CE 16: Structural Timber Design

DESIGNING OF BEAMS

JOHN CARLO L. RAMOS, RCE

Instructor I
 Beam
Definition

Beam
It is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting
bending or flexural stress.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 Beam
Orientation

d d
d
d
b b b b
𝑑 > 𝑏 𝑑 ≥ 𝑏 𝑑 ≤ 𝑏 𝑑 < 𝑏
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑏 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 Structural Sawn Lumber
Common Sizes and Section

Dimensions and Decking

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 Structural Sawn Lumber
Common Sizes and Section
Beams and Stringers, and Post and Timbers

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 Structural Sawn Lumber
Common Sizes and Section

Beams and Stringers, and Post and Timbers

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 CE 16: Structural Timber Design

UNIT 5
SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS

JOHN CARLO L. RAMOS, RCE

Instructor I
 CONTENTS

5. Shear Stresses in Beams

I. Horizontal Sher Stress Formula
II. Adjustment for Maximum Shear
III. Allowable Shear Stress
IV. Design Criteria

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
Formula
Actual Shear Stress Formula

VQ
fv =
Ib
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑓𝑣 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑄 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴𝑦 = (𝑏𝑑/2)(𝑑/4) = 𝑏𝑑2/8
𝑏𝑑3
𝐼 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 12

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
Formula
Actual Shear Stress Formula
3V
(for rectangular cross sections) fv =
3V 2bd
fv = 3V
2A (for triangular cross sections) fv = bd

4V 4V
fv = 3A (for circular cross sections) fv = 3𝝅𝒓𝟐

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
Adjustment for Maximum Shear Adjustments
When calculating the maximum shear force 𝑉, in bending member, the following
rules apply:
1. All loads within a distance from a face of a support equal to the depth, 𝒅, of the
bending members are ignored.
2. When there is a single moving load or one moving load that is considerably
greater than the others, place that load at a distance from each support equal to
𝒅; place any other loads in their normal relation.
3. When there are two or more moving loads of about equal weights and in
proximity, place the load in the position that produces the maximum shear force,
𝑽, neglecting any loads within the distance 𝒅 from each support. Loads within 𝒅
are ignored for shear force determination.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
Adjustments
Allowable Shear Stress
ASD Method

𝐹′𝑣 = 𝐹𝑣 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝐻
LRFD Method

𝐹′𝑣 = 𝐹𝑣 𝐾𝐹 𝜙𝑣 λ𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝐻

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
Design Criteria
Design Criteria for Shear
ASD Method 𝐹′𝑣 ≥ 𝑓𝑣

LRFD Method 𝐹′𝑣 ≥ 𝑓𝑣 = 𝜙𝑣 𝐹𝑢

3𝑉
Minimum Area 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 ≤
2𝐹′𝑣

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 CE 16: Structural Timber Design

UNIT 6
BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS

JOHN CARLO L. RAMOS, RCE

Instructor I
 CONTENTS

6. Bending Stresses in Beams

I. Actual Bending Stress Formula
II. Allowable Bending Stress
III. Design Criteria

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS
Definition
Bending Stress Formula

𝑴 𝑴𝒄 𝟔𝑴
𝒇𝒃 = = =
𝑺 𝑰 𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝒇𝒃 = 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑰 𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝒔 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = = 𝒄 𝟔
𝑰 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 (𝐼 = 𝑏𝑑3/12)

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS
Adjustments
Allowable Bending Stress
ASD Method
𝐹′𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑓𝑢 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑓

LRFD Method
𝐹′𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 𝐾𝐹 𝜙𝑏 λ𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑓𝑢 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑓

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS
Design Criteria
Design Criteria for Bending
ASD Method 𝐹′𝑏 ≥ 𝑓𝑏

LRFD Method 𝐹′𝑏 ≥ 𝑓𝑏 = 𝜙𝑏 𝐹𝑢

𝑀
Minimum Section Modulus 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 ≥
𝐹′𝑏

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 CE 16: Structural Timber Design

UNIT 7
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

JOHN CARLO L. RAMOS, RCE

Instructor I
 DEFLECTION OF BEAM

7. Deflection of Beams
I. Allowable Deflection
II. Computation

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DEFLECTION OF BEAM
Allowable

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DEFLECTION OF BEAM
Allowable

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 DEFLECTION OF BEAM
Computation

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

CE 16: Structural Timber Design

UNIT 8
DESIGN OF BEAMS

JOHN CARLO L. RAMOS, RCE

Instructor I
 DESIGN OF BEAMS
Procedure
Methodology
When designing beam, the intent is to find the most light weight member satisfying the section modulus size
1. Know 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝐹′𝑏 )for the material or get adjustment factors (and resistance factor)
2. Draw V & M, finding 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
𝑀
3. Calculate 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 . This step is equivalent to determining𝑓𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝐹′𝑏 .
𝑆
𝑏𝑑2
4. For rectangular beams S = 6
.
5. Determine the self weight of the beam and include it to the load as deadload.
6. Recompute the 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 if updated 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 is met.
7. Evaluate the horizontal shear stress using 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 to determine if 𝑓𝑣 ≤ 𝐹′𝑣 or find 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 .
𝑇𝑟
8. Evaluate shear due to torsion 𝑓𝑣 = (circular and rectangular section)
𝐽
𝑃
9. Provide adequate bearing area at supports: 𝑓𝑝 = 𝐴 ≤ 𝐹 ′ 𝑝 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝐹𝑐 𝑜𝑟𝐹𝑐⊥ )
10. Evaluate the deflection to determine if Δmax 𝐿𝐿 ≤ Δallowed 𝐿𝐿 𝑜𝑟 Δmax 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ≤ Δallowed 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
11. Redesign (with a new section) at any point that a stress or serviceability criteria is NOT satisfied
and re-evaluate each condition until it is satisfactory.

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 CE 16: Structural Timber Design

BEARING STRESSES IN BEAMS

JOHN CARLO L. RAMOS, RCE

Instructor I
 BEARING STRESS
Formula
Bearing Stress Formula
𝑷 𝑽
𝒇𝒑 = =
𝑨 𝒍𝒃 𝒃
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝒇𝒃 = 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑽 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝑨 = 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝒍𝒃 = 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝒃 = 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS
Adjustments
Allowable Bearing Stress
ASD Method
𝐹′𝑝 = 𝐹′𝑐⊥ = 𝐹𝑐⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
𝐹′𝑝 = 𝐹′𝑐 = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑡

LRFD Method
𝐹′𝑝 = 𝐹′𝑐⊥ =𝐹𝑐⊥ 𝐾𝐹 𝜙𝑐⊥ λ𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
𝐹′𝑝 = 𝐹′𝑐 = 𝐹𝑐 𝐾𝐹 𝜙𝑐 λ𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑡

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS
Formula

Allowable Bearing Stress (angle to the grain)

′
𝐹′𝑐 𝐹′𝑐⊥
𝐹 𝑝 = 𝐹′𝜃 =
𝐹′𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝐹′𝑐⊥ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS
Design Criteria
Design Criteria for Bearing
ASD Method 𝐹′𝑝 ≥ 𝑓𝑝

LRFD Method 𝐹′𝑝 ≥ 𝑓𝑝 = 𝜙𝑐 𝐹𝑝

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE

 Thank You!

CE16: Structural Timber Design John Carlo Ramos, RCE