CE 16: Structural Timber Design

DESIGNING OF BEAMS
(SAMPLE PROBLEMS)
JOHN CARLO L. RAMOS, RCE
Instructor I
 DESIGN OF BEAMS
Procedure
Methodology
When designing beam, the intent is to find the most light weight member satisfying the section modulus size
1. Know 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝐹′𝑏 )for the material or get adjustment factors (and resistance factor)
2. Draw V & M, finding 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
𝑀
3. Calculate 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 . This step is equivalent to determining𝑓𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝐹′𝑏 .
𝑆
𝑏𝑑2
4. For rectangular beams S = 6
.
5. Determine the self weight of the beam and include it to the load as deadload.
6. Recompute the 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 if updated 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 is met.
7. Evaluate the horizontal shear stress using 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 to determine if 𝑓𝑣 ≤ 𝐹′𝑣 or find 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 .
𝑇𝑟
8. Evaluate shear due to torsion 𝑓𝑣 = (circular and rectangular section)
𝐽
𝑃
9. Provide adequate bearing area at supports: 𝑓𝑝 = 𝐴 ≤ 𝐹 ′ 𝑝 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝐹𝑐 𝑜𝑟𝐹𝑐⊥ )
10. Evaluate the deflection to determine if Δmax 𝐿𝐿 ≤ Δallowed 𝐿𝐿 𝑜𝑟 Δmax 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ≤ Δallowed 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
11. Redesign (with a new section) at any point that a stress or serviceability criteria is NOT satisfied
and re-evaluate each condition until it is satisfactory.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS
1. A simply supported beam made of molave with L = a + b and a < b, and liveload
P is located at a distance “a” from the left support. a = 2 m, b = 6 m and P = 60
kN. 𝐹𝑏 = 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐹𝑣 = 2.88 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐸 = 6.54 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐹𝑐 = 15.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑐⊥ =
6.34 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The bearing length of the beam is 4 in. on both support. And
allowable deflection of L/240 for liveload only. Apply the necessary adjustment
for the beam. Assume beam is design for 10 years, at a temperature of 37°C,
does not required additional preservatives and a prismatic material. Determine
the size of the beam that will satisfy the given conditions.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS
Given: Solution:
L = a+ b 1)𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐹′𝑏
a=2 𝐹′𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝐹
b= 6
P= 60 kN 𝐶𝐷 = 1.0 based on the Table 615.3-1, load duration for 10 yrs
Molave: 𝐶𝑀 = 1.0 based on the Table 617.1-1
𝐹𝑏 = 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐶𝑡 = 1.0, based on the table 615.3-2, Dry
𝐹𝑣 = 2.88 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐶𝑖 = 1.0, based on the Table 617.3-4
𝐸 = 6.54 𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝐶𝐿 = 1.0, based on 616.3.3
𝐹𝑐 = 15.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐶𝐹 = 1.0, based on 617-2
𝐹𝑐⊥ = 6.34 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐹′𝑏 = 24 (1.0)(1.0) (1.0) (1.0) (1.0) (1.0)
𝐹′𝑏 = 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS
60kN
Solution:
2) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙
2m 6m
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
Ra= 45 kN Rb=15 kN
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 90 kN-m 45kN
Shear
-15 kN -15 kN
90kN-m
Moment

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS
Solution:
𝑏𝑑2
3) 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = ; 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒: 𝑏 = 𝑑/2
6
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑑
(𝑑 2 ) 𝑑 3
𝐹′𝑏 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 2 =
6 6 12
90 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 𝑑
3
24 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 228.839 12
= 3.75𝑥106 𝑚𝑚3 𝑑 14.004
∴ 𝑑 = 14.004 𝑖𝑛 ∴𝑏= = = 7.002 𝑖𝑛
2 2
= 3.75𝑥106 (1/25.40)3
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝟖 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏𝟔 𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍
𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 228.839 in3 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓 𝒊𝒏 (𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒅)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS

𝑘𝑔
4) 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎, 𝜌 = 640 𝑚3
𝑤 = 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝜌 𝑥 9.81 𝑚/𝑠2
𝑘𝑔
𝑤 = 7.5 0.0254 𝑚 𝑥 15.5 0.0254 𝑚 𝑥 640 3 𝑥 9.81 𝑚/𝑠2
𝑚
𝑤 = 0.1905 𝑥 0.3937 𝑥 640 𝑥 9.81
𝑵 𝒌𝑵
𝒘 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟗 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟏
𝒎 𝒎

𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS
60kN
0.471 kN/m

5) 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥: 2m 6m

∴ 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑹𝒂 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑵

Ra= 46.884 kN Rb=16.884 kN

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑎 2 − 0.471 2 1 46.884 kN

46.942 kN
∴ 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 Shear
16.884 kN
14.058 kN
92.826 kN-m

Moment

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS

6) 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹′𝑏 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐹′𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝐹
𝐶𝐷 = 1.0 based on the Table 615.3-1, load duration for 10 yrs
𝐶𝑀 = 1.0 based on the Table 617.1-1
𝐶𝑡 = 1.0, based on the table 615.3-2, Dry
𝐶𝑖 = 1.0, based on the Table 617.3-4
𝐶𝐿 = 1.0, based on 616.3.3. d/b = 16/8 = 2
𝐶𝐹 = 0.976, based on 617-2= (12/15.5)1/9
𝐹′𝑏 = 24 (1.0)(1.0) (1.0) (1.0) (1.0) (0.976))
𝑭′𝒃 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE
 DESIGNING OF BEAMS

7) 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑚𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

6𝑀 6 (92.826)(106)
𝑓𝑏 = 2 = 2
= 18.862 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 23.424 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∴ 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒
𝑏𝑑 (0.1905)(0.3937)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS

8) 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹′𝑣 :

𝐹′𝑣 = 𝐹𝑣 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝐻
𝐶𝐷 = 1.0 based on the Table 615.3-1, load duration for 10 yrs
𝐶𝑀 = 1.0 based on the Table 617.1-1
𝐶𝑡 = 1.0, based on the table 615.3-2, Dry
𝐶𝑖 = 1.0, based on the Table 617.3-4
𝐶𝐻 = 1.0, based on 618.3
𝐹′𝑣 = 2.88 (1.0)(1.0) (1.0) (1.0) (1.0)
𝑭′𝒗 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS

9) 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑚𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

3𝑉 3 (46.884)(103)
𝑓𝑣 = = = 0.938 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 2.88 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∴ 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒
2𝑏𝑑 2(190.5)(393.7)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS

10) 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝐹𝑐⊥ = 6.34 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∵ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝐹′𝑐⊥ = 𝐹𝑐⊥ 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
𝐶𝐷 = 1.0 based on the Table 615.3-1, load duration for 10 yrs
𝐶𝑀 = 1.0 based on the Table 617.1-1
𝐶𝑡 = 1.0, based on the table 615.3-2, Dry
𝐶𝑖 = 1.0, based on the Table 617.3-4
𝐶𝑏 = 1.10, based on the Table 616.10.1
𝐹′𝑐⊥ = 6.34(1.0)(1.0) (1.0) (1.0) (1.10)
𝐹′𝑐⊥ = 6.974𝑀𝑃𝑎
CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE
 DESIGNING OF BEAMS

11) 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑙𝑏 = 4 𝑖𝑛

𝑃 𝑉 (46.884)(103)
𝑓𝑝 = = = = 2.422 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 6.974𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∴ 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒
𝐴 𝑙𝑏 𝑏 (4𝑥25.4)(190.5)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS
12) 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐿/240 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦. 𝐸 = 6.54 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐿 8(1000)
∆𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑 − 𝐿𝐿 = = = 33.33 𝑚𝑚 < 70.57 mm … ∴ 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒
240 240
3
0.1905 0.3937
𝐼= = 9.69 x10-4 mm
12
3/2
1
𝑃𝑎[ 1/3(𝑏)(𝐿 + 𝑎)] 3 60 2 3 6 8 + 2
∆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = = −4 70.57𝑚𝑚
3𝐸𝐼𝐿 3(6.54𝑥103)(9.69𝑥10 )(8)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS
2. A 100 mm x 300 mm rectangular beam carries a uniformly distributed load of w
kN/m over its entire span. The beam is freely supported at its end. If the maximum
allowable bending stress is 8.27 MPa and the maximum allowable shearing stress is
0.70 MPa, determine the span of the beam.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS
Given: Solution:
b= 100mm 1)𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
d= 300mm 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑓𝑏 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙:
𝑤𝐿2
w = w kN/m 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐹𝑏 = 8.27 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝟔𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 8
𝑓𝑏 = 𝑤𝐿 2
𝒃𝒅𝟐 12.405 𝑥 103 =
𝐹𝑣 = 0.70 𝑀𝑃𝑎 8
𝟔𝑴
8.27 = 𝒘𝑳𝟐 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 − 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏
(𝟏𝟎𝟎)(𝟑𝟎𝟎) 𝟐

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12.405 𝑥 103 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS

Solution:
2)𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑤𝐿
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙: 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐹𝑣 = 𝑓𝑣 2
𝟑𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑓𝑣 = 𝑤𝐿
𝟐𝒃𝒅 14 =
2
𝟑𝑽
0.70 = 𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝟎)(𝟑𝟎𝟎)
𝒘𝑳 = 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − − 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 14 𝑘𝑁

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DESIGNING OF BEAMS

Solution:
3) 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 𝟐𝟖𝑳 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑

𝒘𝑳𝟐 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 − 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏 𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑

𝑳=
𝟐𝟖
𝒘𝑳 = 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐
𝑳 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟒 𝒎

𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵
𝒘= = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
𝟑. 𝟓𝟒 𝒎

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 Thank You!

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE