Thermodynamics

Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University

Najaf Technical College
First semester lectures
First Stage
By Dr. Basil N. Merzah
Example 1
Complete this table for H2O
𝑻 (𝒐𝑪 ) P (kpa) 𝟑
𝒗 ( 𝒎 𝒌𝒈) Phase description

50 4.16

200 Saturated vapor

250 400

110 600
 For first row

At 𝑇 = 50 𝐶 𝑣 = 12.0318

𝑣 <𝑣 = 4.16 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 < 𝑣 = 12.0318 𝑚 𝑘𝑔

The state is mixture

P = 𝑃 = 12.35 𝑘𝑝𝑎

For Second row

At 𝑃 = 200𝑘𝑝𝑎, 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑣 = 𝑣 = 0.88773 𝑚 𝑘𝑔

T = 𝑇 = 120.23 𝐶
 For third row

At 𝑇 = 250 𝐶 𝑃 = 3973 𝑘𝑝𝑎

𝑃 = 400 𝑘𝑝𝑎 < 𝑃

The state is superheated vapor

From superheated table

P = 400 kpa and T= 250 𝐶

𝑣 = 0.59512 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
 For fourth row

At 𝑇 = 110 𝐶 , 𝑃 = 600 𝑘𝑝𝑎

𝑃 = 600 𝑘𝑝𝑎 > 𝑃

The state is Compressed liquid

From Saturated table

𝑇 = 110 𝐶, 𝑣 = 0.001052
 𝑻 (𝒐𝑪 ) P (kpa) 𝟑
𝒗 ( 𝒎 𝒌𝒈) Phase description

50 12.350 4.16 Mixture

12.350 200 0.88573 Saturated vapor
250 400 0.59512 Superheated
110 600 0.001052 Compressed liquid
Example 2
Complete this table for H2O
𝑻 (𝒐𝑪 ) P (kpa) 𝒉 ( 𝒌𝑱 𝒌𝒈) X Phase description

200 0.7
140 1800
950 0
77 500
800 3161.68
 For first row

At 𝑃 = 200, 𝑘𝑝𝑎, 𝑥 = 0.7

The state is mixture
𝑇 = 𝑇 = 120.23 𝐶

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ℎ = 504.68 𝑘𝑔 , ℎ = 2201.96 𝑘𝑔

ℎ=ℎ +𝑥ℎ = 2046 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔

For Second row

At 𝑇 = 140 𝐶 , ℎ = 1800

ℎ <ℎ < ℎ = 2733.87 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔

The state is mixture

.
P = 𝑃 = 361.3 kpa 𝑥= = .
=0.57
 For third row

At 𝑃 = 950 𝑘𝑝𝑎 , 𝑥 = 0

The state is Saturated liquid line

𝑘𝐽
ℎ=ℎ = 753 𝑘𝑔

𝑇 = 𝑇 = 177.69 𝐶
 For fourth row

At 𝑇 = 77 𝐶 , 𝑃 = 500 𝑘𝑝𝑎

T=75 77 80
80 − 75 77 − 75
=
47.39 − 38.58 𝑃 − 38.58

𝑃 = 500 𝑘𝑝𝑎 > 𝑃 = P=38.58 P 47.39 𝑃= 𝑘𝑝𝑎

The state is Compressed liquid

From Saturated table T=75 77 80

𝐴𝑡 𝑇 = 77 𝐶, ℎ = 321.95 80 − 75 77 − 75
=
334.88 − 313.91 ℎ − 313.91

ℎ = 313.91 ℎ 334.88
ℎ = 321.95 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔
 For fifth row

At 𝑃 = 800 𝑘𝑝𝑎 , ℎ = 3161.68

ℎ >ℎ = 2769.13 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔

The state is Superheated vapor

From the Superheated vapor table

At 𝑃 = 800 𝑘𝑝𝑎 , ℎ = 3161.68

T = 350 𝐶
 𝑻 (𝒐𝑪 ) P (kpa) 𝒉 ( 𝒌𝑱 𝒌𝒈) X Phase description

120.23 200 2046 0.7 mixture

140 361.3 1800 0.57 mixture
177.69 950 753 0 Saturated liquid line
75 500 321.95 -- Compressed liquid
350 800 3161.68 -- Superheated vapor
Home work 1
Complete this table for -134a

𝑻 (𝒐𝑪 ) P (kpa) 𝟑
𝒗 ( 𝒎 𝒌𝒈) Phase description

-8 320

30 0.015

180 Saturated vapor

80 600
Home work 2
Complete this table for -134a

𝑻 (𝒐𝑪 ) P (kpa) 𝒖 ( 𝒌𝑱 𝒌𝒈) Phase description

20 95

-12 Saturated liquid

400 300

8 600
 Home work 3

A 100L vessel contains 4kg of refrigerant-12 at a temperature of –20oC.

Determine (a) the pressure of the refrigerant (b) the quality, (c) the enthalpy of the
refrigerant and, (d) the volume occupied by the vapor phase.