W\ ..l1) ( W'.

' . I ,'A . . E.IPO R T 59,62 4

r6
! SURVEY OF BOUNDARY LAYER HEAT TRANSFER
__ AT HIGH VELOCITIES AND HIGH TEMPERATURES

Er.tR. G;. ,'/•t

vczrz

XEROX APRIL- 96

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W!RI(TVT AMt IDE;VI ;I,01)NIFNTI CE Ell,.,

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Best Available Copy

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X%. h. it C.4 -%r-Itnizril (r.i Ato 'pet. fit ation,. or ipt her~ data are u-wi I r an%. purpo'&- ojth.r
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 WAOC TECHNICAL REVORT 59-624

SURVEY OF BOUNDARY LAYER HEAT TRANSFER

AT HIGH VELOCITIES AND HIGH TEMPERATURES

Ernst R. G. Eckert

University of Minnesota

APRIL 1,960

Aeronautical Research Laboratory

Contract No. AF .33(616)-5676
Pirject No. 7064
Task No. 70138

WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER

AIR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
WRIGHT PATTERSON AIR FORCE BAS'.
40XI-- Jt19.1meI•E -- '91115
 FOREW•ORD

This report was premred by Dr. Frnst R. G. Tekerrt, t'r,,: -*or

of Mecnanical inpineering and Director of the Heat Transfer La arat'

ory,

Ur'versity of Min.esota, under USAF Contract :r AF 33(6161-5676. The

co-tract was initiated and aininiatered by the Fluid Dynamics Research

Branch o' the Aeronautical Research Laboritory, '.right Air 3evelopment

^enter, arIght-Patterson Air Fcrce Base, Ohio, under Dr. R. Mills as

branc.' Chief ani ý!r. E. Soehngen as Project Scientist, Project 7064 and

Task 7"13e.

WADC TR 59-6U4
 ALLT±LACT

Heat transfer in boundiriy layer flow at high velocities and high

temoera',ires is discussed, and engineering relations for its calcula'oin

are presented. A similar discussion is the subject of WADO Technical

Report 5h-7u, published in 1954. Aeronautical and space flight

applicdtions have, in the meantime, pushed the conditions undxr which

heat transfer knowledge is impcrtant to much higher velocities and

temperatures. This need for information created an intensive research

effort, whic-; is reflected in the large number of publications

contained in appendix ill of this report. IV this research, the

influence of very large temperature aifferences, of dissociation and

ionization, of low densities, and of chemical reactions on heat transfer

has been well established in its general features. In addition, new

cooling methods, like transpiration, ablation, ir film cocling have
been studied. The reference enthalpy method, introduced in O IR
54-70, and well established in the meantime, is extended and generalised

in this re-ort to include the ad"dItional effects mentioned above. This

leads to Aimple relations by which heat transfer can be calculated with

an accuracy which should be sý:'ficient for engineering purposes. These

relations additionally hare the advantage that most of them a"

applicable to arW gas or gas mixture; therefore, not only to the

reentry problem but also to heat trinsfer problems arising in rockets

or other propulsion systems and in other applications.

5i

'I

W!EI 96I i
 TABLF OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction 1

2 Energy Balanice- 3

9
3 Heat Transfer to Solid Surfaces
31 Single Comoonent Gas 9

311 Flat Plate 10

3111 Constant Surface T'mperature U

3112 Variable Surface Teamperatwre 16

312 Blunt ChJects 21

312L Stagnation Flow 22

3122 Swept Leading Sdges 26

3123 Arbitrary Shapes 27

3124 Separated Flow 36

32 T'issociation, jonization 38

4 Mass Transfer Cooling

4l Without Cnemical Reactions 47

,L11 Constant. Properties 48

1:12 Temperature Deperndent Prcperties 51
413 Tumperature aId Concentration neoendent Properties 53
h2 .'ithChemical Reactionrs 56

5 Low .Densities 61

6 Transition to Turbulence 66

7 fP-operties i9

Appendix i 72

Appendix il 75

Appendix IIJ-I.iterature 76

WAIE TR 59-624 iv
 LI1ST F FIOUHfrS
Page
Fig. 1 Heat balances on surfaces with various cooling methods 2

Fig. 2 Aurface-temperature variation 15

rig. 3 .iatio of Nusselt numbe., on surface with varying texpersture

to thusselt number on iscthermal wall. (from Lef. 113) 1i

Fig. & Mlunt object in spers:-nic flow 20

Fig. 5 Variation of property parameters witn ent•ialoy ratio

Fig. 6 Nomenclature for boundary layer equations 28

Fig. 7 Dimensionles.5 enthalpy gradient ,n -ooled surfaces (from Ref. 213) 31

Fig. C Tem-erature and concentration profiles on catalytic am 44

non-catalytic surfaces

Fig. 9 Reduction of heat transfer and recovery factor by mass

transfer cooling (constant property fluid) 50

Fig. 10 Reduction of heat flow by mass transfer coling (from Ref. 4,26) 52

FiU. 11 Enthalpy profiles in a bu-dary layar with combustion 57

Fir. 12 Flow ranges in iiach-ikynolds diagram 62

Fig. 13 V..ccci..t,, heat conducLivizy and specific heat of Air at

1 ata. pressure and in dissociated equilibrium (from Ref. 427) 68

Fig. 1i4 erantl number and Lewis number of air at 1 atm. pressure
and in dissociated etilibrium (from Ref. 427) 70

ITAI TR 59-62I4 v
 LISI F )MOLS

c. specific .heat a. cow' ant pressure

hfila %ýa*t transfer coefficient

i enthaloy

k seat conductivity

a t>arawter for velocity variatio-•

Scoolant
mass f1tv per unit area

q heat flux per unit a-,&'

r rro•terz factor

* coordinate alon• curved surface

u -, locity componeni in x or ý directton

v velocity coapozent In y direction

x v.. )rdinmte along plano surfacm

y distingue from surface

a area

h,BSC con ta-ta

F function

I total enxthapy

L referepce length

Q heat flux

T tempcrature

V velocity

Sfraction of liquid coolant, pressure gradient parameter

7 paraeter for wall tmperature variation

E_ ngIe betwoen surface rormal and upstream flow direction

St4a.rature potA-,,tial

,ADc rT 59-6:!h vi
(k Viscosity

streaft f•c tiot,

Sdensity

Z7 shear stress

Dimensionless earameters:
D Musselt number

St S*.anton mumber
Cf friction factor
Pr Prandt] number
z& ach mnber

Sc Sckuidt nw wer

J4 lewis number
r recovery factor

Subscripts:

c coclant

ch chemical

co convection

e at outer edge of boundary lyer

g gas
i in solid wall, entbalpy

o initial, stagation point

r recovery
rad radiation

9 so"id
t total
V at wall surface

x based on x
* at reference condition

WA!IC TP. 59L62lh ii

 1. INThfDUCTIU1I

k.ectronic computers have radically influenced the extent and kind

of aes:-tical work which is today pei.!ormed in connection with

engineering developments. Analyses -which a few years ago were sTill

considered much too tedious and time-consuming can be done today in a

comparatively short time. Fowever., regardless of the tremendous help

which the computers offer to engineering desigve, there still exists a

definite nred for simple relatiow which can be used in hand calculations.

ouch relations aze needed for preliminarxy design work, or they are also

useful for more extended calculations on electrunic computers if the

heat transfer is onlý a small part of the total program.

Ihe purpose of the present report is to present a s-wvey of the

field of heat transfer from gases to surfaces at high velocities and

high temperatures, situations as they occur in aeronautic.3! engineerimg

in the development of high speed vehicles like missiles and satellites

or in space flight. Simp.e relationships are presented or developed

with which heat transfer can be calculated with an accuracy which

necessarily is limited, but which should be sufficient for nomal

engineering design purposes. The discussion of the field and the

relations which will be presented are kept general so that they can be

applied not only t. external beat transfer on vehicles moving through

the atmosphere o' omutearth, but also to other gases at other temperatture

and pressure conditions. Ln this way they can, for instance, be used to

make calculations on heat transfer in ataospheres as t

ney exist on

other planets or to heat transfer in the nrozles of rockets through

which combustion gases of various comoosition rm exhausted.

'.ATr, -,R 59- 624s

 . bA

low

__ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __

402 .1

Heat Wamawes on surfaces with varicus Coolinp me' hods

TADC TR 59-J2h2
 A similar wuxvey wajs zide it, 1954 and hus been publiis.oed wider

the title "zurvey on Heat Tranmfer at High Speeds" as WADC TR 5h-70.

The present report can be considered as an extension of this one

considering the changes in the c ndition& as they have occurred in now

engineerin. development and of advances in our knowledge reported in

the inxr-;ening years.

i3search hi the field of heat transfer as it is contained in this

report has been very intensive during recent years. 'Lb Appendix to

this report contains a collection of pertinent literature, and a special

attcwt %zs made to make thiý,: listiag complete and up-to-date.

2, SURGY). BAWiACES

apecial cooling methods like man transfer coolingp transpiration

coC:ling, or ablation cooling an frequently used in recent engineering

applications. Parameters which lescribe heat transfer to surfaces cooled

by zuch meLhoda, like recovery factors and heat transfer coefficients,

are defined in various ways in the literature. It is therefore neceseary

to introduce in this chapter the parameters which will be used In this

paper. The discussion will start with an energy balance on a solid

surface, and then proceed to surfaces cooled by transpiration, film,

or ablation cooling.

Figure la indicates a solid wall with a surface w. An energy

balance can be set up for this surface expressing the fact that the

amount of heat leaving the r4rface per unit time on the fluid side ,must

be equal to the amount of heat entering the surface on the solid side.

Heat will leaye on the fluid side by conduction and by radiation. Heat

WA1Yr TR ý9-A2h 3
 ".L'v'er .'n : li 5sije by coriducti,,n. •i: equaLi<,n which states
;r2-s r'aCt reds:

k r q " = kw k2-1)

>n this eu'±tLon, k inlicates the heat conductivity on the gas side,

k the heat coiductivity of the solic material. T is the gas temiDeraturs)

Tw the tempeeature of the solid wall material. qrad indieav'es heat

transferrod frtn the ".21to the s.rrom,-ding by radiation, aml qw the

heat conducted from the intericr of the solid wall tc the surface.
t
y indicnte: the dircction normal o the wall surface on the fluid side

and yi on the solid side. Beth are counted positive in the direction

away from the su rfaceo

The temperature which the wall surface assumes when the heat

conauction into the interior and the heat loss by radiation are both
zero, 1s called its recovery temperature, Tr:
-1:w 2 -Vr) &w a r) wen qW :0, qr : O0 (2-2)

i indicates the enthalpy of the gas. V*e heat flux by conduction in

the gas to the wall surface is conventionally expressed through a heat

transfer coefficient hp unich is defined by the following equationt

k"(-h(? T -r) hi(iw - i) (2-3)'

In Reference 12.0 it has been demonstrated that it is advantageous to
re-definu the heat transfer coefficient by referring it to enthalpies i

instead of to temperatures. This heat transfer coefficient is denoted

by hi. In this way, simple relations whion nave bwn obtained for a
ccnatant property fluid can be Used to describe heat transfer with
good accuracy ifC the properties of the fluid, including its specitfi

WADC TR 55-624/ 4
heat, va_7. widely. xqua:,on (2-3) indicates the ý- finiti,,n of the heat
transfer coefficient referred to entnalpiea on tne right hand side. Te
eneMy balance as contained in equation (2-1) may be re-written in
enha :-.es in the following way:
h(i( - i,) + qr (2-4)
i -4ii1 now consider the tr-aguspiraticn coeling process. Fgure lb

indicates a porous wall through which a coolant gas is floving. A beat

balance will again be made stating the fret that the sam of all heat
fluxes leaving the surface w of the transpiration coolec wall -=st be
equal tc the sum of t: e heat fluxes travelling --n te .all towaid its
surface. ITe following equation describes this heat balance:

Two additional tets appear in this equation because a stroea A of

coolant gas continuously passes the wall surface w. Heat 's carreld

in the w:all by convection towari the surface, and on the other side

heat leaves the surface by convection. The two correspomding tezrv

are the last ones on both sides of equation (2-5). A Is the mwo
velocity of the coolant gas, cp is its specific beat, and T is the

temperature with which the coolant gas passes the surface w. It may

be observed tilat the convective terms cancel on both sides of the

equaLion, and that in this way the equatiou siplaifies to:
h (iw "r-
Y qrad : °• (2-6)

In this equation, a heat transfer coefficient h, --as been introduced to

describe the heat flow in the gas to the wall by coadbee.tion. It is

important to stress that this deflnition of the heat transfer coefficient

WIA!r TIR 59-62I45

will be used in the present report. Ir..he literature, the heat transfer

coeffici6nt is sometimes defined to describe not only the heat flow by

conduction, but also ths convective contribution -c.-ording to the

follou;.ng equation:
aT
h ~ = - k (5)+T ) Ac~ T

It is fowd, how.ever, that the definition as used in equation (2-6) is

advantageous because the hear transfer coefficient defined in this way

depends on a smaller number of parameters. Ile heat flux by conduction

can again be referred to an enthalpy difference instead of a temperature

difference. The definition in equation (2-6) wi.ll, therefore, be used

in this report.

For steady state condi ions, it is often advantageous to make a heat

balance net for the surface of the wall but for a control volume as

indicated on the right hand side of Figure lb. Also indicated in this
sketch are the various heat fluxes which leave or enter the conirol
volume. One surface of this volume may coincide with the wall surface
w. Un the coolant entry side, the surface is arranged so that it

includes the boundary layer which also exists on this side of the wall

surface. In this way, no heat transport by conduction will occur through

this control surface, since it is located cutside the boundary layer.

The following equation states the heat balance:

h (i - •'r) + , + Ai (2-7)
i w r ~rad cw+ qtr
tr c
icw in this equation indicates the enthalpy of the coolant gas as it

passes the wall surface w, and ic, indicates the enthalpy of the coolant

gas on the entry side of the wall and outside of the bouIdarv layer.

qtr indicates a heat flow which nay leave the control vollme in a

¶AIC fl 5,9-624 6

__ ____
___ ____ ___ ___ _ __ ___ ___I
 direction parallel to the wal.l surface w. LquatioL (2-7) .hs the

advantage that the various terms appearing in it are relatively easily

accessible tý measuz.nent.

In the ablation cooling process, the heat flux from the hot gas to
the wall surface is such that the wall material sublimes and is gradually

carried 4way with the gas strew. 'e* surface of the wall j n this way

gradually recedes in Ato direction towards the wall interior. W

consider a heat balance for the interface between the solid wall and

the gas-this means for the surface which gradualiy recedes into the

solic• .m't.rial. Ac..-rdirgly- a :"ass flow occure through this s-rface

whose magnitude per unit time and area may be A. if the enthalpy of

the subli,%ing wall material in the gaseous state and at the temperature

of the interface is indicated by ig, and at the same tem-erature but

in the solid state by ia, then the heaL balance for the heat fluxes

through such a surface can be expressed by the equation:

hi i- irJ+ %ad+i : k(. ) + Aie (2-8)

Ihe euthalpies and ir used in the definition of the heat transfer

coefficient hi will be discussed in more detail later on in the paper.

'rne equation can be simplified to the following fern if the heat of

sublimation 1 =i - i is introduced:
, Tw
hi Uw -ir)± + qad+ #ig5 k (2-9)

In some cases, the solid wall material is not sublimed but first molts
and then evaporates into the gas strmai. iqeation (2-9) is still valid
for this situation if i is interpreted as the heat of evaporation,

WADC -,R 59-624 7

 and when the equation is used to dercribe the heat bala&ce on the inter-

face between the liquid film which covers the solid wall and the gas.

"the ablation process may ala" be affected by some chemical reaction

between the gas and the solid material. In this case, the heat released

by the chemical reaction has to be introduced for 2. This term must

also include surface dissociation or surface recombination if it should

occur in the actual process.

A quasi-steady condition often occurs in an ablation process in

which the temperature of the interphase is constant and a teamerature

field whic) e,.ws nnt charge its thape noves with constant velocity into

the volid material. For such a condition, it is again advantageous to

write an energy balance for a control volum as indicated on the right

hand side of Figure ic. One surface of this control volume coincides

with the interface w of the ablating material; the other surface is

parallel to this interface but at a sufficient distance so th..t the

tenperature increase occurring in the wall by conduction has not yet

reached this point. £he individual heat fluxes leaving this control

volume are again indicated in the figure, and it is assumed that no

heat will leave the volume in a direction parallel to t1e wall surface.

The foilowing equation then holds for this heat balance:

hi(ki - ir; + qra ig+

j = iso (2-10)
i is the enthalpy of the solid wal material at temperature TO.

If the ablation process occurs as a melting and evaporation, and if

( indicates the fraction of the ablated material which leaves the

control volume in liquid form, then the eq.ation describIlig the heat

balance is:

"7AlE; m 9-6h8
 h.r(i ) +q + 3 i 1so + .- , If so (2-U)

If i6 Lhe vnzho'oy of the liquild material ledving the control volume.

.he balance equations contai:.c: in this -ection have. to be used

in connecLion with other relaticns, for instance, one which Uescribos the

heat cormbiction process in the solid material for the various engineering

calculatitons. A prerequisite of their use is a knowledge of the heat

transfer coefficient ana of the recovery tempemrature or enthalpy.

Their discussion is -he subject of tne following chapters of this paper.

3.Anx
;& Ud AZ &O&iAL)D SJ.FAQC.

31. SINGLE COi OIL;T GkS

Heat transfer to a gas of high tem.perature is influenced by the

fact that the gas maV be par;ially or completely dissociated or ionized,

and that the degree of dissociation changes throughout ,i. Lo-,vU.rxy

layer when the temperature of the surface ezcosed to the flow is different
frtm the temperature of the gas. Such effects may also occur if a gas

with a relatively low temuerature flows with very high velocity over

the surface, because the gas is then heated within the boundary layer

by internal friction, and the increased temperature may again cause

dissociation. !he influence of much factors cn heat tratser will be

discussed in the next section of this report. An the present section,

such effects will be vsglected. It is therefore assumed that we deal

with a si:gle component gas, and that no dissociation or recombination

in the gas occurs as a consequence of locally varying teuperature.

WADC IR 59..624 9
 311. ,at -lae

Heat transfer to the -urface of an object exposed to a high

velocity flow de-ends -.,i the shape of this object as well as on the flow

field to whi:,.' it is exposed. une geometry, which has been investigated

very extensively because it can be treated theoretically in a simple

manner, is a situation conventionally referred to as "flat plate." ib
define as a "flat plate' situation one under which a plan. surface is
exposed to a flow field with locally uniform velocity and flow direction.
It is assumed that the flow velocity and, as a consequence, the pressure
are also constant along the outer edge of the boundary layer which exists
along the plane suriace. It is further specified that the boundary
layer is so thin that the p essure is transsitted without change to
the surface of the plate. .his flow condition can be set up experlmea-
tally with good approximation in low velocity flow when the Heynolds
nuwmr is sufficiently high. In supersonic and hypersonic flow, the
boundary layers are usually thicker and, as a consequence, a siock
wave is generated by the boundary layer ahead of the plate. As a
consequence, the velocity and pressure vary along the outer edge of the
boundary layer and also along the plate surface. The teoperature,
which is also con-stant along the outer edge of the boundary layer for
"flat plate" flow, varies locally whore a shock is created by the
boundary layer. In the present discussion these effects will be
disregarded, and the condition which has been mantioned above of a
locally constant pressure and of a constant temperature or enthalpy
along the outer edge of the boundary layer will be specified. In this
way a standard case is created for which simple relationships describe
the heat transfer. These relations can also be used to approximate

iADC IT 59-624 10
 Wi5

conci'ions n sl.en,.er cbjects -.n supersonic flow when the regi:,n near

tne leading edgei is excluaea, and when the actual velocity, pres-ure,

and tem-eriture at t•he -uter edge of the boundary layer are invroduced.

fhe;c ,may be considerably different fron the values in the free Atrv.am.

3111. Constant zurface Temperature. hven under the situation

which has Just been defi.ed, heat transfer is not uniquely - ibed.

it still depends on the way in which the tenperature on the plate

surface varies locally. In this uaragraoh it will be assumed that the

surface te.,rnvrature is l-caL-y ecvnstant.

.the influene of a local

variation of this tempera.ure will be discussed in tle fl1lowing

paragraph.

if the fluid to which the plate surface is exposed has constant

properties (independent of temperature and pressure), then heat transfer

as well as friction are described by simple relations which uere derived

fur a laminar bounaary layer a long tie ago, and whick have been
experimentally verified to a high degree in the meantime. Similar
relations fron experimental results have been developel for a turbulent

boundary layer. ibe'e relations are customarily expressed in dimension-

less parameters defined in the following way. 'The recovery temperature

in equation (2-2) is expressed by a dimensionless parameter r called

temperature recovery factor and defined the following way:

r Tr " ,,a- _ (3-1)

oe
11Is the veloc-ity andYY~ the static teztparatuare at Lhe outer bound~ixy
layer edge. The hieat transfer coefficient ix. equation (2-3) is expressed

by the dimensionless ,ussel nber

7ADC TR :9-621 ii
 l• = •(3-e)
k

where x is the distance from tne leading edge measured alung th pi.-e

surface, or alternately, by another oue called .Aanto number

bt h (3-3)
Jcp ue -

where q is the density and c the specite heat at constant pressure

of the fluid. In scm situation the shear r which the flow exerts

at the plate surface is of interest as wel as the heat transfer. The

local shear is determined by a dimensionless parameter Cf called

friction factor:

"Forlaminar flow conditions, the following relations express the

temperature recovery factor, the izssclt npber, Stanton number, and

friction fQwtor2

Pr is the Prandtl nuaer of the fluid.

M 0.332 (F,) /3 F (3-6)
Fa x is the Foynolds unmmber and J the dynamic viscosity of

the fluid.
2/3
St 2 0.332/(er) Y1 (3-7)
e:2 .66J4/fi (3-8)
It can be sees that the following rel-tion exists between the Stanton

aher and the friction factor:

- 2/3
St a ( u/2)(Pr) (3-9)
For twbulent flow, the following relation was found from experiments
to describe the temperature recovery factor:

--A!' nR 59- 6 2IA 22

 r = 3 jr (3-1)
The loc.z frictiois factor has beeni desc:.ibed by various analytic

-x:,ressic .s. si3!ne enc is, for -,nstance. tI.e equation developed by

(log1 6"iieI
it has ailso been fouxnd that the relation between itanton minber and

friction factor ini turbalent flow is pra.ctical.y the jame as for laminar

flow coznditions, sc that equation ',3-9) holds for turbu'ent flow also.

F'ron this relation it follows that the Jtanton number for a turbulent

bouniary layer on a flat piaie Is deccribed by the following equation:

St . (3-1.2)
(logi° He) 2.54 (P) 2/3

F'or real Zser, it has beep. found that the properties are not
constrnt but vary wi.th ta,.;-.trature. ha:, cai., however, ýý coonsidered

as indepandent of pressure .s lung ai excessively hi.h pressures eand

dissctiation are Prclude4. Urtier thiz coaditinn, a-A as lrng as the

specific. he•t c cpca be consider~,d constwit, it hab been established

in refert:nncr 1 that the relations ziven in the preceeding paragraphs

foi v. cc-astant property fluid still describe the akctual heat transfer

arA f-icc on wutri. good aecur:.cy when :the properties h-,zpearinM in all of

these relatiemships are intr--ducel into vionle relatimns at . reference

tenperatur described by the following equation:

T = + .S T.)+ . - TC) (3-33)

Th--- sec-nd term xA thii equti can be expressed by che kJach numbar

i- exI.stinr in the ft1* a. the outer edge of the boundary layer. The

-
•',ADC M. .'-V-624 13
equaAi,.:i then i.he if~lowing forn which is sone'tirm.-s more conven-
icn., for an evaluation:
Se + o.50T - 're) + O.22r 2 I-- a)2 T (3-14)
7is the r2tio of specific heats at constant pressure and volume.

".1hen the temperature variation within the boundary layer is so

large that the specific heat of the gas varies considerably, then th'.

better procedure is to base heat transfer calculations on enthalpies

instead of on temperatures. Ln tais case tfe definitions, as given on

the right hamd side of equations (2-2) and (2-3), are used. The heat

tr-nsfer coefficient hi is exp'e'.ed is dimensionless form as a Uusse3t

nmber or a Stanton b•,er:

" _ X-S . hi
k " F 'Re
The relations (3-5) to (3-12) can again be used to describe these new

parameters. -the properties appearing in these equations are now

introduced at a reference enthalpy inztead of a reference t",prature.

The following eqaaticns describe the reference enthalpy"

Se+ o.5(w - 'e) + o. 2( Yie) (3-16)

i ie + o.5(iL - ie) + o.22r!e - (_)2 (3-17)

Zne abore procedure based on a reference enthalpy and on constant property

relations is tuday in widespread use and is usualdy referred to as reference

enthalpy method. Its accuracy has been checked by ocuparison with the

results obtained by boundary la5er solutions for a laminar boundary

layer and for air as the flowing nedium. Agreement within plus/minus

4% has been found for stream ten'eratures between W00 and 800°R, for
usll temperatures between 00 and 2000&R, and for Mach numbers up to

16 (Ref. 110). It will be seen in a later section that the method still

WADC TR 59-624 14
 Surface- temperature va~riation

WADG Tat 59-624 .L5

5.s vawjd even if disso3Ci,,ton or chemrical reactions occur within the

boundary layer. F'or +'is zvas-n, the discussion in this report will
mairlDy be based on the re:Ner,.,nco, enthalpy method. xgreement is also

good with measurenents on turbulent heat transfer in the Mach number

range which have been covered up-to-date. It is also reasonable to

expect that the relations hold witl good accuracy for a gas diffe:.xnt

from air.

1112. 4ariah e eTemperature. ihe various methods which

have been uevlooped to calculate hoat tra.m fer tce a surface with

locally varying temperature have !lready been discussed in reference

110. A simplified procedure which al!-ws the calculation of heat

trend fer to a wall with prescribed varying tenmperature hau been developed

in the meantLrie (Ref. 113). TIe procedure approximates the actual

temperature varlation by a succession of straight lines end, in this

way, 3i:.plifics the calculation to a suwnation process. It will bo

disuussed In connection with Fig. 2. This figure inicates an
arbitrary variation of tne temperature potential 4 : T - Tr, which
is deteraining the heat transfer according to equation (2-3). i~he
surrace of length x is subdivided into a number of partial lengths
A x of equal dimensions. The temperature pctential at the positions

Xo X10 X2, x,. .. Xn is denoted by 1%), 419, t_,..DO The following

equation can be used to calculate the local heat flux qcw, 0 o per unit

time and area at the position x,, and a very similar equation allows
I
calculation of the total heat Q, co transferred along the platf surface

between location U and Y.

WADC TR 59-624 16
 o (3-18)

a 1 2 I .-

ý 1a0'2 - ý 22 1 Ij2 (3-19)

h. is the local heat transfer coefficient and his° the awerage cue

for the saie flow condition but for a constant wall. temperature, b is

the width of the plate normal to flow direction. The following equation
can be used to calculate the isothernal heat transfer coefficient:
h s:i C(.k/x) Re," i'r/
The exponent n is equal ).5 for laminar flow and equal 0.3 for turbulent

flow. The constants, A, B3 C, Al, B', C' cobtainod in these equations

are listed in Table 1. The last e-',mticn represnts Vv' average

heat transfer coefficient when f is replaced by C'.

TABLE 1

m B C A' B' C'

Laminar 0 J.695 0.490 0.332 0.696 0.432 0.664

1/,4 0.837 o.635 0o.12
1/2 0.,0 0.S72 0.469
1 0.792 0.538 0.56O
Turbulent 0 0.991 0.117 0.0296 0.982 0.478 0.0370

The condition m a 0 applies to flat plate flow. The values for a

parzatarr different from 0 apt.ly to flow with pressure gradients and

will be diSuMssed later on in this report.

Ebcisting methods for the calculation of heat tr.nfer w-ith a

"WATR ),.9ý624 17
 M3O

0 2 6 V Io

Ratio of Nusselt nnuber cr surface with varying temperature

to ý.usselt number on isothersal wall. (from Ref'. 113)

5
WADCC
TR 9- 621s 1
locally varying surface tem:porature ossume a fluid with const:.nt

properties or a fluid for which the oroduct, density times viscosity,

is a ccnstant. •he presented ap.)roxilation, therefore, is based on the
same zs.-•rption. it checks the results of ca..culations --erformed with
the other methods within a few per cent.

For a fluid with variable properties, it is proposed to comtlne

the method presented here :ith the reference enthalpy :zethod of the

preceding section by introducing properties at the reference enthalpy

into all of the relations appearing in the equations. nxpte-iments

iander condita.is where the wall temperature výries widely, and where

the temperature differences in the boundary layer cre sufficiently

large are rnoextenzite enough to check tne accuracy of a calculatim

made with *he pr•posal jtst .&ntioned.
7he influence of a wasl teriperature variation on heat transfer
beccmes significant only whien the temperature variation is large relative
to the tenperature ,vtential. a first estimate of the :idluence of a
wall tenrerature variation and a decision whether it has to be considered
in a deternination af the heat transfer can be nade ":ith the help of

Fig. 3. In :h;s figure, the actual .ýMsselt number d -ided by the jssnlt
rdfber aec isothernLvsurface wir i the same local tenperature
difference is plot.ed over a carameter I s l noal emperature
he
variatio:i is assumed to fol-ou an exponential law z indicated in the
figure trith the value I as exponent. The curves with the parameters

n a 0 apply to flat plate conditions and eurfes with a finite m value

t- flows with pressure -radientswhich will be discuad later on. It

may be observed that the influence of a xem-erature variation is

considerably l.'ger f,,r laninar flow conditions than for turbulent flow.

WADC TIR 59-624 19

 ISI.±nt obj's-ct ir. suOvrso-ii" flow

WADC -RI ý9-62.1, 20

 For turbulent flow it is only necessary in very rare cases to make a

correction for the tonperaturc v-.riaticn c, ",v•-al heat •i--nfet

coefficients.

312. Blunt Objects

Larly develo-nents in high speed flight were concerned with objects

of very slender -hape. IThis was done in orde) Wo decrease the drag and

the power required to move such objecter tnrough the atmosphere. In

new ý;evelcpcnts and in astronautics, on the other hand, interest

usually centers zround blunt objects, because drag is of minor imporKance.

iometines drag is even dezired for a reduction of aerodynamic heating.

Such an object flying with hypersonic velocities finds ,:onditions in its

surroundings as sketched Li Fig. . A bPV-,uay layer envelopes the

object as a thin sheet. Outside of the boundary layer, a shock is
created. In the bac,ý of the object the flow usua]ly separates, so that

the region behirA the i'earward surface is filled wiih a :low containing
strong irregular vortices. The density in this region is usually
quite low.
In moving through the shock wave, the air loses most of its

kinetic energy are- converts it into internal energy. As a consequence,

the 1zyer betven. the shock and the outer edge of the boindary layer

is very hot. Tbe cr.:.ditions at the outer edge of the boundary layer

which are required for a calculation of heat transfer to the 4-rface

can be obtaimed with good accuracy from the so-called Newtonian Fle

approximation for nach numbers irbater than approx~itely 5. It is

found that in this care the shock wave is quite close to the surface
of the object. Correspondingly, tMe velocity eiw.-ner.v. nomal to the

"`IATC Th 9-6Z) 21
 S - ,. ,- - . _b t. ,• .:c.Ten- ccnz.iera•tI.)n twen
t. tc :- ':: :.iati.':1 t'eeen t::e pressure Pe bhind the

sPr'ck ýequalto -:'. -r -sure at tne .al. surface ac-crding to

b.i•: layer t~rec.-i an= t'ne pressure p-, and velocity u•, in the

upstrea. area kanead of tne sn ck):

Pe - u c022
Cos (3-2j)
E is the anzl" between t:,e s-rf.:e nor:nal and the upstrean flow
directicn. &he velocity and -.emperature alo:g -..e outer edge c" the

boe niar. aayer c;in then be founr --ith tk.e assumptiun that ,e flow
expands outsiae ane buunaarj layer izentrosically frt:-: the pressure

at stagLn-ion -nt to thL local prtssu.e Pe" ,-is intrvcuces an error

whdich becwes larrer witn inoreasi ng di.tanc.e frmm t:,c stagniation point,

becz use .:e air entering the boundary layer at so-ne dist.ance from the

stagnation point actual y crossed the shock -ave at a location where

the shock is inclined tc%-a.-ds the upstreuan flow direction. .t.,s error

is, however, lisually snall for blunt objects.

3121. -tarnation Flow. in a limited region close to the stagnation

point, it is founm that the flow velocity increases li.early with
distance fro., the stagnation point. Ihis region is referred to as
"stagjation point region", and heat transfer in this region can be

determ.ined by exact solutions of the boundary layer equations. The flow

in such a regi.n is almost exclusively laninar. The dimensionless para-

meters describing heat transfer in thib region are aviin described by

the equations U3-15). ihe term x now indicates the cistance from the

stagnation point measured along the surface of the object in flow

direction; ue is the local veloci tv of the fluid at location x and

just outside the boundary layer. The recovery enthaiTy . in the

A M
,,-6
 stagnation point region is prazticallyj p"al to the total gas .nthalry

in t.-e upstream. ,in stagnation point flow, one has to distinguish

betuwtLr.% two-dimensional flow 3s it occurs, for instane, around the

front part of a wing and between rotationally symnetric flow as it

usually exists around the nose of a misslle. The first situation will

be referred to as 'plare stagnation flow" and the second s "rotationa•ly

Mvatric stagnation flow". ior a constant property fluid and a

lami ar boundiary layer, the following r--Iations desctribe beast transfer

for these flow conAtions:
4-2
plane stagnation flow MA o.57o(•P)°'* Y-2&
rot. njm. stagnation flow Ik = 0.763(Pr)°o BOA (3-22)
The first one of tin.a-e relation wais obtained by Squire. *A'= second

one follows from the first expression by M~angler's transformation. It

S=3 also directly calculated by X. -Sibulkin. For a fluid vith

variable properties, the reference enthalpy method was again found to

describe heat transfer conditions With sufficient engeineev4 acCUrq.

'Thi was pointed out by A. Anmig (ar. 296 and 297) by coariso of
results obtained t-th this method with exact bowzar7 layer solutions.

It will be once more demonstrated here by a compariaon of the refereane

en'thalpy method with a relation which has been obtained by Fay and

'-ddell (Ref. 124). Te following relation is contained in Reference

12.1 for a constant irazdtl lber:

.•- ).67 ( - ) (3-23)

The index w in this equation indicates that properties are to be

introduced at the conditions as they axist at the vfl. A'.;om1din to

A) ccording to R. bichhorn

VADC TR ,o9-624 ~ 23
 T I

F? 5

0.2 fr...5e

o /0 20 30 40 50

Variatiron of Droperty parameters

with enthalpy ratio

•ADC TR 59-624 24
 the reference enthalpy method, the properties have to be introduced into

the constant pronerty relatiots at a reference condition. For either

plane or rotationally sy tric stagnation flow the following relation

exists: NU*
717°

The constant C in this relation has different values for plane or

rotationally sym.etric flow. .Ihe referv h enthalfy at which the

propurties have to be introduced is given by equation (3-16). In the

mighborhood of the stagnation point the velocity is viry mall, and

the difference between the recovery entbalpy ir and the static enrthe.py

is is negligible. C-rrespondimly, equation (3-16) can Ie almplified

to the rolloving expression:

"e •ie

L1* ratio of Aisselt to saeare root of zaqolds nrer c:rL sec, at

reference condiTion can be written in the following way:

If both parameters are, on the other hand, determined at well condition,

then the following condition holds:

i cayarison between the equati•ons (3-23) Ud (3-24) Is Made in Fi. 5.

7he ratio of f,4 at strem and at wall eondi to"e, as used b, F*a and
Riddell, is shown in the lower curve of this figure. T expressions
presented by the two upper curves are the ones appearing i Lim e•uations

,A1C 7R9J-624 25
(3-23) and (3-24). The fact that these two curves 2.1mo t coincide
indicates that the reference enthalpy method leads to practically the

same result as Fay - Riddell's equation.

3122. Swept leading Bdses. A considerable r.,duction of recovery

temp•rature and heat transfer on the stagnation line of a cylindrical

object nccuvs when the cylinder axis is inclined under an angle smaller

than 90 degrees toward the upstream direction. A shock surrounds the

front part of such a cylinder, wten the upstream velocity is supersonic.

At the stacnation line, the velocity component normal to the cylinder

surface is reduccd t: zero. 11e velocity component parallel to the

cyli~nsr axis, however, is maintaixwd outside the boundary layer. Its

value may be U. ihis velocity cnminent is rnaintai:ed in the

"stagnation flow region", whereas the velocity component parallel to

the surface but normal to the cylinder axis increases again linearly
with distance x (measured now in a plane normal to the axis). .jnut 4•-ns
for such a flow situation have been reported in the literature. For a

coauctant property fluid, heat .ransfer coefficient and recovery iaetor

can be again calculated from equations (3-21) and (3-5)-when the

recovery factor is defined in the following way:

ra TrTot
T -X
To is the total temperature in the gas outside the boundary layer,

and T indicatus the static temperature at the stagnation point outside

2
the boundary layer (T0o - LIa ). 2The heat transfer coefficient
A 2c
is defined with the temperature difference Tr - 1j. For a sing2t

component gas with variable properties, it is demonstrated in Ref. 417

that equation (3-21) (converted to plane stagnation flow) represents

WADC TR 59-624 2b
the results of boundary layer solutions within 4A in the range of

pWaasters whtch is of practical interest, provided the heaL lzrjnsier

coeff3cient and recovery factor are tased on enthalpies instead of

temperatures. It is argued in Ref. 417 that this should apply also
when dissociation and recombination occur. Fma the comparison in
Fig. 5, it is evident that tht, reference enthalpy method ai,.d aqiat'ene
(3-5) and (3-21) describe heat transfer to the "tegnation region of a
yawed cylinder with the same accuracy.

U212. Arbitrary &st~~.

laminar Flow. The flow over a trunt object is connected vith pressure
gradients along the surface which influence the develolment of the
boundary layer and of the friction and heat transfer at the 3urface.
An exact solution of the differential equations describing bouxdary
l97er flow is under such circastances very tedious, because, even fer
plane or rotationally symmetric f•lw, it means the solulAon oi partial

differential equations in two independent variables. As a conse.qence,

any approximate procedures have been proposed which circumvent this
difficulty. Twse amethods have to be evaluated according to the ease
with which they lead to results and according to their accuracy. One
which usually is especially siuole is based on the aacirption of
"local similarity". This method was proposed for the first time by
Falkner and Skan (V. F, Falkner and S. W. Skan: All. ag. R (1931),
865, Aeron. qss. C-oa. Aep. a. can. 1314 (3.931)) for the calculation
of skin friction and by zekert and Drevitz (z. kkcert and U. h•rewits:

LtaItfahrtforschung, 22(1942), 189) for the calculation of heat transfer.

kWa extetosions have meen described since that time. The discussion

•ADC TR 59-624
 Pig.

Nomenclature for boundary layer equatio.ns

WATE TR 59-A24 28
in this section will mainily follow a procedure sutested by L. Lees
(Ref. hLt , because it is relativeL- simple and can be a•pplied I.r plA134
as well as for rotaticnally sy•netric flow. The method will be

somewhat modified to incorporate the reference enthalpy procedure.

The differential equations which describe steady laminar boundary
layer flow of a medium vith variable properties are;

0 y r
(U aPe+ - (3--6)

The equations are written in a coordinate system as indicated in Fig. 6.

The syebol s indicates the distance measured in the flow direction along

the surface from the stagnation point, y the distance from the surface,

and r0 the distance of the surface point under coraidere Ion from

the axis of rotation. The index e indicates conditions at the outer

edge of the boundary layer. I is the symbol for the total enthalpy in

the flow (1e " ie + !!!). The equations in the above form are
applicable for planse as well as for rotationally symmetric flow. For

the first situation, n has to be set equal to zero; for rotationally

ayemetric flow, n is evual 1. It has been shown by Dorodnitsyn, L.

Howarth, C. R. Illingworth, and fi.Stewartson that the equations can be

brought by a transformr.tion of coordinates into a form which closely

resembles that for incompressible flow of a fluid with constant properties.

in addition, W. Mangler demonstrated that the equations for rotationally

symmetric Slow can be made to assume the fonr of those for a plane flow

WADC Tft 59-624 29

by another transformation. L. Lees combined both transiormations by

the choice of the following independent variables:

r!j d(3-28)

7
ge Uero ( j d 3-9

If, in addition the stream function which is introduced to eliminate

equation (3-25) is written in the following form

then the above system of bounaary layer equations transforms to:

(Cf'')'+ ff"' - • _ _ (f')1 _0 (3-30)

(S. g')I+ a. +E4I ....

[2C(l - f '.o 3
Pr
The following notations have been used In thio equation:
9 IIe P C a p 2 d.

A prIin indica*Ad differentiation towards * The a.suned form of the

stream function y on which the derivation of the equations (3-30) and

(3-31) were based restricts the boundary conditions to which this

equation can be applied, A detailed discussion of this point is

contained in the original paper by Lees (Ref. 438). Specifically, the

soethod of local similarity postulates that the local flow conditions on

any point of the ourface of a body wi+h arbitrary shape correspond

with good approximation to those of a flow with being P and -e

21
e
constant and having values corresponding to the actual local condition.

Solutions of the boundary layer equations for this condition are avail-

able for certain cases. For a vanishing Mach number which causes tbe

WADC TR 59-624 30

t .
6,71

0.4
O 0.4 0.8 1.2 . 2

ILiensiordles. enthalpy gradient on co:led

surfaer (C'rc Re.:'% 213)

";'A-C : 59-624 31
last term in equation (3-Ui) to disap ear, they have been worked out by

z. ickert and 6. drow-n .ji susociates. For a gas with rrandtl a 1

and Le = conotant, solutiona have been obtained by S. Levy (Journ.

Aeron. Sci., _4(195b), 459), as well as by Cohen and Reshntko (Ref. 66).

For er : 1 and ýIu a constant, the equations in reference 66 become

identical to equations (3-30) and (3-31) when the parameter P in
based on Mach number instead of stream velocity corresponding to the
relation:

.. k. A~L(3-32a)
Ma d-3

The last. term in zq. (3-31) vanishes again becau-e of the condition
er a 1. Fig. 7 has been taken from the solutions obtained by Cohen and
Reshotko and indicates the dimensionless e*thalpy gradi3nt at the wall
surface plotted over the pressure gradient parameter J . The wall
temperature is assumed constant in these solutions. It can be o' se-rved
to be a characteristic feature of the dimensionless enthalpy gradient
that it varies only moderately with the pressure gradient parameter
. Especially for small values of the parameter iI., the
variation becomes quite small. A small value of the parameter Vi/Ie
refers to a condition when the temperature of the surfi.ce is mall
as compared to the temperature in the stream outside the boundary layer.
Such a condition is usually found in hiigh velocity engineering
applications since high velocity flow is generally connected with high
temperatures, a:id since, on the other hand, the wall temperature
cannot exceed a limiting value determined by the strength characteristics
of the material. Consequently, Lees proposes to neglect The dependence

WIAfC ~ 96k32
,f the dimnsionless enth.ipy gradient on trn pressure kriaent for

such conditions and to use an averege value equal 0.5.

The local heat flux per unit area into the wall warface can then

be expressed in the following way"

(g er0-5o)

The factor (Pr)/3 was added in the last term to account for rrandtl

numbers soeehat different from one. The enthalpy difference

Is .. i will be replaced by the difference between recovery and wall

enthalpies ir - ifor the same reason. For a highly cooled wall,

where the wall temperature is much lower than the recW€,-- tc::;.rature,
this is a suffieiently good approximation. With the definitions of a

heat transfer coefficient,•usselt numer wad a Reynolds tamer:

a,A
M. k L ouo.L
eo(

(L... reference length, o refers to condition at stagnation point outside

the boundary layer) the following oqnations are obtained from the above

relation for the wall beat flux:

Jkw~,L = 0.35 f F(s) Qr)113(335

US (4-,-
F(s) a -o --"- (3-36)

r/L f0 r aftO~ 2/2

0 eo ,O L Li

W m;59-624
TR 33

____
_ _ ____ _ ___ _ ______
WiQi these e.,uati•ns the local heat flux along the surface of 3 blunt
,ibjecL can be calculated as soon as the variation of de-sity, viscosity,
and velocity outsile the boundary layer and along the surface is kre,.
How to o0tain these values has been aiscussed in a previous section.
Any arbitrar* length can be selected a.sreference lergth--for instance,
the largest dimension of the object.
The methc-d = outli-nd up to not h"z the short-coming that it is
based on Fig. 7 which hoids only for a gas with the product, density

times viscosity, equal to a constant. Fbr a gas with other density and

viscosity -tlations, errors may be introduced as will be demonstrated

by calculating the heat transfer :,cefficient for the stagnation point

region of a blunt object with equation (3-35). The following relations

hold for rotationally symmetric stagnation flow:
n1, ue -CX , r0 : s

In addition, the density and visacsity variation in the close neighbor-

Imod of a stagnnticn point con bec neglected ( f e 2fo' eMe 3a ,J).
Squatiun (3-36) can tLhen easily be integrated, ana the. follmIng

result can be obtained:

1/2J /2

Introducing this relation into the above equation for the Nusselt
number results in:

cph L (L)/( 1./02o ue 1/2 2/3 Fif,

V? j'o a 0

The equation can be re-written:

WA!JC TR 59-6?4 34
 A O7O(Pz) ?V L-u-4!- 0,O70(Pr)IT

A compar.son of this lat expression with the equaticn obtained by Fay

and Riddell f cr stagnaticn point flcw and listed cm page 23 indicates
that equation (3-35) will not properly describe the heat transfer con-
dition for a gas in which the product dcuaty times viscosity foiloS
a relat: on 'wich is different from a constant. eto corrected this situ-
ation by multiplying equation (3-35) with -Lo which does not change
uo

the relat!cm for a gas 'with Cjoast. in Ref. .37, it is propoeed

to modify the method t combining it with the referenoe euthelpy procebrr.
The ec*cation (3-35) Is replaced by the folloming eation

Me- .5'*s Pv* ROL (3-37)

in which Nusselt and Prandtl n sas well as F(s) are referred to a

reference oondition as described by eqatiors (3-M-6) eW (3-17) and

based an local conitians at the uwface point Mider c Msderation.

The f•umutcn F (s) is defined as

F(a) f &o
L
II

It is shown in Ref. .3? that the proposed method awees very well with
bowaxwy lamer solutLcna and wparmnts reparted in Ref. 188.
A fUtMer extension of the method is tentatively propeced f or altr-
vation far Shich the ratio I" is not wall as oompesPI to 1. In this Se
a value wMLch replaces the constant 0.3' in eWaation (3-37) can be read

a-,W TH 59-624 35
cff Fig. 7 fcr the appropriate value of the pressure grad ent parameter

P . This later parameter is obtained from equation (3-32a). z•elations

are developed in References 213, 125, and which are even eas.ier to

evaluate than uquatlorm (3-36) and (3-37). It is to be expected,

however, that the =ethcd presented in this secticn. can be extrapolated

with more confidence to situation- &Dart from the reentry, problem.

Lurbulent Boundur Laer.

Approximate methods similar to those used for laa-nar boundary

layer f-ow baht also been developed for the condition where the boundary

layer has becorf turbulent. There methods have been discussed and

recently compared in References 345, 419, and 435. Ageement amon/

the various methods is still rather poor. It has, however, been found
that the influence of the pressure gradient on beat transfer is less

in a turbulent boundary layer than in a laminar ose. Use of equation

(3-1) describing heat transfer on a fiat plate gives a fairly food

anproximat- n for • turbulent boundary layer on a blunt object when the

velocity ue appearing in the Stanton and Heynolds numbers is interpreted

as the local value outside the boundary layer, and when the distance

x in the deynolds number is interpreted as the distance s cf the

surface point under the conbideration from the stagnation point measured

in flow direction along the body "urface.

312 u. .eparated f'low. Heat transfer in separated flow regions

like the one !zketched in Fig. 4 is still very incompletely understood.

This region 1. either more or les5 stagnant or filled with a regular

circulating lamimar flow or with a turbulent flow containing irregular

vorticity and of an unsteady, fluctuating character. "4ichof these

IYA!)C TR 59-62Ia 36
flow situations occurs devends on tne .eynolds numuer. In a constant

property fluid, heat transfer to the surface of an object border' W on

the separated region may be smaller or larger than the heat tran5'er

tc the iront portion which is covered by a boundary layer. ibe most

extensive information is available for heat transfer in flow normal to

a ly
_ L i.- ci-cu2le uross-suction. it has been found rhat. f•r

.ieynolis numbers up to 10 the local heat transfer is a minimum at the

rearward stagnation point of the cylinder. At hW ,er seynolds numbers,

a max4sum appears at the rearward stagnation pcint which gradually

incre.ase, and for Reynolds nambers beyond approximately 50,000 the

heat transfer coefficient on the rearward portion of the cylinder it

as large as the one on the front portion. with further increase of

eynolds number the heat transfer becomes larger in the bLck portion

than in the frunt portion. ior high velocity flow of a compressible

fluid, heat transfer in the separated region is influenced by another

factor which tends to decrease it relative to the values in an

incompressible fluid, it is known that heat transfer in forced con-

vection depends mainly on the uroduct of density times velocit., and
in high velocity floi. the density in separated regions is usually

conbi,;erably smaller than the density alcng the forward portion of

the object. Core.spo:dingly, it was found that heat transfer coefficients

in separated regions of objects exposed to suuersonic flow are quite

small as compared to heat transfer in the front portion. They are

usually of the same order of magnituce as local heat t.ransfer

coefficienzs which exist on the object just upstream rZ the point of

separation.

For sufficiently small Heynolds numbers for which the flow in the

WADC TR 59-624 37
zeoarated region exhibits a steady regular circulation of laminar
character, heat traa•s.. coefficients were recently obtained by
ana~lysis (References 51, 205). For higher Reynol&-s iimbers where
the flow exhibits the irregularly fluctuating turbulent character,
heat transfer coefficients are only obt.ainable up to now by experiments
and a pecdr to be very senAt~ive to the pcrticular sh~oe of the object
which iL exposed tc flow.

T1he discussion up to now was concerned with& si*•1,Wle cc.oonent"

gas; tlhis means with a gas i-n which no changes in chernic-, corn-osition
occur. in reality, the teierature increase occurring in high
velocity flow is often so large that the gas dissociates. This is especially
true in the regions behind snock waves on objects like the one shown
in Fig. I. i'be surface temteratures of the objects are general.Ly

much lower, and therefore & temerature drop in the direction towards

the surface occurs in the boundary layer. Accordingly, the dissociated

atoms recombine again within the boundary layer. Tc which degree they

can do this depends on tho tiLt which they have vailable. It is

convenient to study two limiting cases which must bracket the situations
as they artually occur. uns limit is a condition in which the recom-
bination rates are very fast compared wiLh the tUme which the molecules

or atoms need to change location in the boundary layer by diffusion and

convection. Accordingly, thermodynamic equilibriFlvwil be established

at sch point and the dissociation within the b'nundary layer is

determined completely by the local te,-eratures and pressures. The other

limiting situation is encountered when the dissociation rat-.. aem ver,. slow

WaM '? 5Q-62h 38

compared with the diffusion process, in such a jase t-bi molecules will

not find sufficient timc to recom.bine within the boundary layer its .

fnat concentration field of the atoms is established depends then on

the cvndition at the wall. &Ihen ti. wall is catalytic, then the

recej,,bination of atoms occurs at ths wall to such a degre that equil-

ibr ,iu is agin esta-'"c in tU, gas a& that point. The renibimed mole-

cules diffuse away from the wall. On the other hand, the atres have
to diffuse towards the wall, and this diffusion 7rocess determines the
concantration profile within the boundary lkyer. If, on the other

hand, 'he wall is not catalytic, then the recombination rate will be

slow even at the surface, and the atoms will maLuaiu the concentration
which they had outside the boundary layer through the whole region up

to the gPf- of the object.

It might be expected that the heat transfer to the wall of an

object in high speed flow is influenced strongly by thi- dissociation

and recombination process. A closer inspection, however, will show

that this is not the case. For this puroose, we will consider a gas

consisting of atoms and molecules of the same species and at first

determine the equatior i which govern the heat flow in such a

dissociating and recobining gas. in this situation, two processes

cause a heat flow: first, the usual thermal conduction process, and

secondly the diffusion process of the atoms and molecules, because in

this process the particles carry along their enthalpy. ihe equation

de: cribing the beat flux q in such a fluid with a gradient of temperature

and coucentration in y direction reads:

-y DA 'A itdwi
6
k in this equatiot, denotes the heat conductivity (exactly the parameter

dete.rmining the transport of energy according to the translational,

rotational, ond vibrational degrees of freedom). DA is the diffusion

coefficient for interdiffusion of the atoms and molecules, i is the

energy of dissociation per unit mass of atoms, and wA is the mass

fraction of the atoms in the gas. khe equation therefore is written

in mass fraction rather than in concentration. The enthalpy of t"

molecule-atom mixture is described by the following equation:

dizcP d+ A: A - (3-39)

in which c again denotes the specific heat at ccnstant press-r9

comprising the translational, rotational, and vibrational degrees of

freedom, however, excluding che.ical energy. Iatroducing this relation

for the enthalpy into equation (3-3a) gives for the heat flux the

following relation:

This equation can be simplified by introduction of a dimensionless

parameter called Lewis number and defined by:

k
With the Lewis number the equation for the heat flux reads:

qp 2

The Iewis number for gases has a value which is not too far from

one. Therefore., a good approximte information on heat flow under the

influence of dissociation can be obtained when the condition in a gas

with a lewis mnmber equal one is considered. For such a gis, the heat

W;,flC 1? 59-624 40
flow equation sfrplifies to:

q a - jL di (3-42)
cp ýy

it c-k be seei'. that the OquAtion for the heat flow is just as siWpe

as for a single component gas. Ihe only differene, is cauced by the

fact thatlin thfj enthalpy gradient describing the heat flOw, the

chemical energy (ewrgy of dissociation) has to be included. On the

other hand, it should be kept in mind that the heat conductivity and

specific heat do not include the chemical energ but only the pure

gas energies. One has to distinguish those properties from 'the ones

includiag the chmical energ wohich often ane listed in reference workse

A more detailed discussion of this difference will be given in a

later section. Equation (3-42) indicates that the heat flux is

dependent on the enthalpy gradient in the p alowe, and that it does

not matter at all whether the t2ansport in detail ii caused by conduc-

tion or by difftsion. This already indicates that the heat flow does

not depend on the degree of dissociation in the gas. An example will

explain more clearly what is meant by this statement. Let us consider

for this purpose a gas layer with finite thickness b and let us

simplify the actual conditions by assuming that heat conductivity

and specific heats are constant. In this case the equation can

innediately be integrated over the thickness of the layer, and the

following equation results:

W s
q Ii
b
iw and ie denote the enthalpies at the two borders of the layer, The

notation is used because the layer may be considered as a crude model

WAPO TR 59-624 41
 I
of a boundary layer. i w then corresponds to the enthalpy of the gas
at the solid surface, and i. to the enthalpy at the outer edge of tht
boundary layez. This enthalpy i is prescribed through the concentra-

tion of atoms and thrcugh the temperature. The enthalpy il at the wall

surface, on the oTher hand, depends on the recombination conditions at

the surface. if the wall is cataly-tic, then the concentration of atoms

is equal to the equilibrium concentration which belongs Wo the

temperature and pressure of the wall surface. At a prescribed wall

temperature and pressure in the boundary layer, the enthalpy i is also

a fixed value, and this is s3 regardless of the fact whether the atoms

recombine within the lays- itself or not - in other words, whether

equilibrium or frozen state or any condition in betv:een exists within

the layer. This then indicates that te heat flux to the wall at

prescribed wall temperature and -rescribed conditions outside the

layer is a fixed value and independent of the ch, o- b gticn

process.

if, on tne other hand, the wall is non-catilytic, then the heat

flux depends on the condition for recombinatien within the layer.

For equilibrium state the concentration within the layer is everywhere

equal to tne equilibrium concentration belorffing to the local temperature.

Correspondingly, the equilibrium concentration is established at the

wall surface by the conditions in the gas itself, and the heat flow

will be again the same for a catalytic wall. If, on the other hand,

the recombination in the gas is negligible (frozen state), then the

concentrations will be uniform throughout the whole laer of the gas

and will also not be influenced by the presence of the wall. In this

case, no transport of energy by diflusion occurs, and only the first

WADC TR 59-62h 42
term in equation (3-38) is active for the transport of energy. For a
constant heat conductivity this term can again be integrated and givis:

q= k T"-To
b
It is clear that the hoat transport in this case will be less than when
diffusion is present. 'rho ratio of the heat flux q. in a froier state
gas and At a non-catalytic wall to the heat flux % at a catalytic wall
c-,- be expressed in the fulluwlng way:

Note that c only containe the trw..slationals rotational and vibrational

p
energy, whereas i contains additionally chemical energy.
In a boundary layer, the energy transport by conduction and
diffusion is z.till described by equation (3-345). To it, however, has
to be added the transport by convection. Numerous os" Tulati.ons have
been performed in which the laninar boundary layer equations have
been solved for the determination of heat transfer in a high velocity
air flow undur the presee of dissociation and recombination. The
corr*sponding reports are listed in the list of references. Fay and
Riddell (Ref. 12) investigated the heat transfer in a rotationally
symetric stagnation flow of air and arrived at the statement that heat
transfer at a catalytic surface J s obtained from the corresponding
equation in a single component gas by multiplication with the following
factor:
I (Ian 1 iD
io

WADC TR 59-624 43
 -- -- A- 71 C

Temperature and concentration profiles

on catalytic and noncatalytic surfaces

7IADC TR 59-624
If our relation 3-37) is used then the follouing equatioie ib obtained
which describes heat transfer in rotationally symaetric stagnal.lon flow
of a dissociating air bour-.ary layer:

b13
Nu* =0.70 (r*)

Sindicates the energy of dissociation per unit mass of the gas

consisting of molecules and ato=s, and iO is the enthalpy of the

mixture at the stagnation poInt and outside the boundary lTyer. The
exponent n was du*ernined to have the value C.52 for equilibrium state
and 0.63 for frozen state within the boundary layer. For Go'ette flow
a value 0.5 had been found. 't can therefore be assumed that the
exponent n depends only modera%61y on the specific flow situation and
that the above correction factor can generally be used to obtain heat
transfer in a dissociating or recombining gas. The Lewis number in air
for hypersonic flow conditions is expected to assutme w;1. s htween I
and 1.5, and a consideratiop of diffusion and recombination may give
an increase of the beat transfer up to approximately 20 per cent. On
the c#her hand, for frozen state in the boundary layer and a non-
catalytic wall, a possible reduction of the heat transfer parameter
to one-third of the value which it would have if the wall were
catalytic was calculated by Fay and R.iddell (ef. 12W. This
calculation was made fo." a flght condition as -it mW occur in the
re-entry of a missile. Frozen state in the boundarf layer has been
assumed, and this requires that the flight occurs at very high altitude.
Fig. 8 gives a schematic sketch of the variation of temperature and

concentration through a boundary layer; once for a catalytic and

second for a non-catalytic surface. The teU.erature profile in the

w?"lC q? 59-624 45
boundary layer is essentially unchanged by the surface cundition. V.n

the other hand, the concentration is uniform for a non-catalytic

surface and decreases to its equilibrium value according to the lower

surface tempereture for the catalytic surface. 6nertry transport is

affected by the temperature gradient alone at the non-catalytic surface

and by tihe concentration gradient and temperature gradient at the

catalytic surface.

4~. ft"S 9LA"SMF~ COOLING

ihe general equations which describe the teoerature -ondition in

a solid vz1 and the heat 1lux to the ;urface of such a wall under the

influence of mass transfer cooling have been discusbed in chapter 2.

In the present chapter up are corcerred only with the process within

the boundary layer itself, which determines the heat transfer coefficient,

Correspondingly, the term m&a transfer cooling will be interpivied

here as ircompissing all cooling methods by which a mass flow away from

the surface and into the gas stream is generated, regardless of the

specific method by which such a mass flow is achieved. It includes

processes like transpiration cooling, sweat cooling, ablation cooling,

liquid film cooling, and so on.X) The coolant which in gaseous form

moves away fromstKe surface of tha solid object is usually of a

substance different from t~he fluid wuvirig in the outside flow over the

surface. Correspondingly, the Mass transfer cooling process will, in

x) The interphase between liquid and gas in fim cooling moves

along the su'7tee. The velocities of ths shear flow in thG l14Mid
film arem, hovever, so small that their effect on the gas boundary
layer Is negligible.

WArn TR 59-624 46
addition to ',6 paramtters occurring on a solid Purface, depend on two

new Paraneters : on the amunt of mass released at the surface and on

the nature cf "-u coolant g". AccordIngly, it requires a much larger

number of ealculatiune or experiments to obtain the required knowledge

on the mass transfer coolivg process. This is the reason w our

p.esent day information on mass transfer cooAli 1:- still a.-es.-

cowpared with that on hbat transfer on a solid surface. Gmnerally, it

is found that a mas flow ava fro the surface reduces hoat transfer.

The procedure which appears best in the light of the remarks mde above

and whi.ti today has been quite generally accepted ts to calculate het

transfer on a mae cooled wall in the followig mW: T heat transfer

on a solid surface under equivalent flow conditions is calculated and

this heat trans.for coefficient is then mtltiplied with a correction

factor which describes the reduction obtained hir the mass transfer

cooling process. This procedure wi be used In the following disceusson.

la. WITHOUT CH-iICAL RhMWTOItS

In aany apolications, the chemical species released at the mrfa'

will roact with the cononents In the outside Cas flow. Ths discussion

in thbis section winL assa that such reactions do not occur. In

addition, it will consider," o the one hand, the gas In the outside

flow and, on the other had, the mass released from the surface "

Aingle components. This is admissible as long a, each of the two

components consists of species whose properties differ coupartivelU

little. We are therefore concerned with the &ass maovment ty nomection

and diffusicn of two components In a gas mixture relative to each other.

It will be am that this process has often a prmourzed effect on

,ADC TR 59-62h 47
heat transfer. The discussion v.ii again be carried out in the

following order. At first a mixture of two cuopoennts will be co,--;.zred

with pmperties which are constants (indepenent of preafutr,

temperature, and composit-on). As a vext rtep, the propeAies of the

mixture will be considered to depend on temperature but not, on

coposition. Such a situation is q.d.te often mpproxisated in actuai

mass transfer cooling processes. In a third steop, the properties -ill

be considered to depend on teamperat•re w.rd on cnuposizion, and in

addition ,o be widely different between the tvc cona•oats. !a

recent investigations, it has beon fomud that gases uith low molecular

weight appear to offer special advantaies as coolants for a pass

transfer cqoling proclss. Aince the properties denend ensentially on

the molecular weight, such a situation has created interest in the

inf±uence of large differences in pr,)perties between the coolant and

the outside gas on the mass transfer cooling process.

bll, Constant Properties

The boundary layer equations for flow over a surface with mass

release*gre the same as those describing the velocity and temperature

fields on r solid well. The only change occurs in the boundary

conditions where a finite velocity v normal to the surface is

now prescribed. Solutions of the"e equations for laminar and turbulent

boundary layers uith mass transfer cooling have shown that Stanton

number or Husselt number describing the local heat transfer coefficient

depend on the following parameter

"?ue

Wa'C -FR 59-624 49

when the mass A released per unit time acd surface area varies inversel

prcportianal to the expression X u e '-. The exponent n has the value

aituation, the boundary lqar profiles at different location•y•z ie

similar. goat transfer coefficients obtained from these saularity

solutions are often used as aoproximationz for a determination of beat

transfer even wb• the was flow d~tribution over the surface i~s

different fm t* one on id,-ich t h ca•-Ljla.,,on was based. 7U:

pocedure is analogous to the vithod of "local sintlarityO which has

been applied in Sectorn 3123. F'or turflent flow, it can be expeted

that, the infuene of a speciflc• sum relae ditribution on heat

transfer is comparatively call. For laminar bounday layers the

influence may be considerable. Howeer, little Information In avail-
aaa from which its mag•itude can be eeimiated.
The payameters say be brought to a foam which is Identical for
laminar and turbulent eow when the Asyaolds nmber is replacod by
Stantons number

3 -~'-(4~-2)

Tue santon nguher St. de•r1bing beat teansfer on a solid surfs"

under the same boundary conditions (ewtpt v : 0) is used f2r this

pesmeter in the preeent report. C. J. Soott demonstrated additionally
that the results of ealmlatlow on heat transfer in laminar boiniar
layers with pressure gradientm can be brought to near coincidende
when the parmster (4-2) Is changed to

- I(4-3)
fus Ste

WAM TR 59-424 4
 __o

*A e

16.

4-1

-c o

lATE IR59A 50
 is the pressure gradient parameter as usea in Secuion 3123.
It has
the value 0 for flat plate flow, 1 for plane stagnation flav..
ac. :.I
fo: rotationialy symmetric stagnation flow. For turbulent flow,
P-- 0 moould be a good approximation eve when pressure gradients
&I,
present.
Pig~rq. 9 preq-nt* the Mst.40 kWha ot UM actual beat trantsfor
coefficient to the one on a solid surface under the saw outaide
flow
conditions as a fuanetion of the mass releatkv paate (L-.3) for a
ga&with Pr = 0.7. It m be observedtha the va&sz
for flat p•ate
flow and for plane stagnation flow agree quite closely in this present-
ation. The figure also contains the ratio r/r. of the actual temm•etre

recovery factor to the one on a solid surface for laminar

flat plat*
flow. Knowledge of the recovery factor is of minor buvrtance in
mass transfer coolizW because the difference between total
gas temeratur*
and wall temperature is usually large cmpared with t'- difference

between total gas temperature and recovery temperature, an ezoz- in

the recovery factor then has little influence on the calculation
of
the heat flux.

I12. ropertieg Delendent on Tomwerature

It has been damoutrated in Reference 4i25 that the results
of
nrous laminar boundary layer solutions for flow over a flat plate

agree with the constant property relation presented In 'g. 9, when

the blaoing parameter is changed to the following form suseted
t~r
j. A. Baron:

'"kC TR 59- 6 24s 52

04
0.2

0 0./ D..3

AAI
Reduction of heýat ^1ow b," imass tranfer coolinp
(from Ref. 426 )

olADC Tfl59-624 52

.4
1his paramter can be transformed in the follovaig way:

O-- -

e ~e r-1 'W- e
VYM.11 .

This indicates that tae rule proven so successful for beat transfer on

solid surifa s, nweiy, rhaz properties should be introduced at a

reference teaperature applie. to the mass release parmeter as well.

The naraneter can again be generalised by iotft c£ the StantuA

nruner and by addition of the pressure gradiant pareseter. It can be

expected that the paraxet'?r

(4~-5)
qUs St 8
correlates heat transfer coefficients for laminar boundary layer

with pressure gradients and for turbalent boundary layers (sott"ng: 0).

Fig. 9 can than be used to calculate heat transfer in fluid with

temperature dependent nr, perties Wien the properties in the mass

release parmter are introduced at reference toenrature or reference

enthalpy. The referece state is calculated from equation (3-13) or

(3-16).

1L13. Properties hMendeat *A LeMa!tLu and gositIoM

Fig. 10, taken from Reference 426, presents the ratio of the

actual heat flux q at a mas transfer cooled wall to the beat flx

SWaich the solid wal would have under the same flow conditions, plotted

over t"e moo release parster. It has been found that the resulta

of various calculations correlate on these curve& with reasonable

accuracy. The notation on the varic-s cures indP ae the naturm of

the two compoent mixture. Tha first ter given ',a crolaz" gas, at

WADC TR 59-62h 53
it can be observed that the outside flow over the surface was air in

all cases. The various curves represent with good accuracy the rasults

of boundary layer calculations on a flat plate with a large range of

Mach numbers, wall temperatures and free streaa temperatures. It can

be obeerved that the curves arrange themselves according to the

nolecular weight of the coolant. in this way it is rAggested to

consider the molecular weight of the coolant as the main parameter

det•erminig the coulaaL effect in the &ass transfer process. In

Referenct. 426 , it has been found that the various curves in Fig. 10

can be epressed
by the followUW
equation:

ande denote the density and viscosity of air at reterawe

tarmerature. a in this equation indioates the molecular weight of

air ad Me the molecular weight of the coolant gas. The s3rw equeattn

describes the ratio of the actual wall shear on the transpiratiou

cooled wall to the shear which would exist on a solid surface under the

sma flow condition wham the constant is changed to a value of 2.08.

A similar relation was obtained In bference 368 for the ratio of heat

transfer coefficients in a lianiar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat

plate. The exponent on the molecular weight ratio in this reference

was found to be 0.4 for laminar flow and 0.6 for turbulent flow. Reference

425 gave 2/3 for the exponent 1/3 in turbulent flow. This result and the

generalised paramter (h4-5) can now be used to obtain the relation

M
W~b
=13,-/4 ) (4_*7)
? U*s-t
C has the value 0.73 for laminar ad 0.37 for tu ulent flow.

WAfC 'FR 59- 6 24 54

 e exponent n 1/ for lainar and 2/3 for turbulent flew,

rroverties for air at reference temperature have to be introduced for

Sand in St.*. The ratio h 5 of heat transfer coefficients is not
quite identical to th.e ratio q/qs of heat fluxes because the recovery
temperaturc on a selid w _sta! n,- hat difft-ent from t•e recovery

teiperatu, on a mass transfer cooled wall. In the boundary layer

solutions on which equation (h-6) is based, thi: diffei'ece is very

small. This has already been pointed out at the end of the preceedirw

section. Reference 426 contains information in Fig. 4 on the

recovery factors of transpiration cooled surfaces.

Equation (4-7) is a relation which represents results of

analyses and experiments available today with an accuracy which is

sufficient for engineering purposes. However, it should be rembered

that the range of information to date is still restricted, and that

correcULions to this relation may have to be made when more information

becofts available in the future. There are, for instance, some

indications from calculations presently performed at the Naval Ordnance

Laboratory that the molecular weight is actually not the only pprsmeter
to describe the behavior of a specific coolant. It may well be that

in the future either other properties have to be considered in the

relation (4-7) or that a procedure will have to be used which considers

all the properties of the coolant gas as well ap of the gas in the out-

side flow as, for instance, a reference concentration procedure. Shch

a reference concentration pic.edure hic bacn prooo~d in Reference 43 6 .

It should also be pointed out that equation (4-7) is based on analyses

and cxperiment~s in all or which the surface was impermeable to the

one component of the gas mixture, namely, to t h6 t in the ,utaide

WATET R 59-62h 55
flow. A different situation 'Issometimes exAcountered, for instance,

wthen' a ch-ei'~l e.c1 taa

i..4ý -l- at ti-1 ~ hc a

the oxygen receesary for the reaction has to be transported thrcugh

the boundary layer toward the interface on which the reaction occurs,

and the relation between the mass flow pLa•ieter and the local

concentrations of the two compcnents will be different from the one

considered in the previous analyses. This may also have an effect on

the reduc.•ion of the beat tran•.fer coefficient.

42. WITh CH&IIC4. RUCTIONS

A mass transfer cooling process is often connected with chemical

reactions when it oecurs at high temperatures. These reactions change

the temperature field and the properties, and influence the heat

transfer coefficient and the heat flux to the surface. Thi-. n-..:nce

of chemical reactions on beat transfer will at first be discussed on a

simplified model which was considered in Reference 115 and 160. In

this reference, heat flow to a surface in flat plate and in plane

stagnation flow was considered when a steady, two-dimensional, laminar

boundary layer ewists, and when the flow velocities arm sufficiert:y

low to make dissipation negligible. It was assumed that the surface

releases a mass ; and that this mass (for instance, carbon or bwdrogen)

reacts with the o3ygn of the air stream moving over the surface. The

fluid properties are all postulated constant and having practically the

same value for all components of which the air and the combustible

material exists. Scbmidt mber and Prandtl number have the value O.'g

whic, means a lewis number equal to one. The chemical reactlzn 'stes

are assumed to occur very fast so thet the reaction prccess is

completely diffusion controlled. Chemical equilibrium may be close

WADC TE 59-6214 56
I
 iI

Enthalpy profiles in a boundary layer

with cc.bustion

-'AnC TR ^-A'2h 57

4
to complete comustion. Fig. 11 shows as an example of the results

of this calculation the enthalpy profiles plotted over the wall

diazance y. lhe wall temperature is assumed prescribed. The full

lines irdicate the enthalpy profiles for various Mass release rates.

The peak in the enthalpy curves coincides with the location of the

flame front within which the ccmbustion occurs. For very small mass

release rates, the combustion occurs right at the surface, and the

enthalpy profile is the lowest one iadicated in the figure. Beyond

a fairly small release rate, the combustion front lifts off the

surface and moves with iwcreasing release rate more and more into the

interior of the boundary layer. The enthalpies presented by the full

lines constitute the sum of the sensible heats of all the cormonents

of which the gas is composed. if the chemical anergy which can be

released by combustion of the local oxygen is added, then the dashed

curves are obtained which indicate the total enthalpy profilef witnm...

the boundary layer. These total enthalpy profiles have exactly the

same shape as the en'thalpy profiles for - constant property fluid

without combustion and with the proper mass release rate provided the

enthalpy at the wall is equal Iw and the enthalpy at the outer edge

of tne boundary iayer is equal to the total enthalpy at that location.

Sensible heat and chemical energy of possible reactions have to be

included in the latter value. From this statement it becoMes obvious

that the combustion process occurring in laminar boundary layer flow

of a fluid uith constant oroperties and Le = 1 is included in Tts

effect on heat transfer when the heat flux is calculated with

equation (2-3) in which the enthalpy at the outer edge of the boundary

layer comnrises chemical energy as vell as sensible heat. 7he ne;,P

WAlE TR 59-624 58
tranof(r coe.fficient cun bo Iet.tsrnned from equ"'tion (3Q6) and (4-7).
This procedure apr,,i.3 to a situation in which the oxygon content at

the su-face is zero. When the oxygen content at the surface is

diffe:.erit from zero, then the chemical energy corresponding to this

oxygen content must be included in the enthalpy of the gas at the

wall 2'irface.

1he explanation for thi5 behavior can be obtained by a reconsider-

ation ef Section 32 and specifically of the development which led to

equftion (3-42). The discussion in that section was concerned with

dissociation. It may, however, be applied in the same way to any

chemical reaction within the boundary layer. 4quation (3-42) then

indicates that the heat flux normal to the stream lines at Arq Moint

within the boundary layer is determined by the gradient of the total

enthalpy comprising zennible heat, kinetic energy, and chemical

energy, and that it is immaterial for this transport whether it occurs

aP conduction of sensible heat or as diffusion of chemical enthalpy.

In Fig. 11, the transport of total enthalpy is purely by conduction

along the enthalpy oumrs in the region between the flame front and

the wall; it is by diffusion as well as by conduction alcng the dashed

part of the enthalpy curves in the outer region of the boundary layer

outside the flame front.

L. Laees developed in Reference 432 the laminar boundary layer

equations for plane and rotationally syimetric flow of a two component

gas mixture with chemical reactions and with mass transfer at the wall.

The c)ntinuity and momntum equations are the same as eq,,ations (3-25)

and (3-26). The energy equation is:

WADm TR 59-624 59
 +I

71Y. total enthalpy I now contains chemical energy in addition to sensible

beat and kinetic enery. D is the diffusion coefficient, wi the mus

fraction of the ith cmponent (irunningf I to 2), 1 is the

enthalpy of the ith component. The last term in the equation disanoeare

when the Lewis umber is equal one. The fact that equations (3-29),
(3-26), and (4-8) are not different there from those for a gas mixture
without chemical reactions, indicates that the velocity field and the

total enthalpy field are not influenced by any occurring reactions.

This holds for a mixture with constant properties and also for a gas

with constant and constant •r•wben the pres•ure along the surface

is constant. The last statement is easily verified by inspection of

the equations (3-30) and (3-31) which are the transformed equations

(3-25), (3-26), and (3-27). f)r f z constant, C has the valae 1,

ond for constant pressure P is equal to 0. "he equations are then

the equations for a constant property fluid. The enthalpy gradient at

the wal surface determines the beat flux into the vall accordii to

equation (3-42).
The following rule for a calculation of heat zransfer In ma."

transfer coolizg and with chemical reaotions follows from these

considerations: Ove calculates the heat transfer coeffizient frow

the relations in the preceding section, for instance, with equation

(4j-7). The heat fluX to the eurface is then calculated using the

right hand expression in equation (2-3) and interpreting 4-it enthalp..s

WAXTE 59-624k 60
as total enthmies con.aining seusible haat. kinetic eeam , and

chemical enertr corresponding to poasble reactions within the

bouyjazy ler,• Tis

l procedure holds strictly for gases with const•at

properties or with ft = constAt Pr: 1, and constant pressure wd

in a= casm for Le = 1. It should be a gQod approx±iation when Pr

sa Le are wt too different frm oz* and for moderat predur.

gradients, especially when properties are again introdwc. at

reference entnalpy.

The mass release rat ia thich la required for this "alailation

has to be obtained from overall balancos. in an evaporation or

sublimation proces, for instance, it is fixed bt the enru balance

in Chapter 2 together with the thermodaami relation betmeen ovaporation

or sublimation temperature and the pressure or partial pmasnre of the

released substance at the surface.

In the discussion up to nca, the fluid involved was considered to

be a contijmu. in reality, gases consist of individal molecules

and this structurs makes itself felt at low densities which, for

instance, are obtainsd in the flight of an aircraft at very bigh

altitude. The p;.rameter which determines whether the molecular

structure influences beat transfer and friction is the Xmadsen nmberz

K: (5-1)
. indicates the man molecular path length and L denotes a character-

istic diaension of tim object involved. The flow in a boundary layers

WA1G. TR 59-62h 63
 _ v 0

I Iid
k-3 _ _ I

WAPC TM 59-612h 62
for instance, can be considered with good accuracy to be continuum

flow when the ratio of mean molecular path length to boundary layer

thickness has a value Which is small a- compared to one. With

increasing Knudson number, the moleculer structure makes itself felt
at first in the imediate neighborhood of the surface of the object
by the fact that the flow slips over the surface and that the
temperature prcfile in the boundary layer has a very sudden change near

the wall. This regime is referred to as jJk mcle. Simultan-

.aOsly, an interaction betwen shock and boundary layer usually berin

to influence the flow and heat transfer. Un the other end of the

scale of Knudsen zvbers (large values) one encounters c-rditiona

where the mean molecular path leogth is large compared to an body

dimension. 3ismeans that, after Wing reflected from the surface,

an approaching molecule has practically no chance to be reflected

back and to hit the surface a second time. This reg!..r. is ..- ettrred

to as free molecular flw reimei. In between this regime and the

slip flcw regime is the transition reae in whdich the mean molecular
path length ana the characteristic body dimension are of the same

order of magnitude. The Ia~dsen a=)- r is uniquely related to the

Reynolds aud Mach numbers. As a c -,quence, the various flow regimes

can be indicated in a diagram in which the Reynolds wmber is used

as abscissa and the ach maber as ordinate. Sach a diagra. is

p.-sented in Fig. 12 taken from Reference 422. The transition lines

between the regimes are to a certain degree arbitrary. Compared with

a similar diagram in Referene 110, the limits between continumn flow

and transition flow have been shifted to the left, because recent

WArC TR 59.42h 6
experiments in low density wind tunsals indicated that the contiwmm

regime extends to smarler iynolds numbers than originally eipected.

It has also been pointed out in Reference 168 that the proper

conditions existing within the boundary layer have to be introduced

into teynolds and &Ih mnmber In a dete-•aination whether the flow is

in the continuum or alip flow regime. The best values to use in such
a case are probably velocity outside the boudary layer and the pmoperties

at the preswure, teoperature, and concentration as they exist within

the boundars layer at the surface of the object. It has been fount

in Reference I68 that, in this vq, practical4 all conditions under

which cooling of missiles aLl satellites becomes critical are located

in the continuum regime. This is very advantageous because heat transfer

relations are much better established for this regime than for the

slip or transition regim.

A very simple relation for the beat transfer is obtained La the

free molecular flow regime for an object flying with a hypersonic

velocity. For such a condition, the man molecular velocity is mall

compared to the vehicle speed V, and the molecules can be considered

ai practically at rest. This allows calculation in a siMle way of

the mmber of molecules which strike the vehicle as it moves through ¶

the gas. If I., idicates the undisturbed density of the gas, and

1 its molecular weight, then the number of molecules per unit volume

is The nuaber of molecules hitting the object per unit time

1/M.

is then given by the following relation:

4
?F VA
in which ^ indicates the area obtained when the vehicle is projected

WADC TR 59-02!n-1n
 Onto 0Plane nrofl to 'cbO flght directiOu. liah molecule striking
the sUrfacge t.-nsfers the following energy to th3
object:
2
V
aM-2
The term a in this expression iwicates uhat
fraction of the Initial
kinetic energy the molecule transfers. This term is called sccoýio
coefficient. The nrical values for the accomodation coefficient

hae to be determined by nwasuremnts. ihey depend on the nature of

thu gas, on the nature and condition of the -urface,
and probably elo,
on the velocity V. Only limited information is available. fteriawg
carried out up to "OW redulted in values tetwem
0.3 and I for air
and for various 'surfac materials. prom the two equations statmd above
the beat flow per unit area of projected surface
and per ui+t time is:

It is quite interesting to transform this equation

into a Stanton
number. The total enthalpy of the gas is Prattcally Only kiMetc
energy. Threfore, I: 22/2. The enthaly of the surface can be
considered as VezY mall compared to this Value,
so that the enthalp
difference is 2
also V /2 and the heat transfer coefficient
based on

enthalpiee is:

The Stanton number is therefore simply:

,Sti,£ =
hi: (5-3)
The Stanton number Is therefore simply equal to thu accowodation

coefficient if it is based on conditions in the undisturbed fluid

and
on projec(td area. Stanton ambers for contimua fl"ow are usually

WAflC 11M59-6214 65
by two or three orders of magnitude tealler than this value. This

indicates the fact thaz a boundary layer serves as a kind of insulation

and decreaseft the energy transfer between the molecules in the free

streia and the object when it builds up around an object.

6. MUNSITIO& TO TURWLELDCE

A prediction of the location on a bod where the flow within the

boundary layer changes from laninar to turbulent state still has to

be based ,rimarily on emoirical information obtained In wind t- l

experimnts and in free flight tests. An extensive literature exists

according to the importance of the knowledge of the transition point.

Mw reader has to be referred to the literature, and only a few remarks

can be made in this report.

Stability theory predicted that the transition point woula be

dolayed by a decrease of the surface temperature so that vary large

transition Reynolds numbers are expected on objects with cooled surfaces.

A figure indicating the results of such calculations is contained in

Reference 110. These predictions have generally been confirmed on

slander objects. Transition Reynolds ubers up to 108 have been

observed in wind tunmel experiments and free flight tests. On the

other hand, conclusions drawn from stability theory were completely

contrary to observation on blunt objects. A consderable favorable

pressure gradient usually exists on such objects over the zegion

which is covered by boundary layer flow, and from this fact one expects

the transition to be delayed. Experiments, however, showed that the

RWADT75%W 66
transition deynclde number based on distance x in of the saw order

of magnitude az on a flat plate under isothermal flow cooditions.

Cool!g of the surface was found to baye very little effect on the

transition ibynolds number. Reference 367, for instane, reports the

results of experiments on sphere-cylinders and on elliptie. cyl~udere

at a ratio of total enthalpy to wal enthalpy between 9 and 30 and

at a Xach number around 3. T experiments ware performed in a shock

tube, and it va3 found that the trawition occurred at a leynolds

nmber based on mommium thickness between 225 and 325 (the last

figure for an enthalpy ratio eqwa 30). The transition ilynolds

number based on length x was between 500,300 and 106. From te above

figures it can be seen that cooling had no pronounced effect. no

shape influencaA the transition Reynolds nmber sonhat.

another observation for which a definite exlanat.ýon is still

missing is the fact that on slender objects turbulent flow has ben

obsersed at extremely strong cooling of the surface and under

conditions where the stability theory predicts completely laminar flow.

The momentum thickness as a function of the distance x has to be

known if Reynolds numbers based on momentu. thic:msss are to be used

for a prediction of the location where the laminar boundary layer

changes into a turbulent one. Calculation of the mamntux thickness

is considerably more tedious than that of heat trasfer. Inaefersnce

43R, Lees proposes an iteration procedure by which the ncwntum

thickness can be calculated for objects of arbitrary shapo.

WAMC Th 59-624 ~ 67
1.2

0.61
0.X _ _ tox_
_

OK

PI'

li Io
"* k
IC

0 * 4 6 o*O
"K

Viscos".y, e•'t ccnductivity an,' sneci'to.. heal o: -,r at

1 atm., pressure a&d in dissociated equ Abriu.•f rom Ref. 427)

WADC TH 5%.624 68
 A knowledge of the thermdYnamic a&W transport properties is

required for the gasezk participating in the flow when one wants to

evaluate any of the relations contained in this report. Pbr air, these

properties have been calculated in a large pressure range and up to

very high temperatures using the methods of statistical mechanics.

Such information Is, for instance, contained in References 48 and 427.

Only indirect verification is available by the fact that beat tronfcr

coefficients masured in shock tubes at very high temperatures ore*

quite well (within 10-20 %) with predictions based on the relaticne

discussed in the previous sections and on the calculated air Droperties.

Viscosity, heat conductivity, and specific heat of air under conditione

close to thermodynamic equilibrium ar presented in Fig. 13 for one

atmosphere pressure. The value* have been taken fromgL-Z 427.

Fig. 14 contains the Yrandtl number and the Lewis rmber describing

difftuion of dissociated atoms again for air at one atosphere

presmsre. It has been pointed out before that two"definitions are

in use for the s-AcifiC heat and for the beat conductivit. According

to one deftnAtion, the specific heat (Op) is based on the enthslw

which contains not only sensible heat but also the chemic energy.

The second definitiaon bases specific heat (c,) on the sensible beat

only. In a ,isilar way, the beat conductivity can be defined by

considering the transport t7 heat conduction alone (k), or by

including the snere transport caused by diffusion (k'). The second

pert is uniquly related to the temperature and pressure since it is

postulated that conditions near equilibrium exst In the gab. Fig. 13

WATI TR 59-624 ~ 69
 a7tu

40.7

0.66

WACT 5-24 70 laO

shows that the difference between the values of specific heaL and of

heat cenductivity according to the two definitions is very large.

The values according to the definition which considers sensible heat

only have to be used in the relations presented in this reporL. ihe

xrandtl and Lewis numbers in ?ig. l4 are based on the heat conductivity

k and on the specific heat cp.

In addition, thd connection between enthalpy and temperature has

to be known for calculations of heat transfer. For a gas in thermal

equilibrxum, this connecticn is best obtained from enthalpy entropy

diagrams. (Mollier Diagram for Equilibrium Air, Avec Research Lab.,

Avco hanufacturing Corp., Brerett, Hass., Jan 1957, Xollier Chart for

Air in Oissociated Equilibrium, NAVORD itep. 446, Naval Ordnance

Laboratory, Silver Springs, Ad., 1957, see also Ref. 439).

The situation is considerably more involved in c.-* !L.t ons on

mass transfer cooling processes. The determination of the properties

involvec in this procesb is usually the nost time-consuming prerequisite

for suCn calculations, especially when chemical reactions occu.r

within the boundary layer as they have been discussed in Section 42.

Information on the properties of the various constituents involved in

mass transfer cooling is usually quite restricted, and the calculation

of the properties of the various mixturos which is possible by the

methods ofstatistical mechanics is very involved. The reader has to

be referred to the literature for the determination of such properties.

Wa 'TR 59-624 71
 AkLPnbIDIL I
Use of temeracures or enthalpies in beat transfer calculations

has an inOMence on the energy balance describing heat exchange

between a wall and a more component mixture. This will be demonstratied

in the following example, which considers flow over a mass transfer

cooled wall. The coolant may be denoted by 1: and it will be assumed

that the wall surface is impezrmable to the gas 2 in the main flow.

Let us now fix attention to the mass flow of both comveont. 1 and 2

through a plam a-a arranged in the gas Just outside and parallel to

the sirface. 'T1e mass release generates a convective velocity v

through this plane and a mass flux of component 1 equal 1p ', where,

SI is the partial density of 1. There is al90 a mass transport by

diffusion of amount - ?D( i f) iIndicates the mass fraction
S= "The total transport of component 1 Is:

S- D( •y- )Wan*"•

For component 2, the mass flow through the surface and therefore also

through the control plans a-a is zero:

ow
fwev- fu( Y;~l)W o0 (1-2)

Mow we consider the energy transport Through the control plane. Mhe

energy flux per unit z1me and area may be denoted by q'. According

to equation (3-38), the energy flux is:

q' -" " + q" + fv 2v

Jv 2 •'½(
D - " 2 ) (1-)

WAC TR 59-624 72
 This energy flux must be equal to the flux through - control

plane b-b arranged in the solid wall just beyond the interphase. The
int,'-hase moves continuously towards the intfirior of the valn becaume

of the mass release. A mass flow of solid material with the mass

velccity it exists, therefore, threugh the plane b-b, which is considered

fixed relative to the interphase. A corresponding energy flux by

convection is iis, where i indicates the enthalpy of the soliA material.

Another energy tr.Ansport by conduction may be indicated by qW.

Conservation of energy requires:

q' :. % -S kXs( - )
Introduction of equation (1-1) into U1-3) results in:
DT
k( _3 )w+ ik~i., - id, (1-5)
te have here obtained the result which was expressed in c' apter 2 by

equations (2-3) and (2-9) with the exception that no ra.iatioD was

considered in the present derivation.

The heat flux qs may now be expressed by the enthalpy gradient in

the gas mixture. With "- and equatinso (1-3) cnd (1-4) one obtains:

The first term in this equation is idrintical to equation (3-36), since

,,)wz (Ow
/
2
in a two-ccmponent-mix'.ure = - ( Vid since iA i1 - i 2 .
For a .as mixture with le = I, the first term takes the shape of

ecuation (3-42), and the heat flux 04 is:

_ p as + (i - ) (1-6)

i is the total Prnt.alpy of the gas mixture, i. indicates it value at

the interphase, and is is the entheipy of the abiating =t.-.ial at. w*el

WAM TR 59-62h 73
surface temperature and in solid -tate.

in equation (1-5), on the other band, the en+talp' il of the

ablating material in the gaseous state and at wall surface tperature

takes the place of iV in eq-uation (1-6). The enthalpy i1 can be more

easily determined in most applications than W, and the form (1-5) of

the beat flow equation is thereforo preferable. In the use of beat

transfer coefficients for mass transfer cooling, one has To watch

carefully whether the coefficient was defined by equation (2-3) or

by a defaiition .:.hich replaces the temperature gredicnt in this equation

by Em enthalpy gradient as -ugfested by equation (1-6). For a gas with

properties depending on temperature only there is no difference

betwen iW and i,, and both equations (1-5) and (1-6) become identical.

WAD TR 59-624
 kir'&YdDIL U
The mass iraction wi of any of ths components in a tuo-coponant

,ixtxur, Ls determiud by a diffusion equation:

( U-j 34
r - ( 3 Di 2
-5 Y 37y) +Ulei

461 denotes the production of the species i by the chemical raact.ion

per unit time and volume.

The diffuzion equations can also be written in 'pseudo-mass-tractions"

A pseudo-mass-fraction gives the mass frartion of an element in

the mixuae regardless in ihat compound it is contained. The pseudo-

ass-fraction of oxygen, for instancwa, is the rttio of the o3xyen mass

to the total mass of the mixture regardless whether oxygen occurs as

0, 02, CO2 or in any other compound. 6o element is destroyed or

created in a chemical reacton. Therefore, the diffusion equation in

paeudo-mass-f-actionE reads:

z) (11-2)

For a gas with Pr =1 and Le = 1, equation (I1-2) has the sam

form as the energy equation (4-8). This fact can be utilised to

calculate the composition of the gas thriughout the boundary layvr and

a' the wall surface. L. Lees carried this ide& through in various

examales (Fif. 432).

WAlE 5..9-62L- 75
 AmiTIX U1
Literature
In this aS0ezdix, literature on the subject of heat transfer at high
volocitie is clected, which has been published since 1956. fevious
literature is Included only lInofar ar it is needed for reference.
1) Askerot, J. Ueber die TMe rature•rtemu Hinter ;tea
it
WiU 2rn. #Iitt- Inst. Aerofn ZderIch go. 21, l954•.
2) Acrivos, Andreas, mA Chembrs, Paul L. Lamim- jda .- nmC
Flows with urfc lactgobn. Intatrial and Aimering Chmierty, Vol. 49,
pp. 02,-1o29, 1957.

3) Adsm, M. C., and Probstein, A. ?. on the Validity of

Theory for Suteliite and 1yersnie night ProMso at Htin Ait,4pos.
Jet Propaoion, Vol. 28, p. 86, 1958. - .
4) adý, mac C.., em Bothm, Hams A. A U to .Ablation off
MlsyZaterials. J. Aero. SCI., Vol. 26, Pp. 3I- q195Y.

5) Alford, & H. TIMOistribuMtion Stedits in the

!am= 1 for hgmM
ibe Flo Without t Trantf*r. Texas U. DML

6) Amroks G. S. The Nfflect of Surface T 2!tare ftVaribit

pO 735, April, 195"7,

7) and Ramaehandran, A. Wffeet of ,Vbratio an

ittansranea,
A.,
Heat Tramsfer trom a Wire to Ar in Parallel Flow. Tme. A Vol. a0,
p. WJa6. 19P8.
8) Ahireams . G., 1rrell, H. B., and Durban, J. N
2S!tM and Heat Transfer Phenomna at Maech Nmedre 3 to 1 U-
5W(OS 142121), Dec. 1951 (WIWy15)

9) Aoki, bbipgbumi, Keamsm, Keuzake Heat Transmission in High §Neq

6&2 Flow IV & V). Tram. Japan Soc. Aleh. &agr., Vol-. 22 pp. 576-502, 956.
10) bmker. A M. L., Jr., and ChUrvat, A. F. T-anmsi ,)m Corroetlon
"53o fs & of a Sphere in Free Molecule Flow. ?WA's
t u- , vol 1 , p.75,

11) Baran, J. R•. Th H•t*Er! n Laim-inr Boundary Iawer.

1= M TA 236 (a Tu 5'3.)
5 .2sa,AD 232474) 197, 27 pp.
12) Bh ow, H. An !M!4Mt on Flat Plate Turbulent
Flow-The Stfsct of a luid addition on Friction aM V t D tion
Mial 7;ro. Soc., VOL. 62, pp. 135-38s, 19w.

",A!)c TR 59-624 ~ 7b
 &muale qnc~tiwo rat e;O m

PP-
49Ro~ MT., a 2~4t,

16) Baxter, D.al

G., ad F 1doas, 4l4qpx C.
Za tmo qfd

DIV) ft. MO. I U., AY0d IN~so WA l ),Ottbat, 2 I

20) 84, D3.,andm eut.

forBeat In. Luwfki MR fWig

y*Oum J- A0.
Stat, Vo~lmt. 25 3

P.43) IM.vus Z.0

17),o scath. oSpc
I. an Voleer . J.AU Ea

WA~59
pages.
 27) Boa-Teh Chet Tb*E!2&mnmic* of finetliallr Conducting Fluids as- irz
imliatin
to- -WrightL k DrLOVelOjzzt 4,04ter,
Tec.7-50,AbTA
Nte oe.No.A1i&23Y, Ub. 1957.
2b) Bogdonoff, S. 14. Ra ~ ySuiso hyoeroonio Fluid Mechanics.
AGdAdD hprt No. l142, JulyT 1IM, 30 Pp.
29) Bogdonoff, S. X., and Vas, 1. Pnllmivnap7Investigation orftS~id
Bod~ies at. i&1mroaic flov. WADC TV 56-7,-19U
30) Boums, 0. E., and Davies, D. R. Heat ?rmnfor Thrvg the Lmiaar
Loan on a Circular Simier in AXII a mriwsnbl. Fow. (hart.

31) Bourm, !). S., ana Davies Z#. A. On the Calculation of M&y Vi*Qosit!y
and of Heat Traaufer in a Thrbulent Bud yLayer on a Flat %orf ace. (wart.
--. ek. A~P1. M~ath., JVol. UP P. 2z' 19510.
32) Bradfield, Amlter S. An riasatal Investizadon of the Turbulnlt

La-, ibsearch Rieport1,5Mac19.

33) Brain, Willis 11.6 Nbulent Boixotamry Laerg onb!~ ed e in a
bprsognic Strem. MACI 4Mi200, Jan. , 195b5, 39 pp.
34) Bra, K. m. c. The gffect of 1jeat Transfer on Interact. te
Xwolvift ~
LmnrNnaO ~ is t. &rit*#, OP339, 15, Tpp.

35) Bma, x. x. c. sone note" on sbock-weve &Bound - Interaction,

36) &Wevort , K. J., and Arabian, B. fl. 4ý!= of Experixental, Heat

37) Brinich, ?. F. Blunt Bod4y jeParation at &wemrsonic areedw. journ.

Aero. SoS., V.- 25, P. 336, 1958.
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39) Broadwel, J. x. A 5 odel of the ao.Dssociation

of a Gas in Couette and :B=.

40D) froer, L. J. F. Characteristics of the Iipaaton of notion of a

PlacI Ga. . fluid &flioP.Val. 4i,
-p-.276, 1950.
ii1) Bronbeig, R., and ipkids, -R. ?. A Critical io of the

"IA!Y. TR 59-62h
 42) Bromberg, R., and Lipkis, M. e. Heat Transfer in Boundary layer
with Chemical React~ons uhe to hass Addition. Jet Prmrulsion, Vcol ?8,
pp. 9;;-74, 1•
43) irooke, E.. C.eat iransfer to D-Y Ice Spher93 )ubjectjO to
S, ernic A or
_Iwo,. U. 7.avial 'rdrance Laboratory, ahite Oak, td.,
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i 1l9, Aerodyna:zics iesearch 3epr.t 16, Sept. 1, 1957.

44) Brom, B. A. Pridore Heat Transfer in a Laminar Bowimdary Lay'er from

a Surface Paiyg e Tenerat'nre Distribution. J. Mro. Sci., Vol. Z4 2_ 912,
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45) Bruniak, R. Ueber die Abloesung de" Orenzschicht beim Verdichtunagstoss.
Oesterreichiscftes Ingenieur-Archiv., Vol. 10, no. 129-32, 1956.

46; Bru-k. William .. £xperimental InvesLigation of tran iration Gooling

for a Turbulent boundary Layer in bubsonic Flow Using hir as a Coolant.
IUAW&N 4091, October, 1957.

471 Bryson, a. i., •udiansky, B., Carrier, r. F. 1*a9vA e-e

Tewerature
of a Flat Plate Subjected to Aerotwaic Heati. .¢.J. S., Vol. 24,
pp. 311-312, 1957.

46) Butler, James N., and Brockaw, :t. >. Thermal Conductivit4 of Gas
Mixtures in Chemical dquilibrium. Journ. Chem. dhys., Vol. 26, pr. 1636-• ,
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49) Canae, L., Camp, J., Keck, J., &nd retty, C. He iaxeln Phenomena
in Air Between 3000 and b)00°1. AVCC Research Laboratory,ReseFarch Report 22,
?Iarch, 1956.

50) Van Camp, .lliam It. Aegrodnic Heating CharacterStics of a No&*

Gone at Ange of Lt*Ack. Research Dept., McDonnell i±rcraft Corp., St. Louis 3,
Mi ssour1, Report No. 5978.
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Regions. 1959 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, ?reprints of
Papers, Stanford University hress, Stanford, C.lifornia.

Garter, Howard S. bffect. of oome hxternal Crosswise Stiffeners on

Lhe t.-. iransfer and rressure Distribution on a Flat Plate at Mach Numbers
of 0,77, 1.3?2%and 1.90. LA 'IN h333, Sept., 1956.
53) Chambre, Paul L., and crivos, Andreas On Chemical Surface aeactions
in am'inar Boundary Layer Flows. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 27, pp. 1322-1328, 1956.

5h) Chambre, Pill L. On Chemical Surface Reactiopnw ii:-rdrodynamic

Flows. Appl. Sci. Fes., Vol. A-6, p. 393, 1957

55) Chambre, raul L. The Laminar Boundary Layer with Distributed

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lA.)CTR 59 - 6 2h 79
 .50) Chamre, iloul L., wni foung, Jonathan 1). On the BDitfsion of
4
chsiclýBe Lie W:esin a Laminar Bund aiy aerfow. The Rqza

57) Cha.':., B3eOYenr&~ (DOCtOral Tht~dig) ftrbUUnt BW11817 Layer

ower Heated and Unbe ted~~ Rq'uth :*r-f-AKO. GCOor~1O StAt. U.., :ýcientifio
Neport No. 1, APCJ 11-5640 1956.
58) -Cbepmz, D!R.E A T2rstical Aaygs of Heat Transfer in Reuione
cf Separated Flow. Mmi. T 3M9, 195b..
59) Ghapman, o. a. hiAn ~ oit Anltclzehd o t-n t
into Flquanaz hee.-t US MACA 4M276, Mayp 1M5.
60) *sag, $3in-I, and haliot, David Tb. M"!&.ad Laminar amwdary
i~a ona. PtLate. Trams. *~g4H, Vol. 19, P. 725, 1957.
61) Chr2stensez, Doph, and tUer, Rolf D. OnteSal h o an
AblatiMi fthmphiteB J. Asero Sal., Vol, 26, p. 54,19.
62) Miiatlan, W. J3., and Sehiffamn, T. H. intam Iesrafr
Seectd Astrcts wit
BibiOL91Wwit Air Dmowlmnt Center, Tech.
AaA Do. M- AD15199s NAY, 1958.
RepoL5-106
63) Chas Boa Teh, and Koveassnay, L. S. u. -Non-Linear Interactiors ina
Viacowa Heat Coductive ComuessIble Gsa. jobee jbpawn U., Dep-t. Aero.,
NP., 1957, 51 pp.
614) Omean, R. L.1jma~ of Spronic Arstroamt. TheI. floic
of Yjeuidsp Vol. 1, p. 452 19W.

65) Cohen, Clareace B., and teubotko, Q~i Me ajble Lamina

'66) Cohen, Carence B., aM ibsbotko, Ki' Similar SOlutions for the
Gowregssbl* Laminar Bouagax hayr with Heat Trs~j -andrreawu*r Gwediewt.
VS MRACA-%p. 123, 1956, 30 pp.
67) 'en, C. B., Bromberg, a., Lipkis, ft. fl.BonayLeswt
Mod al ~.ticiw NO to Mlass MMAddtin Jet ProPulsion, Vol 25, pp. 69-w8,

68) Cole, G. H. A* SOM fH doyLc.Avances

MSOt
in 1it"Uca Vol. 5, pp. 45 S2-47*1,956. m 56o

69) Cole. J. D. Note on th~e Effect of AMIr~ltion in h~at TrWanfr.

70) Cole J. D. Newtoniat Flow TheorY for M.ender Bodies. J. Aero. Sci.,
4. pp. 4418-ho, 197.-
vol. 2i

WAlE TR 59-6214 80
 71) Coleman, 4 i. Coments on Ivm .ceat Calculatimo&s atjn IS
the Laminar Bojindar1 Ler with gagontinuMSl DJitributed Sction. Jcm--.
Boyal Aeron. zoc., vol. 61, pp. 359-361, 1957.
72) Coles, D. FmmrErk on ýcu Turbulent Boundary Layer.
ri',- Journ.
Aero. Sc,., Vol. 24, pp. 495 -5 06 , 1957.
J
, 73) Cooper, horton, and - 5 co..nduction
ayo, Advard A. -•oaa Or. o
.. s. ifeeC!s
•::'•/" * Hea•-Trnnefer
ZrO. Mc., V;ol. A
Data24, p. 4612s 1957, !!anj of
Transient

71-) Courtney, W. 0. gniition by Flow Over Hot Sqrfaces. Jet Propullun,

Vol. 28, o. 836, 1958.
-75) Crabtree, L. F. z~mrdiction of Trawstion in the B•udur• L on
an Aerofct!. Journ. of ily. Aero. ci., Vol. 62, p. 525, 19P.

76) Crane, ;.. J., and ±eaek. D. G. Th -an n Truet'ao

Jets of gompressible Fluid. J. Fluid h., Vol. 2, pp. W69,455p 1957.

77) Crawford, Daviq H., and ,cau.ery, WillM D. lastiatý. n. of the

~~~q of a H~ivfgigj119
UU41triti~ i
the lley ll-lach h preonio tAMnA at a •Iach -uber of b.o, N
MA
Ae. 1323, i•57.

70) Creagcr, -. 0. iffects of L*eadiUnIL-A Mlunting on tte Local Mat

Transfer and ,ire-voure Distributions oSM F'%lat ?2tMs in SaRtonic Flow.
Nag. dwisory Comm. &eronaut., Tech. Note I"2, apoemer, 1957.

79) O-lick, F. ,ý. C., and Hill, J. A. F. "artxlent lo£ of

oewartson-Illi4wrth Transformation. Journ. Ar. e ., Vol. 25,
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80) Culick, Fred z. G. Taxulent AJffusion LAM . Mas.

Inst. of Tech. Naval SupersnicL
=rZ,i AF0R-TN-55-336, WTIA 154&2)j0,
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81) Carle, N. A Modified Polhhausen Netlod for solution of Ia.nar

Boundary .rs,. ilz-.Ommmssibl* Flow wiltS Zer E~t. T•sr .
Hational -bys Laboratory, June 17, 197, 14 p., ILC 19, 342; PH 2554
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82) Carle, X., and *an, S. W. Aporoximate Methods for Predict

Se Iation z~roveriss of Laminar Bonar Lvrs The Aero. .Aiartery,
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63) Carle, H. The 4t4ac Compreuible Laijnar Boundary LaM wit

Arbitrary ?ressure Gr adient and Uniform Wall 'e•mrature. Proceedinge of
the noyal Society, A, Vol. 249, pp. 206h22E, 1956.

84) Czarnecki, K. A,", and Sicl air* Archibald R. A Mote on the

Eftfect of Heat Transf er oL Peak Preosumu Rise jAsaocia7t9f -h"varation of
r .ent mdarjLa on a Body of Revolution (MACJ;7 at..r
of16.MACA TM 399?, 195.

ADC TR 59-6214 8
 65) navies, F. V., and Cooke, J. i. Boundar Ler Meareents on 10
and 200 Cone at H 2 2.45 and Zero Heat Transfer.
Nov., TK) Gt. Brit., AR G? 264, 195, Opp. Gt. Brit., R" TK rero. ý3L&,

56) Davies, -D. L, and Bourne, D. S. On the Calculation of leat and Mas
IIrb~mt
I• ase. • t. J. ch. and Appl. Math., Vl ,p.•.8
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O1) Doissler, A. U., and loeffler, A. L., Jr. !naJys of Turbu•tat

Flow and Heat Transfer on a f1at Plate at High Mach Numrs
r ith Variable
Fluid Prperties. KMLATK 4262, April, 195U.

88) Deissler, R. j., and Loeffler, A. L., Jr. Heat Transfer ad Fri-tion
for Fluids ýFogwt- Over ourfaceqg HuIh tM eraturas and High Velocities.
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39) Dwaetriad~et, A. An Rzwrlmanta3. Investigation of the Stab£it• of

the rmesonicLmiaroundar Low . J. Aero/Space ci., Vol. 25, p. 598,

9L,) R., and Dooley, D. A.

Denlion, 1i.6 Combustion in the bi!Lmi
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91) Denion, M. A. Combustion in theO lrblant 2osdaryI r of

~r
Active SObMIstors. Aeronutrone bystems, Inc., a Subsidiary of
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92) Davierms, F. N. !Id tal Stu of the ~aiastion Te reatn

in a Pre* Molee1aia Flow. Jen of the Aeronautical Volo ?4,
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93) Dliaconis, N. S., and Jack, J. R. Heat-Transfer Measurements Tm
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94) Diaconis, X. S., Jack. J. iR., and Wienieweki, A. J. MaiML-14me
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95) Did.is, N. S., Wisniwdsld, it. J., and -lack. j.. . etTransfer

US, NAGA 'M 10M, Wt., 1957, 1 pp.

96) Djuhw~ki, .5. H. -0ur ye to o a
Naval Urdaare lboratory, Wate Oak, M., YVOfw Bep. 5763, Aera. Res. RAp. 22, 1957
97) v Doeonoft, Albert S., and Horton, Elmor A. .
Sperimntal 1nesti&Ation of the Effect of a SLve I of lRoiam sg
8Du~dary-Layar Transition. US ACn TAN3•5, October 1956, 45 p.

5
WA11C TR 9- 6 24 82
 98) Donougbe, Patrick L. AnaIaiss of La-mnim Zn,. rAA&_ E102"
emiporous Channels. MCA TS 3759, August, 19.

99) Donrughe, Datrick L., and Nc~innon, Roy A. fier .nta1 Invostgation
of Air-now Uniformity and I2rvgire Level on Wire Cloth for Tranivir-&aMon-
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200) Dcrramco, kWm.H. Sow in the Aerot !Zg of
.. mrsoe Flh. A-ro. Eng-. Rev., Vol 16 pp. 1b-M,
46; 15.

101) Douglas, .4.

G aec ti ve Heat•
N-., and G i--h11, .W.
- lo agn. op -ta for
Tlr ansf~er Between Ga nse SAd 14"01* m u gmdr, vl Aam
Zgmratu-x .foireac* Chendcal Nagineerow .ypo.Series Vol. 52;
Cbemical Sginsering Progress, Vol. 5, p, 226, 1957.

102) van Driest, S. A. On Turbulent Flow Near Wal. J. Aao. Sci.,

Vol. 23, v,). 1007-11, 1036; 19;9.
103) van Driest, &. A., and McCauley, W. D. BoRundiA-4ur Transition on
a -ov
t IV& er 2.81 am iffected *1 bX Eml . Joural Of the
Aeronautical zocience., Vol. 24, p. 700, 197.
10 ) van iriest, j.. R., and Boiso,
4 J. Cbristopber 1 L2R
Bo-nd-aL r iantion at s. jswereonieof the A.eronautical
Journal
zeiences, Vol. 24, pp. 85-99, 1957.
105) van Priest, S. A. AeI'm€ac Meaim Applied Mecbanics Reievs,
Vol. 11, p. 51-53, 1958.
106) van Driest, Edward a. on the Lme& 4f A,.-zt Bodies
Zeitschrift ftr angemandte Mathemtik un kbysk, Vol. 9b, pp. 233.ZUO 19A

107) Droblenkov, V. F. Ta a.Ant Boudaw Larer on fotah Wr limar

Surface. WiACi
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108) Dutton, A. A. The Ammtotic Turbulent Bmodary I r. J. Aero.
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109) Van Dyke, Milton ;. Th uesnca et fb~-fvq n

Extension. Journal of the Aero/oace Scienoas, Vol. 25s, pp. i05-41i9679•5•.
11 Eckert, Ernst R. 0. :hr=y on Heat 'LTnsfm r at High eed.
WADC T,-. Report 54-70, 1954.
121) Eckert, E. .. Ui., Hartnett, J. P., •Rkbak, sloand. Cal2m Lati of
the Wall I eraur WA,0 .•trfac Nab SM & s to a 1Flud btrem iaMW'
the Local Heat g the .ftfaces ..is
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112) Rekert,' . it. U., and Schnider, :1. J. Fas-Mr•fer Cool ing
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 11,3) Eckert, r,. ii. Cr., Hartnett, J. 9?., and 84,r*e~ak, holand Lin2lified
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Journal of the Aeronautical :5euces, Vol. 24, p. 3W9, 1957.

114) Eckert, h. R. G., Donoaghs, Patrick L., and Moore, Betty Jo

Veloci•t and Friction (2aracter3stic3 of Lminar Viscous &BundarZ-&a nd
Channel Fri over urfaces with Edection or Suction. NAGA TN 4102, Dc., 1957.

115) Eckert, S., and Hartnett, J. Ninfluss eise Verbrempuncsorteas

a&L don .a.re- und Soffa.st.ausch in .iner liainaren Grenbschicht.
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116) Eckert, N. R. G., Schneider, P. J., Mayday, A. A.*, and Larson, A. M.

Nasa-Transfer Coolium of a Laminar Boundary La.r by InJection of a Light-
Weight for.e4l Gas. Jot Propulsion, Vol. 28, pp. 34-9, 1951.

117) Ne, A. j., anu Saumders, 0. A. Heat Transfer from a Flat Surface
to a Parallel Stream of Water. T'" Chartered Mechanical Engineer, Vol. 5,

118) Edwards, A., and Vrber, B. A. ihe Influence of fr.-Stroam Turbulence

on Heat Transfer b Convection from an Isolated ileion Of a Plane
M rs ap . in
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pp. 941-954, 1956.
119) Sggers, A. j., Jr., Hansen, Q. F., and Cumungham, b. S. St. gatia -
Point Hoea fransfer to Blunt bhapes in kbrersonic lk Vht,Lludi i _o t XY .

120) Ehlers, F. •ivard, and Strand, Torstedn T FgV or a 34ereonl

Jet, in a .t~sonic otr"e- at an Mgle of attack. J. Aro/Spwoa •:i., Vol. 25,

121) Ellison, T. H. Tbulent Transport of eat and entu from an

Infin4te Rough Plare. Journ. Fluid Hach., VoI. 2, pp. 46-56, 1957.

122) Emery, A. Heat Transfer Downstream of a Step in a Plate. iiS.

Thesis, U. of Cal., Berkeley, 1950.
123) iflert, Gerald W. Estiation of C2= siblo ou99MLA= ro
Over Inxo" I.ed Surfaces with Pressure Gradient. KAU Vi 4022, jum 197-

1214) For, J. A., Riddefl, F. R., and Kemp, N. H. Stgsnation Point Heat
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125) lay, J. A., and Addell, F. R. Theo of St, m .tioaPoint lst

Transfer in Dissociated Air. J. Asero. Sci., Vol. 25, p. 73, 1958.
126) Fodiaevskii, K. K., and Givevskil, A. S. A Method for CoMvutiva the
Trbulsnt Bondary m When a Longitudinal Pressure Gradient is Present.
I
SOT. PJ.-Toch, Ms., pp. Z75-291, february 1957.

127) Ferri, Antonio, and Vaglio-Laurin, Roberto A Note on the Effect of

Centrjiual Forces and Accelerated Motion on the Instablit- of the -iminar
Bound= !Am About MUM CooledBodies. Polyteoh. ins-,. ily=., F .Z--
Rep. 3 (13
t TNWkSR
56-579) t•) 115002), Lc., 1956, 1, pp.

"'AflC TR 59-624 84
 128)J Ferri, Antonio ABeviev of bown Aecet Deve:oLoments
I-low. Paper read at the irt Iternationw&I in Hy~arsonic
Co-ress in the 4eoj.'
Miences, Madridp ,:,&in$ -1 Septembr, 1950. Heorgamon ir~ss, london'. -6-
- 129) Fiebig, Martin I-eanar BonayJ'yr on a
in .- upersoliie Flwat a SuAll Aftle oZ iittack. 9Spimiing Circular Cone
£ig. Awlepk(IaOS TH 56-532) (AD 110351 Cornell u. Urad. Scb. Asro.
-June, 1956, 61 op.
130) 7figge-lots, Iarwgzt, a-A Baxter, Donald C. h4 Solution
Lmlnar B3pumi-dAr of
Stanford U.2 LiV. bag. Rach. TH 103raerba'=
22NEW 1)1
I--a F Dii-.,a ia
(ACRT sSetJ.I T
131) Fltgg-Ilots, Irugard, and Howe, J. T,
Lainr~gtaLwr Problmay a Finiite Differonce $LOI-on
'*t-h
Cof pesil
Dov. ft. Rech. TR 111 (FOSR TM 532 AD l4D4) tan4ord U.
Oppi'h:5,w .
132) Freemen, N. C. non-Equilibriam Flow of an Ideal Dissoeiating
fts.

133) Friedlander, S. X. Mass and Heatfrajufer to AwIna

Grlindoer at lo i~rnoldt Numbers.
MMwe and
A. L. Ch. s. Journal, Vol. 3, P. Us, 1957.
1.34) F940sling, h. Calmgation.b Series ani of the Heat Transfer

1.35) Praeliag, Kilo ato Heat e and t Distributioun

TW
138 eoma
iev,an Hdalo H.,v
ar . meN
Ablar~nfr
on t
MAU ) Qlasman, Irv-ip
91, p.meB..
adJohn

136) Gaet .. rInS AyeariEFlow (IT).A Now

PlTeM J2.pp. 0076i., 1ol p.am
-W, rr: s Jaa Wi. W

138)01,Geor Se
g~ev ialo., and ams
Adns X.or
C.
Povro tbues
o O ltp o h
199Heat inabaondIc~~c
Mransfer -Tradresj Inet-
Iw~e 1
IRof-2 rvriyPr
85eeSafr pSafr. aiona
 142; Oc-ertler, H. New Series for Ua2jculation of Steadyr L!A!AR-kwa
L.L. Fl . Jnurn. tiath. a• fechs., Vol. 6, pp. 1-66, 1957.
143) Goertler, H., and Witting, H. .nia lamn GwschichtetjRmMen.
berechuit nittels einer nown deihemthode. Zeitschrift fdr angevandte NMatbaitlk
und bysik, Vol. 9b, pp. 293-306, 1958.

144) Gortland, H. Ajý- Aeriem for thCaleulation offgt r Luaminar

ondWiazH-_Lfar Flows. J. Math. and Mich., Vol. 6, pp. 337-352, 1957.

1W) Gortlin, H. On the Calculation of Stuea inar Boudarv Lyr

Flows with Gontinuous Injection. J. Math. and Iech., Vol. 6, pp. 32 33 10, 1 9F7.
146) Goulard, 9- On Catalytic Recombination Rates in irooreonic
?tgation Heat Transfer. Jet eropulsion, Vol. 21, pp. 737-45, 1958.
147) Goulard, R. and M. Rnewr Transfer in the Gouette Flow of
Radiant a_. Chemically Reactiv c -. 19Y59 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics
.uratitate, Preprints of -apers, Dtanford University 'ress, Jtanford, California.

148) Green, L., Jr. Heat. Mass. and So'untum TrInsfer in lT rogh
Porous Media. ASH Paper No. 57-HT-19, 1957.

149) Griffith, A. C. Rent Advances in RNe Gas Sffects in -ipersonic

1951.
Propulsion, Vol. 28, p. 157,
Flow. Jet
R
Ciohne, C., and Knohar, R. Uber oin CharektoristikenDfge
150)
YerfahMe sur ftrechwnun 21~v
wia rGen hgt Zeilscbrift iff an-wanxtt
athmmatik a Ik, WVl. 0b. :;o. 332-46, 195.

151) Hains, Franklin 4). Loia R94 srwt

Rotational Free Strem. Jcurnal of the neronautical Sciences, Vol. 24,
P. 623P 1957.

152) Hsaa, Francis A. Note on the Boundary-Loyer Instability on a

Flat Plate Stoed St&'enlv. 3. Aero. Sci., Vol. Z4, p. 471, 1957.

153) HaFm, Francis R. Throe-Diesnsional Vortex Wttern Behind a

Circular Cylindor. Journ. of Aero. Sci., Vol. 24, p. 156, 1957.

154) Hr t, A. G., Vas, I. , andHight, S. An A ts of th

Effect of Shock Waves on 'marbulent Boundary Lnra.
* -noeton U.Dept.
Aero. &W. 10p. 396, July, U37, pp.
155) Hanaw.- A. J., Blessing, A. H., and Schmidt, C. 11. Therwal
at of 3U - Aon
igis -Regions with kphasis on Heat-Suet!Ain i
at ersonic *4s . Aero. Sci., Vol. 26, pp. 257-263, 1959.

156) Hansae, A. U. Possible b•imilari&t Solutions for Three-Dimensional

with F'ortiorzl WNtream Velocity Goionentg. .NA TH 147, :,eptsmber,

, 79 pp.
195•

"'ADC TF 59-624 86
 157) HLra, £omoshige, Okushi, Jun Trbvent Heat Transfer by Fovpr.
.;onvection with L..g' i emwcrature DIffrence. Trans. of the Japan •ociety
of Mlechanical zngxieers, Vol. 24, pp. 15i-203, 1958,

1S4) iartneý.t, J. ?., cKert,_.z. A. '.., Birkebak, I., and Sampson, R. L.

Simplified Procedures for Calculation of Heat Trafer !q Sqrfgaes with
ion- TWright Air Developrent Center--WADC Tech. Report
ro-.7---3F73, Dec., 1956, 79 PP.

159) Hartnett, J. ?., and 4itkert, 6. K. G. Mass-Transfer Cooling in a

Laminar Boundary Layer with Conwstant Fluid PropertiMs. Trans. ASV',
pp. 247-54, 1957.

16)) Hartnett, J. P., and Eckert, 6. R. G. Mass Transfer CooliiA wit

Combustion in' a Laminar Boundary Layer. 1958 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanies
]'=titute, ,taafurd University .ress, 6tanford, California.

161) Uarturiian, i., IIao, it., and tarrons1 r, 1

Transition ard Heat iranfer in Shook Tubes. 1958 Hat Trauer &W
Fluid
W chanics institute. Stanford University-kAss, 6tanford, California.

162) Havos, Fred G. Turbulent Bourkdary-.-ayer Effects on Base Pressure.

Journal of the reronautical Sciences, Vol. 24, p. 781, 1957.

163) Hayday, A. ;'iranSr

jA Rooling in a jtad Lai Bundam
Layer Aear the -,tanation evint.. 1959 Heat Transfer and Fluid Kchanics
institute, ?reprints of tapers, Stanford University iress, -itanford,
California.

164 ) , , Wallace u. Newtonian Flow Theory in tkmereonp& AerodynaMie..

i'aper read at the First International Congress in the Aeronautical Sciewes,
riadrid, Spain, b-13 Septmber, 195b. Pergamon eress, London*
165) Head, X. R. A&Drqx.ma~t. Calaul&.tione of the Laminar Boundary
Layer with Suction, with Particular Reference to the Suetion Requirmwnts for
BoundsZ Lyer Stability on Aerofoils of Different Ticknesu/Crd Ratios.
ARC 19, 519; FI 2582, Sept. 10, 157, 31 Pp. (Ask for 1-5772h).
166) Van Der negge Zijrwn, B. 0. Meat Tranfer from HoElsontal Crlinderg
to Tar ent Air Flow. Applied Sci. ,isearh, ýc. A, Vol. 7, PP. Z05-23#

167) Hell, Manfred Flows in Partly Dissociated Gases. Journal of the

Aero/Space Sciences, Vol. 25, pp. 459-h60, 1958.
166) Hermanrn, R. Problmma of Hypersonic Flight at the Reentr~yf
batellite Vehicles. froieedigs of the 9th annual oongrosu of he
International Astronautical Federation, Amsterdam, 1958. In Print.

"'ADC TR 59-624 9
 109) Hess, iR. V. Interaction of Moving %=ocka and Hot .Lau. 1ACA
TN 4OO2, &y 1957, 65 pp.

170) Hidalgo, H. On ADDlication of vjn Drlest's Method to Hizhkv

Cooled Partially Dissociated Turbulent Boundary L r. Jet Propulsion,
Vol. 28, pp. 4 Z7_1957,

1(1) Hirschfelder, J. L,. H : fer In Chemically R-pachina Mixtzel.

Journ. Chem. fts., Vol. 26, pp. 274-20i, 1957.
172) Honda, ,e. Theory of the Interaction Between Obligue Shock W~veo
and Laminar Bound=ry &"ax'sra.Tohoku U., Hop. Inst. High Speed Ioh..,
Vol. u, pp. 109-1"30, 1957.

173) Hool, J. N. Loal Coeafcients of Skino Frition an Heat Transfer

for Turbulent Doanxry Layers; in TWo-Dixe--ional Diffuserse, Ot. Brit.
3TkRIi 29B66,1957, 12 pp.

174) Hoshisaki, H., and Linth, H. J. The Effeat of HelN m Ilnection

at an Axially Symetric itasnation oint. J. Aero. Sai., Vol. 26, p. 399,
1959.
175) Hottel, H. C., Toong, T. Y., and Hartin J. J. fleme Stg.ilinkj tinlj
in Boundary Layer. Jet emopulsion, Vol. 27, pp. 24-30, h8; 1957.
176) Howe, John T. 3e F t Diffetrencoe Solution of the Lminar
Compressible Bowudary Layer *howina th. of Upstream Trianpiration
'ffects
Coolina. NASA Memo 2-26-59At Feb., 1959, 33 pp.
177) Hau, N. T., and Sage, B. H. Thermal and Material Transfer in
Turbulent Gas Streams,
Vol. 3P p. 105P 19 7. -. '4wportf
*ic
. .... . S..re. A. I. Cho go Joural,

178) Huntzker, A.. , h at T.$er and.. wls "OSZ iU

Turbtlent klow with neat .qeaee. Zeiteehri t f•r &apwadteKathematik und
etwsik, Vol. 9a, p. 307, 1958.

179) 111ingworth, C. A(. The Effects of a Soun Wave on the Comp essible
Bou ary Layer on aFlat r3ate. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol. 3, pp.
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180) Lsai, Isao §,o Aroatjon to the LaMnr ýound a er

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181) Iaa, I. On the Heat Trans£er to Co.ntant-Proe!rty Laminar Bounda
Layer with Fouer-FunMiSon ree-btream Velocity and Wall-Temperature Distributions.
4xarterly of Appliod lath., Vol. 16, pp. 33-45, 195A.
182) Jack, John I., and Diaconis, N. 6. Heat-Transfer Meaaatreaents on
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":,Anr TR 59-624 18
 lo3) Jack, rtm
•., Wisniewski, fRichurd J., and Diaconis, N. S.
:tf ects of Extreme Airface Cooling on Boundn-x-Layer A"r ition. NACA
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184) Jack, J. it., wid Wisniewski, R. J. The Ffeet o4 Lxtrem Coolinz

and Local 'qnditions on Bound..ry Layer Transition. J. Aero/Space Sci.,
Vol. 25, p. 592, 5ý3; 1956.

185) Janssen, 6. Flow -aut a Flat Plate at Low Reynold* 16usbers.

Journ. Fluid !:ech., Vol. 3, PP. 329-313, 1958.

186) Jarre, G. Eyaorative Cooling at High Speeds. Gt. Brit.,

RAE 1ib. Transl. 678, July 1957,

167) Johnson, J. S. Velolity, Temperature, and Heat-fransfer Measurem.nt

in a Trba.ent Bounary Ler . strea of a Ste-gn Dlscontizut in
Wall Temp.,rature. Journal of Applied canics, Vol. 24, p. 2-8, 1957.

180) Kemp, N. H., Rose, il. H., and uetra, i. ., p Heat Tofer
Arourd Blunt Bodies in Dissociated _Ak. AVCO Research Lab., AVGO Manufacturin
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189) Kemp, Nelson K. On lboersonic ALut-Body Flow with 1 Hamtie
Field. AVCO Research Laboratory, AVCC, Mlamfacturing Corporation, Research
Report 19, February 1958.
190) KeMp, Nelson H., and Petachek, Harry Z. • D Mot
Ynco2re3s9ible !!ýneto,
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191) Kemp, Nelson H. A Further Mote on .merso Stam tion Point Flow
with a !Lsjnetic Field. AVCO Research Laboraory, AVGOMajfacturirg Corps,
kA,!'R TN 59-445, A6TIA AD 2148O7), Resoarch Report 53#, April 1959, 15 pp.
192) Kestin, J., and ?laeder, P. F. Influence 2f T lenee on Transfer
of Heat From Cylinders. NACA TI 4018, Oct., 1957," 76 PP
193) Mihara, T. ?lacroscopic Foundations of Plaama Dmramio. JJ.Prys.
Soc. Jso., Vol. 13, p. 473, 1958.

1>41 Kit chenuide, A. W. ffects of Kiritic Heatin on Aircraft Structures.

Royal Aero. Soc. Journ., Vol: 62., pp. 105.-17, 1956.

195) Knuth, Eldon L. C iile Couette Flow with DifrUsion of a

Reactive Gas from a Decomaien a 1956 Institute on Hnat Transfer and
Fluid Ilechanics, Stanford University Press, pp. 104-113.
196) Ko, Slao-ren Calculation of Local Heat-Transfer Coefficients nn
Slender ýSrfaces of Revolution by the Mangler Transformation. J. Aero.
Sol., Vol. 25, p. 62, 1958.

"AT,) TR 59-62h 89
 197; Kc, zhao-Yen, and Sca-i Lami nar i!1as ars) heat Transffer t~rcm
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198) Kerobkin, I., and Cruenewa)d, K. H. Investijcion uf Local
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iatev of HeatFlux. Journal of the ,-ro. Sci., Vol 2, pD. 1OMI-94, 1957.

199) Xreith. Frank, and M1rolis, David Heat Transfer am! FrIction in
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200) Kubota, Toshi Study of Ablation with Ice Nodel at MX".8.

1959; paper 654-59.
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201) Kilo, r. H. The iffects of Irandt! %1 _r on Ugh-Soeed Viscous

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203) Evan-tsu Yang On Certain Similar Solutions to Unsteady Laminar

Boundaz-I-asr t~uatione in -Se- d Flow. Journal of the tier.-Space
Sciences, VWl. 25, pp. 471-1c2, 1958.
W41) _ange, A., and •hapiro, ,I. Teaperatures in the Wake of Rotationally
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205) Larson, Howard K. Heat Transfer ia Separated Flows. IAS tieport

No. 59-31, 1959.
206) Laufer, John, and MCClellan, Robert Measurements of Heat Traner
from FiMe Wires in Supersonic Flows. J. Fluid Lech., Vol. 1, pp. 276-269, 1956.

207) Leadon, B. M., and Scott, C. J. TranspiratJon Cooling Experizents

in a Turbulent Boundary i;aer at N = 3. Journal of t-e Aeronautical Sciences,
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218) Leadon, Bernard Mi. Flane Couette Flow of a Conductipg Gas lluovuh
a Transver, - kaa ~tic
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209) Leadon, B. h., ;cott, C. j., Anderson, u. E. Transpiration Cooling

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210) Leadon, B. Ai., Scott, C. J., arid ,nderson, G. 4. Mass Transfer

Coolin, at ach Number.8. Journal of the iteronaitical Sciei.:es, Ycl. 23,
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211) Leadon. Bern.ard M., arta Bartle, L. Roy Mass Transfer in %tfirbulent
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 212) Lej, 2. 5., d .',get, :'. A. Charts Agapted from van Driest's
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213, Lees, Lester Note on tne Stabiliair&Effect cf Centrifual Forcea

oL the Lan--,r Bounxtary- Lyer over Convex .urfaces. ibe Ramo-Wooldridge
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'1a) Lees, Lester Recent Developments in hiynersonic Flow. Jet Propulsion,

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215) Lees, Lester Similarity Parameters for -urface Melting of a Blunt

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C.I.' Le ., Beruard, and ieres, .oseLh CalcuJ de la ceucne limite
1&aina.r -p s -n ecoulement cempressiole avec gradient de pression sur u•n
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217) Lew, i. G., and Fanucci, j. is. HeaL !ransfer and Skin rriction of
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f. 6 (AF)SR ' 57-63) (D 120404), Nov. 1956.

218) Lewis, James P., and Ruggeri, Robert o. Investigation of Heat

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219) Libby, r. A. Nvaluation of Several yersonic Turbulent dat

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220) Libby, ?aul A. The Laminar riperscnic Heat Transfer on a Blunt

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221) Liepmann, B. W. A Simple Derivation of Lighthill's Heat Transfer

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222) Lighthill, M. J. Dynamics cf Dissociating Gas--l Equilibrium

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223) Lindgren, z;. a. ihe Transition -rocess and Other rehnomena in

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224) Linnell, Richard D. Analytical Boundary Conditions frr :-ypersonic

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 L,5) Liu, 3.. vi. A Numerica.l Fthod for Solvg r,.undary Layer E•uations.
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226) Liu, V. C. On i)rag of Sphere at &tr-qme•y High § pwds. j. Applied

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227) :,,ckheed Aircraft Corporation Fluid &leohanics, Vol. I., Viscous

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228) Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Fluid Vlechanics, Vol. U.,

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229) Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, xluid Mechanics, Vol. III.,

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2Y)) Lowe, G. An _pgox.Lmate Sol tion of the Laminar Heat Transfer Alogg
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231) Luxton, R. .. , and Young, &. L. Skin Friction in the Coaressible

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232) Mack, Leslie M. Gopla~ g of Me O R v Lyer on an

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233) Mager, A. T ,.ormation of the Comoibl.,s wdai• Laver.

1957 Hoeat Transfer and Mi Rh.Institute, Stfor'd University Press,
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234) Hager, artar UraNaformaton of the goopible Turbulent

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235) Marik, Richard M. §ffeat of Rzter,-uv •_ieate.d Votiitv on
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236) H. Inte
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237) Maulen, S. H., and Ostrach, S. Note on the Aerqo3€d c Heasti
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238) M&asln, Stephen H. On Heat Trmafer in Slip Flow. J. Aeronaut.
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239) Hatousek, James F. Cross-MJ Matrices: Flow Friction •thvior
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ME-5590, Apr. 1957, 46 pp. (UF 767 Un 3.lan Contin.)

'.wTTm TP 59-624 92
 240) Matting, F. W., Chapman, J. 4, .yholu, J. ., a a, A. 0.
.xrbulent •"in Friction at..•• •?h iSunbera
and :daynolds Nunbers. 1959
Feat Transfer and Fluid Mehanics Inet.itute, .t-opririta of Papers,
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24-.' MVy, Albert Supersonic )raz of bhere. at Low ýSolds Wnibirg
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242) Neksyn, D. iu•eraLrion of the Bounda-y-Layer Sauation.o Proe.

Rayl] Soc. (London), aer. A, pp. 543-559, 1956.

243) Meyer, H. C. On Reducing n•egOdgqc Heat-Transfer R4te-

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244) Meyer, zaudolf 1. Mavttj~~~c and Asrodymi HOStix.

ARS Jou:i'al, Vol. 29, pp. 187-192, 1959.

24 5 ) Aickley, H. S., and Davis, i. S. Momentm .TraNfer for Flow

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2146) Mle3, John. W. On the ValocttY %lent Flo Nea

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247) McIlroy, W. d4mtokwrjrRdMus1 is an Old Fl2d with Now

ImlUations S2L
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248) McM•h•a, Howard M. An ibmerimental Stuct' o_ th,affect of Asi

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2149) Mirsis, H. Flat P-hase Laula sun Fritk m aNg Heat &rasper
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250) Mitchell, A. i., and Thomson, J. L Fnte Pf en Ntb

of Solution of the Von Mies undr er latdon vth Swe~al hf ee
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252) honagnan, i. J. Fo uala. and prozimatio- for A mi

Hsat~iw i•ates- in HIzh Speed Fl!jzht. Ut. Brit-, Aw• CP 360 (Oct. 1955)

253) Honaghan, i. J. A Survey and Correlation of Data on H*At T ra

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 254) lioore, Franklin K.. and Ostrach, •~acn Average Proerties of
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255) Moore, Franklin K., and Ostracb, Simon Displacement Thickness

of the Unsteady BoundarX Laye. Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 24.,
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256) Mordachow, Morris Analysis and Calculation by inteLral Mothods

of Laminar Compressible Bound3z7 Layer with Feat rransrar and '4th aa-
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257) ibrduchcw, Morris Laminar Seoaration Over a Trdslsoiration-

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256) ,orduchow, Morris; Grape, Richard G.; and Shaw, Richard P.

Stability of L.znar Boundary Layejr ýear a Stagnation eoint Over an
Iermeable Wall and a Wall Cooled by Normal Fluid injection. NACA TN 4037,
t.vst, 195,.

259) torgan, u. A*.Pipkin, A. C., and Warner, a. H. Cn Heat Transfer

in Laminar Boundary-Layer Flow, of Liquids Favinp a Very ŽI .Taitd1 Number;
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260) Horkovi-, M. V. On Transition kxperisnts at Noderate Supersonic

Speeds. J. Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 24, pp. 4W8-6, 1957.

261) 1)orkovin, M. V. Transition fron Laminar to Turbulent Shear Flow -

a £view of Znoe i necet
Advances in its Understanding. Transa- "n: - e the
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262) Hank, Max H. Turbulence Theory in the Light of the Circular Pipe
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263) Nagakura, ?osimitu, and Naruse, HuoiO An Apvrcximate Solution

of the Hypersonic Laminar ound and its Application.
Phys. ooc. Japan, J., Vol. 12, pp. 1 . 298-, 30J; 1957.

264) lagamatsu, F. f., and Sheer, R, i., Jr. Shock Ware-Boundary

:.ayer Interaction and Leading Sdpe olip on a Flat dlate in Hypersonic flcw.
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265) Naysmith, A. Peat Transfer and Boundary Layer Ncasure-tents in a

Region of ftpersonic Flow Separation and Reattachment. MASA N-66506*-,'
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266) Nernst, W. Chamisches Gleichgewicht und •eamperaturgefllle,
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267; Ness, Na.han Un the &xAct.'olution of Compressible Couette F1.W

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 266) Neuringer, j. L., dfid Acfro~y, 4, iv1rommWyet~ic Effects
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269; Oman, Ulcbara a., ana Schetuing, Aichard A. On Sllp-low Heat

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2702 Pai, o. I. Juazinar Jet il1uu of mw)ComoressiblD 5Fuid* with

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271) ?apnas, CCC•. Le

Ini.x. on of Foreign Gase, c.i ,A
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272) Potter, J. Leith Sibso.nc 2undari-Layer Transitlon Caused by

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273) Potter, C. E. Lam'aar Bowunaar Layers at the Interface o:

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27h) Potter, J. L, Cbeinical Reaction in Laminar Boundim Layrer--

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275) Powers, W. z., Stetson, 4. F., and Adams, ria: C. a Shock Iube
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276) Probstain, R. F. rodyn&-ics of Rarefied Gas. USAI •.)C Th

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277) Probetein, Ronald F., Adam, Mac C., and Rose, oetor H.
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278) Quick, a. Kn Verfahren sur Untersuchulig des Austauschvor•ncgge

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i., RAbinowicz, Josef Measurement of_ Turblent Heat Transfer Rates

on the Aft Portion ard Bluan Base of a demisphere-Cylinder in the -heck Tube.
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28c) Racicot, Eugene A. &perimental Pitot-ressare .-'rofiles of
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Zo0; Reshotko, z. Simalified Mothod for Lstima~ing Co•ressible Laminar

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 Nn *)
-if,Sh1io
". .'. ý.roximateCe' -LOatiori of the
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284) R*.shotk.^, r. Laminar Boundary _Laer with rat Iransfer on a Cons

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286) Reynoids, W. C., " , W. M., and Kline, ). j. Heat Transfer in the
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267) Roynolds, Wv.C., Kays, W. M., and -Line, o. J. HjeaL Transfer in
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289) Reyinods, 4. C., Kays, 4. M., and Kline, ). J. .1eat Transfer in the
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29_) RicAtake, T. Magneto-nydrodynamiq Osclllations of a ?erfectly
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291) Aizika, J. a. The ihenal erobleas of High-Speed Flight and the

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292) erts, L. A Theoretical Study of Stagnation ?oint Ablation. US

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293) Robertson, J. H., and Holl, J. W. fffect. of Adverse iressure

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294) Robertson, James M. rrediction of Turbulent bowundax-rv r

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295) Rozadg, Mary F., and Dore, F. J. Solutions of the Compressible

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.';A'C TR t;9-62h 96
 296) Romig, -Lary F. Stagnation Point Heat T.ransfer for Hyperoonic ov.
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297) Romig, Mary F. Aden t 'Stagtioq Point Heat Transfe• for

.!tersonic Flow'. Jet Propulsion, Vol. 27, p. 1255, 1957.
298) Romig, ,,4ry F. Conical Flov arwametere for Air in Dissociation
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Zy9) ibmig, azar? F. A NMomorph for Stagnation •oint Hoat Tr'ansfer

Rate Axing aiypersunic Ballistic1-skw-yJe Convair Scientific Research
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300) •aoig, ,-arv F. 'On Heat transfer to cmm at Hith Velocities.

Convair 6cientific Research Laboratory, August, 1958.

301) Romig, mary F. On the k.tizaadon of Ommeasi bl Hat e Transfor.

Convair ýcienti£f.- li@3search Laboratory, San Diego, June 19.

n ef
302) Roscisewsui, Jan An ADErWOLmat Solutiog Boupd= Loyr,
!ýauation by Harn of ,olynoaleAa. Ah, Moch. Stomane3, 10. , PP- 31-393#
1957.

303) Rose, :1.H., and atark, W. I. Stj gaoPain$ Ht-Tnfer

Neasue_ nts In Dissociated 4ir. Journal of th Aeronautical belonoo,
5, P.66 195'U.
Vol.
304) Rose, Peter H., dams, Aao C., and robstein, Ior !I ". T, A-kDlg
Heat iraggfgr on Highly U9oled •u. Mooed kdbelO P~ofRylution in Digtseated
Air. 195t Heat Transfor &W luld Mechanics Institute, Stanford University
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305) Rose, Feter, H., Probstein, donald F., and Adams, rum C.
Heat Transfer Through a Highly Cooled. PatiallyaZiasociaed
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7. hero/4pace Sciences, Vol. 25. p. 751-760, 1958.
306) Rosner, 1). K. MS t yoyetiyu &dn He& Tranasfe with
soctaton W A,= •¢•obUntton. Jet F tpulsion, Vol. 28, p. 45, 195b.
307' Rosner, D. k.. Wall Temertý .. st!bity for Egl tve Hatkr•
with S,.,.!e Radical Recominaton. Jet Ptopulsion, Vol. 20, pp. 402-3, 1958.

io
308) Romner, Daniel to Cbemaaly F..on 1yerG with 0a-nic
Suvfaee ieaction. J. Aero. Scl., Vol. 26, pp. 201-206p 1959.

309) Rosner, Daniel k. Steady-State Surface Tem ratures in Dissociated

0.p*ed Gas Flows. J. Aero. •ci., Vol. 26, p. 3•4, 1959.

310) Rossow, Vernon J. Nntohyd2§d&e A s of Ha Transfer

Neor a St &Ia. J Asro. Set., Vol. 25, p. 334m 195.0

':AT7)C TR 59-624 97
 311) 14Sýosw' V. Or ',.a9eto-Aerodynamic Bou~ar..yrs. Zritschrift
"P- angewandt.• Mathematik unc rhvysi, Vol. 9b, pp. 519-27, 1958.

312) Rubesin Norris vi. An Ail•ytical istimation of the Effect o-

Trans iration Cooling on the Heat-Tram..aer and 59in-Friction Characteristics of
IG-lureent zoundary Layer. -C•
t"Coipr-e-sa. TN 33MC, l954.

313) Rubesin, -orris W., Pappas, Constantine C., a"d ukcno, Arthur F.
ibe iff"t of Fluid Injection on the Cwmpressib€. Turtulent Boiumdar-Larer
rel1.inaa Tests on Transpiration Cooling of a Flat Plate at M a 2.7 with
Air as the IL-ectýd Gas. iACA 0 A55119, December 1955.

3l4) .ioesin, Morris d. 1he Influence of burface .n ecti-n on ilat

Transfer and Skin Frictior associeted with the fgh-Speed -h'balt-M-n ,._
•er. XACA TH A551L13, February 20, 1956.

315) Aabesin, Morris w., and Pappas, Con2tantire C. A Study of Bina

Gas Diffusion in a Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Pl_• P-ýented '+
2
Aand Syuposium on Mass Transfer Cooling foe Hypersonic Flight, June 4-2 6 ,
"-;27; Rand Corporatlon, Santa Monica, California.

316) &ibesirn, Morris w.: and Ioruye, Mamoru A Theoretical Study of the
Lffoct of Upstream Trawnspration Cooling on the Heat-Transter and Skin-
Friction Characteristics of a Comoressible, Laminar 6oundary Layer.
NACjA TN 3W6, &aY 1957.

317) ibibesin, Morris W., and r'appas, Constantine C. An Anal"is of +he

lUrbulent Boundary-Layer Characteristics or a Flat Plate with Distributed
Uigh-Gas Lnoct on. NAG-A TN L14~9, 95

318) atowski, A. W. Stagnation Point Heat Ua for in a Partial!y

ior•zed Gas. 1959 Heat Transfer ad Fluid aecnanio Institute, Preprints
of Popers, Stanford University tress, .- tanford, California.

3191 oabol, A. P, Measurements in a ahock Tube of P:;. iranrfer Rates

at the -oruntion Point of a 1.0 inch Diameter 6phere for heal Gas Tumperature
up to 7.900F .CA TN 4354, 1958.
320) Sands, Norman, and Jack, John d. Preliminary Heat-Transfer Studies
on 'Iwo •odies of Revolution at Ange of Attack at a Mach Number of ý.12.
hAjGA TN 4j37F, oapterber, 1958.

321) - .-, Hiroshi Experimental Investizaticn on the Transition of

Linar Separated Layer. J. .l•s. Soc. Japan, Vol. 12, pp. 702-709, 1956.
322) zxala, Sinclaire M., and Sutton, George W. Vectored In/etion inL•o
a Hypersonic )14mi~nar Boundary Layer. Jet Propulsion, Vol. 27, pp. 895-6 19

323) Sc-la, Sinclaire H. .4 rronic Heat Transfer to Catalyliu S*urfaces.

J. Aeronaut. bei., Vol, ?5, p. 273, 1956.

324) Scala, S. K. Surface Combustion in Dissociated AMr. Jet Pronulslon,

Vol. 24, pp. 340-1, 1953.

"1P rC TR .9•-62h 98
 Anlairo N I
325) Scla. ýU_1ction of dtr into the Jihssoci~ated
pp. 46-1-2, LanI'r.a Joitrirna
_onavLayeýr. of tne kero/3Dace _'Ciences, Vol. 25,

326) Scala, S. M., and )ut.ton, 'I. 'd. The Tw-hz s (ýý
B3oun~lgrv L7er-4A itucly of 6urface rziit4i 195 Het'ransfer and Fluid
Machart~cs .nsyitute, 6tanfoL4 Universit7Pres s, -Stanford, California.

327) Scala, Sinclare M., and naulknidg~t, Charleo oi. Trans~o& and
Thradynaniir Procertie ii .yersonic Laninax Buniary ±.aer--Aqarophysice
K~assarch Me=, 10. General ktapctriz Go., Miasile and Ordnance 43tems
D)epar.tmen~t, TechKnical Information jeries, Dom-&neht No. 56SID232, April., 1958.

328) Scala, :Aiclaire M. Vaporizationi into a iyperson~ic Lamin'ix&Boundarr

Laýer. vournal of the Aero/Space Scionias, Vol. 25, pp, 655-56, 1958.

329) Scala, Sinclaire M., and loorkmw., joseph B. The StagAxation-Poi~nt

BouncaU L~er on a BotatiL.g Hyper~nic Body, -.
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p. 183, 1959.

330) Scala, '. M. VaPorization of a Refractory ~ilde DurinR lHy z-onic

LLjht. 195F Heat Tran-sfer and Flaid MechaniCs Institute, k'reprints of Pa~pers,
Stanford University, Press, Szanford, Calii~ornia.

331) Sch.11chtin~g, H. Lamiar Flow ^bout Rotat;ig Bod' of Ravolution-An

4xial Airstream. NACA TM 1415, Feb., 195;6, U,3 pp.

,332) Sch2 ichting, Hi. Grensachichten in 'winresibler Streemain.

lti~keitsberichtes des Zweiten &rkropischern iwftfahrtkonr evc::, SIýheveningen,
25 to 29 September, 1.956, pp. 6.1S~to 68.56.

333) S&hlichting, it. Einige NsuerZ_4r~ebnisse tibr Grensschichtbeein-

fls-.'v& (Boundary Laygr Contrclj. Paper read at the First International.
Congress in the Aeronautical z-cienceb, ia..±rid, Spaln, 6-1.3 beptember, 1958.
Perganon fress, London.

334L) Schmidt, C. M1., and Hzanawalt, A%.J. The Sffect of an Arbitrar

Distribution of SurfacejTMeratuxe on Heat Transfer in the Compme~ible
raminar Boundary Layer. J. Aeron. ý;ni., Vol. 24~, p. 73, IV57.

')Scholz, Norbert ?.ur rationellern Berechantnz laminarer ufri turbulenter

koaniv.b.,±bler Grenzschichten mit W~nr=&ertrjVUn. ;Zeitaschrift fdr
Flugwissenschaften, 7 Jahrganz, po. 33-.39, 1959.

336) Schubauer, G. B., and Klebar~oi'f, P. S. Cantribtions on the

Mechaniz-s of Boundary-La7r I~amition. 11ACA, Report 1289, 1956,1llpp.

337) Schuh, H. EV1n neues Verfahren =tmsBere:chnen des Wasnrmeuebergangea

in ebenen =nd r,4.kttiows e-rischen lami~naren Orenzschichten 1hei konstantsr
und veraenderlicher WainUtemperatur. Forsc~iurg auf dam~ -Oebiete dea3 I~ngoeur..
weesens, Vol. 20, PP. 37-Vj:, 1954.

WC~ Trt 59-6?2b 99

 338) 11u
. Ube: die "ae:ULbe:-r: .e-::_,.
'an~in.mren Gren~senicnTgleý ni-n'<, rosl ro~n."0~
pnzscichtforscung",
.! . Vi,,weg , 5,hn, ar.-ins(jweig, 1-9'L.

339) Scott, C. -, a&;d Bartle, r. t. hieasurement of Binar-, Yiix:ures;f

Helium and Air with iraasoiration Cooitn , in a T'irbtient ,aperscaicn cundary
zinresota, iose•aount ,eron. Lab., rune.r-ng
L_.ro Univor-,ity of .-
Memorandam 71, oept., 1556.

34O) Scott, C. J. Analysis of a Transpiration-Cooled ?emiscnere-

y . Univorsity of Fiinnesota, Rosemount aero. Lab., zngineering
mecra 14m 1No. 14, December 1957.

34I) scott, C, J., and underson, G. ik. Bound."ry Layer iransition with
Gas ln•ection. Rese-rch Report '.0. 151, Uiversity of i'&innesota, Roseinourt
Aeronautical Laboratories, July 1958.

342) Feoan, R. A. Neat £ransfer zrnd Flow with .oparatec_ and .eat'ahed
Bo•i=•.ary Layers as Produced by burface lrre•n-arities. * WADt IT56-21.7, 1956.

343) Seban, R. %. Heat Thmsfer to Laninar Bountary L -rswith

Variabl. Free-Stream Velocity. Transactions of the AS,%, Vcl. 79, p. 1545.
1957.
344) Seban, A. A. The Effect of a Downstream Splitterplate on the Heat
lransfer from a Circular Cylinder Normal to an Airstream. WADC fR 57-479, 1957.

345) Sebar., R. A., and Chan, H. W. Heat Trc.nsfer to Boundary Layers with
Pressure Gradients. WADC Technical Report 57-111, AS.IA Document No. AD
1U75, May, 1955.
346) Sevigny, E&gene, and Visich, Marian Jr. The Effect of Centrifugal
Forces en BoundarY Layer Iransition for a Hignly Heated Body. PoIrtechnic
institute of Brooklyn, Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering and Applied
Mechanics, 4ADC TN 59-121, ASTIA Document ,4o. 214 620, March 1959, 38 pp.

347) Shen, b. F. The iheory of Stability of Compressible Laminar

Boundary Layers Vith Lnjection of a Foreign Gas. Naval Ordnance Lab.,
hWhi+A. Oak, kid., Aerob~llistic mesearch Report No. 374, NtV0HD Reoort ho. 446 7,
28 May, 1957, 28 pp.
31a8) qbc-jood, if. K., and Bryant, H. S., Jr. ts - _Troug
Compress Turbulent Boundary Layers. Can. J.-Chen. Erng.. VU. 3X, P. 51,

3349) Shigemitsu, Yutaka Experimental Studies on Laminar Sublayer in

runbulent Boundary Laye- Tnvolvig Separation. J. Phys. Soc. Japan,
Vol. 12. np 183-19o, 1957.

353) -. n, ._ Fistimation of Txu-bulext Heat Transfer at the Sonic

Point of a ?I .Lsody. Convair ict. des. Lab. RN 7, Oct., 1957, 35 pp.

NAX3 R 59-62h 100

 ._"O'%V' %ocerninj4 .hc Coneitions if Newton and Fourier
Cý. cl-ation of the Fi-ic..ion henistanca and Hea&t ~xch 'e
-h. la~ce ýIace -n t'ne ztur-fF'e zf a Body Washei with the Flow Ttzlcof:W.. iatika'

352) Siegel, H. pfiect of flagnet.L Yield on Forced Convection Heat.

353)~ Smiztt, A., and 6pald-an, D. hieat Transfer in a "inaiar Bouad!ýZ

Layerv .th Constant 1'luid Tro 4,rties -aii7onstant~l rtr. ve Journak
of the moyal &eronautical Zbociety, Vol. 62-,-p-o.7Y ), 1955.

35h;) v"Ith, A. -. 0., andi C--utter, Darwin W. The !kallest Heigt o~f
Rouzhness Capable of xffectinZ Boundary-Layer Transition. J. Aero. Sci.,

355) 'kath, Stanley H. Laminar BrnarL~r nAvWls

Correll J. C-rad. ..-.h. ~.ero. Fag. Rep. k(.aGSi IN, 644 A 6W
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3r,6) Spalding, D. ;*at irans-fer from zurfaces of Non-Uniform Tomparature. ue

Journial of fluid ?lchanios, Vol. 4, po. 222-32, 195E.

35:7) Sparrow, B. X., and ^regg, j. L. Nonsteadir Surface Temoeraktyxe

Effeecs on Forced Convection Heat Transfer. Journal of the k~eronautical
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358) Sparrow, r.. ii., and Ciregg, j. L.. Suar fLwirnt Number
-.a*, fransfer__'.esults for Forced Convaction on a Flat ?Iatf. Jou.-n. Aero.
Sc.,Vl 2.4, ;,. 5,_1757
359) Sparrow, z. Mi. ApplicatiosI ',rtler's Series hethiod to the
BoundaNj-tayer Enorfly Lquation. Journal of t~ne Aeronau~tical -iciencea, Vol. 25,25
pp. 71-72, 195d.

J)Sparrow, z. M. Combined &-fztectsof Unstea&. Fl Igt VeoiL and

evf~ temerature or. ieat Transfer. 'it Propulsion, V!ol. 2e, pp. 01

361) Sparrow, 'ý M.., and Gregg, J. L. E~ffect of Noniz-othermal Free

Stroa& -n I~cnlar-Layer Heat T-arnsf~tr. AaOW Paper 58-A-42, 1958, 5op.

.362) Sparrow, E~.AI., and Gregg, j. L.. ?randtl NMiber Lfferts on

Unsteady orced -Ccrection Heznt Transfer-. NACA TH 47311, 'June 1958.

363) Sparrow, E, M. The Thlermal Boundar-r LayAr orn a Non-Isothernal

Surface with Non-Uniform Free STreaei Velocity. jouxnal of Fluid Miechanics,
Vol. E, op. Q21-29, 1958:

364k) Sparrow, 4. H., andi Gregg, J. L. VicusDsai~ati,). in Low-

Praiy.it)-floasr BonayLae lw Journal of tile Aero/opace tcienees,
Vol. 25, p. 717, 1956.

365, Sriv'astava, a. G. TeFlow of a Non-Newtoniev- 7'caiio -ar a

Stagn'ticn Point. ZeitscJ-.ift f~rangewandte '±athezt'. urd .-hYsi , PP. &380-4;34

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O2Ziinder rquipped wit."h -1ow .2eparation >pikes. Uict TN 3207, 3954.

307) Stetson, Kennetn r. boundzry Layer Iransition on blunt Boa;i.

witn iHighly Gocled Boudiary ay(ers. eresented at the IAS 27th Annual
eieeting, *ew iork, January 26-ý9, 1959. ltS Report No. 59-36.

-368) Stewaru, a. D. 1ranspiration CooliLg_ An ngLrneering A~pr.ach.

Missile ai4dpa.e Vehicle Oepartment, General .lectric, Tecnnical Information
5e=_,•e, Docu.'ent •,, R59SD338,r 1 Hay 195>, 25 pp.

369) Stine, toward A., and ianlas,;, Kent theoretical and 4xper-ouc.a&
Investigation of &eEod ic-Heatiij and Isothermal Heat-Transfer ?arkmeters
co a iEemisherical Nose with Lininar Boundary Layer at _u.ersonic Mach Num.ers.
NACA TN 33h4, Zecember, 1954.

370) Stoney, W. n., Jr., and tiarkley, J. T. Heat Transfer and Pressure
Measurements cn Flat Faced Cylinders at a Mach thumber of 2. NkCA TN 4t300,
July, 1958.
371) Street, Robert b. Plane Couette Flow accordina to the Kinetic
1heory of Gases. Convair oci•entific Research Laboratory, Research Note 11,
November, 1957.

372) Sgai-ara, z., Sato, T., Komatsu, H., and Osaka, i. ffect 2n-free-
Stream lurbulence on Heat Transfer from Flat Flate. NACA TH l;, September,
1953, 21 pp.

373) Sutton, Geo. 9. Combustion of a Gas Injected into a ?t'eracsnic

Laainar Biunyd ayer--Aerophyscsa esearch Memo No. 9. Gene, Q z'.ric
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-., iissile and Cidz=rce Systems Department, Technical Information Series,
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374) Sutton, George li. The ID2rojyr•cs and beat Conduction of a

Melting 6urface. J. Aeronaut. Sci., Vol. 25, p. 29, 1956.

375) Sutton, George W. A Comparison of Several Approximate Theories of

Melting Ablation. J. Aero. Sci., Vol. 26, p. 397, 1959.

376) &Stton,George W. Adiabatic Wall Teumnrrature Due to Mass Transfer

Cooli wth a Combustible Gas. ARS Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 136-137, 1959.

)77) ison, A. G., Oublia, J. J., and Chauvin, L. T. Fi ht

Measurements of Bounda!X-Layer Temperature Profiles on a BedY of Revolution
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378) Ssablewski, W. Turbulente Vermischung ebener Heiss-luftstrahlen.

ingenieur-Archiv., Vol. 25, p. 10, 1951.

379) Talbot, L. Free Molecular Flow Forces and deat Transfe- for an
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3700 TR 59-624 102

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ýxi~eo Tokyo.
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Lnjection on -the Conpressible Turbul~ent Bo~L~ LiYJr-Th-ý 4ffsdt on Skin
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383) 2Er;.elanli, Thorvall .ffects of :iach Number and -,all Tezaperature

Ratico. ý.urbuJlent neat iransfer at Mach 6auibers frost 3 to 5. NACA TI 26
1950, :'.-6 vT

3bi4) Tetervi.np Neal A Discuss4 .cn Qf Cone and nlat-d1ate Aeynlda

Numbers fo~r :;qual riatics cf the Laminar Shear to the Shear CAus2r byzil
Velocit~y Fluj tuations in a Lamin'ar J~soundary Layer. NACA TIN 407v", Aupxat 1957.
3d5) Tewfik, 0. X., and ýiedt, d. F. Local Aeat Transfer. %eccvr
Factor. rresmire Distribution ý.ivund a Circul. C:Ylinder Normal to
Rarefied Supersorniz Air Stream. 1959 Heat Transfer and "luici Mechanics
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366) Thompson, a. B. 'ihe riiysicql Resis of 2IagqetobydrodyflaJTiCS

.eaper read at the First internationa.t Congress in tne Aeronautical .$ciences,
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387, Tidernan, Ai. (in the Tempe.rature iJistribtution in the kF1.,t Plate
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3865) Tirman, a. %-Personic Fliow About Thin BoOY of Revolution.

Ai1.;W Report No. lljl, Zuly 1957, 12 pp.

389) Tong, L. zý., and London, A. L. Heat-Transfer and 1lov-Fr~rAioi

Chararteristica of doven-Screcn z:d Crozscd-Rod Matrixes. TransactiorA of
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390) Toor, H. L., and lMarchello, J. H. Film-k'enetration Model, for

Mass ap tat *Ira'isfer. Jour~r.. AIChE, 7ol. 4~, pp. 97-101, 1958.

391) Townsend, L. A. The Propertizis of Equilibrium Boundary -Layers.

Journal of Fluid M'echanics , Vol. 1, pp. 561-573, 1956.

392) Truckenbrodt, z;. Ein Quadrat-verfahren zur Bervahnubt d~er laninaren

uw rotationi ~atrischen 6tr~yana. MACA, VA1379k 27955.

393) Truckenbrodt, r.. 6am einfaches Haherun&gs~erfahren zum Berechnen

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'AXTR '9-621k, 103

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395) Vaprijo-Laur in, a. rieat irnse on~ z~lu.t -osedl zodies i. enerJ
'Lhe-i~tens.':.:yerscnic riow4 1955 zieat £~ransfer i±nd Fluid .eecizanics
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396) Vaglio-Leaurn, ioberto Lzzzinar neat Transfer on Zhree-Dimnensional

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397) Vani Camp, A2J.2ian, M. Aerodynamnic Heating Characteristics of a

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398) WL1%, Alfred Cornoressible Turbulent -8~ud:ýX-ayers Wi1th Heat

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399; 'Wa~l, A. Niherun'stheorien Mr. die Berechnung von ýra~s

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401.) Wlhitemn-tn, 1. it. heat ~ransfc.- 3ewcen a :lac. -latk a ",i

Cortalning tipeat )ources. Trams. aA6:i, Vol. 80, .0. 360, l95b.- -
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the rcffect of nieat transfer on !Versonic Turbulni od'yiyrSi
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40O3) Winkler, Z'a H. investigation of Flat d~ate :.yrprsonic Turbulent

BoudM
Mrswit Het Ianser.M. Rocket s'ociety, .-enu.-annuaJ. meeting,

404) Wisniewski, Richard .j., and Diacoris~ . n and Jack, J. ti.

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406) Witt, ýY. R., Jr., and rermh, Jerome A Correlat~ion of Free-F'light
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Ri9-.624
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428 H-:rtnett, J. F. t -.-

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WADO nR 59-624 107

:Best Available COPY