Introduction to AI

Lecture 01
Introduction to AI
SENG 530 Artificial Intelligence Course Overview

August. 06, 2018 What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

Muhammad Ali Nizamani, PhD

IICT, Sindh University
01.1
 Introduction to AI
Outline

1 Course Overview
Course Overview

What is AI

2 What is AI Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

3 Foundations of AI

4 Intelligent Agents in Brief

01.2
 Introduction to AI
Course Overview

Purpose of this class

To Teach you the basics of Artificial Intelligence.

Structure
Course Overview

Lectures: 3 sessions / week, 50 minutes / session What is AI

Foundations of AI
Labs: 1 session / week, 2.5 hours / session
Intelligent Agents in
Brief

Grading
Homework Assignments: 20%
Midterm Exams: 30%
Final Exams: 50%

Recommended Text
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd Edition) by
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig.
01.3
 Introduction to AI
Short Quiz
An AI program is:
1 Formula.
2 Warm wear.
3 Intelligent Agent.
Course Overview

Solution. What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.4
 Introduction to AI
Short Quiz
An AI program is:
1 Formula.
2 Warm wear.
3 Intelligent Agent.
Course Overview

Solution. What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

Intelligent Agent.

01.4
 Introduction to AI
An Intelligent Agent in Practice

Wait for the Video...

Course Overview

What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.5
 Introduction to AI
AI Examples

Course Overview

What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
(a) IBM Watson playing Jeop- (b) Deep blue vs kasparov Brief
ardy

(c) PR2 Robot playing Pool (d) Google AlphaGo

01.6
 Introduction to AI
AI

Philosopher’s tried to understand how we human’s think , i.e,

perceive Course Overview

What is AI
understand
Foundations of AI

predict Intelligent Agents in

Brief
manipulate
AI goes further tries to:
understand and
build intelligent entities.

01.7
 Introduction to AI
What is AI

Artificial Intelligence has been defined many different ways,

mainly it governs:
1 thought processes and reasoning, Course Overview

What is AI
2 behavior
Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.8
 Introduction to AI
What is AI

Artificial Intelligence has been defined many different ways,

mainly it governs:
1 thought processes and reasoning, Course Overview

What is AI
2 behavior
Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Different AI paradigms Brief

Acting Humanly
Thinking Humanly
Thinking Rationally
Acting Rationally

01.8
 Introduction to AI
Acting Humanly:

Course Overview

What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.9
 Introduction to AI
Acting Humanly:
Turing Test
The computer passes the test if a human interrogator after
asking some written questions, can not tell whether:
the written answers come from a human or not
Course Overview

What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.9
 Introduction to AI
Acting Humanly:
Turing Test
The computer passes the test if a human interrogator after
asking some written questions, can not tell whether:
the written answers come from a human or not
Course Overview

What is AI
Needs
Foundations of AI

Natural Language processing: to communicate Intelligent Agents in

Brief
Knowledge representation: to store knowledge
Automated reasoning: to draw new results, i.e, to provide
answers
Maschine learning: adapt to new situations

01.9
 Introduction to AI
Acting Humanly:
Turing Test
The computer passes the test if a human interrogator after
asking some written questions, can not tell whether:
the written answers come from a human or not
Course Overview

What is AI
Needs
Foundations of AI

Natural Language processing: to communicate Intelligent Agents in

Brief
Knowledge representation: to store knowledge
Automated reasoning: to draw new results, i.e, to provide
answers
Maschine learning: adapt to new situations

IBM Watson
In 2011, Watson competed on Jeopardy against 2 human
winners and received the first prize of USD 1 million

01.9
 Introduction to AI

Total Turing test

Examiners can also give physical objects

Course Overview

What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.10
 Introduction to AI

Total Turing test

Examiners can also give physical objects

Needs also
computer vision: to recognize objects,
robotics: to manipulate objects. Course Overview

What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.10
 Introduction to AI

Total Turing test

Examiners can also give physical objects

Needs also
computer vision: to recognize objects,
robotics: to manipulate objects. Course Overview

What is AI

Foundations of AI
Thinking Humanly: Intelligent Agents in
Brief

Cognitive Modeling Approach

See how human mind works:
Acquire Theory of Mind
Based on cognitive sciences

01.10
 Introduction to AI
Thinking Rationally:

Course Overview

What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.11
 Introduction to AI
Thinking Rationally:
Laws of though approach
Aristotle: right thinking, use logic.
Syllogism: Socrates is a man, All man are Mortals,
therefore Socrates is mortal
Course Overview

What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.11
 Introduction to AI
Thinking Rationally:
Laws of though approach
Aristotle: right thinking, use logic.
Syllogism: Socrates is a man, All man are Mortals,
therefore Socrates is mortal
Course Overview

Issues with thinking rationally What is AI

Foundations of AI
knowledge is < 100% sure,
Intelligent Agents in
first transform it into logical format and then solve. Brief

01.11
 Introduction to AI
Thinking Rationally:
Laws of though approach
Aristotle: right thinking, use logic.
Syllogism: Socrates is a man, All man are Mortals,
therefore Socrates is mortal
Course Overview

Issues with thinking rationally What is AI

Foundations of AI
knowledge is < 100% sure,
Intelligent Agents in
first transform it into logical format and then solve. Brief

Acting Rationally:

The Rational Agent approach

To do the best possible to achieve the best possible out
come.

01.11
 Introduction to AI
Foundations of AI

Philosophy (428 B.C. present)

Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
Where does knowledge come from?
Course Overview
How does knowledge lead to action?
What is AI

Aristotle (328 B.C), syllogism for proper reasoning. Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

Mathematics (800-present)
Logic: Formal Logic:
George Boole (1815-1864), propositional or boolean logic.
Link with Computation: Algorithm:
Al-Khwarizmi 9th Century, gave Algorithms for logical
deductions
Probability: 3rd important contribution of AI

01.12
 Introduction to AI

Exercise 01.1
Explain Following in the context of Algorithms:
Incompleteness theorem
Intractability
NP-complete
Course Overview

What is AI
Solution. Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

Go through the text book, internet and other resources-)

01.13
 Introduction to AI

Economics (1776-present)
How should we make decision to maximize payoff ?
Von Neumann and Morgenstern 1944, Theory of games and
economic behavior.

Course Overview
Neuro-science
What is AI
How do brains process information? Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief
Cognitive Psychology
exploring internal mental processes.
the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak,
and solve problems.

Computer Engineering (1940-present)

How can we build an efficient computer?
the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak,
and solve problems.
01.14
 Introduction to AI
History of AI

Course Overview

What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.15
 Introduction to AI
History of AI

birth of AI 1956
1943-1955, Pre AI era: Artificial Neural Network Course Overview
development What is AI

John McCarthy with Mervin Minsky organized a 2 Month Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
workshop at Dartmouth College Brief

2 Carnegie Tech researchers (Newell and Simon)

presented Logic Theorist, a reasoning program
able to prove theorems from Russell and Whitehead’s
Principia Mathematica.
Name chosen for the new field: Artificial Intelligence.

01.15
 Introduction to AI

1952-1969, Great Expectation: LISP (LISt Processing),

Programs able to solve small puzzles (SHRDLU)
1966-1973, Dose of Reality: Failure of Direct Machine to
Machine Translation, Limitations of Neural Net
1969-79: Knowledge-based systems: issues with syntax
alone, lead to work representing and reasoning with Course Overview
knowledge. What is AI

1986-present, Return of Neural networks, rediscovery of Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
back-propagation algorithm. Brief

1995-present, The emergence of Intelligent agents.

01.16
 Introduction to AI
The State of Art

Course Overview

Autonomous planning and scheduling. What is AI

Foundations of AI
Game Playing Intelligent Agents in
Brief
Diagnosis
Robotics

01.17
 Introduction to AI
Intelligent Agents

Course Overview

What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.18
 Introduction to AI
Intelligent Agents

The Agent and the environment

Course Overview
There is an agent and an environment, the agent gets to What is AI
interact with an environment. Foundations of AI

The Agent can perceive the state of the environment Intelligent Agents in
Brief
through its sensors

01.18
 Introduction to AI
Intelligent Agents

The Agent and the environment

Course Overview
There is an agent and an environment, the agent gets to What is AI
interact with an environment. Foundations of AI

The Agent can perceive the state of the environment Intelligent Agents in
Brief
through its sensors
It can Affect its environemtn through its Actuators

01.18
 Introduction to AI
Intelligent Agents

The Agent and the environment

Course Overview
There is an agent and an environment, the agent gets to What is AI
interact with an environment. Foundations of AI

The Agent can perceive the state of the environment Intelligent Agents in
Brief
through its sensors
It can Affect its environemtn through its Actuators
The BIG question of AI is the Function that maps Agent
sensors to its Actuators

01.18
 Introduction to AI
AI in Finance

Course Overview
Agent is called Trading Agent. What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.19
 Introduction to AI
AI in Finance

Course Overview
Agent is called Trading Agent. What is AI

Environment is stocks or commodities. Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.19
 Introduction to AI
AI in Finance

Course Overview
Agent is called Trading Agent. What is AI

Environment is stocks or commodities. Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Senses: Stock Rates, New/events Brief

01.19
 Introduction to AI
AI in Finance

Course Overview
Agent is called Trading Agent. What is AI

Environment is stocks or commodities. Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Senses: Stock Rates, New/events Brief

Actions: Decide to Buy or sell stock/commodities

01.19
 Introduction to AI
AI in Finance

Course Overview
Agent is called Trading Agent. What is AI

Environment is stocks or commodities. Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Senses: Stock Rates, New/events Brief

Actions: Decide to Buy or sell stock/commodities

So helps people make money using AI.

01.19
 Introduction to AI

Exercise 01.2
Give:
3 examples of AI use (For example, AI in Finance), with
1 Agents
2 Environment
3 What agent senses in the environment
Course Overview
4 what actions agent takes on the environment
What is AI

Foundations of AI

Intelligent Agents in
Brief

01.20