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Transition Metal PDF
Transition Metal PDF
Transition Metal PDF
The transition metals are the block of elements in the middle of the Periodic Table.
They are less reactive than the Group 1 alkali metals. This means that they do not corrode easily in air or
water. (Iron is an exception because it rusts easily)
Most transition metals form ions with different charges. They have variable valency.
For example,
Iron in the Haber Process.
Manganese(IV) oxide in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Vanadium(V) oxide in the contact process (making sulfuric acid).
Platinum in fuel cells and the manufacture of nitric acid.
Transition metals are located in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table. Like all metals, transition
metals are malleable, tensile, and conductors of electricity and heat. This group of metals is
distinguished from other groups of metals in terms of their notable chemical structure. Unlike regular
and representative metals, transition metals have their valence electrons in more than one shell. The
valence electrons are used to combine with other elements. Transition metals often show several
common oxidation states as a result of the availability of valence electrons in more than one shell.
Three important members (iron, cobalt and nickel) in the transition metals family are the only known
elements to create magnetic fields.
High Melting and Boiling Point
1. The strong bonding between the atoms in transition metals accounts for their very high melting point
and boiling point. The strong intermolecular force is only affected at high temperatures, so the high
melting points and boiling points.
Besides these two metals, lanthanum and silver, all other transition metals melt not less than 1000
degree C. This is a sharp contrast especially to the s-block elements in the periodic table which have
low melting points (i.e., lithium 181 degree C and cesium 29 degree C).
High Density
2. Another consequence of the strong attractive force between the atoms is tightly held atomic
molecules: the inner orbitals are filled and the increased nuclear charge draws the electrons in to
give a high density. Except scandium, yttrium and titanium, other transition elements have density
above 5.0g/c.c.
Color
3. The atom of transition metals tends to absorb light of particular wavelength. This promotes an
electron from one energy level to another. The promotion of electrons from one level to another
occurs by absorption of small amount of energy corresponding to the energy of the light that is
emitted. Unlike a normal metal atom, ligands are available in transition metals, and the third energy
level divides into two separate energy levels with three orbitals at a slightly lower level, and two
orbitals at a higher level. The energy of visible light equals to the energy absorbed by the electron
when transferred between these two energy levels. Therefore, the solutions of transition metals are
colored.
Catalytic Properties
4. Many transition metals and their compounds are extensively used as catalysts in industry, especially
in automobile sector as an anti-pollution catalytic converter in exhaust gases.
Ability to form complexes
5. Transition metal ions can form numerous coordinate compounds, when in solution either with water,
or any other molecules/ions. They have small, highly charged metal ions with vacant d- or f-orbitals
to receive lone pairs of electrons from other groups of metals.