Hellenic Journal of Psychology, Vol. 10 (2013), pp.

120-146

¶ƒ√™∞ƒª√°∏ Δ∏™ ∫§πª∞∫∞™ ∫∞Δ∞£§πæ∏™

Δ√À BECK-ππ ™∂ ∂§§∏¡π∫√ ¶§∏£À™ª√

M·Ú›· °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔ‡1, ¶·ÁÒÓ· ƒÔ‡ÛÛË1,

ª·›ÚË-∂ϤÓË ∫ÔÛÌ›‰Ô˘1, °ÚËÁfiÚ˘ ∫ÈÔÛ¤ÔÁÏÔ˘1,
∞Ú·‚¤Ï· ∞‰·ÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘2, & °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ °·Ú‡Ê·ÏÏÔ˜2
1∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏÂÈÔ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢
2∫¤ÓÙÚÔ æ˘¯È΋˜ ÀÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ μÔÚÂÈÔ‰˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ΔÔ̤· £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢

¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë: ™ÎÔfi˜ Ì·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ÂϤÁÍÔ˘Ì ÙȘ „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜
Ù˘ ∫ϛ̷η˜ ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-ππ (BDI-II) Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ¿ Ù˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi
ÏËı˘ÛÌfi. ™ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó 267 ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ÂÈÛΤÊıËÎ·Ó ¤Ó· ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ
„˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ (ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ) Î·È 100 ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜. ™ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ¯ÔÚËÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÙÔ
BDI-ππ, ¿ÏϘ Îϛ̷Θ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Îϛ̷Θ
·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜. Δ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ BDI-II ¤¯ÂÈ Ôχ ηϋ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋
Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Î·È ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Û˘ Î·È ˘„ËÏ‹ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·.
∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ Û ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ
·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ‰‡Ô ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ, ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ۈ̷ÙÈÎÔ‡/Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡,
Ô˘ ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔ 42.54% Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ,
ÚÔÙ¿ıËΠˆ˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÚÈÔ Ë ÙÈÌ‹ 17. √È Î·Ï¤˜ „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜
ÂȂ‚·ÈÒıËÎ·Ó Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi, ηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Á΢ÚË Î·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË ÙË
¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·ÛÙ› Î·È ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·.

§¤ÍÂȘ ÎÏÂȉȿ: Beck Depression Inventory-II, ∫·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë, ª¤ÙÚËÛË Î·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘

∏ ηٿıÏÈ„Ë ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ „˘¯È΋ ÓfiÛÔ Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ‰Â ‰È·ÁÈÁÓÒÛÎÂÙ·È. ¶ÔÏ-
Ï¿ ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë ‰Â Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ıÂÚ·›· ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ó·
˘ÔʤÚÔ˘Ó ·Ó·›ÙÈ·, ÙfiÛÔ Ù· ›‰È· fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Epstein, Duberstein,
Feldman, Rochlen, Bell, et al., 2010). ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Â·ÁÁÂÏ-
̷ٛ˜ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÚÒÙË ÂÎÙ›ÌË-

¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË: ¶·ÁÒÓ· ƒÔ‡ÛÛË, ΔÌ‹Ì· æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏÂÈÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›-

΢, 541 24 £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË. ΔËÏ.: 2310-997360. Fax: 2310-997384. E-mail: roussi@psy.auth.gr
 ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-ππ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi 121

ÛË Ù˘ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›Ô˘. ª›· ·fi ÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙfiÙÂÚ˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜
Îϛ̷Θ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë
∫ϛ̷η Ù˘ ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-II (BDI-II, Beck, Steer, & Brown 1996). ∏ ÎÏ›-
̷η BDI-II ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ·˘ÙÔ-·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Ì 21 ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ·
ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÁÈ· ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ Î·È ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜ ¿Óˆ ÙˆÓ 13
ÂÙÒÓ. √ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ fiÛÔ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·ıÂÌ›· ·fi ÙȘ 21 ÂÚˆ-
Ù‹ÛÂȘ (Ë Î·ıÂÌÈ¿ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› Û ¤Ó· Û‡Ìو̷) Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi-
„Ë ÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ηٿ ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰‡Ô ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ∏ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· Û˘-
Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛˆÓ, Î˘Ì·ÈÓfiÌÂÓË ·fi 0 ¤ˆ˜ 63 ‚·ıÌÔ‡˜.
√È ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ η-
Ù·Û΢·ÛÙ¤˜ Ù˘ Ì ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ·ÎÔ-
ÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ Ù· ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¤Ù·ÚÙË ¤Î-
‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈοÓÈÎÔ˘ ¢È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ∂Á¯ÂÈÚȉ›Ô˘ (DSM-IV)
(American Psychiatric Association, 1994). ™Â Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ¤Î‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ÎÏ›-
̷η˜, ÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚˆÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÂÂÎÙ¿ıË-
ΠÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, Î·È Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ (·ÒÏÂÈ· ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜, ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜,
ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË Ì ۈ̷ÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù·, Î·È ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·) ·ÓÙÈηٷÛÙ¿-
ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ¿ÏϘ ‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ (·ÓËÛ˘¯›·, ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·, ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘, Î·È Ì›-
ˆÛË ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜) ÛÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ¤Î‰ÔÛË. √È ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì‚·Ù¤˜ Ì ٷ
‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ DSM-IV Î·È ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘
Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜.
∏ Îϛ̷η ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› Û ÔÏϤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·ÛÙ› Û ÔÏ-
Ϥ˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜, fiˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ πÛ·ÓÈ΋ (Wiebe & Penley, 2005), ÛÙËÓ ¶ÔÚÙÔÁ·ÏÈ΋
(Gorenstein, Andrade, Filho, Tung, & Artes, 1999), ÛÙËÓ πÙ·ÏÈ΋ (Montano & Flebus,
2006), ÛÙË °ÂÚÌ·ÓÈ΋ (Besier, Goldbeck, & Keller, 2008), ÛÙËÓ πÛÏ·Ó‰È΋ (Arnarson,
Olason, Smari, & Sigurosson, 2008), ÛÙË μÔ˘ÏÁ¿ÚÈÎË (Byrne, Baron, & Balev, 1998),
ÛÙËÓ ΔÔ‡ÚÎÈÎË (Kapci, Uslu, Turkcapar, & Karaoglan, 2008), ÛÙËÓ ¶ÂÚÛÈ΋
(Ghassemzadeh, Mojtabai, Karamghadiri, & Ebrahimkhani, 2005), ÛÙËÓ ∞Ú·‚È΋
(Alansari, 2006) Î·È ÛÙËÓ π·ˆÓÈ΋ (Kojima, Furukawa, Takahashi, Kawai, Nagaya,
& Tokudome, 2002). √È „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Â›Û˘ ÂÏÂÁ¯ı›
Û ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·,
fiˆ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÈÔ fiÓÔ (Morley, Williams, & Black, 2002), ÂÈÏË„›· (Griffith, Szaflarski,
Szaflarski, Kent, Schefft, et al., 2005), ÎÚ·ÓÈÔÂÁÎÂÊ·ÏÈΤ˜ ηÎÒÛÂȘ (Homaifar,
Brenner, Gutierrez, Harwood, Thompson, et al., 2009), ¯Ú‹ÛË Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ (Buckley,
Parker, & Hegie, 2001. Seignourel, Green, & Schmitz, 2008), ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ·fi ·ÏÎÔfiÏ
(Luty & O’Gara, 2006) Î·È Î·Ú‰ÈÔ·ÁÁÂȷΤ˜ ·ı‹ÛÂȘ (Low & Hubley, 2007), η-
ıÒ˜ Î·È Û ˘ÁÈ›˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο
(Carvalho Bos, Pereira, Marques, Maia, Soares, et al., 2009. Leigh & Anthony-
122 M. °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔ‡, ¶. ƒÔ‡ÛÛË, ª.-∂. ∫ÔÛÌ›‰Ô˘, °. ∫ÈÔÛ¤ÔÁÏÔ˘, ∞. ∞‰·ÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, °. °·Ú‡Ê·ÏÏÔ˜

Tolbert, 2001. Rodriguez-Gomez, Davila-Martinez, & Collazo-Rodriguez, 2006.

Whisman, Perez, & Ramel, 2000). ™ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ Ë ÎÏ›-
̷η BDI-II ‚Ú¤ıËΠӷ ¤¯ÂÈ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈΤ˜ „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜, ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο ÌÂ
ÙȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ (ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Î·È Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛˆÓ) Î·È ÂÁ΢Úfi-
ÙËÙ·˜ (Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û· Î·È ·ÔÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û·). ∏ ‚·ÛÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ·ÊÔ-
Ú¿ ‰‡Ô ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ı¤Ì·Ù·: ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘, ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi
ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÚ›Ô˘, Ù˘ ηÙÒÙÂ-
Ú˘ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÈÌ‹˜ ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë.
∞Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ Ì Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ „˘¯È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡˜
·ÛıÂÓ›˜, ÔÈ Î·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙ¤˜ ÚfiÙÂÈÓ·Ó ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ‰‡Ô ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Ê·›-
ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ (Beck et al., 1996).
™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ‡ÂÈ ÙË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋
Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ-·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ (™-™). ™Â ·˘Ù‹
Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· χ˘ Î·È ·ÓË-
‰ÔÓ›· ‹ ÁÈ· ·˘ÍÔÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ fiÚÂÍË Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ‡ÓÔ. √ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ıˆ-
ÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ηٷıÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜
(°), ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ··ÚÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÂΛӘ ÙȘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛΤ„ÂȘ Î·È Â-
ÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÓÔ¯¤˜ ‹ Ë ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ‰ÂÓ ·Í›˙ÂÈ Î·È fiÙÈ Â›-
Ó·È ·ÔÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ. ™Â ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ¿ÏÈ ‰‡Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ·Ï-
Ï¿ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÊÔÚ¿ Ë Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜
·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ì ٷ ÁÓˆÛÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù·, ÂÓÒ Ë ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ¤Ó·Ó
·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· (Beck et al., 1996). ŒÚ¢Ó˜ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó «ÂȂ‚·›-
ˆÛ·Ó» ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Û ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ‰‡Ô ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ‹ ηÈ
ÙÚÈÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Û ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ¯ÒÚ˜ (Arnau, Meagher, Norris, &
Bramson, 2001. Carvalho Bos et al., 2009. Vanheule, Desmet, Groenvynck, &
Fontaine, 2008). √È ·Ú·¿Óˆ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ¤Ó·
̤ÚÔ˜ Ì ٷ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ˘fi ÌÂϤÙË ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ (Beck et al., 1996).
√È ÙÚÂȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È
ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜ Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È (Shafer, 2006. Vanheule et al.,
2008). °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜
ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ‚ÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÌÓ‹ÌË ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È Ë ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋-Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË
(Vanheule et al., 2008). ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi
·ÏÂÍÈı˘Ì›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ۈ̷ÙÈο-Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ·fi fiÙÈ ¿ÙÔ-
Ì· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÏÂÍÈı˘Ì›· (Vanheule et al., 2008). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›-
ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ô˘ ÌÂÙÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó
ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· Û ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ (Vanheule et al., 2008). Δ·˘ÙÔ¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜
‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ BDI-II ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ‚·ı-
 ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-ππ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi 123

ÌÔ‡, Ô˘ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ηٷıÏÈ-
ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Harris & D’Eon, 2008. Sica & Ghisi, 2007). ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ›ӷÈ
¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÛÙÔÓ
ÔÔ›Ô ¯ÔÚËÁÂ›Ù·È Ë Îϛ̷η. ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó‹Û·Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ-
΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ Û ŒÏÏËÓ˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ „˘¯È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ Î·È ÛÂ
ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜.
ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ı¤Ì· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ì›·˜ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋˜ Îϛ̷η˜ Û ‰È·-
ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ·fi ·˘ÙfiÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Û¯Â‰È¿ÛÙËÎÂ Â›Ó·È Ô Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘
‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÚ›Ô˘ ÁÈ· ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·. √È Beck et al. (1996) ÚfiÙÂÈÓ·Ó
ÁÈ· ηÙÒÙÂÚÔ fiÚÈÔ ÙË ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· 14 ˆ˜ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ηٷıÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ıÂÛ˘.
ΔÔ ·Ú·¿Óˆ fiÚÈÔ ÛÙËÚ›¯ÙËΠ۠¤Ú¢ӷ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó „˘¯È·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜,
Ì ‹ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›Ô˘. ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ·ÔÙÂϤ-
ÛÌ·Ù· ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ÙÈ̤˜ Î˘Ì·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi
13 ÛÙÔÓ ΔÔ˘ÚÎÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi (Kapci et al., 2008) ¤ˆ˜ 21 ÛÙÔ˘˜ πÛÏ·Ó‰Ô‡˜ (Arnarson
et al., 2008), Î·È Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙȘ ∏.¶.∞. (Arnau et al., 2001.
Carney, Ulmer, Edinger, Krystal, & Knauss, 2009). ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜
‹Ù·Ó Ó· ÔÚÈÛÙ› ÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÚÈÔ ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› fiÙÈ
¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË.
Δ¤ÏÔ˜, ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ ÂÍÂÙ¿Û·Ì ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ
Ì ٷ ηٷıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù·, ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¿ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ μDI-II.
∞ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· ηٷıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ıÂ-
ÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·, ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û˘ÓÙÚfiÊÔ˘, ÙÔ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÂ›Ô Ê‡ÏÔ Î·È ÙÔ ¯·ÌËÏfi ÌÔÚ-
ʈÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô (Arnau et al., 2001. Kapci et al., 2008. Kojima et al., 2002. Kumar,
Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis, 2002. Leigh & Anthony-Tolbert, 2001. Vanheule et al.,
2008), ·Ó Î·È Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙÔÙÂ Û˘ÓÂ‹ (Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg,
1998. Harris & D'Eon, 2008. Hunt, Auriemma, & Cashaw, 2003. Lasa, Ayuso-Mateos,
Vazquez-Barquero, Diez-Mannique, & Dowrick, 2000. O'Hara, Sprinkle, & Ricci,
1998. Penley, Wiebe, & Nwosu, 2003. Segal, Coolidge, Cahill, & O’Riley, 2008. Steer,
Rissmiller, & Beckl, 2000). ∫·È ¿ÏÈ, Ù· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„·Ó
·fi ÙȘ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı›Û˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙË-
ÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ·Ô‰ÔıÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÂ-
ÏÂÙ‹ıËηÓ, ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ.
¢Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ Â˘ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfi-
ÌÂÓˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ìو̿وÓ
(Bernal, Haro, Bernert, Brugha, de Graaf, et al., 2007. Cheung, Lau, & Waldmann,
1980), Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ BDI-
ππ ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ·Ó·Áη›· ÚÈÓ ÙË ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛ‹ Ù˘. ŸÛÔ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ·
ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ BDI ÛÙ· ∂ÏÏËÓÈο (Δ˙¤ÌÔ˜, 1984), ·ÏÏ¿
124 M. °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔ‡, ¶. ƒÔ‡ÛÛË, ª.-∂. ∫ÔÛÌ›‰Ô˘, °. ∫ÈÔÛ¤ÔÁÏÔ˘, ∞. ∞‰·ÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, °. °·Ú‡Ê·ÏÏÔ˜

‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ô˘ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘
μDI-ππ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜. ∞Ó Î·È ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ¤Ú¢ӷ ‚Ú¤ıËΠfiÙÈ Ë Îϛ̷η
›¯Â ηϋ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Î·È ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·, ıˆڋ۷Ì ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ë ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔ-
Á‹ Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÂ‹˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ Î·Ù·-
ÓfiËÛ˘ Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ (Beck et al., 1996). √ ÚÒÙÔ˜, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜
‹Ù·Ó Ë ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘
Îϛ̷η˜ (·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹, Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û· Î·È ·ÔÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û· ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·). ∂›Û˘,
‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó‹Û·Ì ÙËÓ Î·ÙÒÙ·ÙË ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË ÙÈÌ‹ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ Ô˘ ı· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË Î·-
Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ıÂÛ˘, Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÌÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Î·È Â˘·ÈÛıË-
Û›· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÙÈÌ‹˜. Δ¤ÏÔ˜, ÂϤÁÍ·Ì ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ
Û˘Ìو̿وÓ, fiˆ˜ ÌÂÙÚÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ Îϛ̷η BDI-ππ, Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ¯·-
Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, Ë ËÏÈΛ·, Ë ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, Î·È ÙÔ ÌÔÚ-
ʈÙÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ¶ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤-
Ó˜ ˘ÔÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ô˘ ˙Ô˘Ó Û ·ÁÚÔÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ‹
ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ì ¯·ÌËÏfi ÌÔÚʈÙÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ηٷıÏÈÙÈο Û˘-
ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· (¶·ÙÂÚ¿ÎË & ƒÔ‡ÛÛË, 2011). ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ·-
Ú·¿Óˆ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ (·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ÙËÓ
ËÏÈΛ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË) Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ (·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ Ìfi-
ÓÔ, ηıÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ÛÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· Î·È ÛÙÔ ÌÔÚʈÙÈÎfi Â›‰Ô). ∏
¤Ú¢ӷ ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠ۠‰‡Ô ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·, ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi Î·È ÊÔÈÙËÙÈÎfi, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜
ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ‚·Û›ÛÙËÎÂ Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ (Beck et al., 1996).

ª∂£√¢√™

™˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Î·È ¢È·‰Èηۛ·

™ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ‹ÊıËÎ·Ó ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ: ª›· ÔÌ¿‰· 267 ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ
Ô˘ ÂÈÛΤÊÙËÎ·Ó ¤Ó· ΤÓÙÚÔ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ (ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ) Î·È Ì›· ÔÌ¿‰· 100
ÚˆÙÔÂÙÒÓ ÚÔÙ˘¯È·ÎÒÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ (ÔÌ¿‰· ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ). ™˘ÁηٿıÂÛË ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi Â-
ÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ˙ËÙ‹ıËÎÂ Î·È ·fi ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ΔÚÈ¿ÓÙ· ÂÙ¿ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ Û˘-
ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛ·Ó ÙËÓ Îϛ̷η BDI-II ÁÈ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÊÔÚ¿ Ì ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ‚‰Ô-
Ì¿‰·˜. √È ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ‰Â ÁÓÒÚÈ˙·Ó fiÙÈ ı· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÔÚËÁËı› Î·È ¿ÏÈ Ë Îϛ̷η ÒÛÙÂ
Ó· ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙ› ÙÔ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓÔ Ó· ·ÔÌÓËÌÔÓ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÈ-
ÙËÙ¤˜ ¯ÔÚËÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ù· ÂÍ‹˜ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ·: ∏ Îϛ̷η BDI-II, Ë ∫ϛ̷η ÕÁ¯Ô˘˜
ÙÔ˘ Beck [Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (μ∞π), Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988],
Ë ˘ÔÎϛ̷η ηٿıÏȄ˘ Ù˘ §›ÛÙ·˜ ™˘Ìو̿وÓ-90 [Symptom-Checklist 90-
Revised (SCL-90), Derogatis, 1992], Ë ˘ÔÎϛ̷η ηٿıÏȄ˘ Ù˘ ∫ϛ̷η˜ ∂ÎÙ›-
 ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-ππ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi 125

ÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ¢È¿ıÂÛ˘ [Profile of Mood States-Depression (POMS-D),

McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1992] Î·È ÙÔ ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ÕÁ¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Spielberger
[State–Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI-Gr), Spielberger, 1983]. ™ÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 1 ·Ú·Ù›-
ıÂÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· Î·È ÙÔ ÌÔÚʈÙÈÎfi
Â›Â‰Ô ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ, ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ÁÈ· οı ÔÌ¿‰·.

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1. ¢ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ

∏ÏÈΛ· ªÔÚʈÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô (¤ÙË) ∞Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ʇÏÔ˘

M.√. (Δ.∞.) M.√. (Δ.∞.)
∂Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔ/ª¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ∂Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔ/ª¤ÁÈÛÙÔ °˘Ó·›Î˜/¿Ó‰Ú˜
OÌ¿‰·
AÛıÂÓ›˜ 38.99 (11.48) 11.61 (3.12) 75%/ 25%
(¡ = 267) 18-74 0-16
ºÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ 20.34 (3.70) 13.75 (1.33) 91%/ 9%
(¡ = 100) 18-35 13-18

∞fi Ù· 267 ¿ÙÔÌ· Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ, Ù· 162 ¿ÙÔÌ· ›¯·Ó ‰È·ÁÓˆÛı›
Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ, ·ÓÂÍ·Úًو˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÈ·˜ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ̤ۈ „˘¯È·-
ÙÚÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢Í˘. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÂÈ-
ÛÔ‰›Ô˘, Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ ¯ˆÚ›ÛÙËΠÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ¤Ú¢-
Ó·˜ Û ‰‡Ô ˘ÔÔÌ¿‰Â˜: ™Â ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ (¡ = 162) Î·È ÛÂ
·ÛıÂÓ›˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ (¡ = 105). μÚ¤ıËΠfiÙÈ Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂ-
ÓÒÓ Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ Â›¯Â ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ËÏÈΛ·, t(265) = 3.82, p < .01, ηÈ
¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÔÚʈÙÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, t(260) = 3.48, p < .01, ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ÔÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ
·ÛıÂÓÒÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ. ∂›Û˘, ‰È¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ-
·Î‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, ¯2(3) = 12.405, p < .01, Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Á·ÌÔ˘˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ È-
ı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ ·fi fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¤ÁÁ·ÌÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·˙¢Á̤ÓÔÈ. Δ¤-
ÏÔ˜, Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÚȷ΋, ¯2(1) = 2.67, p = .07, Ì ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›-
Θ Ó· ˘ÂÚÂÎÚÔÛˆÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ.
™ÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 2 ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È Ù· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·, ÙÔ
ÌÔÚʈÙÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ, ¯ˆ-
ÚÈÛÙ¿ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜
ÙˆÓ ˘fiÏÔÈˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ.
™ÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 3 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÕÍÔÓ· π ÙÔ˘
DSM-IV. ∞fi ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ 267 ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ, 25 ¿ÙÔÌ· ‰ÂÓ Â›-
¯·Ó ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÕÍÔÓ· π ÙÔ˘ DSM-IV, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ›¯·Ó ÚÔÛ¤ÏıÂÈ ÛÙÔ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ Â›ÙÂ
ÏfiÁˆ οÔÈ·˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ›Ù ÏfiÁˆ „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ.
126 M. °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔ‡, ¶. ƒÔ‡ÛÛË, ª.-∂. ∫ÔÛÌ›‰Ô˘, °. ∫ÈÔÛ¤ÔÁÏÔ˘, ∞. ∞‰·ÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, °. °·Ú‡Ê·ÏÏÔ˜

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2. ¢ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ ÌÂ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ

∞ÛıÂÓ›˜ Ì ∫∂ ∞ÛıÂÓ›˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ∫∂

∏ÏÈΛ·
M.√. (Δ.∞.) 41.09 (11.36) 35.73 (10.94)
ªÔÚʈÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô (¤ÙË)
M.√. (Δ.∞.) 11.12 (3.38) 12.37 (2.50)
∞Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ʇÏÔ˘
°˘Ó·›Î˜ 78.4% 69.5%
ÕÓ‰Ú˜ 21.6% 30.5%
√ÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË
ÕÁ·ÌÔÈ 25.3% 45.7%
ŒÁÁ·ÌÔÈ 56.2% 42.9%
ÕÏÏÔ (‰È·˙¢Á̤ÓÔÈ & ¯‹ÚÔÈ) 18.5% 11.4%
™ËÌ›ˆÛË: ∫∂ = ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ

™Â fiÏ· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔÛ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜

¯ÔÚËÁÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›· „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ-
ÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ™Â ·˘Ù¿ ÚÔÛÙ¤ıËΠÙÔ BDI-II. °È· ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ, ¯ÚË-
ÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ Ë ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-II, ÙÔ ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ÕÁ¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘
Spielberger, Ë ˘ÔÎϛ̷η ÓÂ˘ÚˆÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜
∂ÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Eysenck [Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Neuroticism, (E.P.Q.-
N), H. J. Eysenck & S. B. G. Eysenck, 1975] Î·È Ë ˘ÔÎϛ̷η ηٿıÏȄ˘ ·fi ÙË
§›ÛÙ· ™˘Ìو̿وÓ-90.

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3. ™˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ‰È·ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÕÍÔÓ· I

¢È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ηÙËÁÔÚ›· ¡
™¯È˙ÔÊÚ¤ÓÂÈ· Î·È ¿ÏϘ „˘¯ÒÛÂȘ 8
∞Á¯Ò‰ÂȘ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ 82
¢È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ ‰È¿ıÂÛ˘ 165
™ˆÌ·ÙfiÌÔÚʘ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ 13
¢È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÛÏË„Ë ÙÚÔÊ‹˜ 8
¢È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ‰È·ÁÈÁÓÒÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‚ÚÂÊÔÓËȷ΋, 8
·È‰È΋ ‹ ÂÊË‚È΋ ËÏÈΛ·
¢È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ÌÂ Ô˘Û›Â˜ 16
™ÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈΤ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Î·È ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ʇÏÔ˘ 10
¢È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔÚÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÌË Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ·ÏÏÔ‡ 3
¢È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ 8
™ËÌ›ˆÛË: ΔÔ Î¿ı ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ›¯Â ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ÌÈ· ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË
 ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-ππ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi 127

∂ÚÁ·Ï›·

∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck–II

∏ ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck–II (Beck Depression Inventory–II, Beck et al.,

1996) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ̠¿‰ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙ‹ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜, Aaron Beck, ÛÂ
‰‡Ô ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ (∫ÔÛÌ›‰Ô˘ Î·È ƒÔ‡ÛÛË), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÂÙ¤ÊÚ·Û·Ó ÙËÓ ÎÏ›-
̷η ÛÙ· ∂ÏÏËÓÈο. ΔÔ BDI-II ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ·˘ÙÔ-¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË Îϛ̷η ÁÈ· ÙË
̤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ηٷıÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ıÂÛ˘ Û ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ Î·È ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜. ∞Ô-
ÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi 21 ı¤Ì·Ù·-ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù·. ΔË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· ‹ Û˘-
¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·ÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ô ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ Ì ‚¿-
ÛË ÌÈ· ÙÂÙÚ¿‚·ıÌË Îϛ̷η (fiÔ˘ ÙÔ «0» ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› ÛÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÌÙÒ-
Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ «3» ÛÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ¤ÓÙ·ÛË). √ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂ-
ÓÔ˜ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂÈ Û οı ÂÚÒÙËÛË, ÂΛÓË ÙË ‚·ıÌ›‰· Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ·¿-
ÓÙËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ‡ÂÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ·. ∏ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· οı ·ÙfiÌÔ˘
ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛˆÓ.

ÀÔÎϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ Ù˘ ∫ϛ̷η˜ ∂ÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ¢È¿ıÂÛ˘

ÃÔÚËÁ‹ıËÎÂ Ë ÀÔÎϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ Ù˘ ∫ϛ̷η˜ ∂ÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ-

΋˜ ¢È¿ıÂÛ˘ (Profile of Mood States-Depression. McNair et al., 1992), fiˆ˜ ÚÔ-
Û·ÚÌfiÛÙËΠÛÙ· ∂ÏÏËÓÈο ·fi ÙË ƒÔ‡ÛÛË (2012). ∏ ˘ÔÎϛ̷η Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘
·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi 15 ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ··ÓÙÒÓÙ·È Û ̛· ÂÓÙ¿‚·ıÌË Îϛ̷η, ·fi ÙÔ
0 ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 4, fiÔ˘ ÙÔ «0» ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› ÛÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ·Ô˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‹ Ù˘
ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊfiÌÂÓ˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Î·È ÙÔ «4» ÛÙËÓ Î·ıÔÏÈ΋ Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÍÂÙ·˙Ô̤-
ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÙÔÓ/ÙË ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ Ë ÂοÛÙÔÙ ‰‹ÏˆÛË Ï‹Úˆ˜. √È ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó
ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰· Î·È ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË Ù˘ ÚÔ-
ÛˆÈ΋˜ ·ÓÂ¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ fiˆ˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓÔ¯‹˜, ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜, χ-
˘, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Ì·Ù·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·
Ù˘ POMS-D, Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ˘„ËÏ‹ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·
Ù˘ ˘ÔÎϛ̷η˜ (· = .91).

ÀÔÎϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ Ù˘ §›ÛÙ·˜ ™˘Ìو̿وÓ-90

ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ Ë ÀÔÎϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ Ù˘ §›ÛÙ·˜ ™˘Ìو̿وÓ-90

(Symptom-Checklist 90-Revised, Derogatis, 1992, ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙ· ∂ÏÏËÓÈο: ¡ÙÒ-
ÓÈ·˜, ∫·Ú·ÛÙÂÚÁ›Ô˘, & ª¿ÓÔ˜, 1991). ∏ ˘ÔÎϛ̷η ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi 13 ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ
ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ô ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ Û ̛· ÂÓÙ¿‚·ıÌË Îϛ̷η ÙÔ
128 M. °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔ‡, ¶. ƒÔ‡ÛÛË, ª.-∂. ∫ÔÛÌ›‰Ô˘, °. ∫ÈÔÛ¤ÔÁÏÔ˘, ∞. ∞‰·ÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, °. °·Ú‡Ê·ÏÏÔ˜

‚·ıÌfi ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔÓ ÂÓfi¯ÏËÛ ÙÔ Î¿ı ۇÌو̷ ÛÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·˜
‚‰ÔÌ¿‰·˜. √È ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î˘Ì·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ «Î·ıfiÏÔ˘» ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ «¿Ú· Ôχ». Δ·
¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ˘„ËÏ‹ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙËÓ Îϛ̷η Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ Ê·›-
ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓË ÛÙÂÓÔ¯ÒÚÈ· Î·È ıÏ›„Ë, ÌÔÓ·ÍÈ¿ Î·È ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·, ··ÈÛÈÔ-
‰ÔÍ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Î·È ·‰È·ÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¢-
¯·ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Û·Ó. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ù˘
Îϛ̷η˜ ‹Ù·Ó ˘„ËÏ‹ (· = .88).

ΔÔ ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ÕÁ¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Spielberger

ΔÔ ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ÕÁ¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Spielberger (State–Trait Anxiety Scale, Spielberger,

1983, ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙ· ∂ÏÏËÓÈο: §È¿ÎÔ˜ & °È·ÓÓ›ÙÛ˘, 1984) ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‰È·-
¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ˆ˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ (STAI-State) ·fi ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ ˆ˜ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ¯·-
Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (STAI-Trait). ∂›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ·˘ÙÔ-
·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi 40 ı¤Ì·Ù·. √È Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi
(«Î·ıfiÏÔ˘», «Î¿ˆ˜», «Ì¤ÙÚÈ·» Î·È «¿Ú· Ôχ») ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó
ÔÈ ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ ÙÔ˘ οı ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜. Δ· ÚÒÙ· 20 ı¤Ì·Ù· ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ò˜ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È
ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÛÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ (¿Á¯Ô˜ ˆ˜ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË) Î·È Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· 20 ı¤Ì·Ù· ··ÓÙÈÔ‡-
ÓÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË Ò˜ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È ÁÂÓÈο ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ (¿Á¯Ô˜ ˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛˆ-
ÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜). Δ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤-
ÂÈ· Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ (State: · = .49, Trait: · = .59).

∫ϛ̷η ÕÁ¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Beck

∏ ∫ϛ̷η ÕÁ¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Beck (Beck’s Anxiety Inventory, Beck et al., 1988) ¯ÚËÛÈ-
ÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ̠ÙËÓ ¿‰ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙ‹ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜, Aaron Beck, Ô˘ ‰fiıË-
Π۠‰‡Ô ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ (ƒÔ‡ÛÛË Î·È ∫ÔÛÌ›‰Ô˘). √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÂ-
Ù¤ÊÚ·Û·Ó ÙËÓ Îϛ̷η ÛÙ· ∂ÏÏËÓÈο. ∏ Îϛ̷η μ∞π ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfi-
ÁÈÔ ·˘ÙÔ-·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Ì 21 ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜.
∞fi ÙȘ 21 ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ 14 ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛˆÌ·ÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔÈ˜ ÂÙ¿
·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ ‹ ·fi„ÂȘ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘
¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÈÎÔ‡. √ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ÙÂÙÚ¿-
‚·ıÌË Îϛ̷η (·fi «Î·ıfiÏÔ˘» ̤¯ÚÈ «Ôχ») ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔÓ ÂÓfi¯ÏËÛ·Ó
Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·˜ ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰·˜. ∏ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÚÔ-
¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙȘ 21 ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ∏ ̤ÁÈÛÙË ‚·ıÌÔ-
ÏÔÁ›· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ 63, Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰Ô ¿Á¯Ô˘˜. ∏ Îϛ̷η
μ∞π ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿ÛÙËΠÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË, ηıÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÚÔ-
Û·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·È ÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛË Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi. °È· ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÂÚ·È-
 ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-ππ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi 129

Ù¤Úˆ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜, Ë Îϛ̷η μ∞π ¯ÔÚËÁ‹ıËΠÂ·Ó·ÏËÙÈο ÛÙËÓ

ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ (Û ۇÓÔÏÔ 35 ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ), Ì›· ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ¯Ô-
Ú‹ÁËÛË. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ, Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·
‹Ù·Ó ˘„ËÏ‹ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË, · = .92, Î·È ÛÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛË, · = .94. ∂›Û˘,
Ô Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ‹˜ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó ˘„ËÏfi˜, r = .82,
p < .001.

∫ϛ̷η ¡Â˘ÚˆÙÈÛÌÔ‡

∏ ∫ϛ̷η ¡Â˘ÚˆÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ∂ÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ ÙÔ˘

Eysenck (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Neuroticism, H. J. Eysenck & S. B.
G. Eysenck, 1975. ¶ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙ· ∂ÏÏËÓÈο: ¢ËÌËÙÚ›Ô˘, 1986) ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi
22 ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ. √È ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÛÙ¿ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘
Î·È ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÓÂ˘ÚˆÙÈ΋ Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›· οو ·fi Û˘Óı‹Î˜
ÛÙÚ˜, ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ ·Ú·ÎˆÏ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ¿
ÙÔ˘. ∫¿ı ÂÚÒÙËÛË ··ÓÙ¿Ù·È Ì «Ó·È» ‹ «fi¯È». √È ˘„ËϤ˜ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÏ›-
̷η ÓÂ˘ÚˆÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ¿ÙÔÌ· ·Á¯Ò‰Ë, Ô˘ ÛÙÂÓÔ¯ˆÚÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Â‡ÎÔÏ·, ›-
Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ıÏÈÌ̤ӷ Î·È ·Ú·ÔÓÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ „˘¯Ôۈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·-
Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ (H. J. Eysenck & S. B. G. Eysenck, 1975). ™ÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi, Ë ÎÏ›-
̷η ¤¯ÂÈ ‚ÚÂı› fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, · = .77 ¤ˆ˜ .83 (∞ÏÂ-
ÍfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, 2012).

∞¶√Δ∂§∂™ª∞Δ∞

∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·

√ ̤ÛÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÛÙÔ BDI-II ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ
‹Ù·Ó 21.03 (Δ.∞. = 12.57, ∂‡ÚÔ˜ = 0-56) Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ 10.94 (Δ.∞.
= 7.68, ∂‡ÚÔ˜ = 0-55). ™ÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 4 ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ì¤ÛÔÈ fiÚÔÈ, ÔÈ Ù˘ÈΤ˜ ·Ô-
ÎÏ›ÛÂȘ, ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ ‚·ıÌÔÏfiÁËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ Î¿ı ÂÚÒÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ BDI-II ÌÂ
ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜ 1, 2, ‹ 3 ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ οı ÂÚÒÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ BDI-II Ì ÙË Û˘-
ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ. √ ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 5 ·Ú·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÓÙ›-
ÛÙÔȯ˜ ÙÈ̤˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ. ∏ ÙÈÌ‹ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜ · ÙÔ˘
Cronbach ‹Ù·Ó ˘„ËÏ‹ ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ, · = .85, fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿-
‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ, · = .92.
™Â Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ‡ÓÔ ‹ ÛÙËÓ fiÚÂÍË, ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿-
‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ, ÙÔ 26.2% ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ fiÙÈ ÎÔÈÌ¿Ù·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi fiÙÈ
130 M. °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔ‡, ¶. ƒÔ‡ÛÛË, ª.-∂. ∫ÔÛÌ›‰Ô˘, °. ∫ÈÔÛ¤ÔÁÏÔ˘, ∞. ∞‰·ÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, °. °·Ú‡Ê·ÏÏÔ˜

Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 50.2% fiÙÈ ÎÔÈÌ¿Ù·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ. ∂›Û˘, ÙÔ 28.5% ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ
ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚË fiÚÂÍË Î·È ÙÔ 34.1% ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË fiÚÂÍË ·fi fiÙÈ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜. ∞ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ˆ˜, ÛÙËÓ
ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ, ÙÔ 41% ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ fiÙÈ ÎÔÈÌ¿Ù·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi fiÙÈ
Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 35% ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ fiÙÈ ÎÔÈÌ¿Ù·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔØ ÙÔ 23% ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ÏÈ-
ÁfiÙÂÚË fiÚÂÍË Î·È ÙÔ 28% ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË fiÚÂÍË ·fi fiÙÈ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜.

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 4. ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ οı ÂÚÒÙËÛ˘ Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋

‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ BDI-II ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ

™‡Ìو̷ ª.√. Δ.∞. % rtot

1. §‡Ë 1.11 0.86 77 .64
2. ∞·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›· 1.21 1.02 69 .55
3. ∞ÔÙ˘¯›· 1.04 0.99 61 .66
4. ªÂ›ˆÛË ·fiÏ·˘Û˘ 1.17 0.95 74 .62
5. ∂ÓÔ¯‹ 0.85 0.87 60 .49
6. ΔÈ̈ڛ· 0.87 1.06 53 .54
7. ∞˘ÙÔ-·ÓÙÈ¿ıÂÈ· 0.97 0.87 67 .61
8. ∞˘ÙÔÎÚÈÙÈ΋ 0.91 0.99 56 .56
9. ™Î¤„ÂȘ ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›·˜ 0.36 0.66 28 .51
10. ∫Ï¿Ì· 1.01 1.05 58 .53
11. ∞ÓËÛ˘¯›· 1.00 0.98 65 .53
12. ∞ÒÏÂÈ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ 0.95 0.94 62 .68
13. ∞Ó·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· 1.13 1.04 66 .64
14. ∞Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ· 0.69 0.87 45 .66
15. ªÂ›ˆÛË ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ 0.96 0.87 65 .65
16. ∞ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ‡ÓÔ 1.31 1.02 76 .52
17. ∂ÎÓ¢ÚÈÛÌfi˜ 0.90 0.92 60 .55
18. ∞ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙËÓ fiÚÂÍË 1.13 1.11 62 .47
19. ¢˘ÛÎÔÏ›· Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ 1.13 0.87 74 .65
20. ∫Ô‡Ú·ÛË ‹ ÎfiˆÛË 1.12 0.85 74 .63
21. ªÂ›ˆÛË ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÛÂÍ 1.26 1.17 64 .49
™ËÌ›ˆÛË: N = 267. % = ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÁÈ· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ 1, 2 Î·È 3.

∞ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛˆÓ

∏ Îϛ̷η BDI-II ¯ÔÚËÁ‹ıËΠÂ·Ó·ÏËÙÈο ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi Ì›· ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰· Û 35 ÊÔÈÙË-

Ù¤˜. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÙˆÓ 35 ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ‹Ù·Ó Â›-
Û˘ ˘„ËÏ‹, · = .94. √ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ‹˜ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛˆÓ
‹Ù·Ó Ôχ ˘„ËÏfi˜, r = .89, p < .001.
 ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-ππ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi 131

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 5. ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ οı ÂÚÒÙËÛ˘ Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋

‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ BDI-II ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ

™‡Ìو̷ ª.√. Δ.∞. % rtot

1. §‡Ë 0.50 0.64 44 .58
2. ∞·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›· 1.06 0.98 57 .25
3. ∞ÔÙ˘¯›· 0.27 0.58 21 .43
4. ªÂ›ˆÛË ·fiÏ·˘Û˘ 0.45 0.66 37 .35
5. ∂ÓÔ¯‹ 0.51 0.67 42 .42
6. ΔÈ̈ڛ· 0.31 0.63 24 .40
7. ∞˘ÙÔ-·ÓÙÈ¿ıÂÈ· 0.35 0.61 29 .61
8. ∞˘ÙÔÎÚÈÙÈ΋ 0.53 0.78 36 .46
9. ™Î¤„ÂȘ ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›·˜ 0.21 0.48 19 .55
10. ∫Ï¿Ì· 0.81 1.11 43 .38
11. ∞ÓËÛ˘¯›· 0.57 0.81 43 .34
12. ∞ÒÏÂÈ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ 0.36 0.67 27 .55
13. ∞Ó·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· 0.68 1.02 39 .38
14. ∞Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ· 0.23 0.51 19 .43
15. ªÂ›ˆÛË ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ 0.44 0.62 37 .41
16. ∞ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ‡ÓÔ 1.06 0.84 76 .45
17. ∂ÎÓ¢ÚÈÛÌfi˜ 0.47 0.61 42 .43
18. ∞ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙËÓ fiÚÂÍË 0.68 0.80 51 .44
19. ¢˘ÛÎÔÏ›· Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ 0.74 0.84 51 .48
20. ∫Ô‡Ú·ÛË ‹ ÎfiˆÛË 0.48 0.67 39 .34
21. ªÂ›ˆÛË ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÛÂÍ 0.22 0.56 16 .43
™ËÌ›ˆÛË: N = 100. % = ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÁÈ· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ 1, 2 Î·È 3.

™˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û· ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·

ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ, Ë Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ BDI-II ‚Ú¤ıËÎÂ
Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÔÎϛ̷η Ù˘ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ SCL-90, r = .78,
Ì ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ˘ÔÎϛ̷Θ ÙÔ˘ STAI-Gr, STATE: r = .69 Î·È TRAIT: r = .66, Î·È ÌÂ
ÙËÓ ˘ÔÎϛ̷η ÓÂ˘ÚˆÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ EPQ, r = .58. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙË-
ÙÒÓ, Ë Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ BDI-II ‚Ú¤ıËΠӷ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ
˘ÔÎϛ̷η ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ SCL-90, r = .80, ÙËÓ ˘ÔÎϛ̷η ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ POMS,
r = .73, ÙÔ μ∞π, r = .65, Î·È Ì ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ˘ÔÎϛ̷Θ ÙÔ˘ STAI-Gr, STATE: r = .71 ηÈ
TRAIT: r = .75. ™ÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 6 Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ BDI-II Ì ÙȘ ·Ú·-
¿Óˆ Îϛ̷Θ ‹ ˘ÔÎϛ̷Θ, ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰Â˜.
ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ‰Â›ÎÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙÒÓ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ (Steiger’s z) ‚Ú‹-
132 M. °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔ‡, ¶. ƒÔ‡ÛÛË, ª.-∂. ∫ÔÛÌ›‰Ô˘, °. ∫ÈÔÛ¤ÔÁÏÔ˘, ∞. ∞‰·ÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, °. °·Ú‡Ê·ÏÏÔ˜

ηÌ fiÙÈ Ô ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ BDI-II Ì ÙÔ SCL-90 ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈ-
ÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ÔÚȷο ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·fi fiÙÈ Ô ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ BDI-ππ Ì ÙȘ Îϛ̷-
Θ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ (STAI & BAI). √È ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË,
STATE: z = 1.68, p < .05, TRAIT: z = 1.61, p = .05. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ-
‹ıËÎÂ Ô Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ‹˜ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ BDI Ì ÙÔ SCL-90 ˆ˜ ̤ÙÚÔ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘. √ Û˘-
ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ‹˜ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ∫ϛ̷η ÕÁ¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Beck ‹Ù·Ó ÔÚȷο ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ˜, z
= 1.61, p = .05, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ·˘Ùfi˜ Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÔÎϛ̷η STAI-STATE, z = 1.61, p =
.05. ¢ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ‹ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ˘Ô-
Îϛ̷η STAI-TRAIT.

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 6. ™˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ BDI-II Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ

N r p
√Ì¿‰· ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ
ÀÔÎϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ SCL-90 47 .78 < .001
ÀÔÎϛ̷η STATE ÙÔ˘ STAI-GR 261 .69 < .001
ÀÔÎϛ̷η TRAIT ÙÔ˘ STAI-GR 261 .66 < .001
ÀÔÎϛ̷η «¡Â˘ÚˆÙÈÛÌfi˜» EPQ 24 .58 < .01
√Ì¿‰· ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ
ÀÔÎϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ SCL-90 96 .80 < .001
ÀÔÎϛ̷η POMS 96 .73 < .001
BAI 100 .65 < .001
ÀÔÎϛ̷η STATE ÙÔ˘ STAI-GR 94 .71 < .001
ÀÔÎϛ̷η TRAIT ÙÔ˘ STAI-GR 95 .75 < .001

¶·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË

¶ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËı› Ë ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ BDI-II, ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁ‹ıËΠ·Ó¿-

Ï˘ÛË Î˘Ú›ˆÓ Û˘ÓÈÛÙˆÛÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ Ì ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÂÈ-
ÛÔ‰›Ô˘ (¡ = 162).
√Ì¿‰· ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë. Δ· ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ‹Ù·Ó ηٿÏÏËÏ· ÁÈ· Ó·
ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î˘Ú›ˆÓ Û˘ÓÈÛÙˆÛÒÓ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Kaiser-Meyer-
Olkin (.89). ∂›Û˘, ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ 21 ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÒÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÛÂ
̤ÁÂıÔ˜ Î·È ÂӉ›ÎÓ˘ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ
¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Bartlett, ¯2(210) = 1194.28, p < .001. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ÎÚÈ-
Ù‹ÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ È‰ÈÔÙÈÌÒÓ (Ï > 1 ηٿ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ Cattel), ÚԤ΢„·Ó Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ·-
Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ì ÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ηٿ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ȉÈÔÙÈ̤˜: 7.25, 1.68, 1.24 Î·È 1.04. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë Âͤ-
Ù·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ È‰ÈÔÙÈÌÒÓ (screeplot), ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÌË-
Ó¢ÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÌËÓÂ‡Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÙÔ 42.54% Ù˘ Û˘-
ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘. ΔÔ Â‡ÚËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÂȂ‚·ÈÒıËÎÂ Î·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘
 ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-ππ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi 133

Ù˘ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ (Horn, 1965). °È· ÙȘ ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ οı ÂÚÒ-
ÙËÛ˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÙËΠÂÚÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Promax, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂӉ›ÎÓ˘Ù·È ÁÈ· ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ
Ôԛ˜ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó. ∂›Û˘,
ÂÈϤ¯ıËΠˆ˜ fiÚÈÔ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÊÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ Î¿ı ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ›Û˜ ‹ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜
ÙÔ˘ .30 (Δabachnick & Fidell, 2007), ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙ› Â¿Ó ÌÈ· ÂÚÒÙË-
ÛË ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ‹ fi¯È Û ¤Ó·Ó ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·. ™ÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 7 Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·ÏÏËÏÔÛ˘Û¯ÂÙ›-
ÛÂȘ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ BDI-II Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 8 ÔÈ ÊÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· οı ·-
Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Î·È ÔÈ ÂÙ·ÈÚÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ οı ÂÚÒÙËÛ˘. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ·-
Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ Ì ηٿıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ, ‰Ë-
ÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹Û·Ì ‰‡Ô Ӥ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜-‰Â›ÎÙ˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ fiÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚˆ-
Ù‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÊÔÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi, · = .82, ‹ ÛÙÔ ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎfi/Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi, · = .87,
·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·.
∏ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î‡ÚÈˆÓ Û˘ÓÈÛÙˆÛÒÓ ÂϤÁ-
¯ıËΠ̠ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÂȂ‚·ÈˆÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÛÙ·-
ÙÈÛÙÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Mplus 5 (L. K. Muthén & B. O. Muthén, 1998-2007) Ì ̤ıÔ‰Ô
ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹Ó Ù˘ ·ÓıÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ̤ÁÈÛÙ˘ Èı·ÓÔÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ MLR. √ ÏfiÁÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ-
ÙÈÌ‹ıËÎÂ Ë MLR ·ÓÙ› Ù˘ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂Ó˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ̤ÁÈÛÙ˘ Èı·ÓÔÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ ML ›-
Ó·È fiÙÈ, ÂÂȉ‹ Ù· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ··ÓÙÒÓÙ·È Û Îϛ̷η ÙÂÛÛ¿ÚˆÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ, οÔÈ·
·fi ·˘Ù¿ ‰ÂÓ ÏËÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÚÙˆÛ˘ Î·È ÏÔÍfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ηÓÔÓÈ΋˜ η-
Ù·ÓÔÌ‹˜. Δ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ‹Ù·Ó ¯2 = 225.970, df = 184, p = .019, CFI = .956, TLI
= .950, SRMR = .054, RMSEA = .038 (90% C.I.: .016, .053), ·ÊÔ‡ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜
·Ê¤ıËÎ·Ó Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÂχıÂÚ· Ù· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ 20 Ì 15, 2 ÌÂ
3, 8 Ì 6 Î·È 8 Ì 7 (‚Ï. ¶›Ó·Î· 4) ÂÂȉ‹ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈ˙·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ·ÏÏËÏÔÂÈ-
Î¿Ï˘„˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ (Byrne, 2012, Û. 106). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Hu ηÈ
Bentler (1999), ÙÈ̤˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ CFI Î·È TLI ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙÔ .95 ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·Ï‹
ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÌÂÈÚÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. √È ›‰ÈÔÈ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÙÈ̤˜ ÙÔ˘
‰Â›ÎÙË RMSEA ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ .06 Î·È ÙÈ̤˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÎÙË SRMR ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ .08
˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Â›Û˘ ηϋ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹. √È Ù˘ÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ÊÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ
·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÂÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi .485 ¤ˆ˜ .684 ÂÓÒ ÛÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ·fi .469 ¤ˆ˜
.755 Î·È Â›Ó·È fiϘ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜, p < .001. ∞fi Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·ÔÙÂϤ-
ÛÌ·Ù· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Î·ÏÒ˜ ÛÙ· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô-
̤ӷ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fi-
ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜.
∂Ê·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô t-test ÁÈ· Û˘˙¢Á̤ӷ ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ
·ÛıÂÓÒÓ Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë, ÚԤ΢„ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ Û˘-
ÁΤÓÙÚˆÓ·Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎfi/Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰Â›ÎÙË (ª.√.
= 1.31, Δ.∞. = .60) ·fi fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi (ª.√. = 1.03, Δ.∞. = .61), t(161) = -6.78,
p < .001.
 ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 7. ∞ÏÏËÏÔÛ˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ BDI-II ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ Ì ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›Ô˘

∂ÚÒÙËÛË 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1. §‡Ë 1.0
2. ∞·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›· .29** 1.0
3. ¶ÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓË ·ÔÙ˘¯›· .28** .54** 1.0
4. ªÂ›ˆÛË ·fiÏ·˘Û˘ .34** .48** .37** 1.0
5. ∂ÓÔ¯‹ .20** .28** .41** .15 1.0
6. ∞›ÛıËÌ· ÙÈ̈ڛ·˜ .29** .30** .29** .24** .38** 1.0
7. ∞˘ÙÔ-·ÓÙÈ¿ıÂÈ· .21** .33** .48** .33** .41** .21** 1.0
8. ∞˘ÙÔÎÚÈÙÈ΋ .24** .31** .36** .24** .36** .43** .45** 1.0
9. ™Î¤„ÂȘ ‹ ÂÈı˘Ì›· .37*** .21*** .34*** .17* .30***.18* .22** .30*** 1.0
·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›·˜
10. ∫Ï¿Ì· .30** .16* .23** .35** .13 .24** .19* .33** .13 1.0
11. ∞ÓËÛ˘¯›· .39** .20** .27** .28** .23** .34** .25** .19* .32** .25** 1.0
12. ∞ÒÏÂÈ· .51*** .39*** .40*** .43***.25*** .34*** .29*** .34*** .26*** .31*** .26*** 1.0
ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜
13. ∞ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· .30** .32** .43** .32** .29** .20** .32** .22** .21** .26** .26** .35** 1.0
14. ∞Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ· .38** .44** .49** .34** .46** .38** .46** .40** .32** .25** .31** .47** .39** 1.0
15. ªÂ›ˆÛË .42*** .30*** .39*** .40*** .28***.24*** .26*** .27*** .34*** .35*** .29*** .49*** .35*** .45** 1.0
ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜
16. ∞ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ‡ÓÔ .27** .27** .28** .37** .20** .08 .15 .15 .21** .35** .26** .37** .28** .23** .29** 1.0
17. ∂ÎÓ¢ÚÈÛÌfi˜ .37** .20** .25** .23** .24** .39** .26** .25** .17* .34** .37** .27** .26** .27** .27** .24** 1.0 .
18. ∞ÏÏ·Á¤˜ .29** .14 .19* .27** .08 .22** .18* .13 .10 .23** .21** .26** .38** .20** .29** .35** .30** 1.0
ÛÙËÓ fiÚÂÍË
19. ¢˘ÛÎÔÏ›· .37*** .24** .42*** .42*** .28***.23** .27*** .27*** .29*** .32*** .32*** .36*** .44*** .44***.50*** .31*** .30*** .35***1.0
Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘
20. ∫Ô‡Ú·ÛË ‹ ÎfiˆÛË .39** .34** .39** .45** .11 .21** .29** .20** .30** .35** .26** .48** .42** .36** .59** .44** .31** .34** .41** 1.0
21. ªÂ›ˆÛË .38*** .26*** .38*** .24** .16* .23** .16* .12 .22** .25*** .23** .42*** .34*** .30*** .38*** .29*** .27*** .38*** .39*** .41*** 1.0
ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÛÂÍ
™ËÌ›ˆÛË: N = 162. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001
 ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-ππ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi 135

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 8. ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î‡ÚÈˆÓ Û˘ÓÈÛÙˆÛÒÓ Ì ÂÚÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Ù‡Ô˘ Promax Î·È ÂÙ·ÈÚÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ (h2)
οı ÂÚÒÙËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ

∂ÚÒÙËÛË ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ π ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ππ h2

1. §‡Ë .58 .42
2. ∞·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›· .51 .37
3. ¶ÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓË ·ÔÙ˘¯›· .60 .52
4. ªÂ›ˆÛË ·fiÏ·˘Û˘ .55 .40
5. ∂ÓÔ¯‹ .83 .53
6. ∞›ÛıËÌ· ÙÈ̈ڛ·˜ .59 .36
7. ∞˘ÙÔ-·ÓÙÈ¿ıÂÈ· .73 .47
8. ∞˘ÙÔÎÚÈÙÈ΋ .78 .49
9. ™Î¤„ÂȘ ‹ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›·˜ .40 .26
10. ∫Ï¿Ì· .55 .31
11. ∞ÓËÛ˘¯›· .33 .27
12. ∞ÒÏÂÈ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ .55 .49
13. ∞Ó·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· .49 .38
14. ∞Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ· .67 .57
15. ªÂ›ˆÛË ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ .63 .50
16. ∞ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ‡ÓÔ .70 .39
17. ∂ÎÓ¢ÚÈÛÌfi˜ .40 .28
18. ∞ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙËÓ fiÚÂÍË .74 .39
19. ¢˘ÛÎÔÏ›· Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ .58 .46
20. ∫Ô‡Ú·ÛË ‹ ÎfiˆÛË .81 .58
21. ªÂ›ˆÛË ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÛÂÍ .70 .42

π‰ÈÔÙÈ̤˜ 7.25 1.68 8.93

™˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ¶·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ
¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ π 1.00
¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ππ .59 1.00
™ËÌ›ˆÛË: ∂ÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ÔÈ ÊÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ >= .30

∂Á΢ÚfiÙËÙ· Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ

Ÿˆ˜ ÚԷӷʤÚıËÎÂ, Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ ¯ˆÚ›ÛÙËΠ۠·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ÙÔ˘-
Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ¤Ó· ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ (·ÓÂÍ·Úًو˜ ‚·ÛÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ‚·Ú‡-
ÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›Ô˘) Î·È Û ÂΛÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÈÌË Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘-
Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›·. BÚ¤ıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ Ì ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›Ô˘
›¯·Ó ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚË ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ BDI-II, t(265) = 7.26, p < .001.

∂ÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙÔ˘ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÚ›Ô˘

∏ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ BDI-II ÚÔ‹Ïı ·fi ÙËÓ Î·-
Ì‡ÏË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û ¤Ó· ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ ¯ˆÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó Û ‰‡Ô
136 M. °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔ‡, ¶. ƒÔ‡ÛÛË, ª.-∂. ∫ÔÛÌ›‰Ô˘, °. ∫ÈÔÛ¤ÔÁÏÔ˘, ∞. ∞‰·ÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, °. °·Ú‡Ê·ÏÏÔ˜

ÔÌ¿‰Â˜: Ì›· ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û·Ó ÔÈ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ Ì ‰È·ÁÓˆṲ̂ÓÔ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈ-

Ûfi‰ÈÔ, ÂÓÒ ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔÈÔÈ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·-
Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›Ô˘. ™ÙÔ ™¯‹Ì· 1, Ô ¿ÍÔÓ·˜ y ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· Ù˘ ÎÏ›-
̷η˜ (ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ó· ‰È·ÁÓˆÛı› Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë fiÙ·Ó ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ-
„Ë) Î·È Ô ¿ÍÔÓ·˜ x (1 Ì›ÔÓ) ÙËÓ ÂȉÈÎfiÙËÙ· (ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ó· ÌËÓ ¤¯ÂÈ
ηٿıÏÈ„Ë Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÁÓˆÛı› Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂ӷ Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë). ∏ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· οو ·fi
ÙËÓ Î·Ì‡ÏË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ Ù˘ ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜. ™ÙËÓ ÚÔ-
ÎÂÈ̤ÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ë ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋, ∞UC = 0.76. ∏
‰È·ÁÒÓÈÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ™¯‹Ì· 1 ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ì‡ÏË Ô˘ ı· ›¯·ÌÂ Â¿Ó Ë Îϛ̷η ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â
η̛· ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· (‰ËÏ., Ë ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó
Ù˘¯·›·). ∂›Û˘, Ô ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙËÓ Îϛ̷η Â›Ó·È Î·Ï‡-
ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ Ù˘¯·›Ô ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë Î·È Û ·˘-
ÙÔ‡˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ηٿıÏÈ„Ë, p < .001, Standard Error = .031. ø˜ ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi
fiÚÈÔ ÂÈϤ¯ıËÎÂ Ë ÙÈÌ‹ 17, Ë Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô .74 Î·È Ë ·ÎÚ›-
‚ÂÈ¿ Ù˘ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô .70. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Â¿Ó ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ›ÛË ‹ ÌÂ-
Á·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÙÔ˘ 17, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· 74% ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË
Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÛˆÛÙ¿ Ë ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË, ÂÓÒ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· 29% Ó· ÌËÓ ¤¯ÂÈ
ηٿıÏÈ„Ë Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÁÓˆÛı› Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂ӷ Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ.
∂˘·ÈÛıËÛ›·

1 - ∂ȉÈÎfiÙËÙ·
™¯‹Ì· 1. ∫·Ì‡ÏË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ BDI-II.
 ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-ππ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi 137

™¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ BDI-II Ì ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ

∂Ê·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ t-test ÁÈ· ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·, ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô-
ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë, ‰Â ‚Ú¤ıËÎ·Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜
Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜, ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›·. ™ÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 9 Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ
‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ÁÈ· Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Î·È ¿Ó‰Ú˜. ∏ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ BDI-
II ‚Ú¤ıËΠӷ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ıÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·, r = .18, p < .01, Î·È ·ÚÓËÙÈο Ì ٷ
¤ÙË ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, r = -.21, p < .01. ∂ȉÈο ÁÈ· ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜, Ë Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›·
‚Ú¤ıËΠӷ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ıÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·, r = .16, p < .05, Î·È ·ÚÓËÙÈο Ì ٷ
¤ÙË ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, r = -.21, p < .01. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ‰Â ‚Ú¤ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ÛË-
Ì·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ.
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 9. μ·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ ÛÙÔ BDI-II ÁÈ· fiÏË ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ
Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÔÌ¿‰· Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ

°˘Ó·›Î˜ ÕÓ‰Ú˜
√Ì¿‰· ¡ ª.√. (Δ.∞.) ¡ ª.√. (Δ.∞.)
ŸÏÔÈ ÔÈ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ 200 21.72 (12.65) 67 18.96 (12.17)
∞ÛıÂÓ›˜ Ì ∫∂ 127 25.60 (11.55) 35 23.49 (11.74)
™ËÌ›ˆÛË: ∫∂ = ∫·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ

™À∑∏Δ∏™∏

T· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ BDI-II
¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ηϤ˜ „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜
Î·È Ù˘ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·˜, Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi
ÏËı˘ÛÌfi. ™Â Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·, Ë ÙÈÌ‹ Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¤-
ÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ‹Ù·Ó Û ˘„ËÏfi Â›‰Ô, ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ì „˘-
¯ÔÏÔÁÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Û˘ ‹Ù·Ó ˘„Ë-
Ï‹ Î·È Ë ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ fiˆ˜ ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁ‹ıËΠ۠ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÔÌ¿-
‰· ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ (Arnarson et al., 2008. Kapci et al., 2008. Penley et al., 2003). ΔÔ Â‡ÚË-
Ì· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â·Ó·ÏËÊı› Ì ÌÂ-
Á·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ·, ȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ·
ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ‹Ù·Ó ÌÈÎÚfi (Ì›· ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰·) Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÔÈ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ÂÚˆ-
Ù‹ÛÂȘ (Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰‡Ô ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰Â˜) ηٿ ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·Ó
ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ.
ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·˜, Ë Îϛ̷η BDI-II ‚Ú¤ıËΠӷ Û˘Û¯Â-
Ù›˙ÂÙ·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ì Îϛ̷Θ Ô˘ ÌÂÙÚÔ‡Ó Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Î·È Ì ÎÏ›-
̷Θ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜. Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÙ·Ó, ÔÈ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙȘ ÎÏ›-
̷Θ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔÈ ·fi fiÙÈ ·˘ÙÔ› Ì ÙȘ ÎÏ›-
138 M. °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔ‡, ¶. ƒÔ‡ÛÛË, ª.-∂. ∫ÔÛÌ›‰Ô˘, °. ∫ÈÔÛ¤ÔÁÏÔ˘, ∞. ∞‰·ÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, °. °·Ú‡Ê·ÏÏÔ˜

̷Θ ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜, ·Ó Î·È Ë ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ›ӷÈ
ÔÚȷ΋. ∏ ˘„ËÏ‹ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Ì ÙȘ Îϛ̷Θ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙËÓ ˘„Ë-
Ï‹ Û˘ÓÓÔÛËÚfiÙËÙ· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô „˘¯È·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙË ÌÂÚÈÎÒ˜
ÎÔÈÓ‹ Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ (Hirschfeld, 2001. Lamers, van Oppen, Comijs, Smit,
Spinhoven, et al., 2011). ™Â ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙÔ BDI-II ‚Ú¤ıËΠӷ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂ
ÙËÓ ˘ÔÎϛ̷η ÓÂ˘ÚˆÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ EPQ. Δ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó ÌÂ
¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ó ÙÔ BDI-II Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ·ÚfiÌÔȘ Îϛ̷Θ (Griffith
et al., 2005. Huppert, Smith, & Apfeldorf, 2002. Lipps, Lowe, & Young, 2007.
Osman, Barrios, Gutierrez, Williams, & Bailey, 2008), ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙË ¯ÚË-
ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤Á΢ÚË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ìو̿-
ÙˆÓ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ‚Ú¤ıËΠfiÙÈ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈ-
Ûfi‰ÈÔ (fiˆ˜ ‰È·ÁÓÒÛÙËΠ̤ۈ „˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢Í˘) ›¯·Ó ˘„Ë-
ÏfiÙÂÚË ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ BDI-II ·fi Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ¿ÏϘ „˘¯È·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ·Ï-
Ï¿ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ. H ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÚÒ-
ÙË ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› ÙfiÛÔ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙ¤˜ Ù˘
Îϛ̷η˜ (Beck et al., 1996), fiÛÔ Î·È ·fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú‹Î·Ó Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ·
Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ˜ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ·fi Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ¿ÏϘ
‰È·ÁÓÒÛÂȘ (Dutton, Grothe, Jones, Whitehead, Kendra, et al., 2004. Kumar et al.,
2002. Osman, Kopper, Barrrios, Gutierrez, & Bagge, 2004). ΔÔ Â‡ÚËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ·Ô-
ÙÂÏ› Ì›· ÂÈϤÔÓ ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜.
∞Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂ-
ÓÂÚÁ‹ıËΠÛÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ, ÚԤ΢„·Ó ‰‡Ô ·-
Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔ 42.54% Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘. √ ¤Ó·˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜
Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ù· ۈ̷ÙÈο Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Ù˘ η-
Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ (χË, Ì›ˆÛË ·fiÏ·˘Û˘, ÎÏ¿Ì·, ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·, ·ÒÏÂÈ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜,
·Ó·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ì›ˆÛË ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ‡ÓÔ, ÂÎÓ¢ÚÈÛÌfi˜,
·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙËÓ fiÚÂÍË, ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘, ÎÔ‡Ú·ÛË Î·È Ì›ˆÛË ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜
ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÂÍ) Î·È Ô ¿ÏÏÔ˜ Ù· ÁÓˆÛÙÈο (··ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›·, ÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓË ·ÔÙ˘¯›·, ÂÓÔ¯‹,
·›ÛıËÌ· ÙÈ̈ڛ·˜, ·˘ÙÔ-·ÓÙÈ¿ıÂÈ·, ·˘ÙÔÎÚÈÙÈ΋, ÛΤ„ÂȘ ‹ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›·˜
Î·È ·Ó·ÍÈfiÙËÙ·). Ÿˆ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Î·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙ¤˜ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ (Beck et al., 1996), ηÈ
¿ÏÏÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷϋÍÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ
·˘Ùfi Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi Ô˘ ÌÂÏÂÙÔ‡Ó (Arnau et al., 2001. Dozois
et al., 1998. Poole, Bramwell, & Murphy, 2006. Steer et al., 2000). °È· ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡-
Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ, ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ (ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜/ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıË-
Ì·ÙÈÎfi˜) Ê¿ÓËΠӷ ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ,
Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ë ÁÂӛ΢ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌfiÓÔ Û ŒÏÏËÓ˜ Ì ηٿ-
ıÏÈ„Ë Î·È fi¯È Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ‹ Û οı ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ì „˘¯È·ÙÚÈο ÚÔ-
‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÏÔÈfiÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„·Ó, Û˘ÁÎÚ›ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ
 ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-ππ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi 139

‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ì ηٷıÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ηÈ

‚Ú¤ıËΠfiÙÈ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÓ·Ó ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚË ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈο ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎfi /Û˘-
Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ·fi fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi. ∏ ‰È·›ÚÂÛË Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ Û ‰‡Ô
˘ÔÎϛ̷Θ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Û ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜.
°È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË, ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË
ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛˆÌ·ÙÈο ‹ ηÈ
Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Î·È Û ·˘Ù¿ ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÔÈ ÂȉÈÎÔ› Ó·
ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆıÔ‡Ó Û ÚÒÙË Ê¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÎÔ‡ÊÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ÂÚÌË-
Ó›· ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË Î·È ·fi ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ‚·ı-
ÌÔÏÔÁ›·, ·ÊÔ‡ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ
·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ٷ Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈ ÈÔ ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ (Shafer, 2006).
ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÚÈÔ, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ Ë
ÙÈÌ‹ 17 Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚË ÙÈÌ‹ ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ Èı·Ófi ¤Ó·
¿ÙÔÌÔ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË. ∏ ÙÈÌ‹ ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚË ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹
14 Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙ¤˜ ÙȘ Îϛ̷η˜ (Beck et al., 1996) ÛÂ Û˘Ì-
ʈӛ· Ì ¿ÏϘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ¤ÊË‚ÔÈ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÛ-
ÛfiÙÂÚ· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ηٿıÏȄ˘ Î·È ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ (ΔÚÈÏ›‚·, μ·ÛÈÏ¿ÎË, & Chimienti,
2001), Î·È Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞, fiÔ˘ ÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÚÈÔ Â›Ó·È 17
Î·È ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ (Arnau, 2001. Carney et al., 2009). 줂·È·, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈ-
ı› fiÙÈ ÂÓÒ Ë Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÚ›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û Ôχ η-
Ïfi Â›Â‰Ô (˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· 74.5% οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË Î·È
ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÛˆÛÙ¿ Ë ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË), Ë ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ (η-
ıÒ˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· 29.5% οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· ÌËÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë ·ÏÏ¿ Ó· ‰È·ÁÓˆ-
Ûı› Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂ӷ Ì ηٿıÏÈ„Ë). ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë ÙÈÌ‹ 17 ÂÈϤ¯ıËΠˆ˜ Ë Î·-
χÙÂÚË ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË ÙÈÌ‹ ÁÈ· Ì›· ÚÒÙË ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÂÂȉ‹ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· Ù˘ ÎÏ›-
̷η˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Â›Ó·È ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚË Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ıÂÙÈ΋ ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË. A˘-
Ùfi Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÁÈ· Ì›· Îϛ̷η Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó ÚÒÙÔ
‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٿıÏÈ„Ë (Arnau et al., 2001). ™Â ÎÏÈ-
ÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ›Ûˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ˆÊ¤ÏÈÌÔ Ó· Â·ÁÚ˘Ó‹ÛÂÈ Î·Ù·Ú¯‹Ó Ô ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
‡·ÚÍË Û˘Ìو̿وÓ. ∏ ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ‰Â ı· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤Û·
·fi ÌÈ· Îϛ̷η, ·ÏÏ¿ ̤ۈ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘.
Δ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Â›Û˘ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ ÛÙËÓ
Îϛ̷η ‰Â ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó, Û˘ÌʈÓÒÓÙ·˜ Ì ÙȘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔ-
Ú¤˜ ʇÏÔ˘, ÙfiÛÔ Ì ÙÔ BDI-II (Dozois et al., 1998. Harris & D'Eon, 2008. Hunt et
al., 2003. Lasa et al., 2000. O'Hara et al., 1998. Penley et al., 2003. Steer et al., 2000),
fiÛÔ Î·È Ì ÙÔ BDI Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· (Δ˙¤ÌÔ˜, 1984). øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú-
¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Â›Ó·È Â˘¿ÏˆÙ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Î·-
Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›Ô˘, Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÔÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ Û ËÏÈΛ· Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ηÈ
140 M. °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔ‡, ¶. ƒÔ‡ÛÛË, ª.-∂. ∫ÔÛÌ›‰Ô˘, °. ∫ÈÔÛ¤ÔÁÏÔ˘, ∞. ∞‰·ÌÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, °. °·Ú‡Ê·ÏÏÔ˜

ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ì ¯·ÌËÏfi ÌÔÚʈÙÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Î·È

·fi ¿ÏϘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi (¶·ÙÂÚ¿ÎË & ƒÔ‡ÛÛË, 2011).
∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓË-
ÛË ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ È‰ÈÔًوÓ, Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ‰È·-
¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÚ›Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Îϛ̷η BDI-II. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Â-
ÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÁÂÓ›Î¢Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ,
Ë ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ‰ÈÂÍ‹¯ıË ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ì η-
Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ‰Â ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ¤Á΢-
Ú· Î·È Û ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜. ∞Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÛÙȘ
‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ‰ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯Â ›‰È· ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Û˘ ÛÙËÓ
ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯Â ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË ÛÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË. °È·
ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi ‰Â ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈ-
ÙËÙÒÓ. ∂›Û˘, Ë ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ÕÁ¯Ô˘˜ ˆ˜ ∫·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË Â›Ó·È ¯·-
ÌËÏ‹ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙȘ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ Ì ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Îϛ̷η ı·
Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢ıÔ‡Ó Ì ÚÔÛÔ¯‹. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔ Â‡ÚËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Â·-
Ó·ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ıˆÚËı› ÚÔηٷÚÙÈÎfi Î·È Ó· Â·Ó·ÏËÊı›
Ì ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ· Î·È Ì ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÌÂÛԉȿÛÙËÌ·. Δ¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ ‹Ù·Ó Û˘Á-
¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· ÙÔ˘ BDI-
II Û ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘Ìو̷ÙÔÏÔÁ›·.
™˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο, Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ BDI-II
¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ï¤˜ „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Â·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ „˘-
¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ ÛÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Èı·Ófi Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٿıÏÈ„Ë.
∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ (‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ηÈ
ÙÔ˘ ۈ̷ÙÈÎÔ‡/ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·), ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ ÏË-
ÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ó· ηıÔ‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ
ÔÚ›· Ù˘ ıÂÚ·›·˜.

∂˘¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜. £· ı¤Ï·Ì ӷ ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ μÔ˚ÎÏ‹

Î·È ÃÚÈÛÙ›Ó· ∑·ÁfiÚ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ˘ æ˘¯È΋˜
ÀÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ μÔÚÂÈÔ‰˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ΔÔ̤· £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔ-
ÏÔÁ›ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ. ∂›Û˘, ›̷ÛÙ ¢ÁÓÒÌÔÓ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ¢Ú.
Aaron T. Beck ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ Ù˘ ¶ÂÓÛ˘Ï‚¿ÓÈ· ÙˆÓ ∏.¶.∞. ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿‰ÂÈ· Ô˘
Ì·˜ ·Ú·¯ÒÚËÛ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ÂϤÁÍÔ˘Ì ÙȘ „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ȉÈfi-
ÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ BDI-II ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο.
 ∫ϛ̷η ∫·Ù¿ıÏȄ˘ ÙÔ˘ Beck-ππ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi 141

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 ADAPTATION OF THE BECK DEPRESSION
INVENTORY-II TO GREEK POPULATION

Maria Giannakou1, Pagona Roussi1, Mary-Elen Kosmides1,

Grigoris Kiosseoglou1, Arabela Adamopoulou2,
& Giorgos Garyfallos2
1Aristotle
University of Thessaloniki, Greece
2Mental Health Center of the Northwestern Section of Thessaloniki, Greece

Abstract: Our goal in the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the
Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and its suitability for use in the Greek population.
Participants were 267 individuals who visited a public mental health center (patient group) and
100 university students. They completed the BDI-II and other scales assessing depressive and
anxiety symptoms. Our results indicate that the BDI-II has very good internal consistency and
test-retest reliability, as well as high validity. Factor analysis of the scale’s structure in patients
diagnosed with a depressive episode revealed the existence of two factors, a cognitive and a
somatic/emotional factor, which explained 42.54% of the total variance. Based on the patient
group, we propose a cutoff score of 17. The scale’s good psychometric properties were
confirmed for the Greek population, suggesting that its translation and adaptation to the Greek
language yield a valid and reliable tool.

Key words: Beck Depression Inventory-II, Depression, Measurement of depression

Address: Pagona Roussi, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24

Thessaloniki, Greece. Tel.: +30-2310-997360. Fax: +30-2310-997384. E-mail: roussi@psy.auth.gr