with Φ∞ ⊗ ϕµ , and let

 1 C δ0,µ , if m = 0,
κµ (m) = 2
 lim E ′ (τ, n ; Φ n2 +1,µ ) q −m , if m > 0.
m
v→∞ 2
Here C = log(2π) − Γ′ (1) = log(2π) + γ. Then the first author proved the following theorem, which
basically says that κµ (m) is the kernel function for the integral (10.1).
Theorem 10.1 [18, Theorem II]. Let F be a weakly holomorphic modular form of weight 1 − n2 valued
in SL such that all cµ (m) are integers for m 6 0. Then
∑∑
κ(F ) = cµ (−m)κµ (m).
µ m>0
Remark 10.2. In [4], Bruinier and Funke extended Borcherds’ construction to the so-called harmonic
weak Maass forms to obtain automorphic Green functions Φ(z, F ) on XK for certain special divisors
Z(F ). When F is weakly holomorphic, one has Φ(z, F ) = − log ∥Ψ(z, F )∥2 . It thus makes sense to define
in the general case ∫
1
κ(F ) = Φ(z, F ) dµ(z).
Vol(XK ) XK (C)
∑ ∑
Zhao proved in his thesis [35] that κ(F ) − µ m>0 cµ (−m)κµ (m) is the derivative of a certain L-series.
We end this paper with an explicit calculation of κ(F ) in an interesting example of Borcherds. Let
∑10
V = Q12 with the quadratic form Q(x) = 12 ( i=1 x2i − x211 − x212 ). Then the lattice considered in [2,
∑
Example 13.7] is L = {x = (xi ) ∈ Z12 : xi ∈ 2Z}. It is the maximal even lattice in the odd
unimodular lattice Z12 ⊂ V . It is also a sublattice of the even unimodular lattice L1 generated by L
and ρ = 12 (1, 1, . . . , 1) ∈ V. Let ei ∈ V be the element which has the i-th coordinate 1 and all the other
coordinates 0. Then L∗ /L is of order 4 and a set of coset representatives is given by 0, ρ, ρ − e1 , and e1 .
The first three have norm in Z and the last one has norm 21 . For every p ̸= 2, Lp is unimodular, and for
p = 2, we have
Lemma 10.3. The 2-adic lattice L2 = L ⊗ Z2 is Z2 -equivalent to Z12
2 with quadratic form
Q(x) = x1 x2 + x3 x4 + x5 x6 + 2x7 x8 + (x29 + x9 x10 + x210 ) + (x211 + x11 x12 + x212 ).
Proof. Set
f1 = −e10 − e12 , f2 = e9 + e12 , f3 = e9 + e10 + e11 + e12 , f4 = −e8 − e11 ,

f5 = −e7 + e8 + e9 + e10 + e11 + e12 , f6 = e6 − e7 , f7 = e4 − e5 , f8 = e4 − e3 .
Then the vectors f1 , . . . , f8 generate a unimodular Z-sublattice M of L of rank 8, whose Gram matrix is
diag(J1 , J1 , J2 , J2 ) with J1 = ( 01 10 ), J2 = ( 21 12 ). So L = M ⊕ M ⊥ where
{ ∑ }
M ⊥ = x = (xi ) ∈ L : x3 = x4 = x5 , x6 = x7 = · · · = x12 , xi ∈ 2Z
∑
is Z-equivalent to M1 = {x = (xi ) ∈ Z4 : xi ∈ 2Z} with quadratic form Q1 (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = x21 + x22 +
3x3 + 3x4 , since Q(e3 + e4 + e5 ) = 3 and Q(e6 + e7 + · · · + e12 ) = 3. Now we have to work over Z2 . Take
2 2
g1 = e1 − e2 and g2 = e2 − e3 ∈ M1 , then M2 = Z2 g1 + Z2 g2 is a unimodular Z2 -sublattice of M1 ⊗ Z2

with
Q1 (xg1 + yg2 ) = x2 − xy + 2y 2
since Q1 ≡ (x + 2y)(x + 5y) (mod 8) there are ϵ1 ≡ −2 (mod 8) and ϵ2 ≡ −5 (mod 8) such that
Q1 (xg1 + yg2 ) = (x − ϵ1 y)(x − ϵ2 y) over Z2 . That is, (M2 , Q1 ) is Z2 -equivalent to the hyperplane Z22 with
quadratic form xy. Now M1 ⊗ Z2 = M2 ⊕ M2⊥ with
{ ∑ }
⊥
M2 = x ∈ Z2 : x1 = x2 = 3x3 ,
4
xi ∈ 2Z2 .
Finally, M2⊥ has a basis g3 = (3, 3, 1, 1) and g4 = (0, 0, 0, 2) with respect to which we have
Q1 (xg3 + yg4 ) = 2(6x2 + 3xy + y 2 ) = 2(x − β1 y)(x − β2 y),
and this is Z2 -equivalent to the hyperplane Z22 with quadratic form 2xy. Here βi ∈ Z2 satisfy β1 ≡ 2
(mod 8), β2 ≡ 3 (mod 8). This proves the lemma. 2
It is easy to check using the definition that
γ(Vp ) = 1 (10.2)
for all p, including ∞. Now applying Theorem 4.4, we have

Proposition 10.4. Let µ = 0, ρ, ρ − e1 , e1 ∈ L∗ /L. Then
 ( )
 1

 char + Z 2 (m), if µ = e1 ,

 2
1
Wm,2 (s, ϕµ ) = char(Z2 )(m), if µ = ρ, ρ − e1 ,
2

char(Z2 )(m) 1 − 2 · X
k2 +1
 + X k2 +2
, if µ = 0.
1−X
Here X = 2−s and k2 = ordp m. In particular,


0, if Q(µ) ∈
/ Z2 ,
1
W0,2 (s, ϕµ ) = 1, if Q(µ) ∈ Z2 , µ ∈
/ L2 ,
2

ζ (s), if µ ∈ L2 .
2
Proposition 10.5. Let the notation be as above.

(i) If Q(µ) ∈ Z, m > 0, and m ∈ Z,
( ′
ζ (−5) 137 3 1 62
κµ (m) = Aµ (m) + + γ − log π + log 2
ζ(−5) 120 2 2 63
1 ∑ ( kp + 1 1
) ′
Wm,2 (5, ϕµ )
)
+ log m + − log p + ,
2
p̸=2
p5(kp +1) − 1 p5 − 1 Wm,2 (5, ϕµ )
where 
 31 · 25k2

 5(k2 +1) , if µ ∈
/ L,
2 −1
Aµ (m) = −28 σ5 (m)

 25(k2 +2) − 63
 , if µ ∈ L,
25(k2 +2) − 32
and 
′
Wm,2 (5, ϕµ ) 0,
( )
if µ ∈
/ L,
′ (5, ϕ ) =  63k2 + 62 1
Wm,2 µ − log 2, if µ ∈ L.
25(k2 +2) − 63 31
(ii) If Q(µ) ∈ + Z, i.e., µ = e1 , then for m > 0 and m ∈ 21 + Z,

1
2
( ′
ζ (−5) 137 3 1 61 1
κµ (m) = − 8σ(2m) + + γ − log π + log 2 + log(2m)
ζ(−5) 120 2 2 126 2
∑ ( kp + 1 1
) )
+ − log p
p5(kp +1) − 1 p5 − 1
p̸=2
Proof. By Theorem 2.4, where S = {2} in this case, and Proposition 10.4, one has
∏ (−2πi)5
q −m Em (τ, 5, Φ6,µ ) = Wm,2 (5, ϕµ )m5 σ−5,p (m)
Γ(6)ζ(6)(1 − 2−6 )
p̸=2
∏
= −2 Wm,2 (5, ϕµ )m5
9
σ−5,p (m).
p̸=2
When Q(µ) ∈ Z, one has

1 − 2−5
q −m Em (τ, 5, Φ6,µ ) = −29 σ5 (m) Wm,2 (5, ϕµ ) = Aµ (m).
1 − 2−5(k2 +1)
When Q(µ) ∈ 1
2 + Z, k2 = −1 and thus
1 ∏
q −m Em (τ, 5, Φ6,µ ) = −29 m5 σ−5,p (m) = −8 σ5 (2m).
2
p̸=2
On the other hand, by Proposition 2.8, one has
′
Em (τ, 5, Φ6,µ ) 1 1 Γ′ (6) 1 ζ ′ (6) 1
6,µ
= log(πm) − + J(5, 4πmv) − − log 2
Em (τ, 5, Φ ) 2 2 Γ(6) 2 ζ(6) 63
( )
′
Wm,2 (5, ϕµ ) ∑ kp + 1 1
+ + − log p.
Wm,2 (5, ϕµ ) p5(kp +1) − 1 p5 − 1
p̸=2
The functional equation for ζ(s) gives

ζ ′ (6) 137 ζ ′ (−5) Γ′ (6) 137
= log π − − γ − log 2 − and = − γ.
ζ(6) 60 ζ(−5) Γ(6) 60
W′ (5,ϕµ )
Putting them together, one proves the proposition. The formula for Wm,2m,2 (5,ϕµ )
follows directly from
Proposition 10.3. 2
∑
Now let F = µ fµ ϕµ be the modular form of weight −4 for SL2 (Z) valued in SL given by Borcherds [2,
Example 13.7] with
f0 (τ ) = 8η(2τ )8 /η(τ )16 = 8 + 128q + 1152q 2 + · · · ,

fρ (τ ) = fρ−e1 (τ ) = −8η(2τ )8 /η(τ )16 = −8 − 128q − 1152q 2 + · · · ,
fe1 (τ ) = 8η(2τ )8 /η(τ )16 + η(τ /2)8 /η(τ )16 = q − 2 + 36q 2 + 402q 2 + · · · .
1 1 3
Let Ψ(F ) be the corresponding Borcherds modular form for GSpin(V ). Then Theorem 10.1 gives
( )
1
κ(F ) = 4(γ + log(2π)) + κe1
2
Applying Proposition 10.4, we obtain
( ′ )
ζ (−5) 137 2
κ(F ) = 4 − − − 2γ + 2 log π − log 2 . (10.3)
ζ(−5) 60 63
Acknowledgements T.Y. Yang is partially supported by Natural Science Foundation of USA (Grant No.
DMS-0855901) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10628103). We would like to
dedicate this work to Professor Yuan Wang, who has made such important contributions to number theory and
Chinese mathematics. The second author thanks the AMSS, the Morningside Center of Mathematics, and the
Tsinghua University Mathematical Science Center for providing excellent working condition during his summer
visits to these institutes. We thank S. Ehlen and an anonymous referee for their careful reading and comments.
We thank Ye Tian for interesting discussion.
References
1 Abramowitz M, Stegun I. Pocketbook of Mathematical Functions. Abridged edition of Handbook of mathematical
functions. Material selected by Michael Danos and Johann Rafelski. Thun: Verlag Harri Deutsch, 1984
2 Borcherds R E. Automorphic forms with singularities on Grassmannians. Invent Math, 1998, 132: 491–562
3 Bruinier J, Burgos Gil J, Kühn U. Borcherds products and arithmetic intersection theory on Hilbert modular surfaces.
Duke Math J, 2007, 139: 1–88
4 Bruinier J H, Funke J. On two geometric theta lifts. Duke Math J, 2004, 125: 45–90
5 Bruinier J, Kudla S, Yang T H. Faltings heights of Big CM cycles and derivatives of L-functions. Preprint, 2010
6 Bruinier J, Kühn U. Integrals of automorphic Green’s functions associated to Heegner divisors. IMRN, 2003, 31:
1687–1729
7 Bruinier J, Yang T H. CM-values of Hilbert modular functions. Invent Math, 2006, 163: 229–288
8 Bruinier J, Yang T H. Faltings heights of CM cycles and derivatives of L-functions. Invent Math, 2009, 177: 631–681
9 Bruinier J, Yang T H. CM values of automorphic Green functions on orthogonal groups over totally real fields.
Arithmetic Geometry and Automorphic Forms, to appear
10 Cassels J W S. Rational Quadratic Forms, London Mathematical Society Monographs, 13. London-New York: Aca-
demic Press, 1978.
11 Cohen H. Sums involving the values at negative integers of L-functions of quadratic characters. Math Ann, 1975, 217:
271–285
12 Errthum E. Singular moduli of Shimura curves. PhD Thesis, University of Maryland, 2007
13 Gross B, Zagier D. On singular moduli. J Reine Angew Math, 1985, 355: 191–220
14 Gross B, Zagier D. Heegner points and derivatives of L-series. Invent Math, 1986, 84: 225–320
15 Hirzebruch F, Zagier D. Intersection numbers of curves on Hilbert modular surfaces and modular forms of Nebentypus.
Invent Math, 1976, 36: 57–113
16 Kitaoka Y. Arithmetic of quadratic forms. In: Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics 106. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1993
17 Kudla S. Central derivatives of Eisenstein series and height pairings. Ann of Math, 1997, 146: 545–646
18 Kudla S. Integrals of Borcherds forms. Compositio Math, 2003, 137: 293–349
19 Kudla S. Splitting metaplectic covers of dual reductive pairs. Israel J Math, 1994, 87: 361–401
20 Kudla S, Rallis S. On the Weil-Siegel formula. J Reine Angew Math, 1988, 387: 1–68
21 Kudla S, Rallis S. On the Weil-Siegel formula. II. The isotropic convergent case. J Reine Angew Math, 1988, 391:
65–84
22 Kudla S, Rapoport M, Yang T H. On the derivative of an Eisenstein series of weight one. IMRN, 1999, 7: 347–385
23 Kudla S, Rapoport M, Yang T H. Derivatives of Eisenstein series and Faltings heights. Compositio Math, 2004, 140:
887–951
24 Kudla S, Rapoport M, Yang T H. Modular forms and special cycles on Shimura curves. In: Annals of Math Studies
Series, vol 161, Princeton University Press, 2006
25 Kudla S, Yang T H. On the pullback of an arithmetic theta function I. Preprint, 2010
26 Langlands R. On the Functional Equations Satisfied by Eisenstein Series. In: Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 544.
Berlin-New York: Springer-Verlag, 1976
27 Lebedev N N. Special Functions and Their Applications. New York: Dover, 1972
28 Rallis S. On the Howe duality conjecture, Compositio Math, 1984, 51: 333–399
29 Ranga Rao R. On some explicit formulas in the theory of Weil representation. Pacific J Math, 1993, 157: 335–371
30 Schofer J. Borcherds forms and generalizations of singular moduli. J Reine Angew Math, 2009, 629: 1–36
31 Siegel C L. Über die analytische Theorie der quadratischen Formen. II. Ann of Math, 1936, 37: 230–263
32 Weil A. Sur la formule de Siegel dans la théorie des groupes classiques. Acta Math, 1965, 113: 1–7
33 Yang T H. An explicit formula for local densities of quadratic forms. J Number Theory, 1998, 72: 309–356
34 Zagier D. Nombres de classes et formes modulaires de poids 3/2. C R Acad Sci Paris Sr A-B, 1975, 281: 883–886
35 Zhao L L. Period integral of automorphic Green functions. PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 2011

Eisenstein Final 2010

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Eisenstein Final 2010

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SCIENCE CHINA

Eisenstein series for SL(2)

KUDLA Stephen S.1 & YANG TongHai2,∗

1Department of Mathematics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S2E4, Canada;

Received June 21, 2010; accepted July 26, 2010

Keywords Eisenstein series, local Whittaker functions, Weil representation, derivative

MSC(2000): 11G15, 11F41, 14K22

for Re(s) > 1. If l > 2, then s0 = l − 1 > 1 and

we obtain the following formulas:

3. The constant term is given by

1 π(−i)l (2v)1−l ζ(l − 1)

2 Eisenstein series 2278

3 Classical Eisenstein series 2284

4 Local Whittaker functions 2286

5 Local examples 2293

6 Cohen and Zagier Eisenstein series 2299

7 An incoherent Eisenstein series of weight 1 2303

8 Quaternion algebras—ternary forms 2305

9 Quaternion algebras—quaternary forms 2308

10 Integrals of Borcherds forms 2312

If R = Qp and L = V is a vector space of dimension n, we let χV be the quadratic character of Q×

There is an Iwasawa decomposition G(A) = P (A)K, where K = K∞ Kf , K∞ = SO(2), Kf = SL2 (Ẑ) =

P (A) × C1 ≃ PA′ , (p, z) 7→ [p, z]. (1.6)

section Φ(s) ∈ I(s, χ) is a smooth function on G′A such that

E(g ′ , −s, M (s)Φ) = E(g ′ , s, Φ), (2.3)

for a square free integer κ.

The archimedean component Φ∞ (s) will be taken as follows. For l ∈ 12 Z satisfying

Φl∞ (g ′ k ′ , s) = νl (k ′ ) Φl∞ (g ′ , s), Φl∞ (1, s) = 1 (2.11)

where, for p < ∞,

1 − vp X + pk vp X 1+2k − pk+1 X 2k+2

2. If p|D and ordp c > 0, then

3. If ordp c < 0, then bp (κm, s; D) = 1.

We will simply write bp (κm, s) = bp (κm, s; D) for p - D.

Here bp (κm, s) is given by (2.16). In particular,

Next, we consider the archimedean local Whittaker function.

Ψ(a, b; z) = z 1−b Ψ(1 + a − b, 2 − b; z). (2.20)

For convenience, we also deﬁne

Ψn (s, z) = z −s Ψn (−s, z). (2.21)

The formulae in the following lemma will be used in this paper.

e−tz t− 2 +µ−ν (1 + t)− 2 +µ+ν dt.

To lighten the notation, for s ∈ C and v ∈ R \ {0}, we let

Wsk (v) = |v|−k/2 Wsgn(v)k/2,(1−k)/2−s (|v|). (2.23)

So, when l > 0, and v > 0, one has

Ψl (s, v) = W l1−l−s (v) e 2 v −

Ψl (s, 4π|m|v) −4π|m|v m

Combining these facts, we obtain the following preliminary result.

2−s Γ(s) LS (s, χ)

(ii) In the odd case, where l ∈ 12 Z − Z,

2−s Γ(s) ζ S (2s)

The normalized Eisenstein series has better analytic properties.

(ii) In the odd case, it has Fourier expansion

Thus, from Theorem 2.4, we have

(ii) In the odd case,

(i) In the even case,

(ii) In the odd case,

LS,′ (l − 12 , χκm ) ζ S,′ (2l − 1) ∑ b′p (κm, l − 12 )

(ii) In the odd case,

3 Classical Eisenstein series

E(τ, s; l) = E(τ, s, Φl∞ ⊗ (⊗p Φ0p )).

Then it is easy to see from the deﬁnition that

The following Fourier expansion follows immediately from Theorem 2.4.

Proof. (sketch) By Proposition 3.1, we have

Here Bl are the Bernoulli numbers.