SLAB NOTES

 One way > 2

 Two way ≤ 2

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF SLAB

End conditions Steel Grade
280 & 300 MPa 420 MPa
Simply supported L/25 L/20 L=c/c span of slab
One end conti. L/30 L/24 Thickness not
Both end conti. L/35 L/28 less than 90mm
Cantilever L/12 L/10

 Minimum cover = 20mm

Spacing of main steel bar Spacing

s < 450mm
s < 3 x d ( d= thickness of slab)
s 300 mm (normal layman practice)

𝟏𝟓𝟗,𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟔,𝟎𝟎𝟎
 Max spacing = ( 𝒇𝒚
) – 2.5 Cc ≤ ( 𝒇𝒚
)

TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENTS
Main steel Yeild Strength Fraction of distribution steel with
Mpa Psi respect to gross concrete area
280 & 300 40,000 0.0020
420 60,000 0.0018

 Approximate amount of steel in slabs is 0.07 kg/mm depth per 1 m² of area.

 For shear check, if Vu ≤ ɸcVc slab is considered safe.
 At least 50% steel of cantilever slab is to be extended for a minimum distance of 1.5
times cantilever length into slab from where cantilever is taken.

 Reinforcement details for one way slab using Curtailed bars

  Reinforcement details for two way slab using Curtailed bars

𝒇𝒚
𝑳𝒏(𝟎.𝟖+( ))
 Minimum thickness for two way slab: 𝟑𝟔𝒎+𝟗
𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎
≥ 90 mm, where m= lx/ly and
Ln = clear span
 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM NOTES
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF BEAMS
End conditions Steel Grade
280 & 300 MPa 420 MPa
Simply supported L/20 L/16
One end conti. L/23 L/18.5 L= c/c span of
beam
Both end conti. L/26 L/21
Cantilever L/10 L/8

 pmax = 0.364* ß1 * ( fc’/ fy ) or 0.75 pb for Ɛst= 0.004 where ß1=0.85

𝟎.𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒄′ ∗ 𝒃∗𝒂
 pmax = 0.318* ß1 * ( fc’/ fy ) or 0.75 pb for Ɛst= 0.005 and pb=
𝒇𝒚∗𝒅
ß𝟏∗𝟔𝟎𝟎∗𝒅
 pmax = 0.243* ß1 * ( fc’/ fy ) or 0.75 pb for Ɛst= 0.075 where a=
𝒇𝒚+𝟔𝟎𝟎

TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENTS
Main steel Yeild Strength Fraction of distribution steel with
Mpa Psi respect to gross concrete area
280 & 300 40,000 0.0020
420 60,000 0.0018

𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝟐
 Maximum spacing = Smax = 380*( 𝒇𝒔 )-2.5 Cc ≤ 300*( 𝒇𝒔 ) ,where fs= (𝟑) fy
 If the effective depth of beam exceeds 900mm longitudinal skin reinforcement is to
be provided.
 Minimum area of skin reinforcement is 0.22mm²/m depth.

Minimum concrete cover for beams

 Most common minimum depth of beams is taken as L/12.

 Deflection control length should be L/16.
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM NOTES
 For TEE beam the effective flange width is minimum of following;
I. Ln/8 + bw , where Ln = clear span of beam
II. 16h + bw
III. S = bw + one half center distance to next web on both sides.
 For L beam the effective flange width is minimum of following;
I. Ln/12 +bw, where Ln = clear span of beam
II. 6h +bw
III. Bw + sw/2 , where sw= clear distance to next web
 For ISOLATED TEE beam:
I. H ≥ bw/2
II. Bf ≤ 4bw

SHEAR DESIGN NOTES

ACI CODE PROVISIONS FOR CONCRETE SHEAR STRENGTH

0.33bw*d*∫fc’
0.17*bw*d*∫fc’
𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑡∗𝑑
 Shear strength: , where s= longi. Spacing of bars
𝑠
Av= combined area of transvers legs of stirrup

𝑏𝑤∗𝑠 𝑏𝑤∗𝑠
 Minimum web reinforcement: 0.062* ∫fc’ * ≥ 0.35*
𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Where s= longi. Spacing of stirrups
Fyt= yield strength of transverse reinforcement
 Various type of transverse reinforcement for shear

 According to ACI 9.4.3 the non-prestressed sections located less

than a distance d from face of support may be designed for same
shear, Vu, as that computed at distance d.

Maximum spacing requirements( smaller of following)

S = d/2
S = 600 mm
S = (Av* fy ) / 0.35* bw

RETAINING WALL NOTES

General:

 Cantilever retaining walls are used when height is 3-6m

 Counterfort retaining walls are used when height >6 m.
 Gravity retaining walls are economical for 3m heights.
 Factor of safety against sliding should be 1.5.(UBC-1997-1611.6)
 Traffic load is usually represented as additional 1m soil height
 Factor of safety against overturning is 1.5(UBC-1997-1611.6)
Arm:
 Thickness of arm at base is taken in range of h/14 to h/8.
 Thickness of arm at top is 300mm minimum.
Base:
 Thickness of base ranges from h/14 to h/10 and minimum 300mm.
 Larger heel provides better resistance against sliding

Heel:
 Smaller heel(and larger toe) is better to resist over turning moment
at base ( used in case of problem of bearing capacity)
Toe:
 Make wall stable against overturning.
 Minimum width of toe should be b/3.
Key or Lug:
 Provide where stability against overturning is satisfied by certain
size of base but resistance to sliding is insufficient.

Maximum Allowable soil pressure

Curtailment of bars (stem):

 FOOTING GENERAL NOTES
General notes:
 Combined footings are considered better than isolated for edge
and corner columns
 Differential settlement should be less than 1/300 per unit length
 ACI 13.3.1.2 depth of footing above bottom reinforcement should
not be less than 150mm for footings on soil and not less than
300mm for footings on piles.

The concrete strength against two way shear is estimated as ɸVc:

 Punching shear Vu: qu x area of footing outside critical perimeter

 ACI 16.3.4 minimum area of steel required for dowels: 0.005*Ag ,
where Ag = gross area of supporting member
 Concrete cover:
 Minimum Cc for slabs, walls and joists exposed to
earth: 20mm and 40 mm for other members
 Concrete Permanently exposed to earth: 75mm
𝑃𝑢+1.5 𝑀𝑢𝑥+1.5 𝑀𝑢𝑦
 Trial depth of raft: ( ) +75 mm where α = 40 for
0.01∗ 𝛼∗𝑓𝑠
interior, 30 for edge footing, 20 for corner.
 COLUMN NOTES
 Minimum steel ratio in columns is 1%.
 Maximum steel ratio in columns is 8%.
 Practically 3%-6% is provided.
 As rough estimate amount of steel in columns must be estimated
as 175 kg/m3 (±25%).
 According to ACI 25.2.3, the clear distance between longitudinal
bars must not be less than larger of:
 (4/3) dia of aggregate
 1.5 dia of bar
 40mm
 Minimum clear cover Cc:
 Sheltered columns not in contact with ground: 40mm
 For unsheltered columns having bars greater than No.
16 (US): 50mm
 For columns in contact with earth: 75mm
AMOUNT OF TRANSVERSE TIES
 ACI 25.7.2 diameter of ties should be at least No.10 for
Longitudinal bars up to No.32
 ACI 25.7.2 diameter of ties should be at least No.13 for larger
diameter Longitudinal bars.

Typical shapes of Column transverse ties

 The spacing of ties should be smaller of following:
 16 x dia of longi bars
 48 x dia of tie bars
 Least of lateral dimension of columns
 300mm (not an ACI requirement)
 The bottom and top ties must be having a spacing of s/2 from the
footing slab or drop panel. Also, if beams are present, the top ties
must have a maximum spacing of 75 mm from lowest horizontal
beam reinforcement.
 The spacing of ties must be larger of [(4/3)x dia of aggregate] and
25mm.

AMOUNT OF SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT

 The maximum center to center pitch should be as under:

𝟑.𝟏𝟒∗(𝒅𝒔𝒑)𝟐 ∗𝒇𝒚𝒕
 Smax= 𝑨𝒈
𝟎.𝟒𝟓∗𝑫𝒄𝒉∗𝒇𝒄 (
𝑨𝒄𝒉−𝟏)
 To bind core effectively, maximum clear pitch should
be 75mm
 The minimum bar dia meter must be 10mm
 The spirals must have 1.5 extra turns of bars at each
end
 Minimum clear pitch should be larger of (i) (4/3)* dia of
aggregates and (ii) 25mm

TRIAL COLUMNS SIZE CRITERIA