Chapter 12 (Vapor Power Systems)

IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Ideal Rankine cycle:

Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Analysis of ideal Rankine cycle:
The steady flow energy equations on a unit of mass basis while assuming
ΔKE = 0 & ΔPE = 0 is written as:
Process (1-2) isentropic compression (Pump): (𝑠1 = 𝑠2 ) & (Q = 0)
State 1 is considered as a saturated liquid state (𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑓 ) & (ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓 )
𝑊1−2 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊𝑃 = ℎ2 - ℎ1 & 𝑊𝑃 = ∫v * dP = 𝑣1 * (𝑃2 - 𝑃1 )
Process (2-3) constant pressure heat addition (Boiler): (𝑃2 = 𝑃3 )
State 3 is considered as saturated vapor or superheated vapor state (check)
𝑄2−3 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 - ℎ2
Process (3-4) isentropic expansion (Steam Turbine): (𝑠3 = 𝑠4 ) & (Q = 0)
𝑊3−4 = 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊𝑆𝑇 = ℎ3 - ℎ4
Process (4-1) constant pressure heat rejection (Condenser): (𝑃4 = 𝑃1 )
Check ℎ4 depend upon 𝑠4 (whether saturated vapor or mixture)
𝑄4−1 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ℎ4 - ℎ1
Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Analysis of ideal Rankine cycle:
Thermodynamic Cycle: (𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 )
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑆𝑇 - 𝑊𝑃 & 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 - 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
Thermal efficiency (η𝑡ℎ ) =
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑊𝑃
Back work ratio (BWR) =
𝑊𝑆𝑇

Energy Balance on the condenser:

𝑚𝑠. (ℎ4 - ℎ1 ) = 𝑚𝑐𝑤
. 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 - 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Methods of increasing the efficiency of the ideal
Rankine cycle:
(1) Lowering condenser pressure:
The colored area on this diagram
represents the increase in net work
output as a result of lowering the
condenser pressure. The heat input
requirements also but this increase
is very small. Thus the overall
effect of lowering the condenser
pressure is an increase in the
thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Methods of increasing the efficiency of the ideal Rankine
cycle:
(2) Increasing boiler pressure:
Increasing the average temperature
during the heat-addition process
can be done by increasing the
operating pressure of the boiler,
which automatically raises the
temperature at which boiling takes
place. Notice that for a fixed turbine
inlet temperature, the cycle shifts to
the left and the moisture content of
steam at the turbine exit increases.
Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Methods of increasing the efficiency of the ideal Rankine
cycle:
(3) Superheating steam:
Superheating steam to high temperatures
leads to an increase in both the net work
and heat input. The overall Effect is an
increase in thermal efficiency, however,
since the average temperature at which
heat is added increases. Superheating the
steam to higher temperatures has another
very desirable effect: It decreases the
Moisture content of the steam at the
turbine exit.
Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Example (12.8) page (134):
Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal Rankine cycle. The steam enters
the turbine at 3 MPa and 350ºC and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10
kPa. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency of this power plant, (b) the thermal efficiency
if steam is superheated to 600ºC instead of 350ºC, (c) the thermal efficiency if the boiler
pressure is raised to 15 MPa While the turbine inlet temperature is maintained at 600ºC
Solution

Given that:
P3 = 3 MPa, T3 = 350ºC
P4 = 10 kPa
Required: (a) η𝑡ℎ
(b) η𝑡ℎ if T3 = 600ºC
(c) η𝑡ℎ if P3 = 15 MPa &
T3 = 600ºC
Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Example (12.8) page (134):
Process (1-2) isentropic compression (Pump): (𝑠1 = 𝑠2 ) & (Q = 0)
𝑊1−2 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊𝑃 = ℎ2 - ℎ1 & 𝑊𝑃 = ∫v * dP = 𝑣1 * (𝑃2 - 𝑃1 )
From saturated water table (P) @ 10 kPa (page 20) (state 1 is a saturated liquid state)
𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑓 = 0.001010 𝑚3 /kg, ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓 = 191.83 kJ/kg, ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2392.8 kJ/kg,
ℎ𝑔 = 2584.7 kJ/kg, 𝑠𝑓 = 0.6493 kJ/kg K, 𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 7.5009 kJ/kg K, 𝑠𝑔 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K
𝑊𝑃 = 𝑣1 * (𝑃2 - 𝑃1 ) = 0.001010 * (3000 – 10) = 3.02 kJ/kg
ℎ2 = 𝑊𝑃 + ℎ1 = 3.02 + 191.83 = 194.85 kJ/kg
Process (2-3) constant pressure heat addition (Boiler): (𝑃2 = 𝑃3 )
𝑄2−3 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 - ℎ2
From saturated water table (P) @ 3 MPa (page 22) (𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 233.9 ºC ˂ T3) (Superheated)
From water - superheated vapor table @ 3 MPa & 350 °C (page 28) T ºC h (kJ/kg)
360 −350 3138.7 − ℎ 320 3043.4
3
= 3138.7 − 3043.4 (ℎ3 = 3114.875 kJ/kg)
360 −320
350 ℎ3
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 - ℎ2 = 3114.875 – 194.85 = 2920.025 kJ/kg
360 3138.7 Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Example (12.8) page (134):
Process (3-4) isentropic expansion (Steam Turbine): (𝑠3 = 𝑠4 ) & (Q = 0)
𝑊3−4 = 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊𝑆𝑇 = ℎ3 - ℎ4 T ºC s (kJ/kg K)
360 −350 6.7801 − 𝑠3
= 6.7801 −6.6245 (𝑠3 = 𝑠4 = 6.7412 kJ/kg K) 320 6.6245
360 −320
Check whether state 4 is saturated vapor or mixture zone 350 𝑠3 = 𝑠4

From saturated water table (𝑃4 = 𝑃1 = 10 kPa) 360 6.7801

𝑠𝑔 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K ˃ 𝑠4 = 6.7412 kJ/kg K (Mixture)

𝑠4 = 𝑠𝑓 + x * 𝑠𝑓𝑔 (x = 0.812)
ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓 + x * ℎ𝑓𝑔 (ℎ4 = 2134.78 kJ/kg)
𝑊𝑆𝑇 = ℎ3 - ℎ4 = 3114.875 – 2134.78 = 980.095 kJ/kg
Process (4-1) constant pressure heat rejection (Condenser): (𝑃4 = 𝑃1 )
Check ℎ4 depend upon 𝑠4 (whether saturated vapor or mixture)
𝑄4−1 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ℎ4 - ℎ1 = 2134.78 - 191.83 = 1951.95 kJ/kg
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 980.095 − 3.02
Thermal efficiency (η𝑡ℎ ) = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 33.46 %
2920.025

Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Example (12.8) page (134):
Process (1-2) isentropic compression (Pump): (𝑠1 = 𝑠2 ) & (Q = 0)
𝑊1−2 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊𝑃 = ℎ2 - ℎ1 & 𝑊𝑃 = ∫v * dP = 𝑣1 * (𝑃2 - 𝑃1 )
From saturated water table (P) @ 10 kPa (page 20) (state 1 is a saturated liquid state)
𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑓 = 0.001010 𝑚3 /kg, ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓 = 191.83 kJ/kg, ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2392.8 kJ/kg,
ℎ𝑔 = 2584.7 kJ/kg, 𝑠𝑓 = 0.6493 kJ/kg K, 𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 7.5009 kJ/kg K, 𝑠𝑔 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K
𝑊𝑃 = 𝑣1 * (𝑃2 - 𝑃1 ) = 0.001010 * (3000 – 10) = 3.02 kJ/kg
ℎ2 = 𝑊𝑃 + ℎ1 = 3.02 + 191.83 = 194.85 kJ/kg
Process (2-3) constant pressure heat addition (Boiler): (𝑃2 = 𝑃3 )
𝑄2−3 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 - ℎ2
From saturated water table (P) @ 3 MPa (page 22) (𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 233.9 ºC ˂ T3 = 600 ºC )
(Superheated)
From water - superheated vapor table @ 3 MPa & 600 °C (page 28)
ℎ3 = 3682.3 kJ/kg
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 - ℎ2 = 3682.3 – 194.85 = 3487.45 kJ/kg
Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Example (12.8) page (134):
Process (3-4) isentropic expansion (Steam Turbine): (𝑠3 = 𝑠4 ) & (Q = 0)
𝑊3−4 = 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊𝑆𝑇 = ℎ3 - ℎ4
(𝑠3 = 𝑠4 = 7.5085 kJ/kg K)
Check whether state 3 is saturated vapor or superheated vapor
From saturated water table (𝑃4 = 𝑃1 = 10 kPa)
𝑠𝑔 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K ˃ 𝑠4 = 7.5085 kJ/kg K (Mixture)
𝑠4 = 𝑠𝑓 + x * 𝑠𝑓𝑔 (x = 0.914)
ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓 + x * ℎ𝑓𝑔 (ℎ4 = 2378.85 kJ/kg)
𝑊𝑆𝑇 = ℎ3 - ℎ4 = 3682.3 – 2378.85 = 1303.45 kJ/kg
Process (4-1) constant pressure heat rejection (Condenser): (𝑃4 = 𝑃1 )
Check ℎ4 depend upon 𝑠4 (whether saturated vapor or mixture)
𝑄4−1 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ℎ4 - ℎ1 = 2378.85 - 191.83 = 2187.02 kJ/kg
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 1303.45 − 3.02
Thermal efficiency (η𝑡ℎ ) = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 37.29 %
3487.45
Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Example (12.8) page (134):
Process (1-2) isentropic compression (Pump): (𝑠1 = 𝑠2 ) & (Q = 0)
𝑊1−2 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊𝑃 = ℎ2 - ℎ1 & 𝑊𝑃 = ∫v * dP = 𝑣1 * (𝑃2 - 𝑃1 )
From saturated water table (P) @ 10 kPa (page 20) (state 1 is a saturated liquid state)
𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑓 = 0.001010 𝑚3 /kg, ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓 = 191.83 kJ/kg, ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2392.8 kJ/kg,
ℎ𝑔 = 2584.7 kJ/kg, 𝑠𝑓 = 0.6493 kJ/kg K, 𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 7.5009 kJ/kg K, 𝑠𝑔 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K
𝑊𝑃 = 𝑣1 * (𝑃2 - 𝑃1 ) = 0.001010 * (15000 – 10) = 15.14 kJ/kg
ℎ2 = 𝑊𝑃 + ℎ1 = 15.14 + 191.83 = 206.97 kJ/kg
Process (2-3) constant pressure heat addition (Boiler): (𝑃2 = 𝑃3 )
𝑄2−3 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 - ℎ2
From saturated water table (P) @ 15 MPa (page 23) (𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 342.24 ºC ˂ T3 = 600ºC)
(Superheated)
From water - superheated vapor table @ 16 MPa & 600 °C (page 30)
ℎ3 = 3573.5 kJ/kg
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 - ℎ2 = 3573.5 – 206.97 = 3366.53 kJ/kg
Ahmed Elsayed
Vapor Power Systems
 Example (12.8) page (134):
Process (3-4) isentropic expansion (Steam Turbine): (𝑠3 = 𝑠4 ) & (Q = 0)
𝑊3−4 = 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊𝑆𝑇 = ℎ3 - ℎ4
(𝑠3 = 𝑠4 = 6.6399 kJ/kg K)
Check whether state 3 is saturated vapor or superheated vapor
From saturated water table (𝑃4 = 𝑃1 = 10 kPa)
𝑠𝑔 = 8.1502 kJ/kg K ˃ 𝑠4 = 6.6399 kJ/kg K (Mixture)
𝑠4 = 𝑠𝑓 + x * 𝑠𝑓𝑔 (x = 0.799)
ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓 + x * ℎ𝑓𝑔 (ℎ4 = 2102.84 kJ/kg)
𝑊𝑆𝑇 = ℎ3 - ℎ4 = 3682.3 – 2378.85 = 1470.66 kJ/kg
Process (4-1) constant pressure heat rejection (Condenser): (𝑃4 = 𝑃1 )
Check ℎ4 depend upon 𝑠4 (whether saturated vapor or mixture)
𝑄4−1 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ℎ4 - ℎ1 = 2102.84 - 191.83 = 1911.01 kJ/kg
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 1470.66 −15.14
Thermal efficiency (η𝑡ℎ ) = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 43.23 %
3366.53
Ahmed Elsayed