CE 16: Structural Timber Design

UNIT 2
UNIT STRESSES

JOHN CARLO L. RAMOS, RCE

Instructor I
 CONTENTS

2. Unit Stresses
I. Forces and loads
II. Direct Stress
III. Kind of Stress
IV. Deformation
V. Elastic Limit
VI. Ultimate Strength
VII. Modulus of Elasticity
VIII. Allowable Stress unit

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 I.Forces and
Loads
FORCE

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Force
It is defined as any cause that tends to alter the state of rest of a body or its state of
uniform motion in a straight line.

It is can be defined quantitatively as the product of the mass (m) of the body that the
force is acting on and the acceleration (a) of the force. F = ma

All objects on earth tend to accelerate toward the center of the earth due to
gravitational attraction; hence the force of gravitation acting on a body with the mass
(m) is the product of the mass and the acceleration due to gravity (g), which has a
magnitude of 9.81 m/s2 : F = mg = Weight (W)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Characteristics of a Force
1. Magnitude – It has amount
2. Direction – It has a fixed direction
3. Sense – It has a sign; positive or negative
4. Point of Application – It has point of action
5. Line of Action – It has Iine of effect

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Force
Force

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Force
Force

Contact Force

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Force
Force

Contact Force Action at a Distance Force

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Force
Force

Contact Force Action at a Distance Force

Normal
Force

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Force
Force

Contact Force Action at a Distance Force

Normal Applied
Force Force

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Force
Force

Contact Force Action at a Distance Force

Normal Applied Resistance

Force Force Force

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Force
Force

Contact Force Action at a Distance Force

Normal Applied Resistance Gravitational

Force Force Force Force

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Force
Force

Contact Force Action at a Distance Force

Normal Applied Resistance Gravitational Electrical

Force Force Force Force Force

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Force
Force

Contact Force Action at a Distance Force

Normal Applied Resistance Gravitational Electrical Magnetic

Force Force Force Force Force Force

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Contact Force
External Force
(LOAD)

Internal Force
(STRESS)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 I.Forces and
Loads
LOADS

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads

Loads
It refers to any EXTERNAL FORCE applied/exerted on a surface or body.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 I. Forces and
Loads
PLANE UNDER
CONSIDERATION

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Plane Consideration Properties
Cross Sectional Area ( )
It is refers to a plane of a body about which loads will be define.

Longitudinal Axis ( )

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to the Plane under Consideration
Beams Column

L.A.

L.A.
CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE
 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to the Plane under Consideration
Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to the Plane under Consideration
Load

Normal Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to the Plane under Consideration
Load

Normal Load Tangential Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to the Plane under Consideration
Load

Normal Load Tangential Load

Axial Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to the Plane under Consideration
Load

Normal Load Tangential Load

Axial Load Eccentric Axial Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to the Plane under Consideration
Load

Normal Load Tangential Load

Axial Load Eccentric Axial Load

Compressive
Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to the Plane under Consideration
Load

Normal Load Tangential Load

Axial Load Eccentric Axial Load

Compressive Tensile
Load Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to the Plane under Consideration
Load

Normal Load Tangential Load

Axial Load Eccentric Axial Load

Compressive Tensile
Load Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to the Plane under Consideration
Load

Normal Load Tangential Load

Axial Load Eccentric Axial Load Traversed

Shear Load
Compressive Tensile
Load Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to the Plane under Consideration
Load

Normal Load Tangential Load

Axial Load Eccentric Axial Load Traversed Eccentric

Shear Load Traversed
Shear Load
Compressive Tensile
Load Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 I. Forces and
Loads
DESIGN
CONSIDERATIO
N

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to Design Consideration
Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to Source
Load

Dead Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to Source
Load

Dead Load Live Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to Source
Load

Dead Load Live Load

Self Weight
of the
structure

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to Source
Load

Dead Load Live Load

Self Weight Loads that are

of the permanently
structure attached to
the structure

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to Source
Load

Dead Load Live Load

Self Weight Loads that are Loads that

of the permanently are
structure attached to temporarily
the structure placed on
the structure
CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE
 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to Source
Load

Dead Load Live Load

Self Weight Loads that are Loads that Moving

of the permanently are Loads
structure attached to temporarily
the structure placed on
the structure
CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE
 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to Source
Load

Dead Load Live Load

Self Weight Loads that are Loads that Moving Environ

of the permanently are Loads mental
structure attached to temporarily Load
the structure placed on
the structure
CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE
 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to Source
Load

Dead Load Live Load

Self Weight Loads that are Loads that Moving Environ Impact
of the permanently are Loads mental Load
structure attached to temporarily Load
the structure placed on
the structure
CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE
 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load with respect to Design Consideration
Dead Load is essentially a permanent load, such as the weight of the structure itself
and the weight of other permanent elements of the building construction
supported by the structure.

Live Load is technically anything that is not permanently (temporary) applied as a

force on the structure. It may be steady or unsteady; they be fixed,
movable, or moving; they may be applied slowly or suddenly; and they
may vary considerably in magnitude and location.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 I.Forces and
Loads
APPLICATION

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load according to Application
Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load according to Application
Load

Concentrated Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load according to Application
Load

Concentrated Load Distributed Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load according to Application
Load

Concentrated Load Distributed Load

Point Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load according to Application
Load

Concentrated Load Distributed Load

Point Load Uniformly

Distributed

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load according to Application
Load

Concentrated Load Distributed Load

Point Load Uniformly Non-uniform

Distributed Distributed Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load according to Application
Load

Concentrated Load Distributed Load

Point Load Uniformly Non-uniform

Distributed Distributed Load

Uniformly
Distributed Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
I. Forces and Loads
Types of Load according to Application
Load

Concentrated Load Distributed Load

Point Load Uniformly Non-uniform

Distributed Distributed Load

Uniformly Uniformly
Distributed Load Varying Load

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT
STRESSES
II. Direct
Stress

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
II. Direct Stress

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
II. Direct Stress
Types of Direct Stress
Direct Stress

Normal Stress Tangential Stress

Axial Stress Shear Stress

Compressive Tensile
Stress Stress

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
II. Direct Stress
Types of Direct Stress

Compressive Stress Tensile Stress Shear Stress

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
III. Kinds of Stress
Kinds of Stress
Stress

Direct Stress Indirect Stress Combined Stress

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
III. Kinds of Stress
Kinds of Stress
Indirect Stress

Bending Stress Torsional Stress

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
III. Kinds of Stress
Kinds of Stress
Combined Stress

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
IV. Deformation

Deformation
It is refers to the change in the shape or size of the body due to the force act on it.

Regardless of the magnitude of the force, some deformation is always present,

although often it is so small that it is difficult to measure even with the most sensitive
instruments.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
IV. Deformation
Deformation

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
V. Elastic Limit
Stress-Strain Curve of Wood

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
V. Elastic Limit

Elastic Limit
Maximum stress the material can withstand before the permanent deformation.
The point up to which the material regain its shape (remain elastic) after the load is
removed.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
V. Elastic Limit
Stresses beyond the elastic limit cause a material to yield or flow. For such materials,
the elastic limit marks the end of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior.
For most brittle materials, stresses beyond the elastic limit result in fracture with
almost no plastic deformation.

Yield Point
It is the amount of stress present in the material before the permanent deformation

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VI. Ultimate Strength
Orthotropic Nature of Wood
Wood may be described as an orthotropic
material; that is, it has unique and independent
mechanical properties in the directions of three
mutually perpendicular axes: longitudinal,
radial, and tangential. The longitudinal axis L is
parallel to the fiber (grain); the radial axis R is
normal to the growth rings (perpendicular to
the grain in the radial direction); and the
tangential axis T is perpendicular to the grain
but tangent to the growth rings.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
Stress-Strain Curve, VI. Ultimate Strength
Compression Parallel to the Grain

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VI. Ultimate Strength
Stress-Strain Curve,
Compression Perpendicular to the Grain

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VI. Ultimate Strength

Strength of Wood, Tension to the Grain

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VI. Ultimate Strength

Wood is generally stronger in compression

than tension. Unlike other materials the
strength of wood is not the same in every
direction for tension and compression

Wood is stronger when load is applied

parallel to the grain than perpendicular to
the grain. In fact, the strength of wood in
tension perpendicular to the grain is too low
that this type of loading can easily cause the
wood to split.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VI. Ultimate Strength
Strength of Wood, Shear to the Grain

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VI. Ultimate Strength

For shear, wood is very strong perpendicular

to the grain and relatively weak parallel to
the grain. therefore, horizontal shear stress
(parallel to the grain) is often a design
consideration, while vertical shear stress
(perpendicular to the grain) is not.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VI. Ultimate Strength

Ultimate Strength
The highest value of the stress reached in
the stress–strain curve.

Proportional Limit
The value of stress at the upper end of
the straight-line portion of the curve, that
is, the stress level above which stress is
no longer proportional to strain.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VII. Modulus of Elasticity

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VII. Modulus of Elasticity

The proportional limit (Point B) is

defined as the highest stress at which
stress and strain are directly
proportional so that the stress-strain
graph is a straight line such that the
gradient (slope) is equal to the elastic
modulus of the material.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VIII. Allowable Stress Unit

Allowable Stress Unit

It is refers to the allowable strength or the maximum stress (tensile, compressive or
bending) that is allowed to be applied on a structural material.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VIII. Allowable Stress Unit

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VIII. Allowable Stress Unit

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VIII. Allowable Stress Unit

Before, the primary method used for design of wood structures has been allowable stress
design (ASD). In this method, demand on the structure is calculated using loads that
would be commonly anticipated to occur (also referred to as service level loads). In order
to protect against failure, a factor of safety is incorporated into the capacity of the
structure. The commonly anticipated (service level) load is compared to anywhere
between one third and two thirds of the peak capacity of the structure. In this approach,
factors of safety handed down from past practice have not been rationalized to the same
extent as the newer LRFD method. Note that resulting structures have a good record of
protecting life and providing serviceability.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VIII. Allowable Stress Unit

Today, is the load and resistance factor (LRFD) method (also referred to as strength
design, and occasionally ultimate strength design). This method moves toward more
rationally addressing factors of safety by specifically accounting for possible variations in
demand (load), using a load factor, and possible variations in capacity (resistance), using a
resistance factor.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VIII. Allowable Stress Unit

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 UNIT STRESSES
VI. Ultimate Strength

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 Thank You!

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 Your Decision Today,
Will Determine
Your Destination Tomorrow!

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE