CONCRETE & CONCRETE WOKS
Glue use in laminating:
Damproofers – materials used to reduce or stop the penetration of moisture through the
concrete. Reduces permeability.
Two Types of Bonding Agents:
1. Metallic Aggregate – iron particle are larger, but with same materials as the
permeability reducer. Bonding takes place through the oxidation and subsequent
expansion of the iron particles.
2. Synthetic Latex Emulsion – consists of highly polymerized synthetic liquid resin
dispersed in water.
CERAMICS AND CLAY PRODUCTS
Terra Cotta – means “fired earth” is a clay product which has been used for architectural
decorative purposes, since ancient Greece and Rome. Modern terracotta is machine-extruded
and molded or pressed. The machine-made product is usually referred to as ceramic veneer,
and is a unit with flat face and flat or ribbed back.
Two Types of Ceramic Veneer:
1. Adhesion Type – held to the wall by the bond of the mortar to the ceramic veneer
back and to the backing wall.
2. Anchor type – are held y mortar and by wire tiles between the terracotta and the wall
behind.
BUILDING STONES
Argilite – one formed d\from clay, commonly dark-blue with faint shades of green, used for
floor tile, stair treads, coping stones, interior wall base, interior window stools of exterior
window sills.
1. Classified according to form:
a. Rubble – includes rough fieldstone which may merely have been broken
into suitable sizes, or it may include irregular pieces of stone that have
been roughly cut to size, usually used for and filling material. (escombro
and lastillas)
b. Dimension (Cut stone) – consists of pieces that have been cut or finished
according to a set or drawing. (for facing walls)
c. Flagstone (Flat slabs) - consists of thin pieces (1/2 in. and up which may
or may not have had their face dimensions cut to some particular size. (for
walks and floors)
d. Crushed rock – consisting of pieces varying I size from 3/8 to 6 in. and is
used to a large extent in concreting.
WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS
1. Casein glue – satisfactory for use in dry locations not exposed to rain or water.
2. Urea-formaldehyde-resin – cheap and well cure at from 70 degrees Fahrenheit up.
Will withstand soaking in cool water.
3. Phenol-formaldehyde-resin glues – not usually recommended because of the high
temperature needed to cure them. Useful for combining timber and plywood and are
very water-resistant.
4. Resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde – resin glues are expensive but have excellent
qualities of durability and water resistance.
Kinds of Building Boards:
1. Plywood – made by bonding together thin layers of wood in a way that the grain of
each layer is at right angles to the grain of each adjacent layer.
Veneer - each layer of plywood
Rotary Cutting – a method of cutting wood veneer in which a log is fixed in a lathe
and rotated against a knife so that the veneer is peeled from the log in a continuous
sheet.
2. Hardboard – made from processed wood chips.
Three grades of board:
a. Standard – flexible to be quite easily bent
b. Tempered hardboard – made by impregnated standard board with a
tempering compound of oils and resin and baking it to polymerize the
tempering material.
c. Low-density hardboard – not as strong and durable as standard
hardboard.
3. Insulating Fiberboard – made from three types of fiber – wood, sugar cane, and
asbestos, and binder, formed into a board.
4. Chipboard – a large class of building board made from wood and particles and a
binder, often faced with veneer.
5. Particle Board – a hardboard made from relatively small particles.
6. Gypsum Board – a wall board having a gypsum core.
7. Straw Board – a hardboard made of compressed wheat straw, processed at 350 to
400 degree Fahrenheit and covered with a tough kraft paper.
8. Asbestos-cement Board – a dense, rigid board containing a high proportion of
asbestos fibers bonded with Portland cement, resistant to fire, flame, and
weathering, has low resistance to heat flow.
9. Corkboard – from the outer bark of the cork oak tree, cork granules is mixed with
synthetic resin, compressed and formed into sheet from 1 to 6 inches thick and
baked under pressure into rigid boards.
10. Paperboard – made into two different types: a paper pulp pressed into boards 3/16,
or ¼ in. thick, 4 ft. wide, and 6, 7 or 8 ft. long. Usually one surface is primed for
easier finishing. The other is a layer of stiff paper folded into corrugated from and
faced on both sides with a thick paper backing, cemented to the core.
 11. Mineral Fiberground – thick mats of mineral fibers, usually glass or rock wool are GLASS AND GLAZING
covered with a backing of stiff paper on one or both sides to form rigid boards,
Types of Glass:
ranging in thickness from ½ to 2 in. The usual board size is 24 x 48 inches.
12. Plastic Foamboards – polystrene and polyurethane plastics are formed by a
patented process to about 40 times their original volume. Used for perimeter
1. Reflective Glass – used to control glare and reduce solar heat. It the product of a
insulation for concrete floor slabs, for wall and roof deck insulation, and for roof
glass-coating process which is carried out in a large, rectangular vacuum chamber.
decks when properly supported.
Manufactured in two types, silver and gold, the glass can be specified in any one of
three nominal light transmittance of 8, 14, or 20 percent.
Building Papers 2. Rolled and Rough Cast Glass – used where clear vision is not required, such as by
factory roofs and walls, windows for halls and staircases, skylights, and partitions in
offices. Cast glass diffuses light, and because of its low reflecting and absorption
Types of Paper: index, transmits 90 to 93 percent of light rays striking it.
3. Cathedral and Figured Glass – manufacturing is similar to rolled and rough-cast
1. Sheathing Paper – used to provide an airtight barrier over walls, floors, etc.
glasses. However, they contain a pattern or texture impressed usually on one
2. Roofing Paper – A. roofing felts - used in making a built-up roof and are usually
surface by a patterned roller.
produced in 36 in. wide rolls, in various weights from 3 to 20 lb/square. B. Rolled
4. Wired Glass – simply a rolled glass into which wire mesh is inserted during the
roofing – a heavy, mineral surfaced paper used as a final roof covering, made 18
process of manufacture.
and 36 in. wide, in various weights from 45 to 120 lb/square.
5. Heat –Absorbing Plate Glass – made by adding ingredients to the mix used in
3. Insulating Paper – used to secure bulk and entrapped air with as much strength as
making regular slate glass so that the finished product is pale bluish-green or gray.
possible. Insulating papers are made from both wood-fiber insulating paper and
6. Tempered Plate Glass – three to five times as strong as regular plate of the same
asbestos fibers.
thickness – and area in resisting compressive forces and fracture due to strain or
4. Cushioning Paper – similar to wood-fiber insulating paper, but less attention is paid
thermal shock.
to strength. Its chief use is for cushioning under linoleum, carpets, or slate roofing.
7. Vitreous Colored Plate – polished plate glass can be heat-strengthened and coated
5. Vapor Barrier Paper- intended to prevent the passage of moisture vapor through
on one side with vitreous color which is fire-fused to the surface.
walls, ceilings and floors.
8. Laminated Safety Glass (Bullet Proofing) – widely used in the automotive industry
6. Laminating Paper – a special, high strength kraft paper made for use in the
and transportation, but now finding some uses in the building industry, like glass that
production of plastic laminates. The thin, strong paper is impregnated with liquid
can withstand firearm attack and explosions.
plastic resin and several sheet are laminated together under heat and pressure to
9. Insulating Glass – consists of two sheets of plate or sheet glass, separated by an air
form the base for the plastic sheet.
space, and joined around the edges to produce a hermitically sealed unit.
7. Concrete Form Paper – made from strong kraft paper in the form of a spiral tube
and boxlike from made from corrugated container paper.
8. Wallpaper – paper from which decorative wallpaper is made. Classification of Sheet Glass:
9. Envelope Paper – used as an outer covering or envelope for a number of building
materials. One of these is gypsum board, composed of a layer of calcined gypsum
covered in both sides by a sheet of kraft paper. 1. Window Glass – used for glazing windows doors and storm sash in residential
10. Fire Proofing Paper – made from asbestos fibers, since this is an incombustible buildings where good light and vision are required at moderate cost.
material. This material maybe in the form of matted paper, similar to asbestos 2. Heavy Sheet Glass – used for glazing windows and doors where greater strength is
insulating or roofing paper, or it may be in the form of a cloth woven from thread required but where slight distortion is not objectionable.
spun from asbestos fibers. 3. Picture Glass – used for covering pictures, photographs, maps, charts projector
slides and instrument dials.
BUILDING PROTECTION

Waterproofing – a method of protecting surfaces against the destructive effects of water

Damp-Proofing – protection from the outside is provided by water repellent materials which
turn water aside and force it to return to the earth.
Soil Poisoning – it is important to poison the soil against anay in order to stop the anay from
infesting the main posts, walls and flooring.
Wood Preservative – a chemical liquid painted and applied to lumber to preserve it for years.
It protects wood against powder post beatles (buk-bok), powder post termite (unos), decay
causing fungi such as sap stain and dry rot.
Fire- Proofing – a clear liquid applied easily on wood, plywood, lumber and other board that
retains the natural beauty, gives added strength and protects materials against fire, weather,
decay, insects and warping.
Ratproofing – a method of protecting rooms against the intrusion of rats and other small
destructive animals from gnawing the wooden parts of the house, habitating on ceilings and
floors of houses and buildings.
Rustproofing – a method of protecting the ferrous materials like steel, iron from rusting or
corrosion.

Thoroseal – a cement-based, heavy-duty, easy to apply, water proof sealant and coating.
Thoroseal is ideal for basement walls.

Vapor barriers – are materials which effectively retard or stop the flow of water vapor and
normally are produced in sheets or thin layers.