FORAERONAUTICS L —

TECHNICAL NOTE

No. 1725 1

DETERMINATIONOF TRANSIENTSKINTEMPERATUREOF CONICAL

BODIESDURINGSHORT-TIME, HIGH-SPEEDFLIGHT

By Hsu LO

LangleyAeronauticalLaboratory
LangleyField, Va. I

Washington
October1948

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TECHNICAL
ITOTE
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IEURKDWION oFTRANSIEWI’SKtN
~ OF CONICAL
30DIlHDURJ3G
@IORT-TIME,
HIG&Wl!ZX)
FLIGHT

SmMARY”
A shortands~le methodis ~esentedforthedetendnation of
transientskintemperature of conicallodiesduringshort-time, high-speed
flight.A differential eqmtionis presented forthispurpose, “
givingthefundamental relationsbetween thetransientskintem~erature
endtheflighthistory.Fortheheat-tramfer coefficientand
loundary-layer
temperate,whicheq neededin thedifferential
equation,Eber’sexperhental resultsforconical bodiesundersupe%
soticconditions areadapted ands~ izedin a convenientway. The
methodis applied firstto flightat constantaltitudeto illustrate
theeffectof acceleration on transientS- temperature. Themethodis
thenapplied to arbitr~ flight.Several examplesare,given;forone
examplemeasured dataareavailable anderein goodagreement withthe
,
calculations
.

INTRODUCTION

Whenairflowsgvera body,theairimnedia%ely adjacentto the

bodyisbrought to restby sktifriction.As a resulttheairis
heatedto a highertemperature
and,hence,heatexchange betweenthe
atiandtheskinoccurs.Thisphenomenon- is generallytermed
“aerodynamicheating.
”
At highspeedthetemperature increase of theatiis verylimge
andtheaerodynamic-heating
problem becomes of greatconcernto
designers. Theproblemisrelated to thecharacteristicsof the
boundarylayerandthelocalhealAmansf er coefficient.In reference
1
a methodis givenforthedetermination of theskintemperature at
supersonicspeed,whichmakesuseof theformulas forheat-transfer
coefficientandboundary-&ertemperature derivedforflatplatesat
subsonicspeed.In reference2 a dtiferent approachismadeforthe
detemninat
ionof skintemperatureof a bodyof revolutionin supersonic
flight Bothyapers,
● however,dealwithequilibrium skintemperate
forsteady-flightconditions
at constant altitude.

—- —.—— .. _____ _____ .— —.—— .- —...--. -— — —........-—— . _. .-—._ .. . . .. . .. . . -- .

1
 .

2 ~ NO 1725
llACA ●

~ sev=el German papers(reference3, forinstance) it is shown

thatfora short-time flightduringwhichthespeedandaltitude vary
withtime,thetransient skintemperaturemy be considerably lower
thantheequilibrium skintemperature. In thepresent paper,therefore,
emphasisis givento thetransient skintemperature,ratherthanthe
equilibriumsldntemperate. A d3fYerential equationis.presentedfor
thispurpose; andfortheheat-transfer coefficientandboundery-leyer
temperatureneededinthedifferential.equation,Eber3se~erimental
results(reference4) forcotical bodiesundersupersonic conditionsare
adaptedands~ized in a convenient
formforimmetiteapplication.
E, however, letterexperimental.
databecomeavailable, theycanhe
adapted
readily to thepresent method.
~ orderto shuwtheeffectof accelerationon sldntemperature the
simplerproblemof flightat constant
altitude
is tieatedfirst.More
generalflightserethendiscussedwithseveralexamples.In oneexample,
dataobtainedfromtheNavalResearch Laboratory,
Washington,D. C.,
fortheV-2missile21 firedon March7, 1947
givingskintemperatures
atWhiteSands,N. Mex.,in connectionwithupperatmosphereresesrch
5), areusedforcomparison
(reference withthecalculatedresults.

smHoIs

a acceleration,
feetpersecondpersecond
K temperature
recoveqfactor

‘% heatof air at constant

specific ~essure,Btu/(lb)
(%E’)
c Sp8CifiC heatof Skinmaterial, Btu/(lb)
(~)
f function
of TS andimplicit-of t (seeequation
(I-6))
g acceleration as 32.2 ft/sec2)
dueto gravity(teken
h heat-trensf
er coefficieti,
Btu/(see)
(sqft)(%’)
h’ reference
heat-trsnsfercoefficientcorresponding
to B = ~ (or 300), 2 = 1 foot, and H = Sealevel,
Btu/(see)
(sqft)(%)
k ther& conductive@
of air,Btu/(see)
(ft)
(~)
z chsracterist
ic len@h,feet
t time,seconds

.— —- ~——.
,.
——-——— -.-r—
..’
mm m NO.1725 3

ta thne whencertainveloci@isreached
ly umiformly
accelerated
bodystarting
fromrest,seconds.
factorfor noseangle(seeequation
correction (14))
factorfor characteristic
correction length(see
equation
(14))
FH correction
factorforaltitude
(seeequation
(14)
)
G heat-absorption
ca’paci~
of skin,Btu/(sq
ft)(OF)
H altitude, feet
J mechanical
equivalent as 778 ft-lb~u)
of heat(taken
Q1 heatflowingintoskindueto siinfriction,
Btu/(see)/(sq
ft)

Q2 heatlostthrough
radiation,
Btu/(see)/(sqft)
R Reynolds
nmiber ~
T1 free-stream
temperature
of *, % absolute
Ta skintemperature
at t~ ta, OF absolute
Te eqtibriumslcln
tenqerature,
OF almolute
Ti initial
temperature,
OF absolute
loundery-leyer
temperature,
OF absolute
‘B
‘s skintemperature,
OF absolute

%
totalor stagnation
temperature,
% absolute
V1 free+tieam
veloci~,feetpersecond
w specific
weightof skinmaterial,
poundspercubicfoot
total apexangleof conical,
nose,de~eesorradi~
emissivity,
assumed
to be 0.4in numerical
examples
of thispaper (e.1 forperfect blackbody)
free-stream
density
of ati,poundspercubicfoot

-.. .—-— . ----- . .... . .. ...— —__ . .. . . . . ——. .—. —- —— .—-.. — — ———
 \:
P. free-stream
density -ofairat sealevel(takenas
0.07657
1%/CU ft)
.-
P coefficient
ofviscosi~of *, youndsperfoo=econd
.
T skinthicb.ess,
feet

limiLYsIs
Fundamental
Equations

Theskintqeratwe of a bodycanbe detemined. froma considera-

t tionof theemotitof heatflmdng intotheskinandthatlostby the
skin. Thebehnceof thetwoistheheatabsor%ed or givenup by the
skinframwhichthechangein sldntemperature
canbe calculated. I

Heatflowing
intosM.– I?or
shfithe, high+~eedflight,
heatflcmlngintotheskinduringa
themostimportant
factorto he COW
I
sidered
is the.
aerodynamic
heat-. --tidal- resultsindicate
thattheheatflowingintotheskjndueto sktnfrictionQ1 (expressed
.’
in Btu/sec/sq
ft) canbe determined
fromthefollowingeqiricsl
fOrmllla:

Q1= h(TB- Ts) (1)

.

wherethe%oundary-lsyer
t~erature ~ andtheheat-transfer
coefficient
h havebeenstudied expertintally
by Eber(refereQce
4) ,
anderediscussed
subsequently.
Heatreceived by theskinfromothersources,
likeSOW
radiation,
radiation fromsurrounding
atmosphere,
heatfrominterior
or otherpartsof thebody,andso forth,erenotconsidered
in this
paler.
Heatlostby theskin.–Theheatlostby tk skincanbe heat
lostthroughradiation,
heatlostthrough artificial
cooling,or .
@at lostto theinterior
or otherpertsof thebody. Theheatlost
through
radiationQ2 (ex@essed& Btu/sec/sq‘
. . ft)canbe detetined
fromtheStefan-Boltzmann
fOrmula
:
\

~ = 4.8X 10-13~S4 (2)

wherethe vd.ueof the emissivi& C dqe@ on thesurface

contit
ion
of theskin.Fora ~erfect blackbody, e . 1.

—-- ..— — —— --. –—. —.— ____ —

.:, , ..
 hheheatlostotherthanthrough
radiationto
theexterior
isnot
considered
in thispaper.
Heatlalanceequation.–
Equation (1)givestherateof heatflow
intotheskinandequation(2)givestherateof heatlosshy theskin.
Thedifference
of thetwo Q1 – Q2 is theheatleftto heattheskin
inBtuperscywrefootpersecond.Duringan intervaldt,
measured
thetotal.
heat(Btu/sqft)to be absorbed
by theskinis therefore ‘

(Q, - Q2)
dt

If thetemperature
riseof theskinduringthisintervaldt is dTS,
theheatabsorbed
by theskincanalsobe eqessed by

where G, theheat-absorptioncapacity
of thesldn(expressed in
Btu/(sqft)(OF)),
isthewoductof thespecific heatof theskin
materialc, thespecific weightof theskinmaterialw, andthe
skinthicloless
T. I&cm datainreferences6 and7, representative
vs3.u.es
of G forsteelandalloysof aluminum andmagnesiumat 520°F
areobtainedandplotted against
skinthiclmess infigure1. At higher
temperatures
thevaluesof G ereincreased at therateof O.256T~
per100°F forsteeland0.0624T~ per100°F foralumhumwhere T~ is
theSkillthickness
in iIIChOS
. Formagnesium alloythebamperatureeffqct
canbe neglected.
13quating
thepreceding
twoexpressions
fortheheatabsorbed
by
theskin@ substitutingQ1 and Q2 .fromequations
(1)and(2)
gives

(3TS
G— + hTS+ 4.8 X 10-13 ask = ~B (3)
I . dt

whichis thebasicequation
fortransient
skintemperature.
Thesimpl~iedequation.–
Equdion(3)is a nonlinesr
cliff
erential.
equation
withvsriable
coefficients.A stiplified
equation
canbe
c’
# obtained
if theradiation
losscanbe neglected.5 simplified
equation
is

dlr~
G —+ms=hTB (4)
dt
<
.

--.—— .. ----- .-—. ,.—. — —.. — ..=—

\ .—-.. .— .— — ——. — . .__. ..__ . ____ .,
4
 As is shownsubsequently
forexample 3,theradiation lossordinarily
contributesonlya mall pertto thetransientskintemperaturefor
short-time,hig&speedflight.For suchflights theuseof equation(4) .1

doesnot intioduceanyappreciableerror;whereasa greatdealof time

andlaborcanhe savedin thecomputation work.
Equilibrium
temperature
.–If a bodyflieswitha constant
speed
at a constant
altitude
fora sufficientlylongt~, theskinis heated
to a temperatesuchthattheheatflowing intotheskinyersecond
isforpracticalpurposesthesameas theheatlost,andtheskin
temperature
becomesconstant.Thesti temperaturethenis calJ_ed
the
equilibrium
temperatureTe, corresponding
to thatspeedandaltitude.
Theeq~bri~ temperature Te canbe determinedfromeqqtion(3)
outtheftisttermstice ~=o.
by dropping Thus,

4.8 X l@36Te4 + HI?e

= IqJ - (5) “

If theradiation
10SEcanbe neglected,
theequilibrium
sldntempera-
tureisthesameas theboundery-layer
temperate. 1“
f
h equations
(3), (4), b (5) the twoparameters
‘, h and ~ I

areneededbeforetheequationscan,
be solved.b thefollowingsection
Ebertsexyerimentel
dataon thesetwoperimeters
arediscussed
and .
summarized. I

i
Eber:sI&perimntal
Results
Jh1941Eber(reference
4)madea seriesofti-tunnel testson I
cones-ofverious
vertexanglesto-determinetheboundary-layer
temperate TB andheat-ti-ansf
er coefficienth at highspeeds.
Theresultshe obtainsd
szeadapted in thispaperforthedetemdnation
of skintemperateforconical bties in flight.‘lliese
results are
discussedinthefollowing
sections andaresummerizedin a convenient
formwithcertainsimplifications.
Boun.dery-layer
tenqerature ~.– Whentheairstreamisbrought
to restisentiopicelly,thetemperatureof the& is calledstagnation
temperature. Whentheatiisbrought to resthy skinfriction,the
process is usually
notisentropic andthetemparatwe of theairis
lowerthanthestagnation temperature.h thiscase,ifno heatflow
acrosstheskinOCCWS,thetemperature of theatiimmediatelyadjacent
to theskinis calledtheloundery-leyer temperate ~ andis found
to he closelyrelatedto thestagnationtemperafie.In theactualcage
forwhichheat‘exchangebetween theairandtheskinoccurs, the

—.. .— –———— ——-——— .,, . . . ..— — .———_ ——

. ..., :,, . .
 7
\

boundary-layer ~ is only‘anartificial
temperature termusedinthe
t, empirical
equation(1)andmaynotnecessarily
be realized
at ar@Toint
in theactualboundary
layer.
stagnation
temperature theoretically
~ canbe calculated
fromthe fo~”owing
statement
of Bernoullisequation:
o TT
. VdV+ JgcpdT = O (6)
\
. “/ ‘1 !‘1
.

where VI and T1 erethevelocityandthe teqeratureof thefree

ah stream.VaImesof T1 at veriousaltitudesaregivenin
.
reference
8 andarereplotted
in figure2 of thispaler.

(7)

Fortheactualcase,however,~ verieswi’th temperature. In ref6rence1

a correctionforvariable~ hasbeenshownto lowerthestagnation
temperatureconsiderablyat highvelocity (about20 yercentlowerat
/ Machnumber8). h exactsolution of Berncndli$sequationforveriable~
givesa setof stagnation-temperatie curvesforvarious altitudes and”
Machnunibers. In thispaper,however, plottingthestagnatfok
hmperature rise & – T1 against free-streamvelocityV1 is chosen
. insteadof thestagnation temperatureagainstMachnmiber.Theresult
.is a singlecurveforallaltitudes. Thiscmve, forwhichthe
derivationis givenin appendixA, is plottedin figme 3, together
.? withthestagnat ion-temperatwerisefor ~ = 0.24Btuperpound
perdegreeF&enheit. Forlowsyeeds, no correctionforvzqiablecp
is necessery.
Theboundary-layer
temperature
~ isrelatedto thestagnation
temperature
ly an empirical
factorK caUed thetemperature
recovery
1 factor.Therecove~factorK is definedas
,
0

\ . (8)
r
L.
EberSsexpemlmental
results
showthat K verieswiththetotalvertex
angle ~ of theconeMitis~acticallyindependent
of veloci~. The

.—, . .. . ------- ..,. -.— — -—~ —.. --- —-—— .. —.- —.-. — -- - --. —-- - -
 .-

8 NACATM NO.1725
. id
,
variationof K with P isnotverylarge.For’B ran@uqfrom20°
to 50°,an average with
value K = 0.89 >m’ h; used. a maidmim
errorof IL1
alout2 yercent.Therefore,

TB – T1 = O.@(TT–T~- (9) ‘

Sincethestagnatio-teqmratuerise TT–“Tl canbe takenas a

fmotionof VI only(fig.3), the boundary-byez=lsemperature
risecan
alsole takenas a functionof VI; therefore,
thereis a singlecurve .1
forhoundsry-layer-temperature
riseforillaltitudes.Thiscurveis
showninfigure4. For =i0.24BtuperpoundperdegreeFahrenheit,
theboundsry-leyer-hmpera
2 urerisecan%e givenby thefollowing
e~ession:

T-n– T-I= 74.0m)2

JJ “.
● (lo) ,
-L
~ooo)

Heat-transfer
coefficient
h.-The heat-tranafer
coefficient
h
canbe dete-d fromEberta empirical.
formlawhichistakenfrom
reference
4: k
.,

h = (0.0071
+ 0.0154@ R0”8 (IL)
●

wheretheReynoldsnumberR, as defined
by Eber,is
Equation(1.1)
canbe rewritten
as
. ‘.

h= (o.oo71
i-o.o154@) * qo”8 ~ v-l0.8 (1..2)J’
~o.8 “/

In thederivation of equation(Xl_),
Eberusedtheboundary-layer
temperature as thereference temperature
forvaluesof k and y, the
thermal conductivityendcoefficieti ofviscosity
of *, respectively. .
Forthecharacteristic length 2, Eberusedtheentirelengthof the
surface of thecone.Although dilff
ererrt
opinions
existregarding
what
isthecorrect lengthto be usedas thecharacteristic
length,
when ,’
l?lber~s
exper~ntal. results areappliedto actual.
flightconditions
(for.instance, inreference 3 halfthetotallengthof thedonesurface ‘ ,4
is usedas thecharacteristic length),
Ebertsoriginaldefinition
is
foll~d in thispayer.Thevalueof ~h thusobtbed represents an
average velue,instead of localvalue,of theheat-transfer
coefficient.

, --—————— —
.,.— –— ~——
,.-
 NACATN No.1725 9
r .

A shplifiedmethodforthe evaluationof the factork/p0.8 ~a

nowgiven.For a givenvelocityandaltitude, the boundary-iqyer
temperature
canbe deteminedfromfigures 2 &d 4, andv&es- of k
and p corresponding
to thistemperaturecanle ottained from
reference
9 fortemperatures
below2400°F absolute.Theboundary-layer
teqeraturewas detemnined
forvarious velocitiesat threedifferent
altitudes
(sealevel,100,000ft, and190,000ft) endtheratio k/~0*8
wascalculatedandplottedagainstvelocityinfi~e 5. I?or boundery–
layertemperature
higherthan24-00°F absolutethecurveis shownby
dashesandis obtaimdby extrapolation.
.
In f-e 5 thetwocurvescorresponnnto 10 ,000feet
and190,000 feetformtwolimiting 8 Foranyother
valuesof k/pO*.
altitudesfromsealbvelto 370,000feet;ay~oxdmately,
values
, of k/y0=8against veloci~fallwithinthesetwoMm3tingcmves.
,
SincelothMmitingcurvesdo notdifferverynnzchfromthesea-level
curve,usingthesea-levelcurveforallaltitudesup”to370,000feet
seemsjustified. Therefore,k/y0*8is a function
ofvelocity
only.
Jh connectionwiththis
simplification,it shouldbekeptin
mindthatvaluesof k and p at hightemperature areobtainedhy
extrapolation
andanyeffects
of change0? aircompositionat high
altitudeson k and v arenotconsidered..
Equation
(12)isnowreducedto fourfactors
whicharerespective
\
functions
of p, 2, altitude,
andveloci~. For convenience
of
computation,
a reference
heat-transfer
coefficient
hi, corresponding
\
to P =* (or300)’,Z = l,foot, andsea-levelcondi~ions,
is computed
fromequation(1.2)
andtheresults areplottedtifigure6. ‘lhisreference
heat-transfer
coefficienthi is a function
of veloci~only.For
othernoseangles,characteristic
lengths,
andaltitudes,theheat-
transfercoefficient
h is simplythereference hea~transfercoeffi–
cient h’ multiplied
by thethee correctionfactorsqV F2Y
E@_ FH. Thu,

h =FPF2FHh~ (13)
●
v

where

0.0071 + O.ol%fi
“. Fp =
0.0071+ O.oly@

F2=-& (14)

F_qo.8
. H- z
()
1-
-. . .—-.—. . . . . ... .. ..__ ___ _. _ _. .. . _ e_____ ____ ... --— .....— —— ... —-— ...—
 Veluesof Fp, Fl, and FH eregivenin figures7, 8, and9, resyecti’ve~.
where p. isthefree-stream
valuesof P1./Po, airdensity at sealevel, ‘
were‘telcen
fromthelUCAstandarda_bnos@ere
table(reference10)for
dtitu.des’
tiehr65,0cQfeetandfromtablesp(a)andv(b)ofreference 8
for~titudesabove65,000feet.
ApplicationofE%ertsresults.-~ theforegoing discussion,
Eberts
exper-ntelresults on TB and h ererepresented by stiplecurves
ofveloci~andaltitude.Foranyprescribed
as-functions flightpat~
forwhichtheveloci~andaltitude aregivenas functions
of tti, values
of ~ and h canhe expressed as functionsof the. Table1 is
prepsred
forthisTurpose endtheoperationsin table1 ereself–
explanatory.Now that ~ and h me Imownas functions of time,
(3) or (4.)
equation canbe solvedforthetransientskintemperatureand
equation
(5),fortheeqdlihrium skintemyeratme.
Certain factsshouldbe borneinmind,however, intheapplication
ofEbertswork,particdarly to hig&altitude flightconditions. First
,
IZberts
exper~ntalresults wereobtained overa Mmitedrangeof
Re~oldsnuniber of 2 X 105to 2 X 106;forflightconditions wherethe
actuelReynolds numberfallsoutside of thisrange(whichis ususJJ.y .
thecaseforflightat highaltitudes), extrapolation isnecessary.
Second,Eberlseqeriments werecarried outat lowaltitudes. At
higheltitudes wherethealrdensi~isverylow,thefli@t w 1

enterintothesli~flowdomainwheretherecovery factor, and

possi%lytheheaktiansfer coefficient,~ be greatly affected. 4
(Forillustrations, calculations weremadeto deteminetheMachnuuibers
andReynolds numbers fromtheflighttrajectory of theV-2missile used
in example1 of thepaper.Theresults of thesecalculations are
indicatedby pointsh figure10,wherethecurvedividing thetwo
domainsis tebn frm reference U_. Forthisparticular example the
flightentersthesli~flowdomatias soonas an altitude of approxi-
mately130,000 feetisreached. ) Third,intheeval.wtion of k @ KS
theeffects of changeof @ composition at higheltitudes we neglected
andmlues of k and p at temperature @eaterthan2400°F absolute
areoldxainedby extra~olation. Finally,thepropetiies of theatmosphere
at high~titwieseretakenhornthetentative tablesof reference 8.
Withalltheseuncertainties theapplication ofEber:sresults to high
altitudesmay introduce a largepercentage error.‘However, sincethe
heat-tiansfercoefficient at highaltitude is small,theeffecton skin
temperatureisnotlarge.
A generaldiscussion
of thevalidityof theextension
ofEberts .
experhmntaldatato flightconditions
is giveninreference3.2together
withan extensitie
studyof theeffecton skintemperature
ofvarious
individual
parameters,suchasMachnmiber, eltitude,
@ssi~itY~
characteristic
length, d COfi.C~ nose@e~ aSwe~ ~ t~ @ ~
m conditions.

. ..

~———.— .——- .—. - ..— ;— -z -—. .—

—.. — . ..—. ~— ——-

,$, ~ ,, ,,
.!-.
NACATN NO.1725 N.

Solutions
ofEquations
Solution (3).-Equation
of equation (3)is a notinearequation
withveriablecoefficients,
of thefirstorderbutthefourthdegree.
If equation
(3)iswrittenas

~ = f(TS,t. (15)

where

f=@B_l#s- 4.8x lr13ETs4 (16)

G

it isreadily recognizable
thateqmtion(15)cenbe solvedcon-
venientlyby-Runge-and
Kutta*snu&ical &thod (reference 13)which
izedb apyendix
is summer B. fitabl.e 2 RungeendKutta3s methodis
srrangedin a suitable
wayforthesolution of equation(15).A
convenienttdmeintervalAt isftistchosen.The smallerAt is,
themoreaccurate theresults willbe. Theoperation of thistable
stex’ts
on thefirstlineandproceeds framleftto rightandthento
thesucceed~ lines.Thefunctionf, corresponding to t and Ts
at itsleft,banbe obtained fromequation (16).!l?heftnalresults
of table2 givethesldntemperate at theendof theintervalAt.
H thetableisrepeated, thesldntemperature at theendof 2At,
3At,and.so forth,canbe obtatid. ~ thettmeinterval chosenis
notsmall.,a correction
cm be mde as &plainedin appendix B,
wherean illustrative
example is alsogiven.
Solutionofequation (4).–Equation(4)is a lineard3fferentiel
equationof theftistorderprovided theheabbsorptioncayaci~ G
i; consideredto be tidependent
of skintemperature.Thegenerai
solutionis

where D, theconstant of integration,

canle detemdnedfromthe
initial conditionTS = Ti at t = O. Theparameters h and TB in
equation (17)UEuellycannotbe expressedin stmpleanalytical
terms.
Equation orb,hasto be integrated
(17),theref numerically.
Table3
is providedfortldspurpose.Thetimeandlaborrequired forcsrrying
outthecomputations in table3 eremuchlessthanthoserequtred
fortable2. Sometimes theveluesinrow8 of table3 becomeverylarge “
as thetimeincreases. It is advantageous
to stopat thispointandstart
againfromthebeginning of table3 withth skintemperaturelastobtained
beingusedas thenewinitial temperature.
Solution (5).–Equation
of equation (5)is a simplequaxtic
algebraic
equation.~ useofEber:sexpertintsl resultson h
.—.—.-_—. .---- . ..s.
.- --—.
— .——. .. ——. .-.—— ----——. .— —-.—— .—.—. -. --- —
...
 . 12 IwX m No 1725
●

d TB, equation (5)canbe solvedfortheequilibrium

tem~ratureTe
foranyeltitude andveloci~condhation.For illustrative
pzposes, d
thevariation of equilibrium
temperatewithvelocityforseveral
altitudes
is shownin figm?e11. Thevelueof e usedis 0.4.

RESULTS
ANDDISCUSSION

Themethodforthecalculation of transientskintemperature,
as discussed
in thepreceding
sections, is applied
firstto flightat
constantaltitude
to iUustratetheinfluence of acceleration
on skin
temperature
andthento sr’bilmery
flightconditions.

Fli@t at Constant
Altitude
For iUm.stration
of theeffectof acceleration,
theshplified
equation(4)isusedto determine
thesldntemperatureforthefollowing
example.
Assumethata.body,startingfromrest,is accelerated
@ormly .
to 5000feetpersecond.Thisspeedis thenmaintained untilthe
equilibriumtemperature
isreached.Subsequently,thebodydecelerates
uniformlyto zeroveloci~again.‘lbquestion is,then,hbwdoestheskin J
temperaturechangewiththe duringthesethreeperiodsof flight.The
bodyhasa conical noseangleof 30°,a conicalsurface
len@h of 1 foot,
and.a skinheatibsorption
cayaci~ G = 0.6 I%Uyersquarefoot
perdegreeFahrenheitandistraveling at a constant
altitude
of 50,000feet.
2eriodof uniform
acceleration.–
Theveloci@of the%odyat my
instant
diningthisperiodis givenby

where a is theacceleration
infeetpersecondpersecond.Theinitial
condition
is Ts . T1 at t = O.
Sincetheveloei~is givenas a function
of t~, TBtih
canbe Utermhed fromtable1 andthesldntemperature
fromtable3,
all as functions
of time. Theresults
aregiveninfigure12 for
fivecliff a = 2g,5g,10gJ50g,~
erentvaluesof acceleration: m”
(Forinfiniteacceleration
thetemperature-tticurveisbuta single
point.
) Thedashedcurveinfigure12 givestheskintemperature Ta
at thetime ta whenthebodyreaches 5000feetpersecond. The
lergertheacceleration theskintemperature
is,thelower” willbe.

—.. —.....-._—- .. —.—..Z -——— ..

-—-— —-. . ..— — — .
 .
13

h figure13, theskintemperaturesfor a = 2g and10g are

plottedagainstVI together withthecurveshowing thevariation
of equilibrium
temperature
withvelocity.Sinceradiation lossis
neglectedin thiscase,theequilibriumtemperatureis thesameas the
houndsry-layertemperature.Thetemperature
difference letween
the
“transient”
andthe“equilibrium” curvesisthe“temperature ~,”
., whichis greater forlargeraccelerations,
as showninfigure13.
Periodof constant
velocit
~.–If.thelodymaintains
itsspeed
at 5000feetpersecondefterthisveloci~isreached,h/G and TB
ereno longerfunctions
of time;andthesoltiion (17) becomes
. of equation
ht
——.
TS=TB+De G

for t ~ ta where D, theconstantof integration,”is

detemdnedfrom
theconditionTS = Ta when t = ta. TheS- temperature at thethe
whenthebodyfirstreached thevelocityof 5000feetpersecondTa
is different
forUfferentaccelerations.
Equation(18)is solvedforthefivedifferentaccelerations
a = 2g,5& U% 5%> Results
ereplotted in-figure.lk.
(Thetemperature
curves%fo;~thebodyreaches 5000ft/seceretaken
fromfig.12.) Theskintemperatureapproaches
exponentially
the
equilibrium
temperatureTe, inthiscaseequelto ~ corresponding .
to WOO feetpersecondat thealtitude
of 50,000feet.
Periodof uniform
deceleration.-If
afterthebody-maintains
5000feetpersecondfora longtimeit stertsto decelerate,
the
velocity
at anyinstantis givenby
.
VI = 5000+ at

where t starts whenthe-body

begk to decelerate. Theinitial
condition is Ts . ~ at t = O. Table1 andtable3 againcanbe
. used.to solveequation(17)andtheresults areplotted against,velocity
in figure15 fortwodifferent decelerationsa . -2gand–lOg. Again,
theequilibrium-temperature
croneis alsogiven.Thetransient skin
temperaturein thecaseof deceleration
is higherthantheeq,tiibrium
. temperaturethroughoutthevelocityrange.Thetemperatm?e lagis
thereforeon theadverse side.

Generel
FlightConditions
In thegeneral
case,thebodyis changing
itsaltitudeaswell
as itsvelocity.Threeexmrples
eregiven.In allcases,the

. . _______ . . _ .._ . ._ .—- . ——. . .,. +... ... . . . . . — —— .- .— .. --—-.-—

14 I?ACA
TIVNo.1727

simplified
equation (4)isusedforthecalculation
of transientskin
temperatures. methodis slsousedand
In example(3)themoreaccurate
therelative
hportanceofradiationlossis discussed. !
Example l.-TheV< missile 21.firedonMsrch7, 1947at
WhiteSands,N. Mex.,hada conical vertextie of 26°,a conicaJ-
surfacelengthof approximately7 feet,anda skinof O.109-inch steel
aftera certain distancefromthenose. Theabovespectiications
andtheflightpathoftheT-2missile as shuwnin figure16were
obtainedfromreference 5. Theboundary-layer temperatureandthe
heat-transfercoefficientaredeterntlmed
by meansof table1 andare
ylottedagdnsttimeinf@me 17. The skdnheatibsorption
capaci~ G is obtained fromfi~e 1 to be 0.476mu persquerefoot
perdegreeFahrenheit correspondingto 520°F absolute,whichis
conservative. ‘I!&initialakinteqeratureisknownto be 546°F absolute.
Table3 is usedto deteti theskLntemperatures andtheresults me
plottedagainst t~ in figme 18.
b figme 18 themeasuredskintemperatureforthesteelskin
of thesamemissileis alsoshown.Themeasured datawereobtained
fromtheNavalResearch Laboratory.
(Seereference5.) Theagreement
betweenthecalculatedandmeasured
resultsis good.
Example 2.-k er’bitrezy velocity-and-altitude
diagramis assumed,
as shownb figure19,including descenMngpathaswellas ascending.
Themissileis assumedto havea noseangleof 30°,a characteristic
lengthof 4 feet,anda sldnheat-absorptioncapacity of 0.6B-&mper
squarefootperdegree I?shrenheit. Theboundary-layertemperature ~
andheat-&ransfercoefficient h aredetemninedby useof table1 and
sreplotted againsttimeinfigure20. Table3 isthenusedto calculate
theskintemperatures. Theresults &replottedinfigure21. Theskin
temperatureduringdescent becomeshigherandl@@r because of the
greaterdensityat theloweraltLtudesandthehighervelocity as
it CO~S down.
mle 3e–b orderto determine therelative importance
of the
radia%ionloss,thecalculationof skintemperature forthemissile
in example2 fortheffist80 seconds isrepeated, exceptthemore
accuratemethodisnowusedwheretheradiation lossis notneglected
(theemissivi~e is assumed to be 0.4). Table2 isusedforthis
P-se a theresults areplotted in figure22 togetherwiththe
resultsobtainedfromexample2 wheretheradiation lossisneglected.
Thediscrepancybetween
thetwoisverymall, approdnatel.y 3°F.
In fact,formostmissiles theradiationlossplaysonlya small
partinthedetemnination of skintemperklmreandthesimplifiedmethod
canbe usedto greatadvanl%ge in savingtimeandlabor.A s3mple
criterion
tiortunately doesnotetistforpredicting whenthe ‘
radiationlosscanbe neglected. GenersUyspeaking,
if thes~n

.-— — .—. –.,. -—— -...——, _ ._— -..—. .—

.-—
,- ., -,
NACATN No. 1725 15

heatcapaci~is nottoo. small,saynot_be16w 0.5Btupersquarefoot

perdegreeFahrenheit, theskintemperat~eisnotexpected to be higher
than1000°F absolute and,if theradiationlossisnotthedominating
factorfora longperiodof time,theradiation losscanbe neglected.
If thefinalskintemperature is completely
unkrmwn,
startingwiththe
stiplifiedmethcdis advantageous. momthemaxhlmlskintemperate
obtqined,an esthateof theradiation lossanditseffecton theskin
temperaturecanbe qtickly made. For instance,
themaximumskintemperature
of themissile of example2 is about6150F absolute.Thisskintemperature
is conservativelySEsumedto holdfortheenttieperiodof &l seconds.The
changeof skintemperature dueto radiationlossduringthis~eriodis ‘
then

~~=~4.8xlo
( ‘13fT~4 t
)

=*4.8
. ( XMT13X o.kx 6154 x W )
= 3.7° F

whichisnegligible.A shdlarcalculationforexmqle1 in.dicat6s

that
forthefirst65 secondsof flighttheradiation
lossaffects
the
meximumsktntemperature
approxhately6°F.
Forflightconditions
wheretheradiationlossisthedominating
factorfora longTeriod,
as fromthe80thsecondto the220thsecond
in example
2, theradiation
lossshouldbe investigated.
Duringthis
period,h is zeroandequation(3)becomes

dc~
G— + 4.8 X 10_~36T~4= O
dt

Thegeneral
solution
is

(
Ts = 14.4 x 10–%& + D
)
–1/3
(19)
1

where D, theconstant of integration,

canbe determinedfrom~he
conditionTs = ()
% 80 when t = 80 andwhere %S 80
[) is theskin
temperature
at the80thsecond.At.theend. of the220thsecondthe
skintemperaturecanbe calculatedfromequation(19)andis found,
to.
be lowered
only& F.

.—. ,:.—. — ...= .—- . . . .—. . -. —— .-. .—— —-.—..... ..—. .— —

,-.
 16 NACATN No. 1725 “

coil’cImow
qEMm3s

1.A cliff
erentiel
equation
takingintoaccountaeroi$mamic
heating
andbodyradiationispresented
forthecalculationof transient
skin
tmyeratureforanyprescribed
flighthistory.RungeandKutta*s
nmericelmethodisrecommended
forthesolutionof thecliff
erential
equation.
2.A shplifieddifferential
equation
whichne@ectsbodyradiation
is alsogivenandcanbe usedinmaqgcasesto greatadvantage
in saving
botht~ andlabor.
3. Eber:sexper~ntalresults on theboundary-layer
temperature
andhea~tramfer coefficient,
to be usedin thecliff
erential.
equation,
aresummarizedb a convenient
wayforhmetiatea@ication. Tables ,
andctis arealsoprovided to facilitatethe solution
of the
differential
equation.
4. Thf3calctitedsldntemperature
fora V-2missileis in good
agreement
withthemeasmeddata.
‘j.
Theheatilmorption
ca~acityof thesldnhasan important
influenceon transient
S- temperature. Theheat-absorption
capacity
is greaterand,consequently,
thetemperature lagis largerifthe
skinis thicker,thematerial
is denser,or thespecificheatis higher.
6.Whenthe@ is heating thesldn,theteqeraturelagdueto
theheatcapacityof theslctnis inthefavorable
tiection,thatis,
tendsto lowertheskintemperature.Whentheatiis coolingthe
skin,thstemperaturelagis intheadversedirection,
thatis,tends
to keeptheskinat hightemperature.
7. lIber:s
experimental
workwas conducted
undercertain13mited
conditions(shorttest
ingtdme,smalltemperature
cliff
erence,limited
Reynoldsnmiber,andso forth).Morerefinedexpertiptalvaluesfor
a widerrangearedesirable.
8. Becausetheatmospheric
properties
at extremely
highaltitudes
as giveninNACATN No.1200aretentative and,also,becauseat high
altitudes theflightactually
entersthe“slip+flow”domain,
a closer
investigationof theprotihm
at highaltitudesiS~etid.
9. Formoreaccurate tivestigations
results, ofheatexchenges
otherlihsn
thoseconsidered
in thispapersrenecessary.

Langley
Aeronautical
Laboratory
National
Advisory
ComitteeforAeronautics
hn@ey Field,Ta.,Deceniber
8, 1947
t

——. .— . ——-- --- —— .- ——-.... . —-.

., ,. .,,,
NACATN No.1725

AH?EImxA

STAGNATION—~ ‘OR
RISII ‘~ CP
In thefolIkwing
discussion,
a singlecurveforaldaltitudes is
obtainedforthecalculation
of stagnatio~temperature
riseatvarious
velocitiesV1 whenthes~ecific
heat Cp is considered to be a
funct
ionof temperature.
TheBernouUiequation can%e written as

V dV +JgcpdT=O (Al)

Integrate
equation state1, thefresstream
(Al)letween condition,
andstate2,wherethe is zero.

p%

or
VIP ‘T
—=Jg CP m (A2)
2
i1

Valuesof theintegral (A2)canbe Obkbledfrom

in equation
table1 of reference
9 (seealaopage%, reference9) forgivenvalues
of T1 and TT5 ad thevelocim V1 ;= he compuied. A setof
curvescanthusbe obtained.
However,if TjI– T1 isplotted againstV1 with T1 as a parameter,
thesetof curvespracticallyfallintoonesinglecwve forallvalues
of.T1 ranging from392°F absolute correspom
to 630°F absolute, “
to theldrdmumandmaximumfree-streamtemperatures
foraltitudes
from
sealevelto about370,000feet. In figure23 twocurvesareshown,
represent
ingthetwoerlnmme condit
iODE.Usinga singlecurveforthe
calculation
of stagnation-temperature
riseis theref
orejustified.
Theboundary-layer-temperature
rise TB – T1 canbe obtained
by
multiplying
thestagnation#emperature
risely therecoveryfactorK.
Theresultis a singlecurvesimilerto thecurveof stagnat
io~temperature
risebutwithalltheortinates decreasedby theratio K. Figurek
showsthecurveof boundsry-laye~t
emperatureriseatvariousspeedsVI,
COrrBSPOtiing
to K = 0.89.

.. —.._ .. . .. . .._ .. . ... ... . . ._____ .. . ._~ _________ ___

 m NACA~ NO. 1725

APX!ENDJX
B
,
_ ANOKUFCA:S
METHODOFNUMERICAL
-RATION

RungeandKuttats
methodof numerical
integration
canbe applied
to Ufferential
equations
of thefollqdng~, providedthatthe
initislcondition
islmmwn.“

g = f(x,y) (Bl)

isthat y = y. when x = xo.

The Wtial condition
Thederivation
ofRungeandKuttats
methodcanbe foundin
reference
13. Thefollmingtableisprovided
forthecalculation.

x Y f fxAx Oyeration

% Yo f(X0,
yo) ~1 ;(~l+!ul..===.

x02+—Ax Y()+ *1 f X0 +-*,Yo+& %2 q2+q3 =.. .

( J

xo+~ Y()+ 52 f~+&,yo+~2 q3 sum =...

(“ )

XO+AX YQ + qs ‘%+~’Yo+q3 qk q=$%ml =“. . .

( )

xl=xo+~ Yl=yo+q

Forconvenienceof application
to thepresent~oblem,Runge
andKutta*smethodis srrangedintheformof table2 of thispaper.
A suitable
intervalAt shouldbe chosen.H thepairof initial
valuesto and To aregiven,thevaluestt and Tt at theend
of theintervalAt canbe obtained by carrying
outtheoperationsin .
table2. Theoperations proceed
fromleftto rightof thefirstline
andthenthesucceeding lines.!l?he
functionf(t,TS),correspondi~
to t and T to itslefton thesameline,canbe obtained from
equation(16)
. If thepairof vsluest: and T* me Wed as
initislvaluesandthetablerepeated, another
pairofvalues’ t“

—. —. . -—.-. —-.—
-—— ~.— –———-
—-—.—— — -
-.
 NACA‘m No.1725 19

and T“ canbe obtained,

correspond@to theskh temperattie
at the
endof 2At. Table2 canbe repeatedly
usedin thismanneruntilthe
“ desired
valuesof T areobtairmd.
For illustration,
table2 is usedto calculate
theskintemperature
of themissilein e-le 2. Assumethattheskinteqerature at the .
endof 20thsecondis lmownto be 519°F absolute,
andtheskin
temperature
at theendof 2kthsecondisto be detemnined.
ChooseAt = 2 seconds.

t T~ h TB G f fxAt Operation
20
21
519.0 0.0103* 0.6 0.403 ql = 0.806 ;(!1
+
9.4’)
= ‘*6’8
519.4 .0106568 .6 .834 Q = 1.668 ~p + ~3 = 3.324
21 519.8 .0106568 .6 .828 ~3 = 1.656 = 4.942
22 520.7 .O1OT(590 .6 1.215 ~ = 2.430 ~=;: = 1.644

J---L
22
23
520.6 0.0107590 0.6 1.217 ~1 = 2.434 *(%
+
Q)= 3“299
5!a.8 .0108619 .6 1.728 ~ = 3.456 ~p + ~3 = 6.886
23 522.3 .0108 619 .6 1.715 ~3 = 3.430 sw . 10.185
24 524.0 .0109640 .6 2.082 ~ = 4.164 q =+um = 3*395
-z 52 .0 I
The skintemperature
at theendof the24thsecondis therefore
524°”Fabsohrbe.Noticethata constantvalueof G isusedh the
abovecomputation.For a moreaccurate
analysis
thevalueof G
shouldbe b=ed on Ts given.
~ orderto tiprovetheresult,thefolhwingmethod,
as givenby
RungeandKutta,canbe usedforcorrections.Instead
of At = 2 seconds,
table3 isrepeated
wtth At = 4 seconds.

T
t TS h TB G f fxAt Operation
20 519.0 0.0103 w 0.6 0.403 ~1 = 1.61-2~(ql+q~= 4.976
22 519.8 .0107 590 .6 I.230 ~ = 4.920 !lP+ ~3 = 9.704
24 5=.6 .0107 590 .6 1.196 q3 = 4.784 Sum = 14.68-o
24 523.8 0109 640 .6 2.085 ~ = 8.34o q =~n
● = 4.893
523.9
-E_Ji-

—.. .— —. .-. —. .—
 .,

20

Thecorrection
isthengivenby

~ = &24 – 523.9) = o.oo7

andthecorrected
SW temperature
at theendof the24thsecondis

TS = 524+ E = 524.007

Rung:andKnttatsmethodcanalsobe applied
to simultaneous
equations
of thetype(Ill)
orto differential
equations
of higher
order.I?ordetails,
seereference13.

—-. —- ,-, - .—-— —— .— —.—- -

.!
 NACATN NO.1725 21

.RmmmcEs

1. WoodsGeorgeP.: Calculation
of SwfaceT~eratwes inSteady
SuyersonlcFlight.lifWA~No.lllk,1946.
2. Scherrer,
Richsrd:TheEffectsofAerodynamicHeatingandHeat
Tmns~eron theSurfaceTemperature in
of a BodyofRevolution
SteadySupersonic
Flight.NM3ATN I’?o..13OO,
1947.

3= I@aus,W.,,
andHerrmann,B.: Discussionderbeischriigem
und
senkrechtem
SchussdesA 4, sowieleiderGleiteYbahndes
A h b auftretenden
WertederGrenzschicht-temperatur,
W&rmeiibermngszahl
undHauttemperatur.WVAArchivNY.167,
Wasserbau~Ve~suchsanstalt
(Mn%m), Feb.25,1945. (Avafiable
asAN?TranslationNo.F-T~O~, Al?rMateriel
Command,
Wright
Field,Da@on,Ohio,June10,1946. )
4. E@r, G. R.: 12x_per*ntelle
Untersuchung
derBr~mstem$mratur
und
desWrmeuberganges an einfachsn
RBrpernbeiUberschallgesc&
windigkeit. ArchivNr.66/57,Peenemunde,
NOT.a, lg41.
H. E.,Jr.,andSiry,J.W., eti:‘UpperAtmosphere
5. Newell, Reseerch
ReportNo.IV. Rep.No.R–3171,
NavalReseerch Lab.,1947.
6. IMgrnan,
Charles
D.,andLange,Norbert
A., eds.: Handbook
of
Chemistmy
andpbysicS
. Sixteenth
ed.,Chemical
Rubber
Publis- CO.,1933_.
7. Anon.:DesigningtithMagnQsim~American
l@nesiumCorp.
Ohio),1945.
(Cleveland,
8. Werfield,
CalvinN.: Tentative
Tablesforthepro~ies of the
UpperAtmosphere
~ NACA~ NO.~oo, 1947. ‘
9* Keenan,JosephH.,andKsye,Joseph:Therm-c molefiies
ofAir. JohnWiley& Sons,Inc.,1945.
10.Diehl,WalterS.: Standard
Atmosphere
– TablesandData.
NACARep.No.=8, 1925. (Re@nt 1940.)
IL.Tsien,Hsu#3hen:E@eraerodpamics,
Mechanics
ofRsref
iedGases.
Jour.Aero.Sci.,vol.13,no.E, DSC.1946,~. 653-664.
12.Hhston, CalvinN.,andStone,Arena
WilberB.,Warfield, Z.: A St@
‘of SkinTemperatures
of Conical
BodiesinSupersonic
Flight.
EACA‘TNNO.1~4, 19~ .
.
.
Ince,E. L.: Ordinary
Differential
Equations.
DoverI?iblicatim
(NewYork),1944.. .

— -. . . . . ..— — —- ---- -- —---- —---—————-—---—-—— . ... . . . ..—

 22 NACATN NO.1725

!JX31J31

K4RIATTOIIOF
~AND hWITH TIME
Given ~, 2, Fp (fig.7), and Fz (fig.8)1
[

—— -—. —=—_ –——. ..- —.._—

,., —— —..
,. .,.
 .

TPJm2

NUMERICAL (m’MIREAcomATEmmllmr~
SOLUI’1019 EQUATION

[
Initial Co?mtiona,to=. ..seo and TO=... %? aba.; tdme hter’wil At . . . .
1
‘B
t TB (1-’rJ (from G
(equat$on 16) ‘xAt Operation
table 1) Wble 1) “

to To / 11 &lq+L@ =...

to + *+ To+: !l~ ~’tq3 =...

to+F At To+% ~3 sum =...”

to + At To + q3 q=+ =...
‘%

~t. to+At ‘W=! co+.’q

aIf tt and Tt are used as initial comiitlona and tlm above table repeated, the skin temperature
correapondlng to t = to +.ZAt oan be obtained..
v
 .,

24 “

TAELE3

ITOMERICAL
SOLUTION
OFTHESRWLIKCD
.
lRKNS5W~E EQUATION
[GivenG and Ti]
t 1
I .
Row Stepsof solution
w k .*.
t

h (fromtable1) I I ‘1
h/G I I I “1

%%%-l-t I a I
@ 0
. . 1

TB (fromtable1)

I I
.

@wJ”
*(@.+ a I
6X(9 I a’ I
,

20 1
12 +Ti Ti

!hese
spacesereto be leftblank.

_—.
.,,, -, .=.
.- .-:7“— —~——T- ,,—
,. .’
 25

-.

r.

.
. ●

,.

u .04 .08 ●
/2●/6 .20
Skin h
t%ick.mss,
‘
Fig&el.-Heat-absorption
capacity
ofvarious
metalskins
atroomtemperature
(520°
F abs.).
(Based
ondatafromreferences
6 and7.)

———..—-..—— -— —.— ..-. -.. — —— -.. —---- —.. ____ ..— —

,.. . .
26
.

3Zow

/?80

240

200

/60

/20

80

.
40

0
300 40(7500 600 700 .

(Fze-s}nam?enpemzhe, 6, “rQbs.
.
/
Figure
2.- Free-stream
temperature
atvarious
altitides.
.(Data
obtained
from
reference
8.)

—. ,_. — —.= ______ .—— ———— ——.— —. -—— —

.. .... . . . . . . ,-
,1
mm m NO.1725 27

6(XC

h’ .5000
I

4000

3000

20a

/000
/
7 _Y!zl_-
/

o
2000 4(90 6000 8000 /04
Free-dream
ve~oci(-y,
“~ , ft/see

Stagnation-temperature
riseforbothconstant ‘%”

.— .—.. —.. —-.. — —— ..—, —— .—. —~ .—. . .—— — ..-— ..z _ —___ . —.
 28 NACA~ NO. 1~5

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

/000

0
0 42000 4000 dOOO 8000 /0000
Free-shqrn veloci+y, V, ft/sec
..
4.- The boundsry-layer-temperatie
Figure riseatvarious
‘velocities
(variable
Cp).
,

.—. — .— ——— ——,-,.

———— .— .—--- ~— -— .
,-”
 I?ACA
~ MO.1725

.0$

.
I
– Lower’litiit .

. H=/00,000
ft

o
o 2000 4000 6000 /0000
v/ ) ft/5ec
;. of k/WM
5.- Variation
Figure WM velociti.

.- .—.._. --..____ ._ <_._._-,_ ,<. .——,___— .,~.-.____ —.. _ -—. —.. ..s —— —.-— _.—

>:.
,,
 30 NACATN No.1~5

.,,

‘<’

. 04
.,

0 6000 8600 10000

2000 4000

Free-stream
ve/oci+y,v , ft/sec
Figure
6.- V~~tionofreference
heat-transfer
coefficient
witiveloci~.
P=30°; Z.=lfoot;
andH= Sealevel. .

———. . . — —— - . . ...- -—_—— —.—— .- —- —--—- -, —— —

,. . .
 MACATN noc 1725 31

20 a

F
P

o ,
0 10 20 30 40 50 .

%to/vertexmgk,
p,deg
Figure
7.- Correction
factor
for p.
I

10●

● 8

6
A
.
*

/ 3 5 9
/engih,
Chamcterkfic 1,ft
\
8.- Correction
Figure factor
for2.
;

-.. . —— -—-- — ——— -.. --———-—— .-—. — .—. _____ . .______ ___ ________ _ . .
 . NACA~NO. 1725
*

10

.8

.6

*4

●
2

o ‘%/03
O 20 40 60 100 /20 /40 160
80
Altitude,
H,ft
(a)Fromsealevel
to160,000
feet.
!
.

/. o

.8

.4

.2

0 IX/o=
/60 /80 200 220 ao 260 280 300 320
A/titude, H, ft

b) F@rn160,000feetto 320,000feet.

9.- Correction
Figure factor
foraltitude.

-. .—, --—— —— --- --——

.. . .
 5 .

I
\
4 / \
t= /oosec \
1 H=28n@Fl!j 5 \
# Qi%ad
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3‘
\,
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40
4).3x/03
I 2“
4
S)ip -f/o W / Gas-dynamics
domain domain
4
1 / ~~ I I

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/ 1
1
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o M ~ 5,6x#3
I ,,
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
‘209,0R

m lo. - offlow,
Differentdo?mdm conditions
entered
byV-2missfle
21,tiedonMarch7,1W7, -
(Curve
dividing
tietwodomains
istaken
fromreference
11.)
,&
* NACA~ NO. 1725
..

5000

4000

3000

2000

I000

0
2000 4000 6MO $000 /0000
Free-dream
Figure11.
- Equilibrium
temperature
atvarious
velocities E= 0.4.
andaltitudes.

-— — ,.. .”— ,L

., ----
 , ‘

-—-
/

600 /
/

&=zJ/”
$! . .
400 I I I I

I
v
200
0 /0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

i%e, t , see

Figure
12.
- Time Mstm’y of skin temperature for uniformly accelerated body at constant altitude.
H = 50,CKKI
feet; p = 3&; z = 1 foot; G = 0.6 Btu/(q ft)(°F); ~ = Time to reach 5003 feet per second. w
36
.

2400 .

J?ooo

}6MI

/200

/
.
800 \

400

0 I
0 /000 4?000 3000 4000 $000

Figure
13. of transient
- Comparison andequilibrium
temperature
for
uniformlyaccelerated bodyat altitude 50,000feet, p = 3@; Z= 1 foot;
andG = 0,6 Btu/(sq ft)(°F).
 2400.

~J ; 600
\
$%, -

f /?00
$
?-
42
800
$

400

w
0
mo 4000 3000 Z@o /000

t, sec free-sham vehcjfy, 6, f@c

Figure 14. - Time history of uniformly accelerated
lmdy at eltltude 50,000 feet. Constant velociw *r
the body reaches 5(DOfeet per second. P = 3@;
z ❑ 1 foot; and G = 0.6 Btu/(sq ft)(°F).
Figure 15. - Sldn temperature of uniformly decelerated
tmdy at constsmt altitude of 50,000 feet, p = W;
z = 1 foot; and G = 0.6 Btu/(sq ft)(°F).
%
 !

Figure diagiam
16.-Veloc@-and-alti’cude forV-2 Figure 17.- V&lation of TB and h with time for
missile
21,fired
onMarch~,1947.(Dataobtained ‘example 1,
fromreference
5.)

ti-
 .

NACATN No.1725 39

0 Measured
700 -

600‘
t
‘L

. 500-

.=%=

o 20 40 80
..

Figure
18.
- Comparison
ofcalculated
andmeasured skintemperatures
forV-2
missile
21,fired
onMarch7,1947.P = 26°;Z = 7feet;and? = 0.109
inch m
forsteel.
(Measured
dataobtained
fromreference 5.)

—.._ .. . .— - .— ..
 40
,

-. \ /
,/ /’- H’\
\. -4

\ ,

\ ‘
\
\
\

\
{ \
‘=5= 1,
\,
I
/20 760 m 240 280 &
t,s?c
.
Figure
19.
- Assumedveloci~-and-altitude
diagram
forexample
2.

.02$

‘\ /
--- ____

11 I A

T
I 1
0!
0
1> 80I I I
/60
I
w 240 280
I
3,
40 120

Figure
20.- Variation
of TB and h wititie for~ple 2.

—-. . . –——. — .._ —.~_. —,= — —.. —-—.__.

,.. ,.
 r
7

90

/
I
,1 /

i
I
50( I
0 40 80 /4?0 /60 200 240 280 320
i t , sec

i F&we 21.
- Vaxlatlon of skin temperature with time for example 2. p = 3@; z ❑ 4 feet; and
G = 0.6 Btu/(sq ft)(°F).

4=
P
 ..—
,

-R
●

6~r

✎✎
“SW
✏

4fw

ok

+3(W -
t=
I
hh
- #?m

&k7plifi’ed /
Imo
—-- More tacrurufe

o. , 1

0 2C@ 4 D 6040 8~ 10(70

t , sec If, ft/5ec

Figure
22,- Comparison of simplified method and the Figure
23.-S%&ation-temperature rise; variable ~.
more accurate method in example S. p = 9@;
1 = 4 feet; W G = 0.6 E3tu/(sq ft)~F).