1.

Stress
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Review important principles of
statics
• Use the principles to determine
internal resultant loadings in a
body
• Introduce concepts of normal
and shear stress
• Discuss analysis and design

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1. Stress
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Mechanics of materials
• A branch of mechanics
• It deals with some elementary but relevant
materials and structures like beams and pressure
vessels
• It studies the internal effects (stress & strain) in a
solid body that is subjected to an external loading
• Study body’s stability when external forces are
applied to it

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1. Stress
1.1 INTRODUCTION

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1. Stress
1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY
External loads
• Surface forces
• Body force (e.g., weight)

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1. Stress
1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY
Support reactions
• for 2D problems

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1. Stress
1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY
Equations of equilibrium
• For equilibrium
– balance of forces
– balance of moments

∑F=0
∑ MO = 0

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1. Stress
1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY
Internal resultant loadings

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1. Stress
1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY
Internal resultant loadings
• Define resultant force (FR) and moment (MRo) in 3D:
– Normal force, N
– Shear force, V
– Torsional moment or torque, T
– Bending moment, M

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1. Stress
1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY
Internal resultant loadings
• For coplanar loadings:
– Normal force, N
– Shear force, V
– Bending moment, M

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1. Stress
PROBLEM
Determine the resultant
internal loadings acting on
the cross section through
point B of the signpost. The
post is fixed to the ground
and a uniform pressure of
500 N/m2 acts perpendicular
to the face of the sign.

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1. Stress
PROBLEM
The forged steel clamp exerts a force of F = 900 N
on the wooden block. Determine the resultant
internal loadings acting on section a–a passing
through point A.

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1. Stress
1.3 STRESS

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1. Stress
1.3 STRESS

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1. Stress
1.3 STRESS

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1. Stress
1.3 STRESS

Fig: A multitude of molecular forces represented by a single force

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1. Stress
1.3 STRESS

Fig: The limiting value of force over area

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1. Stress
1.3 STRESS

Fig: A force acting on an internal surface; allowing the plane on which the
force acts to get progressively smaller 17
1. Stress
1.3 STRESS
Physical meaning of stress

A
A
A

Fig: The change in F/A as the plane upon which a force acts is reduced
in size
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1. Stress
1.3 STRESS

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1. Stress
1.3 STRESS

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1. Stress
1.3 STRESS
General state of stress

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1. Stress
Problem
A block of material of width 100 mm and length 1m is
pushed into an underlying substrate by a normal
force of 100 N/m. It is found that a uniform triangular
normal stress distribution arises at the contacting
surfaces, that is, the stress is maximum at the centre
and dies off linearly to zero at the block edges, as
sketched below right. What is the maximum stress?

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1. Stress
Complementary property of shear