FEBRUARY 2016

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LEDsmagazine.com

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1602LEDS_2 2 2/11/16 9:03 AM
 ISSUE 85

2016
February Cover Story
New solid-state lighting and control
schemes turn up the charm in a hotel
renovation project (see p. 37; courtesy of
Philips Lighting).

features
37 HOSPITALITY
columns/departments
Dial-an-ambience LED lighting accentuates
refurbishment at stylish Copenhagen hotel
Mark Halper 5 COMMENTARY Maury Wright
Power over Ethernet ramps for
45 BUSINESS success in LED lighting
America Invents Act impacts patent rights
Marshall Honeyman, Lathrop & Gage 9 NEWS +ANALYSIS
Soraa LED lamps make
51 FOCUS ON SAPPHIRE AWARDS plumbing fixtures sparkle
LEDs Magazine Sapphire Awards reflect smarter Rensselaer engineering
SSL trends Maury Wright and Carrie Meadows center trials smart solid-state
lighting in hospital room
55 STANDARDS Connected lighting panel
will debate protocols
Industry progresses on testing standard for
AC-driven LEDs Jianzhong Jiao, Consultant Philips, Cisco join forces to
sell connected lighting
59 LUXLIVE & SIL EUROPE
Lumileds adds outdoor-targeted LED
Smart lighting: Sounds great. But does it work? light engines to Matrix module portfolio
Mark Halper B Light supplies enticing LED lighting
to medieval Bellinzona, Switzerland
69 LIGHTING
Cypress launches a 1A LED
Go green and clean with LEDs for food and driver IC for auto applications
beverage lighting Ken Ames, Revolution Lighting
Technologies, Inc.
25 FUNDING + PROGRAMS

75 DEVELOPER FORUM DOE publishes Gateway on

Resonant control offers a better way to power LED
strings David Dreyfuss and Don Williams, Intervention
Technology Pty, Ltd.
Portland LED street-light project
DOE publishes Gateway outdoor
lighting reports on Philadelphia
airport and Princeton

80 LAST WORD Zhaga Consortium publishes LED driver

Will IoT-enabled lighting controls be the death of
traditional light switches? Beatrice Witzgall, LumiFi
Book 13, posts compatible products data
DOE publishes Caliper report focused
on tunable-white LED luminaires
California Energy Commission proposes
new regulations for LED lamps

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2016 3

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 commentary

Power over Ethernet ramps for success in

LED lighting

W
e’ve spent a lot of words
in LEDs Magazine dis-
cussing which net-
works will stake out winning foot-
prints in the connected lighting
space. The wireless battle looks
like it will continue to rage for
some time. We updated that situ-
ation briefly in recent coverage of
developments at the Consumer Electronics
Show (CES; http://bit.ly/20t1qRN). And
wireless connectivity is critical in many ret-
rofit installations where new wires simply
can’t be installed. Still, Power over Ethernet
(PoE) wired technology seems poised to
take major market share, and I’m starting
to think it may be the best choice on any new
construction and for major retrofits where a
larger area of a building is remodeled.
PoE offers the benefit of using one Cat 5/6
cable to power and network a luminaire.
Mostly you will read about the networking
benefits of PoE, and commercial lighting is
moving full speed to a connected future.
Ironically, LED efficiency has ramped to the
point that further efficiency gains attribut-
able to networked controls may not justify
a network installation. But other applica-
tions such as security and space optimiza-
tion that are enabled by networked sensors
in luminaires will likely keep the lighting
network momentum strong.
I, however, don’t think that the inherent
network connectivity is the biggest sell-
ing point for PoE. Ultimately, a DC-based
power-distribution scheme is going to prove
the best option for lighting in commercial
buildings. As I wrote in a feature article on
the topic, eliminating AC/DC conversions
is good for efficiency, and the DC scheme
pairs better with renewable wind and solar
energy systems installed at the building
level (http://bit.ly/1lgXrSV).
Really, there are only two techni-
cal reasons that PoE might not succeed.
One is the ability to deliver the power lev-
els required by commercial lighting. But
thanks to efficient LED sources and new
PoE standards that are raising the power
capacity, the technology seems perfectly
viable for powering lighting.
The second possible deterrent could be
reliability of the power. There is the expec-
tation that if you throw a switch, the lights
will come on in a building even if nothing
else works right. But today, businesses can’t
operate without their computer networks
any better than without lighting.
PoE proponents do need to get the con-
trol scenarios right. Autonomous and net-
work controls are great. Still, local controls
— read switches — are probably necessary.
Smartphone control sounds great. And our
Last Word column in this issue argues that
the switch will disappear (p. 80). But some-
times using a smartphone will not be the
most convenient way to adjust light levels.
Of course, technology-centric arguments
are rarely the basis for technology choices
made in an industry. Ethernet was probably
not the best choice for a networking tech-
nology back in the 1980s. But the Ethernet
proponents did the best job of promoting
and proliferating the networking platform.
It’s hard to predict how the market
debate will evolve. Some entrenched light-
ing companies will not willingly support
the upstart. The reasons will range from
existing proprietary options to keeping the
IT industry out of the lighting sector. But as
we covered in another recent article, pow-
erful companies such as Cisco will push the
PoE agenda (http://bit.ly/1PEOGG0).
Maury Wright,
EDITOR
mauryw@pennwell.com

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 FEATURED events
| web exclusives Strategies in Light and The LED Show
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ADVERTISERS index
American Bright Optoelectronics .................49
AOK LED Light .............................................16
Bergquist, A Henkel Company .....................44
Bilton Group GmbH .....................................21
CD-ADAPCO ................................................61
CFW............................................................67
Citizen Electronics Ltd. ................................24
Covestro .....................................................57
Cree Inc. ...................................................CV4
CSA Group ..................................................34
Dongguan Thailight Semiconductor
Lighting Co. Ltd. .......................................11
Dowa International Corporation ...................70
Edison Opto Corporation .............................28
Epistar ........................................................79
ERG Lighting ...............................................26
Forest Lighting ............................................50
Future Lighting Solutions...........27, 29, 31, 33
Global Lighting Technologies .......................12
Gooch & Housego Orlando ..........................63
Guangzhou Acevel Electronic
Technology Co. Ltd .................................CV2
Hangzhou Everfine Photo-E-Info Co. Ltd. ......35
Hangzhou Hpwinner Opto Corporation ..... 7, 77
Indium Corporation .....................................41
Instrument Systems GmbH .........................15
Inventronics (Hangzhou) Inc...........................1
IOTA Engineering .........................................20
Lackwerke Peters GmbH & Co.KG ...............30
Ledlink Optics Inc........................................13
LG Display...................................................17
Linear Technology .....................................CV3
LTF LLC .......................................................72
Lumileds .......................................................4
Magtech Industries Corporation ..................18
Masterbond ................................................78
MBN GmbH.................................................14
Mean Well USA Inc. .....................................23
Opticolor Inc. ..............................................47
Philips Emergency Lighting ..........................40
Philips Lighting ......................................42, 43
Ripley Lighting Controls ...............................58
Samsung LED America ................................39
Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. .......................8
Shat-R-Shields ............................................32
Shenzhen Fyt Led Co. Ltd ............................22
Shenzhen Ledfriend
Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. .............................2
Shenzhen Mingxue
Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. ...........................56
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Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. ...........................46
Test Coach..................................................48
Thomas Research Products ........................19
UBM Trust Co. Ltd. ......................................54
Underwriters Laboratories ...........................36
Wain Craft Limited ......................................71

6 FEBRUARY 2016 LEDsmagazine.com

1602LEDS_6 6 2/11/16 9:03 AM

1602LEDS_7 7 2/11/16 9:03 AM
1602LEDS_8 8 2/11/16 9:03 AM
 +
news views
RETAIL LIGHTING

Soraa LED lamps make

plumbing fixtures sparkle
Soraa has announced a new project
using its MR16 LED lamps at a new
Crosswater UK bathroom products
showroom where the solid-state light-
ing (SSL) is intended to render both
white and color products in the best pos-
sible manner for discerning customers.
Moreover, Soraa has recently announced
projects in a textile showcase and in a
California photographic gallery.
The Crosswater retail showroom
in Dartford, Kent, UK uses 635 Soraa
MR16 LED lamps with the retail busi-
ness striving to “enhance a memora-
ble experience” for visitors. The show-
room includes 32 carefully-designed
vignettes created by architects from
Coppin Dockray and lighting design-
ers from Lightplan. The lamps are
housed in Prospex Spot Midi fixtures
from Lucent.
“Soraa lighting makes the journey
through the showroom a sensory expe-
rience for visitors,” said Baris Gursen,
with Lightplan in London. “Because
Soraa LED lamps provide a high-inten-
sity beam from a small source, we were
able to create perfect, focused lighting
on the fixtures and objects on display
in each of the 32 uniquely appointed fact that the gallium-nitride (GaN) epi-
bathroom display areas. The snap-on taxial layers are grown on a homoge-
attachments, spreader lenses, are great nous GaN wafer or substrate. The GaN-
tools to shape the light beam for a par- on-GaN approach yields fewer defects
ticular object, preventing any spillage.” and supports higher current density.
The Soraa LEDs deliver more light Meanwhile, the phosphor formula-
from a smaller source because of the tion and violet chip, a tech- » page 10

TUNABLE SSL CONFERENCE

Rensselaer engineering Connected lighting panel

center trials smart solid-state
lighting in hospital room
The Smart Lighting Engineering Research Center (ERC) at Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute has announced a trial of smart LED-based light-
ing in conjunction with the University
of New Mexico Health Center (UNMHC)
in Albuquerque, NM. The SSL proj-
ect is intended to study the impact of
light exposure and varied spectrum on
human wellbeing.
So-called human-centric lighting
(HCL) has been a hot and sometimes
contentious topic over the past several
years. Presumably, control of color spec-
trum, intensity, and timing of light can
eliminate circadian rhythm disorders,
accelerate healing, and even boost pro-
ductivity in workers. But some » page 10
will debate protocols
In the connected lighting world, there are questions
regarding which wireless standard will be the one most
likely to succeed in the market (http://bit.ly/1NFRnj2).
This is an industry that is still in its infancy, with several
new players entering the market and adding their con-
nected lighting products to the Internet of Things (IoT).
With many options available, it is imperative that both
consumers and manufacturers of connected lighting
products get a better understanding of which protocol
works best for which situation and be aware of the main
market drivers that will have an impact on the market.
At the 17th annual Strategies in Light (SIL) confer-
ence to be held on March 1–3, 2016 in Santa Clara, CA,
there will be a panel of experts to go over this very
topic and provide their opinions on which protocol
or group of protocols is best suited for the connected
lighting market of the future.
Eric Miller, CEO of Avi-on Labs, will discuss » page 12

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2016 9

1602LEDS_9 9 2/11/16 9:01 AM

 news+views
cont. from page 9
nology platform that Soraa calls VP3 (Vio-
let Emission 3-Phosphor), delivers 90 CRI
and a value of 96 for the R9 red color. The
violet emitter is key to great white render-
ing, especially with textiles that have been
treated with optical brightening agents
(http://bit.ly/VFt9D2).
And speaking of textiles, Soraa MR16
lamps were also used to light the textile
showroom at the Maibom Innovation Cen-
ter in Hamminkeln, Germany. Lighting
design firm Thomas Kolbe Design handled
the project that was intended to accentuate
Maibom’s array of fabrics.
“Creativity is the driving force behind our
passion and the Maibom Innovation Center
reflects this,” said Faiban Maibom, founder
of Maibom GmbH Textilvertreib. “Soraa’s
lighting in our Innovation Center is very
important for the visual presentation of
our fabrics and to create an atmosphere in
which our customers feel comfortable and
we feel inspired.”
In the US, the most recent Soraa proj-
ect was at the Andrei Duman Gallery in
Topanga, CA near Los Angeles. Duman is a
well-known aerial, travel, and nature pho-
tographer and the gallery needed lighting to
perfectly light his work.
“Great photography deserves great light-
ing,” said Duman. “Colors must pop, and
Soraa’s lamps are simply perfect. With Soraa
LEDs, I could bring out the true green and
the detail that is important in my image ‘The
Ghost Door’ shot in a diamond mining town
in Namibia. Lighting also sets the mood in
the gallery and helps the customer connect
to the image.”
Previously, Soraa has had success in other
demanding applications. For example, the
Hakkasan Group has used Soraa products in
some of its trendy restaurants in the US and
globally (http://bit.ly/1kxAH6T). ◀
CONNECTED LIGHTING
Philips, Cisco join forces to
sell connected lighting
Philips and networking stalwart Cisco have
made it official: They are joining forces to
sell Internet connected lighting that com-
bines Philips LED technology with Cisco
Ethernet switching gear for the commercial
lighting market.
10 FEBRUARY 2016
1602LEDS_10 10
ERC cont. from page 9
scientists don’t believe that we have suffi-
cient understanding about the non-visual
light receptors and physiology that would
underlie such benefits, as we covered in
an interview (http://bit.ly/1q7GM4G).
Still, market research has shown a tre-
mendous opportunity surrounding HCL
(http://bit.ly/1euA1vx).
The ERC project will be yet another
opportunity to advance the understand-
ing of the impact of light and color spec-
trum on humans. “At the ERC, we are
building smart lighting systems that
automatically adjust the right lighting for
us at any given time, with light coming
from the right direction, with the right
color and intensity, optimized for human
health and productivity,” said ERC direc-
tor Robert Karlicek.
Researchers at UNMHC will conduct
side-by-side studies comparing the smart
LED-based lighting with legacy lighting.
The team plans to study circadian disor-
ders along with the impact of controlled
lighting on depression, Parkinson’s dis-
ease, and other neurological maladies.
“Not only will this new technol-
ogy allow us to study classic circadian
rhythm sleep-wake disorders, but now we
will be able to also investigate the effect
light plays on such behavioral health dis-
orders as depression and dementia,” said
Lee Brown, M.D., professor of internal
medicine and director of the UNM-HSC
Sleep Disorders Program.
Philips also added more items to its IoT
basket, announcing a partnership with soft-
ware giant SAP for city street lighting, and
with Germany’s Bosch to allow home heat-
ing controls to interact with Philips’ Hue
smart LED lamps for the residential market
(http://bit.ly/1Fd1uyW).
The Cisco alliance will emphasize Power
over Ethernet (PoE), a technology that routes
low-voltage electricity over the Ethernet
cables of office IT networks to LED lumi-
naires, thus eliminating costly conventional
electrical cabling in new buildings and in
major renovations.
The Ethernet cables will also help carry
data to and from the lights, allowing build-
The customized patient room at the hos-
pital includes a comprehensive set of sen-
sors and controls that complement a tun-
able lighting system. The sensors enable
precise control of intensity and spectral
content and allow for adaptation based
on natural light from windows. The ERC
developed the system using products and
technology from Telelumen, Heptagon,
and Austria Microsystems.
“The first research study involving the
specially equipped room will investigate
whether individuals with delayed sleep-
wake phase disorder — ‘night owls’, a
condition common to college students —
can be treated by varying the spectrum
of light they are exposed to throughout
the day,” said Brown. “Other potential
research areas range from hospital-in-
duced conditions such as post-operative
delirium and ICU psychosis, to the effects
of light on the sleep patterns of patients
receiving chemotherapy or those suffer-
ing from depression.”
Brown speculated that in the future
smart lighting might even help the medical
community prevent diseases and increase
productivity in healthy people. The key to
such a future is concrete medical research
and more widespread availability of the
technology. Karlicek said, “This new abil-
ity to dynamically control the color prop-
erties of lighting is being studied in health
care, education, and workplace settings to
improve well-being and productivity, but
there is still a lot to learn.” ◀
ing occupants and operators to intelligently
control lights from net-connected comput-
ers and gadgets, either onsite or remotely.
For Philips, the collaboration could help
move lighting into a service business model,
a transition that many traditional lighting
companies hope to make to restore margins.
Conventional lighting firms have struggled
to profit from their move to LED lighting,
where it’s hard to make money selling lamps
that last for a purported 20 years. For Cisco,
the alliance could be a boon to the sale of
Ethernet switches, a market which has
slumped in the face of cloud computing and
wireless technologies. ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/1IknZ6w
LEDsmagazine.com
2/11/16 9:01 AM
1602LEDS_11 11 2/11/16 9:01 AM
 news+views
Acuity cont. from page 16
challenges and opportunities for controls for
LED manufacturers and the implications for
the marketplace. At LightFair International
(LFI) last year, Avi-on was revealed to be col-
laborating with Bluetooth proponent CSR
and multiple SSL players (http://bit.ly/1Fk-
SkQo), supplying software extensions that
can add security to the wireless connections
in SSL networks. By going over case studies
of manufacturers that use Bluetooth Mesh
networks for their connected lighting prod-
ucts, he will be making the case that Blue-
tooth smart mesh systems will dominate the
market in the future.
Bluetooth is one of the most widely
installed communications platform pro-
tocols in the world, and an open Bluetooth
Mesh networking system is expected to be
released later in 2016. This discussion is
of the upmost importance to get a better
understanding of the system.
12 FEBRUARY 2016
1602LEDS_12 12
Chris Boross, president of the Thread
Group, will address the benefits of Thread,
which is built on open standards and
IPv6/6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power
Wireless Personal Area Network) proto-
cols (http://bit.ly/1e0AdLk). Thread was
designed for residential controls. With the
residential sector having the largest installed
base of lamps in the world, it will be one of
the major markets for these connected prod-
ucts. At this year’s Consumer Electronics
Show (CES), the Thread Group and the Zig-
Bee Alliance partnered to enable protocols
developed by ZigBee to run on the Thread
network stack (http://bit.ly/20t1qRN).
Danny Yu, president of operational tech-
nology business at Daintree Networks Inc.,
will discuss the overall benefits of hav-
ing truly open standards that enable prod-
uct interoperability, which is of paramount
importance for consumers to have the most
flexibility when it comes to choosing con-
nected lighting and non-lighting products.
Daintree has explored this interoperabil-
ity concept with an LED driver that was
developed in partnership with LG Innotek
to provide ceiling troffers with ZigBee wire-
less network support (http://bit.ly/1cxPv1d).
Strategies Unlimited is projecting that
the connected lighting market is experienc-
ing tremendous growth, and that by 2022
the connected lamps, indoor, and outdoor
lighting markets will be worth more than
$15 billion. We presented a joint webcast on
connected lighting (http://bit.ly/1ZZ3sXI)
that may provide some product and tech-
nology context around this panel session.
With such a large market potential, it is in
the best interest of consumers, manufactur-
ers, and specifiers to have an understand-
ing of the wireless protocols and products
at their disposal. ◀
— Philip Smallwood
MORE: http://bit.ly/1o9tFHy
LIGHT ENGINES
Lumileds adds outdoor-
targeted LED light engines
to Matrix module portfolio
Lumileds has announced the Luxeon XR-M
family of Level 2 LED light engines that tar-
get outdoor SSL products such as street
lights and perhaps indoor high- and low-
bay lights in industrial settings. The XR-M
portfolio includes a 2×2-in. square module
with four LEDs, and rectangular modules
that are 1.3-in. wide and come in lengths of
5.2, 6.5, and 7.8 in. with three, four, and five
LEDs, respectively.
The new modules are based on the Lux-
eon M high-power packaged LED (http://
bit.ly/1ZkH5vv). The four-emitter LED is
LEDsmagazine.com
2/11/16 9:01 AM
1602LEDS_13 13 2/11/16 9:01 AM
 news+views
a workhorse of the Lumileds LED offer-
ing and has been widely used in high-out-
put applications such as street lights and
industrial luminaires.
Lumileds will offer the XR-M LED light
engines in a choice of 4000K, 5000K, and
5700K CCTs, all at a CRI of 70. While those
color temperatures might be on the cool side
for many general lighting applications, the
characteristics do align with the stated tar-
get applications. Moreover, the cooler CCTs
come with better efficacy. Lumileds said the
4000K model delivers 140 lm/W at 85°C and
700 mA of drive current. The modules range
from 3300 to 5500 lm in light output.
Still, it’s the advantage of the modular
form factor that will probably be the biggest
selling point. Lumileds refers to modules as
Level 2 products, meaning that the SSL prod-
uct developer does not need to buy individ-
ual packaged LEDs and build and assemble
printed circuit boards (PCBs). Instead, the
developer can connect multiple XR-M mod-
ules in varying configurations to support
luminaire designs of various sizes and light
output options.
Overall, the Matrix family includes prod-
ucts for both indoor and outdoor applica-
tions. The Matrix platform first came to
market last year (http://bit.ly/1MLKrHh).
MORE: http://bit.ly/1SgqXg4
OUTDOOR LIGHTING
B Light supplies enticing
LED lighting to medieval
Bellinzona, Switzerland
Italy-based B Light has announced an out-
door LED lighting project along the Viale
Stazione in Bellinzona, Switzerland. New
SSL hidden under benches and recessed in
the stone street-side walkways is meant to
highlight the architecture and invite night-
time visitors to linger and meander up and
down the street that connects the train sta-
tion and city center.
Bellinzona is the capital of the Swiss
Canton of Ticino. The city is home to three
medieval castles that are listed as world
heritage sites by UNESCO (United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Orga-
nization). Indeed, LED lighting has proven
popular in such UNESCO sites because the
fixtures have minimal footprints and can
deliver subtle lighting effects such as with
the walls of Rabat in Morocco (http://bit.
ly/1NEAMzd). Moreover, controllable SSL
beams ensure minimal light trespass and
little impact on the surrounding environ-
ment as we reported on a Durham, UK proj-
ect (http://bit.ly/1oVQ324).
In Bellinzona, the LED luminaires were
installed on the central Viale Stazione thor-
oughfare. The street was already home to a
well-known and -attended weekly outdoor
market in the daytime, but the City of Bell-
inzona Public Works Department sought to
create a more welcoming environment at
night. The goal was lighting that was func-
tional but that also created an emotional
engagement with visitors.
The new LED lighting was designed to

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highlight the architectural features of the street including trees,

benches, and stone walkways. B Light Linear Tube 112 Slim lumi-
naires were installed under benches in a way that is intended to
make the benches float in space. Meanwhile, Inserto DO (Drive
Over) linear marker lights were installed recessed in the walkways
and below trees. All of the SSL products can be controlled via a
DMX system. The white lighting below the benches can be dimmed
while the marker lights can be set to different colors as the nearby
photo illustrates.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1nDhUsR Highly accurate LED/SSL measurement
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Cypress launches a 1A LED driver ᣝ Leading test equipment for standard & high-power
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Even the specialty IC semiconductor companies were in on the action ᣝ Proven solutions for production, R&D and quality
at CES in Las Vegas, NV, and Cypress Semiconductor announced sev- control applications
eral new ICs that target consumer products, including — surpris- ᣝ Complies with all International and European
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driver IC family targets applications in headlamps, daytime run-
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ning lights (DRLs), turn lights, and fog lights. Cypress touts the
top switching frequency of 2.1 MHz as a key feature for the appli-
cation because it allows driver design in a small footprint with no Opt for our expertise!
large inductors.
There are a host of LED driver ICs on the market that target automo-
tive applications. For example, Texas Instruments (TI) launched an IC LGS 1000
intended to enable headlamps with functionality similar to the Audi Goniophotometer
with new features
Matrix design a bit over a year back (http://bit.ly/1ntlzsD). We also
ran a feature article on such driver designs (http://bit.ly/1ZZ4bZ1).
In the Cypress approach, the IC is designed to drive a single LED
at 1A with an extremely small driver footprint. Developers could use
a single LED for some of the intended applications or integrate mul-
tiple driver/LED pairs for applications such as complex headlamps.
But with LED brightness constantly improving, a single LED can
handle many of the intended tasks.
The new LED driver IC is also extremely flexible in terms of the
driver implementation. It can operate over a broad input voltage range
from 4.5V to 42V. Such flexibility is needed for different automotive
operating conditions from cold cranking to power surges when the
electrical power is swapped from the battery to the alternator. We bring quality to light.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1PK6Lmi

LEDsmagazine.com
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1602LEDS_15 15 2/11/16 9:01 AM

 news+views
TUNABLE SSL
Acuity announces tunable
SSL technology, adds CCT
control to daylighting
Acuity Brands has announced two new tech-
nology platforms that, while quite different,
both have CCT control as a common theme.
The Dynamic Mainstream SSL technology
platform includes warm dimming, tunable
white, and dynamic color capabilities in
LED-based downlights and wall washers.
The LightFlex CCT technology works with
the Sunoptics tubular skylight systems and
uses remote phosphor to present natural
light at a CCT that matches the electrical
lighting in a space.
Apparently, Acuity will utilize Main-
stream Dynamic as a brand for tunable SSL
that will include a variety of luminaires, net-
works, and controls. The company is launch-
ing the platform in the Gotham Evo family
of recessed luminaires used in wall-wash
and downlight applications with the capa-
1602LEDS_16 16
bilities coming to
other luminaires in
the futures.
Acuity presented
a webcast on tun-
able SSL back in
September, and
much of that dis-
cussion was on ways
that the company is
characterizing metrics and specifications
for tunable products. Mainstream Dynam-
ics brings some of that work to fruition. The
system uses Gamut, Path, Handle, and Data
(GPHD) elements to convey operational char-
acteristics. Gamut defines the range of color a
luminaire can produce while Path defines the
range supported by the system. The Handle is
the control language and Data is the network
used to interconnect the system.
Ultimately, Mainstream Dynamic will
support warm dimming in three ranges
— Incandescent (2700K–1800K CCT), Hal-
ogen (3000K–1800K CCT), and Golden
(2700K–2000K CCT). Tunable white will
be offered in four ranges — Rhythm
(270 0K– 65 0 0K CC T), P roduc t iv it y
(3000K–5000K CCT), Layers (2000K–5000K
CCT), and Atmosphere (1800K–4300K CCT).
Acuity calls the third offering Architainment
Color and said luminaires with that feature
would support a full RGBW (red, green, blue,
white) color-tuning engine. The company
said the feature will bring theatrical-grade
lighting to commercial applications.
Meanwhile, the second announcement
from Acuity involves the counterintuitive
notion of controlling the CCT » page 20
2/11/16 9:01 AM
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news+views
HORTICULTURAL LEDS
Transcend launches broad-
spectrum, LED-based T5 tube
for horticulture applications
LED-based horticulture is a, pardon the pun, growing application,
and Transcend Lighting has launched a new product concept for the
market in the form of an LED-based T5 high-output tube. The tubes
are designed for use with T5 fluorescent fixtures that are widely
deployed in horticulture, and the SSL will work with the existing
ballasts, according to Transcend. The company’s added value is a
phosphor-derived spectral power distribution (SPD) that can opti-
mize plant growth and flowering.
We have covered LED-based horticulture on a recurring basis
including in a feature article in March 2015 (http://bit.ly/1QBC00z).
SSL offers the same efficiency and long-life advantages in horticul-
ture that it does in other general lighting applications. But LEDs
are also being shown to optimize plant production by matching the
wavelength of light to a plant’s needs.
Most horticultural lighting products on the market use a mix of
deep-blue and far-red monochromatic color LEDs that science has
shown benefit plants at different growth stages. But there are abun-
dant theories about other wavelengths that might prove beneficial.
Chuck DeMilo, vice president of sales and marketing at Transcend, said,
“There is certainly a debate about complete photosynthetic spectrum.”
Transcend has developed intellectual property in the area of phos-
phors and can create custom formulations for different SPDs. For the
LED tubes, Transcend deposits the phosphor mix directly on blue-
pump LEDs just as all phosphor-converted white LEDs are constructed.
We asked DeMilo about the comparative efficiency of the phos-
phor approach relative to using a mix of monochromatic LEDs in a
horticultural product. See our recent feature on color LEDs to under-
stand the basics behind each (http://bit.ly/1YlkHaf).
DeMilo said Transcend chose the phosphor approach for several
reasons. Blue LEDs are more efficient than other monochromatic color
LEDs and, even when you consider the Stokes loss in the phosphor
approach, are a better choice. The phosphor approach allows for more
flexibility in SPDs and yields white light. And using all blue LEDs with
identical thermal characteristics yields a more reliable end product.
Growers still need white lighting to work with the plants. Ironi-
cally, one of the 30W LED tubes that Transcend offers as a replace-
ment for 64W fluorescent lamps happens to have a CRI of 94 due to
the broad SPD and significant energy in the red region.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1Uvw5KL
LEDsmagazine.com
2/11/16 9:01 AM
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1602LEDS_19 19 2/11/16 9:01 AM

 news+views
Acuity cont. from page 16
of sunlight. So often we discuss the concept
of mimicking natural light with LED-based
products. But the new LightFlex CCT seeks
to do the opposite.
Daylighting is broadly used, and even
required by some regulatory codes, to min-
imize energy use in commercial buildings.
Such daylight can come through windows
or tubular skylights that bring natural light
through suspended ceilings. But daylight
changes in CCT during the day.
Many lighting designers/specifiers, how-
ever, prefer to have a uniform CCT in a lit
space. The remote phosphor optic in the new
system yields daylight in the 3600K–2700K-
CCT range. Acuity said the CCT closely
matches the 3500K–4000K-CCT range found
in a lot of commercial spaces.
Acuity has for several years supplied a
LightFlex system that used mechanical lou-
vers and dampers to control the intensity of
natural light in skylight systems (http://bit.
ly/1J33RX6). We published a detailed feature
1602LEDS_20 20
on the use of natural light back about the
time when LightFlex was first introduced
(http://bit.ly/1mYR7a5).
MORE: http://bit.ly/1ZkHyxX
PACKAGED LEDS
Cree extends XQ series with small-
footprint white and color LEDs
Cree’s XLamp XQ-A LEDs extend the XQ
family with mid-power-class products from
a power perspective that use a ceramic base
for reliable and consistent lumen output and
color performance.
The new packaged LEDs in the XQ family
at Cree fill in at the bottom of the compa-
ny’s portfolio from a performance perspec-
tive, but are intended to operate at very low
power levels and enable compact SSL prod-
uct designs. Many of the applications for the
color and white LED family will be in spe-
cialty industrial applications that can lever-
age the small footprint.
The XQ-A outputs 89 lm at 1W maximum
in phosphor-converted white flavors. Cree
offers the white LEDs across the 2700K- to
6200K-CCT range with 70, 80, and 90 CRI
options. Available colors include monochro-
matic red, red-orange, green, blue, and royal
blue along with phosphor-converted amber.
Samsung adds 5630
mid-power LEDs
Samsung’s new LM561B+ and LM561C 0.3W
LEDs extend efficacy for general light-
ing applications that use 5630-form-fac-
tor packages. The new LM561B+ is more
focused on color attributes while the
LM561S delivers maximum performance.
2/11/16 9:01 AM
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 news+views
Samsung will offer the LM561B+ LEDs in 3-step MacAdam ellipse
bins and quarter bins in CCTs ranging from 2700K to 6500K. Moreover,
the company said it has a new
phosphor-control technology
that will yield 90-CRI LEDs with
15% higher flux output at 90 CRI.
While the LM561B+ LEDs
max out at 190 lm/W, the new
LM561C LEDs hit the 200-lm/W
level. Samsung said it will bring the tighter color control to the
LM561C family later this year.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1PK7qUJ
Osram announces specialty packaged
LEDs, previews quantum dot plans
Osram Opto Semiconductors has announced new infrared (IR) LEDs
for iris-scanning applications and a new high-power RGB LED family
for projectors. Moreover, the company has released preliminary infor-
mation about plans to ship an LED with quantum dots (QDs) taking
the place of green phosphor on a packaged LED intended for display
and TV backlighting applications, promising a richer color gamut.
The Oslux SFH 4786S IR LED (Osram calls them IREDs) squarely
targets biometric identification applications in devices such as
smartphones and tablets. Iris scanning allows owners of a device
to simply gain access while sensitive data
is protected from others.
For the projector space, Osram has
released a new LED in the Ostar Projection
Power family. The company said the new packaged
LEDs will enable mainstream projectors to output 2500
lm. The company offers monochromatic red and blue and phosphor-con-
verted green LEDs in the family for the RGB application.
The previews of the Quantum Colors QD-based packaged LEDs could
impact both the computer-display and TV backlighting applications.
Such displays are limited in terms of the colors that can be accurately
reproduced by the amount of red, green, and blue energy in the back-
light. Osram intends to apply the QDs directly to LEDs, thus allowing
the technology to be used with manufacturing techniques that are in
widespread usage with mainstream TVs. The company said that the
LED approach would halve the cost of adding QDs in a 55-in. TV.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1Zg8xwz
NETWORKS & POWER
Philips Lighting supplies Power-over-
Ethernet LED lighting to Clemson
Philips Lighting has announced a PoE-based LED lighting system
in the new Watt Family Innovation Center at Clemson University
in Clemson, SC. The SSL project is projected to deliver 70% energy
savings relative to similar buildings that have legacy lighting while
also allowing network controls of the lighting and data gathering
via sensors integrated in the luminaires.
Power over Ethernet appears to be a technology that’s gaining trac-
tion in lighting, although it has also brought new players from the
IT sector into lighting (http://bit.ly/1RRSkwT) and raised the ques-
tion of who will own networked lighting down the road. Moreover,
PoE has created partnerships such as the
one between Philips and Cisco (see p. 10)
that would have seemed unlikely in the
recent past.
Commercial lighting is generally mov-
ing toward a networked future and PoE
enables a single Cat 5/6 cable to power
and network an LED luminaire. Further-
more, PoE handles the energy-wasting
AC/DC power conversion centrally and
distributes DC power to individual lumi-
naires — a net energy saving scheme
compared to having AC/DC conversion
in each luminaire.
The Clemson project will use the inte-
grated sensors for autonomous control of the lighting based on occu-
pancy and ambient light levels. The occupancy data will also be col-
lected for analysis, allowing the university to track space utilization
trends. The lights also can be programmatically controlled. And users
of individual spaces in the building will be able to adjust local light
levels using smartphones that link wirelessly to the Philips Envision-
Manager lighting control system.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1WSiZZt

22 FEBRUARY 2016 LEDsmagazine.com

1602LEDS_22 22 2/11/16 9:01 AM

1602LEDS_23 23 2/11/16 9:01 AM
1602LEDS_24 24 2/11/16 9:01 AM
 + funding
programs
DOE publishes Gateway on
Portland LED street-light project
The DOE has published another report in its Gateway series of research projects that study
the deployment of LED lighting in a variety of applications. The latest study focused on the US
city of Portland, OR details both the technical challenges of a large solid-state lighting (SSL)
conversion of street lights and the logistical obstacles of a city working with a utility to estab-
lish a new electrical rate structure that can help justify the high upfront cost of LED fixtures.
The DOE’s Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory (PNNL) and Municipal Solid
State Lighting Consortium (MSSLC) were
responsible for the report, “Investing in
their future: Portland’s purchase and con-
version of an LED street lighting system.”
The Portland Bureau of Transportation
(PBOT) began serious consideration of a
large-scale LED retrofit project back in 2010,
but the work progressed slowly in part due
to a complicated relationship with utility
Portland General Electric (PGE). The utility
owned many of the more than 55,000 street
lights installed in the city and also serviced
some poles owned by the city. At the time
PGE had no discounted tariff for LED lights
and therefore the potential for the city to
capitalize on energy savings was missing.
Ultimately, PBOT moved to purchase
the entire street light inventory from PGE,
and the Oregon Public Utilities Commis-
sion (OPUC) worked with the two to add an
LED tariff. But that process was lengthy and included a detailed study of a number of options.
Meanwhile, PBOT had trialed LED street-light systems in limited locations and was an
early member of the MSSLC. And the city had joined with other smaller cities in Oregon to
present a unified front to the OPUC and lighting manufacturers.
The city took a unique approach to the concept of dimming. PBOT did not want to pay for
a networked system with remote control, but wanted to ensure that the light levels could be
adjusted if needed. So the luminaire suppliers had to deliver a driver that could be set man-
ually to three different levels.
The adaptability has paid off already. The report notes that response from the citizens to the
new lights has been largely positive, but some complained about light levels being too high.
In residential areas, the luminaires installed can deliver 3000 lm at 29W, 4100 lm at 42W, or
5000 lm at 54W. PBOT is setting all of those luminaires to the lowest level, resulting in 75%
energy savings relative to the prior 118W high-pressure sodium (HPS) lighting. » page 28
DOE publishes Gateway
outdoor lighting
reports on Philadelphia
airport and Princeton
The DOE has published two recent
Gateway reports on LED installations
in outdoor settings beyond street light-
ing. At the Philadelphia International
Airport (PHL), the Gateway trial,
including two stages of high-mast
product tests on the apron, has shown
that LEDs can deliver energy savings
in the outdoor lighting application,
but application demands require care-
ful design practices. On the Princeton
University campus in New Jersey, the
DOE studied four different SSL projects
dating back to 2008 to understand the
successes that the university has had
with LED technology and how the facil-
ities staff has evolved its thinking on
LED lighting over time.
High-mast lighting has been an out-
door application where LEDs have not
pervaded as rapidly as in other street
and area lighting uses. We did report
on an airport high-mast installa-
tion in Munich, Germany (http://bit.
ly/1n7tlkP). Moreover, some states
have started to turn to LED-based
high-mast lights on freeways as in the
case of Maine (http://bit.ly/1PbyVzV).
As LEDs get brighter, SSL products
become a better fit for high-mast out-
door lighting, whereas early prod-
ucts were too large and heavy for the
application.
In the Gateway project at PHL, the
airport staff began considering a tran-
sition to outdoor lighting with LEDs in
2013. The high-mast lights are critical
for nighttime operations illuminating
baggage, tow-truck, and fueling opera-
tions along with allowing the pilots to
make accurate preflight » page 26

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2016 25

1602LEDS_25 25 2/11/16 9:00 AM

 +
funding programs
Outdoor from page 25
inspections. The existing HPS lights uti-
lized 1,758,450 kWh annually. LEDs were
seen as a significant opportunity to save
energy and to reduce maintenance.
The airport replaced three HPS lumi-
naires at one terminal with SSL products
in October 2014. When the luminaires were
selected, the staff could find only a single
product rated to produce 60,000 lm — the
light level that computer simulations sug-
gested would be needed for one-to-one
replacement. The DOE visited the site and
took detailed measurements on a grid
before and after the SSL was installed. The
LEDs did not provide acceptable light levels
a long distance from the poles while deliv-
ering better performance near the poles.
The lessons learned in 2014 led to a sec-
ond trial installation in May 2015 that
primarily involved a change of one of the
three luminaires used on each pole and a
change as to how the center luminaire in
each trio was aimed. The second round of
tests was hampered by some failed LED
modules on two of the poles. Still, the
changes in aiming have been shown to
solve the uniformity issues.
Based on the results, the DOE reports
that a transition to LED-based apron light-
ing could deliver 24.5% to 51.5% in savings
depending on the products selected and a
lighting design that might mix high- and
medium-output fixtures. The LED lights
were noted by a baggage handler to make
it easier to read bag tags. Still, the DOE
noted that diligence is required in both
design and product selection. You can
read the full report on the DOE SSL web-
site (http://1.usa.gov/200omro).
Meanwhile, Princeton’s first LED-
based outdoor lighting installation
came along a pedestrian walkway adja-
cent to Elm Drive and was instigated by
the adoption of a Sustainability Plan in
2008. Seven HPS lights were replaced
with LED luminaires with the projection
of 60% energy savings in the project area.
The HPS luminaires resulted in dark
areas between poles and non-uniform
lighting, which had resulted in students
not using the walkway at night. Even back
in 2008 as LED technology was just being
26 FEBRUARY 2016
1602LEDS_26 26
deployed in lighting, Princeton realized
that improved beam distribution was
perhaps more significant than energy
savings on the project as more students
began to use the walkway.
The second Princeton LED project came
in 2012 involving four adjacent parking
lots. The project replaced 48 150W HPS
lights on 20-ft poles with 68W LED lumi-
naires and 20 100W HPS lights on 15-ft
poles with 47W LED luminaires, for an
aggregate 64% baseline savings including
the HPS ballast.
Princeton, however, also installed
occupancy and motion detectors on the
luminaires with the intent to drop light
levels to 20% of maximum late at night
when no one was present. Princeton has
only estimated the additional savings but
believes that the project has delivered
80% in total energy savings.
The project was deemed a success and
the university has reported better color
characteristics and CRI that enable a more
secure setting. The university reported that
having motion sensors on each luminaire is
not ideal because it leaves darker areas sur-
rounding one lit pole where perhaps a per-
son is entering a car, and that a networked
system with zone control of sections of a lot
might provide a safer experience.
Next up for Princeton’s outdoor light-
ing was a parking garage that was lit
by a combination of 252 metal halide
(MH) fixtures during the night and low-
er-power fluorescent lights that operated
during the day. In 2013, the university
installed 68W LED lights in place of the
200W MH lights with the SSL products set
to provide lower light levels during the
day, eliminating the fluorescent fixtures.
Additional savings came from controls
and a careful evaluation of the lighting
scheme. The LEDs delivered more light
than required so the SSL products were
set to deliver a maximum of 90% out-
put at installation. The staff may have to
increase those levels as lumen deprecia-
tion occurs. Motion detectors were used
to drop light levels to 20% of maximum
when no one was present. And ambient
light sensors limit the lighting to 50% of
maximum when daylight is available.
LEDsmagazine.com
2/11/16 9:00 AM
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1602LEDS_27 27 2/11/16 9:00 AM

 funding programs+
Zhaga Consortium publishes LED driver Book
13, posts compatible products data
The Zhaga Consortium has published the
anticipated Book 13 specification that’s
focused on standardized form factors for
LED drivers. The industry group has also
posted a more robust database of SSL-
centric products that have been
accredited by a third-
party certification
body (CB) as being
compliant with one
of the Zhaga Books.
Book 13 will offer
LED-based luminaire devel-
opers flexibility in driver sourcing
and interchangeability. SSL products
based on the Book will feature the potential
for a failed driver to be replaced in the field
with a product from a different driver manu-
facturer if necessary.
The new Book defines the maximum
dimensions of driver options along with a
1602LEDS_28 28
definition of standard mounting points for
mechanical connection to a fixture. The
industry group surveyed the market and
in the new Book defines 78 different
driver categories used across all
SSL applications. Going
forward, however, the
consortium is recom-
mending that luminaire
manufacturers choose
from newly defined A and B
Type drivers with 13 and 14 size
options respectively in each type.
The Type A drivers are typically used in
applications such as down- and spotlights
and have relatively compact rectangular
dimensions. The Type B drivers are gener-
ally slimmer and longer and are intended for
office and industrial applications.
Book 13 also addresses the electri-
cal interface between the driver » page 34
Portland from page 25
The city also included a clause in the solic-
itation to contractors noting that LED street
light prices were to be renegotiated each
year — counting on prices to fall. And indeed
prices have dropped. The city paid $155 for
the residential-area fixtures in the second
half of 2014 and that figure had dropped to
$124 in late 2015. The report also documents
the installation cost at about $75 each.
Thus far Portland is about halfway through
the retrofit. The city reports that while the
project ended up being far more complicated
than it expected, the results justify the effort.
The DOE has published several other
Gateway reports on outdoor lighting proj-
ects. Post-top LED luminaires were the focus
of an early report on a Central Park project
in New York City (http://bit.ly/15GjfFP).
Another report covered a parking lot project
at a Walmart in Leavenworth, KS (http://bit.
ly/1OFlImq). You can read the entire Port-
land Gateway report on the DOE SSL web-
site (http://1.usa.gov/1Pvp649). ◀
2/11/16 9:00 AM
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1602LEDS_29 29 2/11/16 9:00 AM

 funding programs +
DOE publishes Caliper report focused
on tunable-white LED luminaires
The DOE has published its first Caliper test designed for linear dimming while others
report focused on white-point-tunable LED- were designed to track the blackbody locus.
Innovative solutions based luminaires. “Report 23: Photometric
testing of white-tunable luminaires” details
Controls included 0–10V analog, DMX, and
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for LED applications testing of eight products at full intensity over The architecture of the tested products
a range of different CCTs. The initial work varied substantially. Some used a simple

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was focused on understanding the tests and
methodology needed to accurately charac-
terize the performance of tunable products.
The Caliper testing included measure-
ments at 11 color set points. The DOE said
the LED luminaires exhibited variations in
input power, lumen output, efficacy, and
chromaticity at the different CCT settings.
Moreover, the researchers said the varia-
tions would not be fully captured by test-
ing at only a few CCT points, although five
to seven test points could prove adequate.
The tested products were LED luminaires
intended for use in architectural lighting
and not entertainment lighting. The sam-
ples included troffers and downlights. The
tests did not include any dim-to-warm prod-
ucts that change CCT in a manner intended to
mimic halogen dimming. The tested products
could be set over a range of CCTs and dimmed
at any CCT setting. Some of the products were
mix of LEDs at two CCTs, while one used
a mix of LEDs with five different CCTs and
yet another mixed off-white and red LEDs.
The DOE fully expected some variation
in power draw, efficacy, or lumen output
over the CCT range. Warmer-CCTs typically
equate to lower efficacy. So product develop-
ers would usually have to design a product
with constant power requirements and less
lumen output at warm CCTs or for varying
power input to keep lumen output the same.
The nearby figure shows the performance of
four of the tested products. Efficacy dropped
to 83% of maximum in one case, although
the DOE noted that such a drop could still
be acceptable in some applications.
Color quality and chromaticity were also
areas in which the DOE sought to evaluate and
understand the scope of testing that would be
needed for accurate characterization of such
products. The report said in » page 32

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1602LEDS_30 30 2/11/16 9:00 AM

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1602LEDS_31 31 2/11/16 9:00 AM

 funding programs+
California Energy Commission proposes
new regulations for LED lamps
The California Energy Commission (CEC) has
announced a proposal for new energy regu-
lations related to both small-diameter direc-
tional LED lamps and omnidirectional lamps
in a variety of form factors. The agency previ-
ously held a webcast to explain the new rules
and accepted public comments in November.
Under the new rules, MR16 and other
small-diameter directional lamps will get
heightened efficacy requirements while omni-
directional lamps will get new beam-distribu-
tion guidelines, and standby power limits for
smart lamps. For both types of LED lamps, the
CEC plans to offer the option of lower efficacy
for high-CRI products.
The CEC is pursuing the new regulations
because of the significant potential for
energy savings with the transition to LED-
based lighting. In particular, the agency
noted that there are 16 million small-di-
ameter (2.25-in. or less) directional lamps
32 FEBRUARY 2016
1602LEDS_32 32
installed in California with an additional
2 million projected for installation by 2029.
And most are in commercial settings such
as retail and hospitality, operating for long
hours each day. The agency said the new
rules would result in savings of 3000 GWh
(gigawatt hour) of energy annually by 2029,
or enough to power 400,000 average homes.
The new regulations for directional LED
lamps will require efficacy of 80 lm/W by
January of 2018. Or alternatively, the sum of
efficacy and CRI must be 165 or greater. That
means a 95-CRI lamp would meet the guide-
lines at 70 lm/W.
It’s worth noting that a coalition of LED and
lighting manufacturers led by Soraa had asked
the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
to allow for a tradeoff of high CRI and lower
efficacy in Energy Star guidelines going back
to 2013 (http://bit.ly/1z6iQWz). High CRI, espe-
cially at warm CCTs, generally » page 34
Caliper from page 30
some cases that the light became more green
or pink as the CCT was raised. Clearly, that
type of performance will not be ideal as the
market for tunable LED luminaires develops.
The report said color rendition variation
was generally small. The range was nar-
row enough that the researchers judged it
would not impact decisions made by light-
ing designers/specifiers.
The DOE concluded that tunable prod-
ucts can’t currently match fixed color prod-
ucts in terms of efficacy or color quality at
this time. But the report also notes that
the tunable products can offer benefits
beyond energy savings such as support for
human-centric lighting (HCL).
You can view the full report on the DOE
website (http://1.usa.gov/1OFl8oK). The tun-
able work joins other recent Caliper testing
such as the most recent work on MR16 lamps
(http://bit.ly/1X6QTdm). Earlier in 2015, the
agency also released long-term test results for
LED-based A-lamps (http://bit.ly/1ID998b). ◀
LEDsmagazine.com
2/11/16 9:00 AM
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1602LEDS_33 33 2/11/16 9:00 AM

 funding programs +
CEC from page 32
equates to an efficacy reduction due to the red
energy in the spectral power distribution
(SPD) that extends beyond the visible range
into the infrared (IR) spectrum. Soraa argues
that more specifiers would transition from
halogen to high-CRI LED lamps with slightly
reduced efficacy and evidently the CEC agrees
even if the EPA has not to date.
The CEC will also mandate that the
small-diameter lamps offer a lifetime of 25,000
hours minimum. That requirement effectively
mandates LED-based sources as no other tech-
nology could deliver such long life.
It’s interesting that Europe has also expe-
rienced battles over regulations for small
lamps such as MR16 products. The Lighting
Europe industry organization has constantly
fought the chronology of an SSL transition
mandated by the European Commission
behind the stance that affordable products
would simply not be available (http://bit.
ly/1M3QUcx). The organization even warned
that installed luminaires would be useless
34 FEBRUARY 2016
1602LEDS_34 34
with the LED mandate in Europe.
The CEC, however, said there are already
economically-viable LED lamps on the mar-
ket that meet its new requirements. Moreover,
the agency presented a financial analysis
based on the 2018 effective date. The agency
said the lamps will cost buyers an additional
$4 but that the products will deliver $250 in
savings over the projected life.
In the A-lamps space, the regulations
include efficacy limits defined strictly by an
equation. A new metric determined by mul-
tiplying CRI by 2.3 and then adding efficacy
must meet a minimum compliance score
of 227 by 2017 and 297 by 2018. The gener-
al-purpose LED lamps will only be held to a
projected lifetime of 10,000 hours.
The other major changes in the general
lamps space come in beam and standby
power. The CEC will require that lamps sold
in the state deliver an omnidirectional beam
as defined by the EPA in the Energy Star Lamps
Specification. That requirement would mean
that low-cost LED lamps such as the prod-
ucts Philips Lighting is selling in a twin pack
for $5 would not be allowed (http://bit.ly/1RF
cRm0). Philips has said the lamps are designed
for applications such as hallways and clos-
ets where an omnidirectional beam is not
required. It will be interesting to hear about
comments to CEC about the new beam rule.
The new standby power rule applies to
smart lamps that are intended to be left with
power applied to the socket so a device such
as a smartphone can control the lamp via a
wireless network. High standby power when
the lamps are off could waste considerable
energy. The proposed limit is 0.2W.
The CEC had first proposed some guide-
lines for LED-based lamps back in 2013
(http://bit.ly/1RDut3V). At that point, the
guidelines were voluntary although intended
to guide the award of rebates in the state.
The new rules will be required. Moreover,
the impact of the CEC rulemaking may be
felt elsewhere in the US and around the globe
as many others in the past have adopted Cal-
ifornia energy-efficiency practices. ◀
Zhaga Consortium from page 28
and LED module. As we documented
recently, Zhaga has chosen to reference
the electrical interface work done by the
Module-Driver Interface – Special Interest
Group (MD-SIG; http://bit.ly/200naUU).
Book 13 mandates the use of the LEDset1
specification from MD-SIG rather than
having to define a duplicate electrical
specification.
The specification can be downloaded at
the Zhaga website (http://bit.ly/1ZtNKck); a
white paper details the thinking and choices
made in the driver categorization.
The Zhaga Consortium is also striving to
make it simpler for luminaire developers to
locate compliant components for use in new
products. The consortium has enhanced its
Certified Products Database. All of the prod-
ucts in the database have been tested by a CB
for compliance with Zhaga Books.
While the Zhaga website had a prior list-
ing of compliant products, the new database
is interactive and easily searchable. There is
added data for all of the listed products and
filters that developers can use to narrow a
search based on the application at hand. The
database is easily accessible on the group’s
website (http://bit.ly/1OqSuVC). ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/1TIVr9F
LEDsmagazine.com
2/11/16 9:00 AM
1602LEDS_35 35 2/11/16 9:00 AM
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 hospitality | SMART TUNABLE SSL
Dial-an-ambience LED lighting accentuates
refurbishment at stylish Copenhagen hotel
Controllable colors and brightness in an intelligent SSL retrofit indoors and out help the Absalon
Hotel stand out in Copenhagen’s hip Vesterbro neighborhood, writes MARK HALPER.
W
hen you shut down your faded
76-year-old hotel for six months
and spend $15 million converting
it into a stylish and trendy destination, you
want to make sure that when it reopens, it
has all the touches that could make it stand
out in a crowded field. For Copenhagen’s
family-run Absalon Hotel, the pièce de résis-
tance in a chic top-to-bottom refurbishment
was a modern, intelligent, indoor and out-
door solid-state lighting (SSL) system that
offers a complete range of changeable colors
and brightness at the touch of a button, and
thus allows the 161-room hotel and its guests
to easily alter ambience and suit moods.
While much of the striking new appear-
ance of the century-old building comes from
the fabrics and furniture provided by Lon-
don design house Designers Guild, make
no mistake: The variable and vivid lighting
schemes accentuate it and help brand its
unique look in a manner that would not have
been possible prior to the new era of digitally
controlled LED-based lighting.
“We thought the lighting would be a way
to differentiate ourselves from our compet-
itors,” said Karen Nedergaard, the hotel’s
chief executive, and granddaughter of the
1938 founders who first turned an early
1900s building of small, private apartments
into a hotel and named it after the 12th cen-
tury archbishop who founded Copenhagen.
“We live in Denmark, where half of the year
it’s very, very dark. We believe that light is
one way to lighten up the life and experience
of our guests.”
Lighting could also help distinguish the
hotel from considerable competition, as Absa-
lon sits in the heart of Copenhagen’s popular
MARK HALPER is a contributing editor with
LEDs Magazine (markhalper@aol.com).
LEDsmagazine.com
1602LEDS_37 37
Vesterbro district — a for-
mer meatpacking and Red
Light area that the website
Thrillist last year anointed
as the fourth “most hipster”
neighborhood on the planet
(http://bit.ly/1n6i2AL).
The pressure was on to
find all the right touches. So
in October 2014 when Absa-
lon started tearing down
walls; opening up the ground
floor to view from the out-
side; upgrading furniture;
livening the curtains, car-
pets, and wallpaper; replac-
ing windows; remodeling
bathrooms; cozying up the
original entrance and add-
ing a second side doorway
for functions; eliminating
about 30 rooms; painting;
rewiring; replumbing, and
generally gussying up the
whole place for the first time
in decades, lighting was high
on the to-do list.
A cue from Hue
Drawing inspiration from FIG. 1. Compelling lighting at the Absalon Hotel was
Philips’ Hue line of color and especially important in the lobby lounge and bar areas,
scene-changing residen- which can draw visitors from the street.
tial lamps (http://bit.ly/1F
d1uyW), Nedergaard started inquiring with Nedergaard wasted no time placing her
the Dutch lighting giant about whether it order for a variety of lighting systems from top
could deploy similar technology on a wider to bottom, both inside and outside the hotel.
scale across her hotel property. After a trip Among them: a variable lighting scheme
to Philips’ hospitality industry showcase for the hotel’s first-ever bar to accommodate
— one of several industry-specific displays different moods and functions throughout
at Philips’ Lighting Application Center in the day and night; soothing green and tur-
Eindhoven, the Netherlands — she was con- quoise desk-front light panels matching
vinced that it could. Designers Guild furniture in the reception
FEBRUARY 2016 37
2/11/16 9:03 AM
 hospitality | SMART TUNABLE SSL
FIG. 2. The hotel installed daylight white lighting in the breakfast area.
area; color-changing bathroom lights for
the premier rooms on the top floor of the
five-story hotel; under-bed lighting that
clicks on to motion sensors when guests
get up in the night; corridor sensors that
keep the lights dim until someone walks
in; and outdoor façade lighting intended
to bathe the building in white light except
on special occasions such as recent Christ-
mas celebrations, when the building turned
green and red.
LEDs and controls
Absalon also decided on all LED lamps,
meant not only to respond colorfully to dig-
ital controls where mandated — in a way
not possible with conventional lamps — but
also to save energy, as LEDs are known to do.
Most of it, with the exception of the façade
lighting, has worked like a charm since the
hotel reopened its doors in May.
One of the key elements to the scheme is
the downstairs lighting in the lobby and the
bar — all visible from outside, and thus a
38 FEBRUARY 2016
1602LEDS_38 38
huge influence on Absalon’s image and even
on the bar’s possibilities for drawing in pass-
ersby (Fig. 1). Panel lights on the front of the
bar desk, as well as ceiling lights in the bar
area, respond in color and brightness to one
of five pre-programmed scenarios: break-
fast, lunch, afternoon, evening, and “bar.”
The bar area leads to the hotel’s breakfast
lounge (Absalon does not serve other meals),
so in the morning, lights are programmed
bright and white (Fig. 2). “It’s lit up so people
can find their way to the breakfast restau-
rant easy and undisturbed,” said Martin
Brandt, Absalon’s food and beverage man-
ager. The scheme cycles through five regular
pre-programmed changes throughout the
day. By evening, the automated system dims
the lights, and at around 8 PM, it swings into
bar mode, emitting a variety of blues, violets,
reds, and greens (Fig. 3).
And with the ground floor now visible
from the street, “this light can also help
attract people from outside to come in and
join the bar,” added Nedergaard.
Push-button scenarios
Although the Philips system in princi-
ple could also allow individual employees
greater control to order more color schemes,
the hotel decided against that. “From an
operational point of view, I needed to have
something set,” said Nedergaard. “I didn’t
want the employees to play with the lights.
It’s important to have light that’s aligned
— a procedure that’s the same every day
at the same time. Otherwise, one comes
in and wants it pink; the next one wants it
green, the third one wants it yellow. This
is not going to work. And I was afraid that
the employees would forget to change it in
the afternoon. So we just put everything on
automatic.”
But employees are able to override the
pre-programmed settings and advance
them to one of the other five pre-set sce-
narios. “If we see that there’s a lot of peo-
ple in the bar, then we could switch on the
bar scenario instead of the afternoon sce-
nario,” explained Nedergaard. “It’s just a
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2/11/16 9:03 AM
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1602LEDS_39 39 2/11/16 9:03 AM

 FIG. 3. Dynamic lighting in the bar area can be set to different scenes in synchronization with different times of the day, ending
with cozy warm light in the evening.
button that we push, and we can change
the scenario.”
The button is on a wall-mounted panel
that uses DMX controls tied into a Philips
computer system, with signals traveling to
lights over electrical cabling, noted Jørgen
Bo Jensen, the Philips account manager
who has worked closely with Absalon on
the project.
40 FEBRUARY 2016
1602LEDS_40 40
Matching interior design
The turquoise and green lobby lighting,
while not as controllable as in the bar
area, echoes the colors of the Designer
Guild interior design, which was all part of
Nedergaard’s notion of brightening up the
hotel’s look both via lighting and fabric,
and to move away from what she noted are
typical of Danish hotels: pale white, beige,
or black colors (Fig. 4).
“We decided to work with a color pal-
ette of green, turquoise colors, in the lobby
lounge area,” she said. “We could see how the
Philips lighting could complement the colors
in the design, and it would all fit together
and we were able to create this homey feel-
ing. That’s what we were really after.”
In another touch of non-colored lighting,
LEDsmagazine.com
2/11/16 9:03 AM
 hospitality | SMART TUNABLE SSL
High Reliability
Solders and
TIMs for LED

FIG. 4. New LED lighting in the hotel reception area matches the colors of the interior
design while providing the needed task lighting for employees.
the hotel suspended panels of stylish float- the makeup mirror that ranges from 2700K
ing white lights from the black-painted ceil- to 6500K in CCT, according to Philips’ Jensen.
ing on the ground floor to illuminate the path The hotel refrained from installing
between the reception, bar, and breakfast changeable colors in the bathrooms on
areas. The panels’ shape echoes the hotel’s other floors. Part of the reason was cost. “At  !

!
 !





  

windows and helps suggest natural light. one stage in a big renovation you have to say !

!  !
!
They respond to DALI-controlled dimming. stop,” noted Nedergaard, who said it’s possi- 
!

!
Likewise, the hotel dropped floats of LEDs ble the hotel might eventually install the col- !
 
!
!!

 
mimicking candlelight in the lobby area, for ored bathroom lighting on other floors. She 
a cozier look. In the lessons learned depart- described the lighting in its entirety as cost- 

!!

ment, food and beverage manager Brandt ing “a lot of money.” Philips’ Jensen estimates !

  

wishes that he could control smaller groups of
lights per control panel — a simple electrical
issue — but other than that, he reported that
the new LED lighting is working brilliantly.
Color, color everywhere
Outside of lighting, the refurbishment called
for plenty of color in the Designer Guild fab-
rics, furnishings, and walls in the guest-
room floors, which it designed either in
purple for a berry theme; blue and silver for
an ocean theme; or pink, green, and black
for a grass theme, varying by floor. That’s
one reason why Nedergaard opted against
offering colored lighting in the rooms and
in the reception area — it would be overkill
among the splashy fabrics. “It’s not neces-
sary to bring in colored lights in the rooms,”
Nedergaard said.
But Absalon did equip the marble-walled
fifth-floor bathrooms so guests can cycle ceil-
ing spots through the color spectrum. It also
outfitted them with adjustable white light by
LEDsmagazine.com
1602LEDS_41 41
that lighting in total accounted for about 2.5
million Danish kroner (about $367,000) of Visit us at:
the $15 million renovation. Strategies in Light, Booth 110
The hotel also decided not to give guests Learn more:
app-based smartphone control of light. “We www.indium.com/LED
thought about this, but we thought it was
going to be a bit too complicated for the
guests,” explained Nedergaard.
LEDs everywhere
One technology consistent throughout the
hotel, whether it’s public spaces, rooms, or
the exterior façade, is LED sources.
The rooms have on average two read-
ing lamps, two bedside lamps, a table lamp,
the under-bed lighting, LED strips in por-
tions of wall moulding to softly illuminate
the ceiling, and four to six spots in the bath-
room. Between these and the sensor-acti-
vated corridor LEDs and the other systems, askus@indium.com
Nedergaard expects to achieve energy sav- ASIA ᣝ CHINA ᣝ EUROPE ᣝ USA
ings, because LEDs are known to drastically
©2016 Indium Corporation
reduce electricity consumption by around
FEBRUARY 2016 41
2/11/16 9:03 AM
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1602LEDS_42 42 2/11/16 9:03 AM

 hospitality | SMART TUNABLE SSL

90% over conventional incandescent lighting.
The hotel also installed sensors to switch
off lights in staff and housekeeping rooms.
“Everywhere we saw the lights were always
on, we put the sensors,” said Nedergaard.
Although she claimed it’s too early to ascer-
tain the actual energy reduction, Philips’
comparison to the one clunker in the hotel’s
lighting redesign — the exterior façade,
equipped with a Philips DMX-controlled
Color Kinetics system. (See our feature on
the LightRails project, which also imple-
mented Color Kinetics products, at http://
bit.ly/1eNKnQt.)

Absalon decided on all LED lamps, meant to

respond colorfully to digital controls where
mandated as well as to save energy.
Jensen expects that it will be around 60% —
and that’s with a lot more lighting products
and illumination options than the hotel pre-
viously had.
Jensen added that the LED lamps will also
cut maintenance costs, given their expected
longevity of 20 years or more. “They have this
maintenance guy, and he’s being freed to do
a lot of other things, because before he spent
a lot of time going around with his little bas-
ket changing bulbs every day at the hotel,”
said Jensen.
But Nedergaard noted that the mainte-
nance story isn’t quite as rosy as often por-
trayed for LEDs, because the bulbs are frag-
ile and can fail when accidentally jostled.
It’s not unusual for an LED lamp to simply
stop working in guest rooms. “Some of them,
if you hit them, they can go out,” said Ned-
ergaard. The same is true for ground-floor
lamps that the hotel sometimes raises when
it moves the tables for events so people don’t
walk into them. The lifting and lowering can
knock them out because “they are very sen-
sitive to movement,” she noted, adding that
it happens with both Philips and Osram
replacement bulbs.
Disco inferno
But whatever problems Absalon is hav-
ing with fragile indoor LED lamps pale in
COMING NEXT MONTH
“We had a little dispute over the façade
lighting,” said Jensen. “The white light is not
good enough.” That’s one way of putting it.
“The problem is the white light is too many
colors — it’s every color of the rainbow,”
added hotel boss Nedergaard. “Somewhere,
it went wrong.”
The façade system has been troubled from
the start. When the hotel first switched it on
in May, “the lights were doing a lot of disco
dancing,” recalled Nedergaard, noting that
not only was that unsuitable for the hotel’s
purposes, but it was also a nuisance for
neighbors. “So we decided to wait until it
was working properly.”
Long months of difficult testing followed,
as extended summer daylight set in and test-
ing often had to take place after midnight
in order to see nighttime effects. When the
hotel finally switched the façade lights back
on in November, it discovered they were full
of too many colors in white mode.
That hasn’t stopped the hotel from provid-
ing special illumination effects such as the
green and red façade for Christmas. But it is
hoping that Philips resolves the white light-
ing soon. “This is something that we’re dis-
Learn more
cussing with them,” said Nedergaard.
Meanwhile, Nedergaard is coloring the about our
indoor digital lighting systems as a success.
Hipster, hipster hooray! brands

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LEDsmagazine.com

1602LEDS_43 43 2/11/16 9:03 AM

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 business | PROTECTING IP

America Invents Act impacts patent rights

Now more than ever, innovators in the SSL sector need to move quickly to protect their LED-centric
intellectual property given the AIA legislation in the US, reports MARSHALL HONEYMAN.

L
et’s say your business conceived of a tor A would win, assuming they could present tors and the third-party publication — can
novel, potentially-patentable, LED- evidence supporting conception and diligence. be extremely difficult without the benefit of a
centric product a few years ago, and But under the new rules, B, as the first inven- clear trail of communications.
was considering patenting it. At that time, tor to file, wins assuming they did not in any
so long as you were reasonably diligent, way derive the invention from the work of A. Don’t walk to the Patent Office, run!
you could prevail over a competitor who Another change in the law relates to the The takeaway from all of this is that a busi-
invented the same thing later, but beat you impact of certain public activities, that, ness should obtain a patent filing date as
to the Patent Office by filing an application when engaged in before you file, can bar soon as possible. Say you have a new LED
first. In order to overcome the filing date of you from getting a patent. It was — and is light engine. You should get a filing date
your competitor, you would have been able still true — that certain
to submit evidence of your date of concep- public activities includ- January February March April May June
tion. Assuming ample corroboration of your ing sales, offers for sale,
conception as well as the date, you could win public uses, and/or pub- A invents A files
the battle despite your failure to swiftly filelications of your inven-
to protect your intellectual property (IP). tion before filing of
Today, the America Invents Act has deval- a patent application B invents B files
ued the luxury of time and patent activity is could result in a loss of
hectic in the solid-state lighting (SSL) arena.patent rights. But the
You may have heard of the Leahy-Smith bar under the old law
America Invents Act, more commonly was not immediate. FIG. 1. The AIA changed US patent rules favoring the first to
referred to as the AIA, which became effec- You were instead given file a patent, whereas prior law favored the first inventor.
tive Mar. 16, 2013. Under the AIA, any evi- an unconditional one-
dence you have that you conceived of an year grace period to file for the patent, the before engaging in any public activities such
invention before a competitor will not enable clock starting with the first public activity. as: demonstrating it at an upcoming trade
you to defeat the patent of a competitor that The new post-AIA grace period is still a year, show or anywhere else in public; publishing
independently invented the same thing and but it is qualified, not automatic. Disclosures any information regarding the new light
filed before you. The law once favored the made by others within the year before filing engine, how it works, or what it does; taking
first person to invent, but now, under the will count against you, but your own disclo- advance sales orders, or actually selling the
new first-to-file rules, the first inventor to sures will not. For example, information inde- product; talking about the new light engine
file a patent application wins. pendently published by third parties without with third parties without a nondisclosure
any connection to the inventors could be con- agreement first being in place; or any other
Patent law changes sidered as barring information and potentially public activities that would disclose, or even
The difference is sometimes easier to under- invalidate your claims to a patent. On the con- hint at, the workings of the invention.
stand when plotted out on a timeline (Fig. 1). trary, publications, sales, or public uses made Immediate filing is even more import-
The graph presumes an inventor A to have by your business or your inventors would not ant for a business targeting international
conceived of an invention Feb. 1, and then B count. And finally, any publications made by markets. In most foreign countries, there
invents the same thing a month later. Inventor others that derived the information from you is no one-year grace period. Thus, you can
B, however, as can be seen in the graph, files or your inventors would not be counted against immediately lose most of your international
a patent application in the Patent Office on you, so long as you can prove that they derived rights (outside of the US) if you make it pub-
Apr. 1 — a full month ahead of inventor A. it from you. Proving this — i.e., creating the lic before filing for a patent.
Under the old first-to-invent rules, inven- evidentiary link required between your inven- Ideally, it would always be a good idea to
immediately file for a patent. But in real-
MARSHALL HONEYMAN (mhoneyman@lathropgage.com) is a patent attorney for Lathrop & ity, there are things that create delay. First,
Gage, and is former patent examiner in the Section of the Patent Office devoted to LED, as properly writing a complete patent applica-
well as other illumination technologies. tion can be a time-consuming project — both
LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2016 45

1602LEDS_45 45 2/11/16 9:03 AM

 business | PROTECTING IP
for the inventors and for the attorney. The
document requires the drafting of claims. The
claims are very important, in that they ulti-
mately define the property right in the pat-
ent. They do this by describing the invention
in a very precise manner. But capturing the
essence of an invention concisely depends on
not only considerable communications with
the inventors, but also developing a solid
understanding on the state of the art. Thus,
claim drafting takes considerable time. Also,
special illustrations of the invention will be
needed. These drawings must comply with
elaborate Patent Office rules and numerous
other formal components.
And it is rare that the inventors in a thriv-
ing business are able to take a drop-every-
thing approach to the drafting process.
Thus, the document can take weeks to prop-
erly draft. For many clients, it makes sense
to perform patentability research before fil-
ing. Some entities conduct searches inter-
nally, but most commonly you would have
patent counsel obtain a search from a pro-
1602LEDS_46 46
Grants by year in Class 362 ilar arrangements already exist
(Illumination) 866 that would limit or prevent pat-
entability. But researching the
invention also takes time away
from the process of moving for-
466 ward with the patent.
280 Provisional applications
195 172
quickly get you a date
134 One tool that can be used to imme-
1964 1974 1984 1994 2004 2014 diately establish a filing date is the
provisional patent application.
FIG. 2. The number of patents granted has Provisionals, unlike the more tra-
escalated significantly in recent years as shown ditional non-provisional appli-
in this chart of filings in Class 362, one of several cations, can be submitted to the
classes that might include LED-based inventions. Patent Office in very rough form.
Provisionals can, for example,
fessional searcher. Searches provide value in include informal sketches and/or photo-
that they reveal prior art publications you graphs, and do not require a claims section
did not know about beforehand, and give you like a regular application. The relaxation of
an estimation of what patent coverage might these formalities enables swift preparation at
be available. For example, before investing relatively low cost. A regular application may
resources in pursuing a patent, the com- take days or weeks to prepare, but an attor-
pany may want to determine whether sim- ney can draft a provisional in a fraction of the
2/11/16 9:03 AM
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 business | PROTECTING IP

time — sometimes within hours of receiving a Number of IPR petitions filed by month
disclosure from the inventor. 184 179 177 182
Expediency can be important when you 159 164
143 145
learn, for example, that an invention is sched- 131 131139
uled for display at a trade show. A quickie provi- 116 120
101 102 100
89
sional can establish a filing date with little prep 69 73 77 76
65 62 60 54
time so the company can spend its time getting 45
32 25 30 38 27
ready for the show. Even though you have filed 24
a provisional, you will still have to prepare a full
non-provisional application for the invention. N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J
But you will be allowed a full year. This enables FY 13 FY 14 FY 15
everyone involved to breathe easy knowing that Source: US Patent and Trademark Office Information
a filing date has been established, and then pre-
FIG. 3. Inter Partes Review petitions offer a relatively inexpensive path to challenge a
pare the full application in due course.
patent and the use of such petitions is growing.
Defensive publications
Let’s say you’ve made a business decision not to pursue a patent. If so, you are not patenting, your publication will establish it as information
you may want to immediately publish your invention — for example, on relevant to any later-filed patent applications made by competitors. In
your company’s website, or using one of the online publishers such as other words, a publication that predates a competitor’s filing date can
ip.com. This is especially true when your invention is going to be plainly prevent them from getting a patent on the thing. And even if they do get
visible or discoverable on the ultimate product, as in the case of an LED a patent, the publication should provide you with a good validity defense
light bar,or a light engine for a lighting array, since the invention will be if the competitor tries to enforce the patent against you.
easily reverse engineered. Sure, making an immediate, full public disclo- Publishing will not be an option where the invention is a secret
sure is contrary to the pre-filing secrecy plan discussed earlier. But since that can be kept — for example, an LED encapsulating process that
is undetectable in the ultimate product sold. If you can keep this
encapsulating process secret, you could potentially retain exclusive
use of the invention indefinitely without having to pay for patenting.
Doing so, however, exposes you to the risk of a competitor getting
a patent on the same process, and then using the patent to prevent
you from executing the same encapsulating steps you invented in the
first place, although there is a provision in the law that allows you
to make a defense based on prior commercial use if you have been
executing the invention in private for more than a year. It used to
be that secret commercial uses were prior art. Now, under the AIA,
they are not. So now, the risk of losing your freedom to operate in
view of possible competitor patenting should be carefully consid-
ered before deciding to keep the invention as a secret instead of fil-
ing for a patent.

Other people’s patents

The new law also impacts how you must deal with the patents of oth-
ers. Let’s say a competitor just obtained a patent that appears to cover
a product your company is currently selling. This scenario is more
common today than ever, considering the almost exponential increase
in patent filings that has occurred over recent decades. Fig. 2 depicts
that escalation, showing the patents granted per year in each of the
years shown (1964, 1974, 1984, 1994, 2004, and 2014) in Class 362.
Class 362 is a class that includes many SSL arrangements incorporat-
ing LED technologies including general illumination. Thus, although the
samplings are small in this class, they do accurately reflect that the pat-
ent landscape your company needs to navigate is far thicker than ever.
And you would find similar escalation in other classes such as those that
cover LED sources and other technologies used in SSL.
Let’s say further that you suspect the competitor’s patent is
bogus and never should have been granted. What are the options?
48 FEBRUARY 2016 LEDsmagazine.com

1602LEDS_48 48 2/11/16 9:03 AM


Historically, you could take any number of
approaches when dealing with a likely-in-
valid competitor’s patent.
One approach is to do nothing. In other
words, you ignore the patent and wait to see if
the competitor actually attempts to enforce it
against you. If your gamble pays off, then good
for you. But this approach is very risky in that
your decision to continue sales in the face of
what might be a valid patent could result in
a greatly enhanced monetary award by the
court against you.
A better approach is to present the issue to
patent counsel. Clients may misunderstand
the scope of a given patent, but after a quick
review, counsel may relieve them of any con-
cerns that it covers the product in question. In
some cases, it makes sense to obtain a written
opinion from counsel of this non-infringement
referred to as lack of coverage. Doing so can
mitigate awards were you to be sued.
Before the AIA, the ways in which a com-
pany could challenge a patent were limited.
There were reexaminations proceedings
1602LEDS_49 49
that existed, but there were associated dis-
advantages; thus they were rarely used.
Challenging patents
The AIA has brought forward new processes
for challenging a competitor’s patent. One is
a new trial process which is conducted in the
Patent Office called Post-Grant Review (PGR)
and is available for use against patents filed
after Mar. 16, 2013. The PGR trial is overseen,
and rulings are made by judges in the Patent
Office. These judges can make numerous
findings, including rulings on validity based
on prior art not known by the examiner that
formerly allowed the patent to grant. The
grounds for invalidity in a PGR are many,
but could include sales or publications made
before the competitor’s filing date. Although
bringing a PGR is expensive, sometimes cost-
ing hundreds of thousands to get to a final
decision, the process is considerably less
expensive than patent litigation in Federal
District Court, which can cost in the millions.
Another process is called Inter Partes
business | PROTECTING IP
Review (IPR). IPR has replaced an earlier pro-
ceeding existing in the Patent Office, but has
been substantially sped up and made more
similar to litigation. For example, these cases
allow the parties to conduct discovery —
enabling the receipt of information from the
other side during the process. The new version
of IPR has become a viable and relatively inex-
pensive mechanism to challenge patents.
The frequency of use for these new pro-
cesses has skyrocketed, due in part to the fact
that patent challengers have had a very high
success rate — much higher than exists in
raising validity challenges in Federal District
Court. Fig. 3 shows the total number of IPR
petition filings made on a month-by-month
basis. The resulting climate change has been
that owners of shaky patents often hesitate to
seriously threaten others with their patent for
fear of losing it in a PGR or IPR.
As you can see, the IP landscape has
changed considerably and understanding how
the system works is critical in the burgeoning
world of LEDs and SSL.
2/11/16 9:03 AM
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focus on Sapphire Awards
LEDs Magazine Sapphire Awards
reflect smarter SSL trends
MAURY WRIGHT and CARRIE MEADOWS report on the 47 solid-state lighting and enabling
technology finalists that are under consideration for Sapphire Awards honors in March, in
addition to the honor of ‘Illumineer of the Year’ for a recent brilliant innovation.
The second annual LEDs Magazine Sapphire
Awards program opened for submissions last
August and the industry proved worthy of the
challenge, displaying its great skill at pushing
past boundaries in solid-state lighting (SSL)
technology. In fact, the 2016 categories reflect
the past year’s more prominent adoption of
intelligent and networked lighting due to
advances in controls technology, as
well as the remarkable develop-
ments in tunable lighting,
and expanded capabilities
and integrated design
attributes of lamps and
luminaires represented
here. With more than 100
submissions across 15
categories that include
SSL enabling technolo-
gies and lighting end products,
this year’s hopefuls made the judges really
work to determine the leaders of the pack.
Indeed, the Sapphire program is the only
industry awards program that recognizes inno-
vation in enabling technologies ranging from
LED and OLED sources to thermal, optics, and
driver disciplines. Moreover, the end-product
categories span the commercial and residential
application areas, including outdoor and
indoor categories.
As you peruse the list, you may
notice some concurrent themes in the
recognized products. First, the quality
of light in LED and SSL products has
reached a level on par with and even
beyond legacy lighting. In fact, SSL
products can often mimic legacy prod-
ucts. Our Sapphire program certainly
recognizes quality of light, but quality
LEDsmagazine.com
1602LEDS_51 51
of light has almost become a given.
The innovation in the latest SSL products comes from the system-level
approach to a lighting product that is a requirement in working with LED
sources. Still, the SSL systems are increasingly complex and the architec-
tures being deployed today are the avenue through which the aforemen-
tioned network and tunable features are realized. Our selected finalists
present among the best examples of such design and implementation in
the lighting industry, which are further exemplified by the ‘Illumineer of
the Year’ finalists — an individual or team of innovators responsible for
developing an especially noteworthy product or technology.
For participation in the program, vendors submitted product spec
sheets and images, written descriptions, and other supporting informa-
tion to explain what makes their products and technologies worthy of
an award that recognizes innovation, ease of use, efficiency, reliability,
and contribution to profitability. The judges — all experts in LED tech-
nology, markets, lighting design, and specification — ranked submis-
sions according to those criteria in a closed process in order to main-
tain the independent integrity of the reviews.
Product entries were judged on a scale from 1–5 Sapphires. All
entrants will receive their scores along with judges’ comments after
the winners are honored at the Sapphire Awards Gala dinner on March
2, 2016 in Santa Clara, CA, during the co-located Strategies in Light
and The LED Show conferences. Moreover, LEDs Magazine will pub-
lish scores for those products receiving 3.5 Sapphires or higher in a
feature article after the Gala. The ‘Illumineer of the Year’ will also be
announced at the Gala. Revisit the 2015 finalists (http://bit.ly/1zSSG8G)
and find out who took home the inaugural Sapphire Awards at last
year’s event (http://bit.ly/1Dn7EcD).
Sapphire Awards Gala brings together accolades and entertainment
We know everyone is alight with anticipation as to who will be announced
as the winners at the Sapphire Awards Gala, but the evening doesn’t stop
there. Entertainment will feature comic illusionist “PiP.” Enjoy sparkling
conversation with industry peers, judges, and the LEDs and Lighting Group
team including Strategies Unlimited, LEDs Magazine, and our excellent event
staff! Photos will be taken on our Sapphire carpet. Make your network “blue”
with envy and spread the word on social media. #SapphireAwards
FEBRUARY 2016 51
2/11/16 9:03 AM
 SAPPHIRE AWARDS
PROGRAM
Indoor Ambient, Track, and Accent
SSL Luminaire Design
EcoSense / TROV LED Platform
Selux Corporation / Kju Square
Acuity Brands Lighting / Gotham Incito 2” Family

Connected Residential SSL Lamp Design

Feit Electric / HomeBrite Smart LED Bulbs
Sengled / Pulse Flex Model
Ilumi / ilumi A19 LED Smartbulb

LED Drivers
Daintree Networks, Inc. / Daintree/LG Innotek Wireless Driver
Philips Lighting / Philips Advance Xitanium SR Drivers
Fulham Company, Inc. / All-in-One LED/Emergency Driver

SSL Enabling Technologies

Khatod Optoelectronic / GAIA Optical System for
Multi-chip LEDs
Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. / LED heat sink HYC Series
Fraen Corporation / Fraen Nested Lens

ICs and Electronic Components for SSL

Littelfuse, Inc. / LSP05/LSP10 Series Surge
Protection Device
Texas Instruments / TPS92661-Q1 LED Matrix Manager
Infineon Technologies / ICL8105 and ILD2111 Digital Power
2.0 Driver ICs

Industrial SSL Luminaire Design

Dual-Lite / NEMA 4X Dynamo Emergency Light
Eaton’s Crouse-Hinds Division / Champ Linear LED
Luminaires
Digital Lumens / DLE Intelligent High Bay Fixtures

Modular LED Light Engines

Xicato / Xicato XIM
Soraa / Optical Light Engine
Bridgelux, Inc. / OLM TM Series of Outdoor Modules

Outdoor SSL Luminaire Design

Architectural Area Lighting / KicK
Kim Lighting / ArcheType X Wall
Spaulding Lighting / Cimarron iTSP
Cree / IG Series LED Parking Garage Luminaire

Packaged LEDs and OLED Panels

Crystal IS / Optan UVC LEDs
Lumileds / Luxeon C Color Line
LG Display / Flexible OLED Light Panel (406 mm x 50 mm)

Specialty SSL Design

GemLight Technologies, LLC / SID Light
Kenall Manufacturing / Indigo-Clean Continuous Disinfection
Unilux Inc / LED Stroboscopic Inspection Lights

52 FEBRUARY 2016 LEDsmagazine.com

1602LEDS_52 52 2/11/16 9:03 AM

 SSL Lamp Design
Green Creative / PAR REFINE Series PAR30 LED Lamp
Soraa / VIVID PAR20 10D LED Lamp
Soraa / VIVID BR30 LED Lamp

SSL Network and Control Technologies

Kenall Manufacturing / TekLink Parking Controls
Silver Spring Networks / Silver Spring Smart Street Light Solution
Digital Lumens / LightRules Power

Tools and Tests in SSL Design

Instrument Systems GmbH / Burning Position Correction for
Gonio
Osram Opto Semiconductors / PASS - Premium Application
Support Services
Vektrex Electronic Systems, Inc. / LM-80 Electronics Tester

Indoor Troffer, Linear, and Recessed

SSL Luminaire Design
Metalumen Manufacturing, Inc. / Arches A4 Series
Selux Corp / M36 My White
Dual-Lite / EV4R
Cree / LN4 Suspended Ambient LED Luminaire

Tunable SSL Technology

Finelite, Inc / FineTune White Color Tuning System
Kenall Manufacturing / MedMaster Balance Tunable LED
Luminaire
DURABLE Hunke & Jochheim GmbH & Co. KG / LUCTRA
Luminaire Series

‘Illumineer of the Year’

Lumileds / Rao Peddada, Sridevi Vakkalanka, Rajat Sharma, Ken
Davis, and Richard Gao: Lumileds CSP LED development team
Digital Lumens / Brian Chemel: Digital Lumens LightRules and
intelligent lighting portfolio
Kenall Manufacturing / Bill Blackley, Kevin Dahlen, and Joe
Welch: Kenall TekLink controls platform

AWARDS COMMITTEE COMPRISES INDUSTRY THOUGHT LEADERS

Maury Wright Monica Hansen Dave Neal Robert Steele

Committee Chair/ LED Lighting Advisors Seoul Semiconductor Strategies Unlimited
LEDs Magazine

Derry Berrigan James Highgate Milena Simeonova Shonika Vijay

Light Think Studios, PennWell Light4Health Strategies Unlimited
Inc.

Ray Chock Duncan Jackson Steve Paolini Howard Yaphe

Lumileds Billings Jackson Telelumen LLC Axis Lighting
Design

Nancy E. Clanton Brad Koerner Stephanie Pruitt Stan Walerczyk

Clanton & Philips Lighting Strategies Unlimited Lighting Wizards
Associates Inc.

Terry Clark Therese Lahaie Philip Smallwood

Finelite, Inc. Apparatus Design Strategies Unlimited

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2016 53

1602LEDS_53 53 2/11/16 9:03 AM

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 standards | TESTING AC LEDS

Industry progresses on testing

standard for AC-driven LEDs
JIANZHONG JIAO describes the work of IES and CIE committees in formulating testing standards for AC
LEDs, including temperature controls and the range of optical measurements needed to characterize
the variety of products in the market.

L
EDs have been broadly adopted in
almost all lighting applications. The
proliferation of solid-state light-
ing (SSL) progressed through applications
including automotive lighting (http://bit.
Cell connection
ly/1JZIWis), traffic signals, display and
back lighting, general illumination (http://
bit.ly/22NdRKy), and horticultural light- Transparent MQW
ing (http://bit.ly/1IKV1qR) — with other contact layer Multiple
junction
specialty lighting applications quickly fol-
lowing suit. One LED technology that has
gained in popularity is AC-driven LEDs
p-GaN
and arrays, which greatly reduce the cost n-GaN
and complexity of the driver electronics.
Unfortunately, there has been a lack of Substrate Patterned substrate
standardized testing methods to charac- Source: Seoul Semiconductor
terize the AC devices, but new work by the
Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) will FIG. 1. Seoul Semiconductor utilizes multiple junction technology (MJT) to create
fill that void. series strings of emitters on one die, thereby enabling high-voltage operation and
In the majority of LED lighting applica- simplifying AC-LED designs.
tions, the input electric power is from an
AC mains circuit. With a DC-driven device, mains circuit voltage — for example, 110 new LED configurations have been intro-
the AC input power must be converted to VAC or 220 VAC. If one can have two such duced to the market — for example, multi-
DC in order to operate the LEDs. A driver series-connected LED die strings, then the ple junction technology (MJT). Using MJT, a
that integrates power supply, conversion, AC power can be directly applied to the single LED die that is developed with a typi-
and a control circuit often is used to con- LED die strings; one string operates on the cal epitaxy process is divided into multiple
nect LEDs to the AC mains circuit. AC to first half of the AC cycle, and another on sub-dies or cells — each with its own p-n
DC power conversion introduces energy loss the second half of the AC cycle. Companies junction (Fig. 1). These cells can be electri-
and can also add an extra reliability burden. that participate in the AC-LED sector have cally connected in series and in parallel, so
To eliminate drivers, a string of LED also devised more complex topologies that they can be operated at an elevated voltage
dies can be connected in series so the over- improve LED utilization. or be directly connected to the AC mains
all forward voltage can be as high as the With technology improvements, many circuit. Indeed, AC-driven LED packages
and LED modules continue to be imple-
DR. JIANZHONG JIAO, an internationally recognized lighting expert, is an independent consultant mented in lighting products, providing an
for LEDs and lighting technologies. He has been actively involved in LED and LED lighting alternative to lighting manufacturers when
standard development activities, technical conferences, and industry consortia. developing LED lamps or luminaires (Fig. 2).
Currently he serves on the IESNA Testing Procedures, Roadway Lighting,
Computer, and Light Source Committees. He is also vice chair of the ANSI SSL Understanding AC-LED testing
Light Source Working Groups, and at present works with many other technical Unlike DC LEDs, AC-driven LEDs are
organizations, groups, and symposia, in addition to being a member of the designed to operate at a constant AC volt-
Technical Panel of Strategies in Light. He can be reached at j _ jiao@hotmail.com. age. How does one measure and characterize
LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2016 55

1602LEDS_55 55 2/11/16 9:04 AM

 standards | TESTING AC LEDS
this type of LED? Scientists and engineers
at the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) and at the
Taiwan Industrial Technology
Research Institute (ITRI) con-
ducted research and studies,
then published several tech-
nical papers to demonstrate
techniques for performing
the needed measurements. In
2010, a working group at the IES
Testing Procedures Committee
(TPC) was formed to develop the
standardized AC-driven LED mea-
surement methods — IES LM-88.
In a similar timeframe, a working
group at CIE (International Commission
on Illumination) Division 2 also formed to
develop the technical report for AC-LED
characterization.
After five years of hard work, both stan-
dard-writing bodies are in the final stages
of establishing their documents. Accord-
ing to the IES LM-88 scope, the document
1602LEDS_56 56
FIG. 2. AC-LED technology is often supplied
in the form of modular light engines that
have minimal electronics circuitry yet can
be connected directly to the AC mains.
Source: Seoul Semiconductor.
“describes the procedures to be followed
and precautions to be observed in
performing accurate measure-
ments of total luminous f lux,
total radiant flux, total photon
f lux, electrical power, lumi-
nous efficacy, chromaticity,
and wavelength characteris-
tics of high-power AC driven
light emitting diodes includ-
ing white AC LEDs as well
as monochromatic AC LEDs.
This approved method covers
AC-LED packages, remote-phos-
phor AC-LED pack a ges, a nd
AC-LED modules or arrays. This docu-
ment covers measurements under single
cycle AC operation as well as continuous AC
operation of AC-LEDs intended to be driven
by an AC power from a 50 Hz or 60 Hz mains
supply, and in all cases, the thermal con-
dition of AC-LEDs refers to their junc-
tion temperature. This approved method
applies to laboratory measurements.”
2/11/16 9:04 AM
 standards | TESTING AC LEDS

Æ
IES LM-88 is aimed specifically at characterizing high-power

Makrolon
AC-driven LEDs. The high-power AC LEDs are those that require a
heat sink for their normal operation. In today’s market, most LEDs
are in this category. The AC LEDs are operated on an AC power sup-
ply without additional external electronics. Similar to a DC LED, the
light output of an AC LED depends strongly on its thermal condi-
tion, more specifically, the junction temperature. When a DC LED
is operating, its forward voltage and forward current are station-
ary; however, while the AC LED is operating, the voltage, current,
and junction temperature all change rapidly. This makes it difficult
to measure junction temperature. With more AC-LED products in
the market, the standardized methods of measurements can pro-
vide producers and users with consistent and reliable means of col-
lecting and using data.

Differences in AC and DC measurements

DC LED characterization performed by the LED manufacturer often
uses the pulse method and the measurement usually reflects the
LED behavior at room temperature. When LEDs are measured by a
user, whether it is an LED lighting product manufacturer or a test
laboratory, the LED is usually measured via continuous DC current
and the junction temperature is usually elevated. In 2014, the IES
published LM-85 for measurement of high-power DC LEDs (http://
bit.ly/1Efdj3p). LM-85 fundamentally established a bridge between
LED makers and users, and linked the pulsed method with the DC
current method so the measured results are the same.
This kind of practice is also mirrored in LM-88. AC LED man-
ufacturers normally use a single cycle AC operation when taking
measurements. Such measured results usually reflect AC-LED light
output at the room temperature condition. As with DC LEDs, AC
LEDs measured at user locations are experiencing elevated junc-
tion temperatures; and certainly, the LEDs’ photometric and col-
orimetric values can differ significantly from the values obtained
at the room temperature condition. The principle of the method in MakrolonÆ Lumen XT
LM-88 is based on setting the AC LED to a pre-determined junction
temperature during its measurement. has transformed the
To broaden the scope of the standard document and make it
more robust, the experts in the working group continued studies world of lighting
and gathered the evidence to demonstrate that the methods rec-  
( '((

 ((
(
ommended in LM-88 can be used for AC-driven LED packages, (

 (( '(
 '
modules, or arrays. In all cases, an AC-driven LED will have multi- 

  '

'''(
ple junctions. It has been found, when AC LEDs are operating, each (''  
''((
(
individual junction will quasi-stabilize within a short period of ((
((  
! "# (

time (in a range of milliseconds). In normal operation conditions, $
 ('(
 
( '((
(
even though each individual junction’s quasi-stabilized tempera- '(((

((
 '%
(&
ture may vary, which leads to different levels of light emission, the ((

('(
overall optical property is the same as long as the average junc-
tion temperature is controlled to be the same as the AC LED upon
initial start-up. Whether it is a single LED die with multiple cells
in the case of MJT, or multiple dies integrated into a package, a Covestro LLC
module or an array, chip on board (COB), surface mount device 119 Salisbury Road,
(SMD) assembly, or other configuration, when measuring the opti-  


cal properties at a given average junction temperature for all p-n www.sheets.covestro.com
junctions, these measured results can be repeatable and reliable
when the average junction temperature is unchanged.
LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2016 57

1602LEDS_57 57 2/11/16 9:04 AM

 standards | TESTING AC LEDS

To meet the needs in a wide range of LED applications, such as

remote phosphor technology or horticultural lighting, LM-88 also
includes, beside luminous flux and chromaticity, the measurements
for radiant flux, photon flux, peak wavelength, and dominant wave-
length or centroid wavelength.

Environmental controls
Similar to LM-85, LM-88 specifies the temperature control condi-
tion, which is always critical to obtain accurate results. During the
measurement, the temperature for a device under test (DUT) can
be either controlled at the device level or controlled by the ambient
temperature. In both cases, the case temperature is the basis — it
is assumed to be directly correlated to the average junction tem-
perature. LM-88 provides two measurement methods. The first one
is to measure the AC LEDs using a single cycle operation. Once the
temperature is controlled, the first step is to stabilize the DUT with
the designed junction temperature, controlled either by an active
cooling system at the DUT or by controlling the ambient tempera-
ture. The next step is applying the electrical input and then mea-
suring the optical output. The measurement shall be complete for
one AC cycle.
The second method is to use continuous AC operation. In this
method, the active cooling system shall be used in which the DUT
is mounted, and it should be set up at the desired junction tempera-
ture. When the AC power to the DUT is turned on, the initial current
should be noted; it will quickly change due to the junction tempera-
ture rise. LM-88 stipulates that the electric power to the active cool-
ing system be adjusted so the LED’s operational current is main-
tained at the initial level, followed by the optical measurements.
Because it is an AC operating environment, there are additional
guidelines for the electrical operating conditions. LM-88 also pro-
vides recommendations related to the optical and electrical mea-
surement equipment.

CIE activity
As stated previously, the CIE is in the process of establishing a
technical report to characterize AC-driven LEDs. Different from
IES LM-88, the CIE report “aims to provide a guidance for char-
acterizing optical measurement of AC-driven LEDs for testing
laboratories, with emphasis in reproducibility and smaller mea-
surement uncertainties.” The characterization includes the deter-
mination of AC LEDs’ electrical, thermal, and optical properties.
The document also provides recommendations for operating con-
ditions, measurement conditions, and calibration of the measure-
ment system, as well as the measurement uncertainly.
With the additional effects AC LEDs impose, the IES’s and CIE’s
new standard documents will greatly benefit the LED lighting
industry. AC LEDs, regardless of the format — MJT, COB, SMD,
package, module, etc. — play a role in the modern lighting market.
A systematic approach to measure, test, characterize, and report
on the products with consistent, repeatable, and reliable results
will not only help the healthy growth of the industry but also help
regulators and specifiers to use more objective measures to pro-

RIPLEY lighting
controls
tect users. Building standards is an improvement process. It will
have a long-term added value to the community.
LEDsmagazine.com

1602LEDS_58 58 2/11/16 2:32 PM

 conferences | LUXLIVE & SIL EUROPE

Smart lighting: Sounds great.

But does it work?
End users brought plenty of reality checks and ideas to the recent LuxLive show in London,
reports MARK HALPER, while the co-located Strategies in Light Europe event featured the enabling
technologies that underlie smart SSL.

T
here’s nothing like end users to provide
reality checks for emerging technolo-
gies. And so it was at London’s recent
LuxLive 2015 gathering — Europe’s largest
annual lighting event — that facilities man-
agers, lighting designers, engineers, and policy
makers weighed in on what’s working, what’s
not, and with wish lists that could finally

Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via SIL Europe.

usher in the most transformative develop-
ment in lighting since the incandescent lamp:
intelligent, Internet-connected LED lighting.
Moreover, the technology that underlies smart
solid-state lighting (SSL) was prevalent in the
co-located Strategies in Light (SIL) Europe
conference and exhibition (Fig. 1).
For those of you who might have just
awakened from a Rip Van Winkle slumber:
Intelligent lighting leverages the digital
nature of LEDs which, as semiconductors,
lend themselves readily to network connec-
tivity. Thus, vendors are pushing the notion
of tying everything from ceiling lamps to
highway luminaires in to web-based con-
trols and networks that allow individuals
and central managers to switch lights on
and off, adjust brightness, and even change
color and color temperature, all from a
remote point via a phone, gadget, computer,
or other connected device.
Furthermore, embed those lamps, lumi-
naires or their attendant furniture such
as lamp posts with a range of sensors, and
before you know it, lighting and all of its
ubiquity forms the backbone of all-seeing,
all-knowing data networks.
Sensors that monitor temperature, air
quality, noise, motion, or occupancy, and
that keep an eye on traffic, parking, and
MARK HALPER is a contributing editor with
LEDs Magazine (markhalper@aol.com).
LEDsmagazine.com
FIG. 1. A lot of the lively discussion at LuxLive and at the co-located Strategies in
Light Europe centered around intelligent lighting.
road conditions can help city managers and
building operators to run a more shipshape
affair. See our report from the Street and
Area Lighting Conference for some exam-
ples (http://bit.ly/1ZzgAme). They could
keep roadways running more efficiently
by rerouting vehicles when necessary; they
enable faster emergency response as they
will highlight trouble spots and hear gun-
shots quicker; they’ll know exactly when
and where to send the salt and grit trucks
and snow plows; they’ll know when to turn
the heat and lights down or up in an office
space, and when and where space is free for
hot-desk workers.
And that’s just a few examples. The appli-
cations are as broad as the imagination, and
have triggered a rush by technology and app
developers to hone data collected by lighting
networks into useful, meaningful forms for
individual and institutional end users. Imag-
ine an app that tells a motorist where the
nearest free parking space is, for instance.
Or so say the vendors.
Bring it on, but...
But what about the end users, engineers, and
architects — the front-liners who could ulti-
mately determine that smart lighting is actu-
ally a dumb idea, or who, on the other hand,
could indeed discover its brilliance and
anoint its glittering future? What do they
have to say? Judging by the many lively panel
discussions at LuxLive, this much is clear:
They are indeed interested in moving lighting
beyond its traditional illumination milieu.
“If we’re going to have to put in hundreds
of light fittings in a space, why not use them
FEBRUARY 2016 59

1602LEDS_59 59 2/11/16 8:57 AM


FIG. 2. Panelists from the “Healthier Lighting” discussion agreed that hospitals should
use smart LED lighting to support human circadian rhythms, which could help patients
recover faster. From left to right: Damian Oatway of Central Manchester NHS Trust;
Helen Loomes, Trilux; Alexandra Hammond, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation
Trust; Prof. Debra Skene, University of Surrey.
for more than just lights,” said Jeff Shaw, a
lighting designer and associate director of
Arup, the global bridges-to-buildings-to-
railway engineering and design firm based
in London. He imagined using LED data
and communication capabilities for, among
other applications, helping people find their
way through large public places like airports
Who owns the data?
As we’ve noted before here at LEDs
Magazine, a battle is shaping up between
Internet and lighting companies for control
of the promising intelligent lighting market
(http://bit.ly/1RRSkwT). While the two sides
will find ways to cooperate for projects that
use LED luminaires and infrastructure as
nodes in data networks — witness Philips’
recent collaboration with Cisco in Power
over Ethernet lighting — they will also
find themselves vying head-to-head for
ownership, or even for the revenue stream
when they partner.
One contentious bone that surfaced at
London’s LuxLive 2015 conference in late
November is the question of who will own
the data collected by the smart luminaires
and sensors. It is the data, after all, that
will have tremendous value in today’s
information age, as it becomes available
for a wide range of uses such as helping
retailers decipher shopping trends, or
60 FEBRUARY 2016
1602LEDS_60 60
lions of end-source power points that are
lights,” enthused Tony Howells, senior policy
advisor to the UK government’s Department
for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS). “All
of them could be integrated with comms.
Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via Lux.
They can be the interface points with all of
those other sensors you want.”
Not only do users have the appetite, but
some have begun to nibble and are already
reporting positive results. Ian Crockford,
managing director of Guildford, UK-based
infrastructure company Data Techniques,
noted that one early adopter at an office
building has used data delivered via sensors
embedded in the lighting network to real-
ize that only 35% of hot desks were occupied
at any one time — information that has led
to reassigning the valuable but previously
wasted space to other purposes.
Likewise, central London’s Westminster
and railway stations. Several technologies borough has already upgraded the majority of
exist that can communicate with smart- its streetlights into smart units, according to
phones and provide maps and directions. Westminster City Council lighting manager
Shaw was speaking on a lively panel Dave Franks participating in the panel “Is
entitled “The Internet of things, should we smart streetlighting everything it’s cracked
believe the hype?” where others shared his up to be?” Westminster includes many well-
bring-it-on attitude. “I find it extraordinary known areas such as the West End theater
— there are millions and millions and mil- district, Soho, Covent Garden, Hyde Park,
helping consumers deploy apps that deliver the data. There are a few big electronics
things like traffic updates, maps, parking companies already who are collecting the
space availability, and so forth. data but who are trying to work out how to
Iain Macrae, head of global lighting make money from it.”
applications for street lighting vendor Thorn “You need to make sure that you’re
Lighting, noted that potential partners such getting what you need out of it,” said
as telecom companies are already throwing WSP’s Allan Howard. “You’ll see large
around their weight on the data front as telecom companies approaching authorities
lamp posts become integral furniture [municipalities], probably central London
in intelligent city schemes, housing not first, the larger cities across the UK,
just luminaires and sensors but also saying, ‘Here’s a sum of money to use
communications gear such as cellular and your equipment.’ And I think they’ll [the
Wi-Fi transponders. municipalities] be sheep to the slaughter,
“I would love to sell data — I mean I’m because it might be a large sum of revenue
going to sell luminaires that collect a lot off the bat, but the realization is these
of data — but there are one or two very companies will take them for a great
big telecoms companies out there who deal more money across the term of their
won’t let me do it,” Macrae said during contract. So my advice would be consider
a spirited discussion panel entitled “Is getting a percentage of the most optimistic
smart streetlighting everything it’s cracked view. Because that data has value. It has
up to be?” “They haven’t quite figured it real value.
out yet, but I can see competition coming “It will be interesting to find out who
from Deutsche Telekom, EE, T-Mobile, all owns that data,” Howard continued.
these people. They’re going to want to own continued on page 62
LEDsmagazine.com
2/11/16 8:57 AM
 conferences | LUXLIVE & SIL EUROPE

Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parlia-
ment, 10 Downing Street, and Mayfair.
But does it all work as advertised? The
truth is: Not always.
Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via Lux.
Hype versus reality
As Franks and others noted, one of the big-
gest issues that the industry must resolve
before intelligent lighting rolls out on a
massive scale might not even be a technol-
ogy matter. Rather, it is the business and
legal discussion surrounding ownership of
data collected by lighting networks (see side-
bar on “Who owns the data?”).
Another issue that is holding back others
from moving rapidly into smart lighting is
the possibility for security and data breaches
that a vastly expanded set of nodes and net-
works could pose. “There’s got to be some
really serious issues in terms of security,
both in terms of security of data and secu-
rity of peoples’ wellbeing, etc.,” said Howells
from the UK’s BIS.
That is one reason why lighting companies

are often the first to admit that they cannot

FIG. 3. Damian Oatway wants circadian

lighting for NHS hospitals in Manchester,
UK, but realizes it could be a tough sell in
a risk-averse financial climate. To his left,
Helen Loomes of vendor Trilux says it’s
time for hospitals to equate lighting with
patient wellbeing.

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LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2016 61

1602LEDS_61 61 2/11/16 8:57 AM


deploy smart lighting by
themselves — that they
will need to partner with
networking experts from
the IT and Internet tech-
nology industry. In a sign
of changing times, execu-
tives from Internet com-
panies were on hand in
increasing numbers at
LuxLive — reminiscent Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via Lux.
of how they first started
appearing at mobile
phone and media confabs a decade or so ago,
and where they are now mainstays of those
industries. Cisco even presented a keynote at
the SIL conference in Las Vegas last February
(http://bit.ly/1F76zF5).
“We’re seeing many more sensors being
embedded into lights, and I think that’s
very exciting,” Akshay Thakur, Cisco’ busi-
ness development manager for the IoT ver-
tical and solutions group, told an Internet
of Things (IoT) panel. “Lighting vendors,
luminaire vendors, manufacturers, lighting
control companies, have got a very interest-
ing role to play now in what do they do with
that data and how do they provide that data
with the same level of enterprise security as
the normal data that exists in the IT envi-
ronment. That is what Cisco is very inter-
“Whether it’s personal data from
telephones moving around. Or is it the
telephone companies? Is it the Googles?
Who owns the data? It will be interesting
to find out that. And the impact that
might have. But that is a real opportunity.
And the local authorities need to realize
revenue from these assets.”
That message was not lost on at least
one individual from the front lines — Dave
Franks, lighting manager for Westminster City could eventually grab the lead in the
Council, a central London borough that is
in the early stages of a smart street-lighting
deployment. He called for “some sort of
steer” from central government on
how data and revenue could be
used. One of the big questions, he
agreed, is “Who owns the data?”
Thorn’s Macrae noted that
Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via Lux.
FIG. A. Tony Howells (center,
with microphone) of the UK
government’s Department for
Business, Innovation and Skills
predicts that at least one or
two small lighting companies
will rise into Google-sized
companies on the strength of
intelligent lighting. He also
predicts the demise of certain
large conventional lighting
companies.
Innovation and Skills (Fig. A). “I will be
shocked if it didn’t happen.” But the flip
side is also true. As Howells noted, “There
will probably be some other companies
out there who are currently lighting
companies who we would consider to be
big companies, who probably won’t exist in
a few years’ time.”
Some lighting industry veterans quietly
acknowledge that Internet and IT companies
connected lighting race. At the same time,
new specialists are emerging that cross
both camps — such as the Santa Clara,

ested in — trying to help make any new
device that gets connected onto the build-
ing environment secure, safe, and also a
scalable network.”
Indeed, two weeks after LuxLive, Cisco
struck a deal with Philips to provide secure
Power over Ethernet (PoE) lighting (http://
bit.ly/1IknZ6w).
The overarching issues of data and secu-
rity aside, intelligent lighting technology
itself appears to still be finding its legs, as
one might expect for any nascent technol-
ogy. As Westminster’s Franks reported,
while the London borough is nearing the
end of a four-year delivery of its smart street-
lights, thus far the intelligence has not quite
lived up to expectations.
“It’s entry-level smartness, to be honest,”
said Franks. “It’s on/off, it’s adaptive, so we
can set the lighting levels with that tech-
nology.” Westminster had hoped that the
system’s intelligence would also monitor
the performance and individual lights and
automatically report outages back to central
different models are emerging.
For instance, the city of Glasgow
is mounting sensors on lamp
posts that monitor activities
such as motion, and making
data freely available to retailers
who can then use it to help
ascertain footfall, which helps
them decide store opening
hours and promotions. The city FIG. B. Gooee straddles the lighting and IT
of Copenhagen has declared that world, making firmware that LED lighting
data collected by street lights is manufacturers embed inside LED lamps and
owned by the public — by taxpayers luminaires to help collect data and connect to
— and is not for sale, he said. the Internet. Shown is Gooee chief technology
Meanwhile, spoils to the officer Simon Coombes at LuxLive.
winner in the battle for control of
smart lighting. The opportunity
is there for lighting companies as well as CA startup Gooee, which is making sensor
technology companies. “I have a sneaking technology to embed in luminaires and is
suspicion there are probably one or two developing tools to help collect and present
lighting companies out there that might be data in a useful, manageable way (Fig.
Google-sized in the next 10 years,” said B). It’s early in the game, but the action
Tony Howells, senior policy advisor to the promises to soon get fast and furious. ◀
UK government’s Department for Business, — Mark Halper

62 FEBRUARY 2016 LEDsmagazine.com

1602LEDS_62 62 2/11/16 8:57 AM


managers — a promising, money-saving pro-
cess known as predictive maintenance. But
that has not yet happened.
“We were informed we’d have predictive
failure, but frankly that’s not there yet,” he
told the audience. “There were aspirations
sold to us by the manufacturer to start
with, saying you’ll have ‘this, this, this, and
this.’ That’s not necessarily realized for var-
ious reasons.”
Nonsensical sensors
Franks sounded confident that the London
borough would indeed resolve the prob-
lems with its supplier, and that it might
then be able to provide residents and visi-
tors with lighting-based services, such as
parking information. But his case served
as a reminder that pioneers can take some
arrows. Likewise, Ahmed Abubakir, an elec-
trical engineer in charge of lighting projects
at the UK’s University of Bristol, reported
that sensors can be more difficult to deploy
than vendors would have you believe.
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On a panel with other education indus-
try users entitled “Dealing with a sprawl-
ing university lighting estate: Tips from the
experts,” Abubakir frankly described the
integration of new technologies and control
into the university’s disparate collection of
old and new buildings as “a challenge.” The
university is in the early stages of deploying
modern intelligent controls, and Abubakir
reported that “we’re still unsure” about how
some of the wireless systems are working,
noting that “people have had very bad expe-
riences with sensors.” He did not elaborate
on what type of sensors have proved difficult
— he was presumably referring to motion
sensors that turn lights on and off and so
forth — but he added that he and his team
are determined to find the right technology
so “sensors can work and work very well
without leading to any type of frustration.”
“It fits into our long-term strategy of
trying to bring our buildings, the lighting
equipment and everything, together into
the BMS (building management system),” he
conferences | LUXLIVE & SIL EUROPE
said. “That is our long-term strategy, and we
are starting now to put all those things in, to
enable that in the future so that we can be
able to link it up.”
On the same education panel, Abubakir had
a kindred spirit in John Hindley, the head of
environmental strategy at Manchester Met-
ropolitan University in Manchester, UK, who,
like Abubakir, is in the early stages of a shift to
intelligent lighting. “The pace of change with
LED has been a real challenge,” said Hindley,
who holds great hope for the potential of con-
necting LEDs into the information network.
Push to The Edge
He’s interested, for example, in using intel-
ligent lights to monitor their own faults and
status, and to remotely adjust on/off and
brightness depending on real-time infor-
mation about room usage and occupancy.
“We’re just starting to get there,” Hindley
said, noting that different sections of the
campus are at different stages depending
on whether they are new buildings or older
SPECIMEN
2/11/16 8:57 AM
 conferences | LUXLIVE & SIL EUROPE
ones undergoing refurbishment. The goal is utilization in buildings.” Currently, the uni-
to tie all into a central system. versity “tends to do it two or three times a
“It is a journey, and the intelligent cam- year, and then sort of apportion it out that
pus and other things you can throw on these way,” Hindley noted. But emerging smart
systems are interesting,” Hindley said. As a lighting technology augurs vast improve-
model, he lauded the “amazing” installa- ment in that process.
tion at The Edge office building in Amster- “Whether it’s a PIR (passive infrared sen-
dam (http://bit.ly/1LYGKbw), where net- sor, typically used for motion control), or
worked lighting systems monitor building whether it’s a wireless access point, we’re all
conditions including occupancy and tem- carrying phones, so we can tell utilization
perature in a manner that will automati- surely by phones connected to wireless access
cally adjust not only lighting levels, but also points,” said Hindley. “The systems are com-
heating and air conditioning, and which can ing together, but it’s been a long journey, and
help the building managers allocate rooms it’s been about getting one thing right first.
and desks. You put your Christmas tree up first and then
“It addresses one of the big conundrums hang baubles off it, so it’s about not making it
in higher education, which is utilization,” too complex to begin with. It does take time
Hindley said. “It’s very difficult to monitor to get it right. One step at a time.”
Strategies in Light speakers chart smart course forward for SSL
The conference at Strategies in Light (SIL) pursue opportunities in melding lighting
Europe, co-located at London’s ExCel into the fabric of buildings to improve
Center with LuxLive, featured keynote- and the experience for users. Moreover, the
plenary-session speakers that described SIL Investor Forum included topics that
the state of the LED and SSL industries ranged from the technology side including
and suggested the best routes forward component advancements to forward-
looking business trends in
the LED and SSL sectors.
Klaus Vambersky,
executive vice president
of Zumtobel Group, was
bold in discussing the
Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via SIL Europe.
opportunities and the
obstacles. In positioning
the progress of the lighting
industry leveraging SSL
technology, Vambersky
used an analogy based
on the mobile phone
industry that should
give some major lighting
manufacturers cause for
concern. SSL adoption
FIG. I. At Strategies in Light Europe, Massimiliano was said to be in a second
Guzzini, VP of iGuzzini, used examples to explain how phase, in a similar phase
LED-enabled innovations in lighting can improve the where Nokia once stood
human experience, including how LED lighting has as the clear leader in the
enhanced enjoyment of artwork. mobile phone market
before later being usurped
for maximum success with LEDs. The by the likes of Apple and Google.
advice included recommendations that Vambersky was not so much suggesting
lighting manufacturers develop new form that such IT-centric upstarts will usurp the
factors, invest in connected lighting, and lighting industry, although as we covered
64 FEBRUARY 2016
1602LEDS_64 64
Color it human
One big adornment that Hindley will push
for is lighting that changes colors and color
temperature throughout the day and night
to match the needs of students and staff.
So-called human-centric lighting (HCL)
or circadian lighting might typically pro-
vide cooler-temperature bluish white light
in classrooms or in the morning to stim-
ulate alertness, and might veer toward
oranges and reds in more relaxed settings.
As evidence mounts showing the correlation
between light colors and states such as alert-
ness and relaxation, more schools, hospitals,
businesses, and other institutions are begin-
ning to express an interest in HCL.
“Students, when they’re on campus, we
have to give them a home-from-home feel
after SIL US in 2015, companies such as
Cisco have significant interest in the lighting
space. But Vambersky said the existing
lighting manufacturers are at a point where
they have some successful SSL products
selling well, but revenue growth is stagnant
and in need of innovation to spur growth.
The SSL industry must move to a third
phase, according to Vambersky. That
phase will see new luminaire form factors
unlike the prior lamp-based designs and a
transition to smart lighting and networks.
He said lighting companies need to think
more like semiconductor companies to
remain successful.
Another keynoter, Massimiliano
Guzzini, vice president of iGuzzini in Italy,
continued along a similar theme (Fig. I).
He said lighting affects the ways in which
we socialize, perceive and construct our
environments, and navigate through them.
Innovations in lighting can therefore improve
the human experience and LEDs enable
many innovations. Guzzini used examples to
make his point, including how LED lighting
has enhanced public enjoyment of treasured
artwork such as Da Vinci’s The Last Supper.
Meanwhile, Dominiek Plancke, CEO of
Philips Lighting’s professional business
group, focused on the challenges facing the
lighting industry in the next decade, noting
that there will be 10 billion additional sockets
by 2025. Moreover, he said we need to be
LEDsmagazine.com
2/11/16 8:57 AM
 conferences | LUXLIVE & SIL EUROPE

and a business-like experience as well,” said
Hindley. “Office type (lighting) with a bluer
feel tends to lend itself to better environ-
ments for concentration.” But the univer-
sity could adjust lighting in students’ res-
idential rooms. “Students do get stressed
when they’re away from home, so give them
a relaxed light, not a great big beacon in
the room,” he explained. He hopes to begin
experimenting with relaxed light schemes
at some of the university’s residence halls.
That will resonate with plenty of peo-
ple in the healthcare field, where hospitals
are beginning to think about, and in some
cases implement, circadian lighting schemes
to help patients perk up during the day and
rest at night. Methods include modern intel-
ligent controls, as well as common-sense
techniques like allowing in natural day-
light during the day by raising the blinds,
and shielding patients from the bright light
of nurses’ stations at night, said professor
Debra Skene, who heads the faculty research
group for sleep, chronobiology, and addic-
tion at the UK’s University of Surrey, and
who spoke on a panel entitled “How can we
make healthier lighting a reality in Britain’s
hospitals?” (Fig. 2).
“Having a dark night is just as important as
having a really bright day,” Skene said. “Hope-
fully you can manage that with some sort of
changing lighting. It would be really import-
ant to keep changing not only the intensity
but the color spectrum and
color temperature.” Skene
advocated using more blue-
tinged light during the day to support natural
daylight, and warmer oranges at night. “We
can’t have bright blue-enriched LEDs at mid-
night, whether it’s coming from our iPhone or
from our lighting.”
Circadian sightings
Alexandra Hammond of Guy’s and St.
Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust — two
London hospitals — and Damian Oatway of
Central Manchester NHS Trust — a group
of six hospitals in Manchester, UK — are
trying to put those principles to work. Both
told the panel that circadian lighting could
vastly improve the patient experience. And

Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via Lux.

increasingly cognizant of an aging population
as people live longer.
Indeed, Plancke said innovation in
lighting and design can provide visual,
biological, and emotional benefits to humans
and that potential equates to opportunity
for manufacturers. He pointed out that LEDs
are the only path to realize such lighting
systems, and networks and controls are
crucial to delivering such capabilities in an
energy-efficient manner.
In the plenary session, Andrew Parker,
strategic marketing director for smart lighting
at Schneider Electric France, discussed
the need for integration of SSL systems
with other building management systems.
Because lighting is ubiquitous in the built
environment, Parker said it represents the
best option to serve as a network backbone
and data-gathering focal point for total
building management. But the industry today
lacks the cooperation and standardization
needed to meld the disparate systems,
according to Parker. The situation equates to
challenges but also opportunities.
Zoltan Koltai, EMEA technology director
from GE Lighting, closed the plenary session
with a focus on smart cities and the role that
SSL and networks play in such a future. As
GE has advocated repeatedly, outdoor SSL
with sensors offers the avenue toward data
mining and analysis that can yield a range of
new services for the public. A video interview
with GE from LightFair in
2015 offers insight into the
company’s plans (http://
bit.ly/1SdnXPm).
Koltai reviewed a
number of the early GE
installations of smart
outdoor lighting, and made
the point that there is such
a thing as outdoor
human-centric lighting FIG. II. Vernon Nagel, CEO of Acuity Brands, enjoys a
(HCL) just as the HCL term break at the Strategies in Light Europe conference, where
is used so broadly in indoor he presented on corporate valuations in the LED industry.
applications. A key lesson Acuity has been actively acquiring intelligent lighting and
GE has learned is that controls companies since 2008, when it presciently saw
outdoor networked SSL the emergence of LED-based smart lighting.
projects need to be
conceived in a manner to connect people as of targets is to lower multiples of revenue.
opposed to connecting lights. Consolidation was indeed a hot topic.
At the Investor Forum, there was more As we have noted repeatedly, there are too
insight into the business behind SSL. Jed many manufacturers of packaged LEDs. At
Dorsheimer, managing director of equity SIL, Christian Schraft, president of Havells-
research for display and lighting, and Dan Sylvania, said the level of consolidation
Coyne, managing director of investment is based on where you look in the supply
banking, both spoke on behalf of Canaccord. chain. He expects substantial consolidation
Coyne specifically addressed trends in the in LED chip makers and packaged LED
mergers and acquisitions (M&A) area just as manufacturers. But he noted you will see far
he had back at SIL 2015 in the US (http:// less consolidation as you move up the value
bit.ly/1Sv01sy). At the Europe event, Coyne chain. A primary reason for the difference
said he is seeing an increasing pace in is the fact that LEDs are a global business
M&A for both the LED and lighting sectors. whereas luminaires are a regional business,
He said there are more and bigger deals according to Schraft.
happening. But he said the trend in valuation continued on page 66

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2016 65

1602LEDS_65 65 2/11/16 8:57 AM

 conferences | LUXLIVE & SIL EUROPE

Acuity Brands also spoke at the

event, and Acuity has been a company
with a long M&A history including its
most recent acquisition of Juno Lighting
(http://bit.ly/1njuNrL). At SIL, Vernon
Nagel, CEO of Acuity Brands (Fig. II),
said the company would continue to
see strategic acquisitions especially
in the connected lighting space, citing
Source: Photographer Katura Jensen via SIL Europe.

the Distech acquisition as an example

(http://bit.ly/20cTCDA). At the SIL Europe
Investor Forum, Nagel said connected
lighting is a key to growth for the
company and that Acuity is also investing
internally in controls and software
capabilities.
The discussion on LED components
invariably turned to technology despite the
fact that the forum was primarily financially
focused. But it’s the technology trends
FIG. 4. Tom van den Bussche, president of French consultant Toric, says the world will that will determine the financial fate of
have to tap visible light waves from LED lamps to transmit and receive data using Li-Fi many of the players. And the prime topic
in place of Wi-Fi. Speaking at Strategies in Light Europe, van den Bussche predicted was the transition to chip-scale package
large Li-Fi deployments this year, and general adoption by 2017. He foresees that with (CSP) LEDs, just as we covered in a recent
30 billion things soon connecting to the IoT, Wi-Fi will lack bandwidth. feature article (http://bit.ly/1QvMEnx).
Nichia and Lumileds each identified
from an economic perspective, that could provide tremendous benefit to Britain’s cash-
CSP as the next significant technology
strapped National Health Service by shortening patients’ hospital stays. Hammond, in fact,
trend for LEDs but for different primary
will soon start experimenting with circadian lighting, using funding from a £1 million ($1.47
reasons. Nichia is looking for CSP to
million) infusion the hospital was granted in funding for LED lighting, secured as part of a
deliver component cost reductions
£12 million ($17.0 million) energy-efficiency project.
beyond what has been achievable with
Oatway at Central Manchester noted that getting funding can be difficult, especially in
mid-power LED technology. Dan Doxsee,
the financially risk-averse National Health Care where people controlling the purse strings
deputy managing director of Nichia
range across public/private partnerships and might prefer tried and true technologies, even
Chemical Europe, said mid-power LEDs
T5 fluorescents (Fig. 3). “The range of people I’m going to have to convince is phenomenal,”
were half the cost of high-power LEDs
Oatway said. “If T5 works fine, they’ll tend not to want change.”
and CSP LEDs for general lighting will
That same old-fashioned thinking is an issue across industries. Franks is running into
cost even less in volume production.
it at Westminster’s smart street-lighting project. “Unfortunately, the authorities who own
Surely Lumileds is looking to lower
these assets are normally silo thinking and don’t think beyond their own little area, which
component cost as well, but the company
is a blocker at the moment,” Franks said. “There’s little strategic leadership from (central)
has been stalwart in its stance that
government, which is holding us all back.”
CSP can offer improved thermals and
Meanwhile, smart lighting technology continues to advance in many ways. At the SIL
performance in high-power LEDs. Pierre-
Europe conference, Tom van den Bussche, president of French LED industry consultant Toric,
Yves Lesaicherre, CEO of Lumileds, said
noted that 2015 was a year of interesting trials among large retailers such as Carrefour and
indeed CSPs will lead to lower bill of
E.Leclerc (Fig. 4). Carrefour is experimenting with visible light communication (http://bit.
materials (BOM) cost in general lighting
ly/1GJqnTc) — an LED technology that engages in-store shoppers with product information
as the new technology moves into volume
and guides consumers straight to promotions of specific interest to them — as is Target in
production. But he added that Lumileds
the US (http://bit.ly/1JgkvCs).
believes it can drive CSPs at 2–3A,
E.Leclerc has been trialing “Li-Fi” in a similar way, Bussche said. Li-Fi is a lighting technol-
making it a replacement for high-power
ogy that could challenge Wi-Fi, using light waves to transmit the Internet to phones, comput-
rather than mid-power LEDs. Moreover,
ers, and other mobile devices.
he said Lumileds is making progress
The UK’s Tony Howells welcomed the basket of lighting technologies, and said their adop-
on minimizing droop to further increase
tion will come about “in millions of small steps.” That sounds like a safe enough prediction.
performance in CSP LEDs. ◀
And it must be said: One thing that has to happen along the way is that LED lights must also
— Maury Wright and Robert Steele
continue to function as, er, lights. Ironically, without illumination at their core, LEDs will
never move beyond illumination.
66 FEBRUARY 2016 LEDsmagazine.com

1602LEDS_66 66 2/11/16 8:57 AM

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 lighting | INDUSTRIAL
Go green and clean with LEDs for
food and beverage lighting
LEDs are a great technical match for food and beverage manufacturing environments, explains
KEN AMES, but products and installations must abide by a complex regulatory environment including
NSF certification.
C
leanliness, as the saying goes, is next to
godliness, but in the food and beverage
industry it is also tightly regulated by
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and
the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) in
the United States. There are similar regulatory
agencies in other parts of the globe. To help
maintain sanitary conditions, all equipment
and appliances used in food and beverage pro-
duction and packaging — including lighting
products — must meet stringent manufactur-
ing standards set by NSF International (NSF).
It can be difficult to navigate the NSF certifica-
tion process, but we will offer guidance in this
article and explain how LED lighting is espe-
cially well suited to such applications.
Indeed, food and beverage facilities have
some of the strictest compliance standards
of any industry in order to safeguard public
health and worker safety. NSF was founded
originally as the National Sanitation Founda-
tion in the US, but has operated as NSF Inter-
national since 1990 with a global scope.
Like many applications, the food and bev-
erage niche has been attracted to solid-state
lighting (SSL) technology for energy efficiency
and long LED lifetimes. Today’s SSL products,
however, offer robust, eco-friendly solutions to
all of the demanding regulatory requirements,
making LEDs an ideal choice for NSF-certified
lighting (Fig. 1).
Location, location, location
Food and beverage plants are specialized
industrial facilities that employ many of the
same types of lighting fixtures found in ordi-
nary industrial settings, except that certain
KEN AMES is president of the Sourcing Group at Revolution Lighting Technologies, Inc., which
designs, manufactures, markets, and sells LED lighting focusing on the industrial, commercial,
and government markets internationally (rvlti.com).
LEDsmagazine.com
1602LEDS_69 69
contain a variety of environments
under one roof.
A plant might include locations
for processing, warehousing, stag-
ing, distribution, cold or dry stor-
age, cleanrooms, offices, hallways,
lobbies, restrooms, and more —
each of which has its own set of
lighting requirements. Lighting for
food-processing areas, for example,
often must tolerate airborne oils,
mists, dust, grime, steam, water,
effluents, and other contaminants
while also enduring frequent wash-
downs with high-pressure water
jets and harsh cleaning solvents.
NSF has defined standards
based on area conditions and on
the extent of direct contact with
food products. The NSF standard
that relates to food and beverage
lighting products, referred to as
NSF/ANSI Standard 2 (or just NSF
2), organizes plant environments
into three zonal categories: Non-
Food Zone, Splash Zone and Food
Integrated Food Service located in Gardena, Zone (Table 1).
CA utilizes NSF-certified, LED-based food and Each zone ref lects environ-
beverage lighting from Revolution Lighting ments ranging from areas such
Technologies in a preparation area. as food storage, where there is no
direct contact with food products
fixtures must perform under sanitary and and no high-pressure wash-downs; wet-pro-
sometimes hazardous conditions. The kind cessing areas that require high-pressure
of lighting products required and the com- wash-downs but where there is no direct
pliance standards that apply depend on the contact with food; and areas where the prod-
environment encountered within a partic- uct comes into direct contact with food.
ular area; food-processing facilities usually
NSF and food
Since lighting products do not come into
direct contact with food, only the NSF guide-
lines for Non-Food Zone and Splash Zone
FEBRUARY 2016 69
2/11/16 9:08 AM
 lighting | INDUSTRIAL

usually apply. LED lighting manufac- TABLE 1. NSF zonal definitions.

turers seeking NSF-2 certification for NSF/ANSI Standard 2 Zone description Lighting applications
their products must ensure that a prod-
uct’s physical design, the materials Exposure:
• No direct contact with food products
used, and the manufacturing processes Kitchens
• Cleaning solvents
employed all comply with NSF standards Non-Food Zone Food storage
Design considerations:
Dry process areas
according to the relevant zone. • Resistance to cleaning solvents (lens,
Damp process areas
Some locations, such as grain-pro- housing, etc.)
cessing plants, have areas with com- • Glass breakage
bustible dust or flammable gases that Exposure:
can create hazardous situations. In • No direct contact with food products Wet or damp process areas
• High-pressure wash-downs High-pressure purging or
these settings, food and beverage light- Splash Zone Design considerations: decontamination used
ing products would typically fall under • Durable and water-shedding Areas using hose
Class II, Division 1 or 2, Group G of the • Resistance to harsh cleaning solvents wash-downs
National Electric Code (NEC) for haz- • Glass breakage
ardous applications. Exposure:
The ceilings in various areas of Food Zone • Direct contact with food products N/A
food-processing plants also can pres- • Full sanitation required
ent unique challenges for lighting. In
addition to frequent wash-downs, these ceilings sometimes must affect the structural integrity of ceiling mounts. Lower ceilings also
support piping and other plant equipment, as well as the weight of require luminaires with wider beam angles for proper vertical-hor-
maintenance personnel, which can complicate luminaire placement izontal illumination.
and mounting. Moreover, cold-storage rooms and blast freezers fea-
ture low, thick ceilings, which function as thermal barriers but can Proper lighting for food processing
As with most lighting applications, the IESNA (Illuminating
Engineering Society North America) has created recommended illu-
mination levels for various food-processing tasks. For example, sug-
gested IESNA illumination for food inspection areas ranges from 30
to 1000 fc. Areas for color grading should be lit at 150 fc, while ware-
housing, staging, packing, and restrooms need 30 fc.
However, since food safety also relies on good lighting, the USDA
mandates sufficient lighting levels in Section 416.2(c) of its Food
Safety and Inspection Service Manual, which requires the follow-
ing: “Lighting of good quality and sufficient intensity to ensure that
sanitary conditions are maintained and that product is not adulter-
ated must be provided in areas where food is processed, handled,
TABLE 2. USDA minimal illumination requirements for
select meat and poultry processing areas.
Food processing Lighting area Illuminance (fc)
type
General 30
Freezers 30
Dry storage 30
Meat
Inspection 50
Quality-control inspection 50
Other 30
Traditional inspection 50
NELS/SIS/NTI inspection 200
Pre- and post-chill inspection 200
Poultry
Re-inspection 200
Quality-control inspection 200
Other 30

70 FEBRUARY 2016 LEDsmagazine.com

1602LEDS_70 70 2/11/16 9:08 AM

 lighting | INDUSTRIAL

stored, or examined; where equip- TABLE 3. Important food and beverage industry standards.
ment and utensils are cleaned; and
Compliance category Agency/organization Relevant standards/guidelines
in hand-washing areas, dressing
and locker rooms, and toilets.” UL/cUL & ETL 8750, 1598A, 1598C, 1993, 924, 844
Table 2 lists USDA illuminance NEMA SSL 4, EM 1
requirements for select food-pro- Safety
cessing areas. OSHA 29 CFR – Part 1926.26
Good color rendition is also vital NEC Class II, Division 1 or 2, Group G
for accurate inspection and color
NSF NSF/ANSI Standard 2
grading of food products, especially
meats. The USDA preferred CRI for OSHA 29 CFR – Part 1926.27
general food-processing areas is 70, Sanitation ANSI ANSI/IES-RP-7-1991 
but food-inspection areas require a
CRI of 85. FDA Food Code, U.S. Public Health Service, 2013
In addition, both the FDA and USDA USDA/NCDA & CS Facility Guidelines for Meat Processing Plants
USDA have established photo-
IEC IP65, IP66, IEC60598
metric specifications for vertical
illumination distributions. The Ingress Protection NEMA Type 1, 2, 3, 3R, 3S, 3X, 3RX, 3SX, 4, 4X, 5, 6, 6P
illumination of vertical surfaces
UL/cUL UL Wet Location & UL Damp Location
should measure 25% to 50% of the
horizontal illumination and be IESNA The Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition
free of shadows that might com- Photometrics USDA USDA/NCDA&CS Facility Guidelines for Meat Processing Plants
promise workplace safety in crit-
ical plant areas. FDA Food Code, U.S. Public Health Service, 2013

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 lighting | INDUSTRIAL

Table 3 summarizes some of the compliance
categories and the agencies or organizations
that administer them.
Recommendations on design and fixtures
In view of the many sanitary, safety, envi-
ronmental, and photometric requirements,
and other challenges that confront lighting
for the food industry, here are some of the
key design elements that lighting manufac-
turers should focus on:
• Use lightweight materials that are non-
toxic, inert, corrosion-resistant, and
fire-retardant, such as polycarbonate
plastic and certain metals
• Avoid glass, if possible
• Design smooth water-shedding exter-
nal surfaces free of crevices, holes, or
recesses that could harbor bacteria
• Avoid painted or coated surfaces that
could flake
• Use tough lens materials that can
endure multiple cleanings, won’t yellow,
and produce broad, even illumination
• Use efficient, long-lasting LEDs and elec-
tronics that can function well in elevated
temperatures as well as cold storage
• Employ NSF-compliant seals for IP65
or IP66 lighting fixtures that remain
watertight under high-pressure wash-
downs of up to 1500 psi (Splash Zone)
and prevent internal condensation
Since food and beverage plants can use
many of the same types of lighting fixtures
as other industrial facilities, stock indus-
trial LED lighting products that might also
make good candidates for NSF-certified
conversion would include:
• Fixtures with IP65 (IEC60598) or IP66
(IEC60529) ingress protection ratings
• Luminaires with UL Wet Location or UL
Damp Location ratings
• Vapor-tight products for hazardous loca-
tions (Class I, Division 2, Groups A, B, C
and D, for example)
• Cleanroom-rated fixtures (for instance,
ISO-14644, Classes 3 to 9, Federal Std.
209E, Class 1)
Advantages of LED-based food
and beverage lighting
When it comes to the food and beverage indus-
try, suitably designed LEDs have many advan-
tages over most legacy lighting technologies,
such as no glass or other breakable materi-
als that could contaminate food products, as
well as improved light output and efficiency
at the low temperatures of cold storage. Add
the benefits of low maintenance, longer life
(70,000 hours), no toxic mercury, higher effi-
cacies, wide-ranging dimmability and control,
instant-on performance, and a broad range of
operating temperatures; then one can begin to
appreciate the versatility of LEDs in one of the
most demanding industries.
The advent of cooler-running, high-ef-
ficacy SSL makes possible the sleek, light-
weight, sealed lighting fixtures and bright,
high-quality illumination needed for many
food-industry applications. With ultralong
life and low maintenance, LEDs can help
transform the food and beverage industry
into a clean, green machine.

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1602LEDS_74 74 2/11/16 9:08 AM

 developer forum | RESONANT POWER
Resonant control offers a better
way to power LED strings
DAVID DREYFUSS and DON WILLIAMS show how exploiting resonance can be a powerful way to provide
distributed passive control of power in individual elements within large arrays. The approach may
revolutionize how LEDs are driven and enable systems that have 10 times the reliability for half the cost.
E
ngineers know well that there can be
a critical relationship between power
and frequency in both mechanical
and electrical systems operating at or near
a resonance (Fig. 1). Sometimes resonance
is bad and can destroy a system when too
much energy goes into a single mode (as
in the Tacoma Narrows Bridge disaster).
But resonance can also be good and use-
ful. Resonance is commonly used to regu-
late frequency (e.g., mechanical and elec-
trical clocks) by maintaining just enough
power to keep a system oscillating at a res-
onant frequency. Less familiar, perhaps, is
the fact that resonance can be used to regu-
late power instead. And resonance turns out
to be particularly powerful for regulation of
power into variable size arrays of variable
loads. One example is applying the concept
to arrays of lighting elements such as LEDs
to realize cost and reliability benefits in sol-
id-state lighting (SSL) systems.
The LED application is particularly inter-
esting, both because of the increasing eco-
nomic significance of LEDs in lighting
applications, and because of the costs and
reliability issues that exist with conventional
DC drivers in common use. LEDs are inher-
ently low-voltage DC devices with a very
steep I-V curve at useful operating points.
While it is possible to use a constant voltage
source to drive an LED, as a practical matter
most designers adopt a constant-current DC
driver design as being much more satisfac-
tory. To enable operation at voltages closer
to typical power distribution levels (such as
DAVID DREYFUSS is scientific advisor and
DON WILLIAMS is a director at Intervention
Technology Pty, Ltd. (Victoria, NSW, Australia;
info@rsslighting.com).
LEDsmagazine.com
1602LEDS_75 75
Relative power
1
60-Hz line
frequency
0 gle LED or a short series string of LEDs.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency (kHz)
FIG. 1. The graph depicts normalized
power in a typical resonance with center
frequency at 30 kHz, and bandwidth of
20 kHz. Note that there is no overlap
with line frequency.
120/240 VAC), luminaires are often config-
ured with many LEDs in series strings. These
LEDs have to be closely matched since the
light output of each LED is proportional to
the common current flowing through the
series string. A failure of a single LED (e.g.,
short, junction failure, or wire bond failure)
may result in a failure of the entire string.
AC drive
Various people have recognized that one can
also drive LEDs directly from an AC power
supply. After all, LEDs are diodes, and diodes
are a critical component in any AC-DC power
conversion. Furthermore, pairs of LEDs can
be connected anode-to-cathode such that
one element of the pair conducts and emits
light for part of each half-cycle of an AC
voltage waveform. Such pairs of LEDs are
approximately pure resistive loads. But, in
most implementations (e.g., those of Seoul
Semiconductor and LynkLabs) such pairs, or
more complex network topologies, are still
effectively driven by a voltage or current
source that is difficult to control precisely.
These AC LEDs are typically designed
to run directly on line-frequency power
sources. Some embodiments use sufficient
LEDs in series to operate directly at line
voltages; others use transformers to adapt
the voltage to the forward voltage of a sin-
Most individual LEDs for general-purpose
lighting are phosphor-converted blue or
violet LEDs based on gallium nitride (GaN)
LED technology and have a useful operat-
ing voltage range of a few tenths of a volt in
the 3–3.5V range.
While AC LEDs are available commer-
cially, they have generally proven to have
their own disadvantages that have limited
their market penetration to date. They share
some characteristics with DC-driven LEDs:
the need for well-matched device parame-
ters within a series string and sensitivity to
single device failure, for example. They also
generally operate at an effective duty cycle
(net light emission averaged over one cycle
of the AC drive waveform) that can be much
Type A
FIG. 2. The circuit shows two reactive
string cells.
FEBRUARY 2016 75
2/11/16 9:08 AM
 developer forum | RESONANT POWER

less than 0.5, requiring a FIG. 3. A reactor circuit For example purposes, consider a tank
corresponding increase in might consist of 10 circuit including a string of 10 cells as illus-
device count for a given type-A cells. trated in Fig. 3. Assume that all LEDs are of
luminous output. Line Cres the same type, and that all capacitors have
frequency drive can also control. Reactive elements the same value C. Each cell has a total capac-
result in significant flicker. can define a resonant tank itance of 2C. The total capacitance of the
Lres
circuit where the domi- string is C/5. The resonant frequency of the
Distributed reactive nant dissipative mecha- tank is = √LC5 . The reactance of a cell is =2ωC
 1
.
elements nism is the resistive load As long as X»R, where R is the real resistance
Using resonance to control of the LEDs. Meanwhile, of the LED, then the string behaves as if it is
power in an array of LEDs near-lossless reactances purely reactive. This is equivalent to requir-
overcomes these short- Excitor can substitute for the ener- ing that the tank circuit be underdamped
comings of AC LED drives. gy-dissipating resistors with Q»1.
In its simplest form, reso- often used as current reg- Detailed analysis of a particular reso-
nance can be used to con- ulators in the simplest DC nant network can benefit from the use of
trol power in a single load. LED drive circuits. a circuit simulator, but back-of-the-en-
Verdi Semiconductor effec- velope estimates can also easily be made
tively uses resonance in Cells and arrays to roughly select component values. For
this way to make low-com- It is useful to think of a net- a given operating frequency, the relation-
ponent count, high-effi- work as being composed of ship between inductance and capacitance
ciency-current drivers suit- a set of cells, where each is determined. The capacitance should be
able for LED strings. cell has one or more light- selected so that the reactance is big enough
But an even more pow- ing elements, such as a pair to ensure a sufficiently high-Q resonance.
erful approach is to dis- of anode-to-cathode-con- The current through each cell is divided
tribute reactive elements nected LEDs, plus series between the LEDs and the parallel bypass
throughout an array. In this way, not only and parallel capacitance. Many variations capacitor and is limited by the series capac-
can overall power to a network of lighting in topology are possible, but one basic cell itor in much the same way as resistors can
elements be controlled, but within a larger design is illustrated in Fig. 2. Any number of be used to control current through LEDs
network, subnetworks can also be individ- such cells, and indeed cells of mixed topol- in a DC circuit. Simply use Ohm’s law with
ually regulated without any active compo- ogy, can be connected in series and/or in par- reactances instead of resistances to find
nents — meaning without any additional allel to form a resonant network comprised the desired value. Note that the bypass
semiconductor devices. Distributed reac- of reactive strings. More generally, we refer capacitor serves to store recirculating cur-
tive elements enable powerful new con- to a network of reactive strings as “Reactive rent locally when it is not flowing through
trol capabilities at high efficiency and low Strings of Solid-state Lights” (RSSL). an LED. There is, in effect, local resonant
cost. In general, the reactive ele-
FIG. 4. A complete
ments can be either capacitors or WWW
Local habitat controller
and cloud habitat RSSL network
inductors. At kilohertz to mega-
could include drivers,
hertz frequencies (or even giga-
Remote cabinet/fuse box various luminaires, and
hertz frequencies, if desired),
dimmer groups, plus
the appropriate components Habitat modem
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are very small and inexpensive,
local dimmers.
and can be implemented either LAN-Ethernet
Habitat remote controller
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as well. Ind. power bus and
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Adding series and parallel comms carrier
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a whole new approach to power Dim group #1 Dim group #n

76 FEBRUARY 2016 LEDsmagazine.com

1602LEDS_76 76 2/11/16 9:08 AM

 control of the current through each LED
in addition to resonant control of current
through the string as a whole.
Failure insensitivity
Other properties of reactive strings can be
inferred from similar back-of-the-envelope
analyses. For example, it should be appar-
ent that current regulation is largely unaf-
fected by both short-circuit and open-circuit
failures of individual LEDs. A short circuit
prevents current flow through the other
member of an LED pair, but other cells are
unaffected. An open circuit has the minor
effect of disconnecting the series capaci-
tor from the circuit during one half cycle.
The actual design tolerance for LED fail-
ures can be adjusted by designing for a par-
ticular “current utility ratio” — the fraction
of the total AC current flowing through the
LEDs. Typical practical designs can tolerate
up to about 50% LED failure while keeping
the remaining LED pairs regulated to within
less than 10% of the starting levels.
Dimming can be implemented in a vari-
ety of ways. Bulb-replacement products with
the driver built into the bulb can be dimmed
using legacy phase-control dimmers. For
new installations, a better approach to
dimming is to intentionally detune the res-
onance. The detuning can be achieved glob-
ally by changing the drive frequency away
from resonance. Individual strings within a
network driven from a single power supply
can be separately dimmed by using a vari-
able inductor such as a magnetic amplifier
to detune the local resonant frequency.
Multiple channels and line
frequency rejection
While it is certainly possible to operate an
entire RSSL system at a single frequency
with all the same capacitance values, it is
not necessary to do so. In fact, one can view
a 2-wire lighting bus as supporting a fre-
quency spectrum with very many available
channels. Since any one reactive string only
responds within a frequency band, multi-
ple separate bands can operate on the same
wiring as long as they operate with suffi-
cient space between bands. Each center fre-
quency can further be modulated and used
as a communications channel for data to
and from sensors and controls.
As long as line frequency is well separated
LEDsmagazine.com
1602LEDS_77 77
from any resonant frequencies used for reac-
tive strings, there is negligible response to
line frequency and no possibility of line-fre-
quency flicker even without explicit line-fre-
quency filtering. Therefore, no electrolytic
filter capacitors are required in the driver.
RSSL systems are inherently both elec-
tromagnetically quiet and tolerant of
noise spikes. Any energy outside of a nar-
row passband is quickly damped out. Cells
and strings of cells can be hot-plugged and
unplugged or switched with no effect on
the rest of the network. This property can
be exploited to share a single higher-power
driver among many luminaires. For exam-
ple, a residence or commercial space can use
a single driver located in a distribution panel
with a single 2-wire bus supplying power to
many luminaires, having LEDs and capac-
itors but no active semiconductor compo-
nents, which can be dimmed and switched
separately (see Fig. 4).
Touch-safe wiring
RSSL systems are also very human friendly.
Typical drive frequencies and voltages are
completely touch safe. Live powered systems
can be worked on with no danger to the sys-
tem or to the worker. This can be especially
convenient for service and factory rework.
Any electrical disturbance just tends to set a
resonant string into oscillation, like hitting
a piano string with a hammer. For example,
if you touch a grounded soldering iron to an
unpowered resonant string, it will visibly
flicker briefly.
The concept further offers insensitivity
to variable forward voltage (Vfrwd) in LEDs.
AC drive uses LEDs over their full I-V curve
up to some maximum current. As such, one
might expect turn-on to be an issue espe-
cially in the presence of a distribution of
Vfrwd values within a series string of cells,
and especially for longer strings. But con-
sider again the example string of Fig. 3. In
any cell where the instantaneous voltage is
less than Vfrwd, the LEDs do not conduct, the
series capacitor is turned off, and the reac-
1
tance is ωC . As soon as an LED starts to con-
1
duct, the reactance goes to 2ωC .
The voltage division in the string imme-
diately redistributes to increase the volt-
age across any cells that haven’t turned on
yet. This results in a cascade effect such
that once one cell turns on, the rest follow
FEBRUARY 2016 77
2/11/16 9:08 AM
 developer forum | RESONANT POWER
almost immediately, even if they have dif-
ferent Vfrwd values. This effect largely elimi-
nates the need for binning for forward volt-
age. Furthermore, one need not even use
a single type of LED in a particular reac-
tive string. One can freely mix and match
according to the needs of a particular appli-
cation. If different LEDs require different
currents, then a different series capacitor
is selected to match the LED. One can even
freely mix (In)GaN-type LEDs and Ga(Al)
(In)(P)As-type LEDs with their very differ-
ent I-V curves and different Vfrwd values.
Autobiasing to turn on
LEDs in reactive strings do not tend to stay
in their off-state. In fact, the current wave-
form through, and therefore the luminous
output from, an LED pair is near-sinusoi-
dal (Fig. 5). The LEDs want to turn on, and
the voltage waveform moves rapidly through
the region between 0V and ±Vfrwd. However,
even given that each LED provides light out-
put only over a half-sinusoid, it puts out an
average of about 1/3 of the light that the
same LED would put out if driven at a DC
current equal to the peak AC current.
The average light output may appear to
a casual observer as a serious disadvan-
tage of any AC-drive scheme for powering
LED lighting, especially given the perceived
high cost of LEDs in general and the high-
er-power devices typically used for light-
ing applications in particular. However, the
disadvantage is not real. First, the upper
limit on current rating for any device is typ-
FIG. 5. The upper trace is current
versus time waveform through a
series string of cells. The lower trace
is a current waveform through a pair
of LEDs within a cell. The luminous
waveform would be given by the
absolute value of the lower trace. Note
that there is a brief dark epoch at the
beginning of each half cycle.
ically based on an assumption of DC drive
at a particular ambient temperature and
with a particular specified cooling proto-
col including heat sink and possibly addi-
tional active cooling.
If average heat dissipation is the limit-
ing factor on drive current, then clearly the
specification should be on a maximum aver-
age current, and not on a maximum peak
current. Unfortunately, to date, no device
manufacturer or third party has published
any real test data on device failure or life-



 


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78 FEBRUARY 2016 LEDsmagazine.com

1602LEDS_78 78 2/11/16 9:08 AM

 time when driven at such higher peak currents using AC drives. (See
our feature on p. 55 for information on emerging test standards for
AC LEDs.)
One can take the conservative position, instead, of recommend-
ing a zero-to-peak current amplitude for AC drive equal to the
rated maximum (or recommended) DC drive current. Taking this
approach, one needs more LEDs to get the same luminous output
as for DC drive. But LEDs themselves, purchased in bulk as dice, are
actually cheap and getting rapidly cheaper! In many applications,
the raw cost of the LEDs themselves is no longer the dominant cost
component in a fully packaged product. Many DC luminaire manu-
facturers are already using a similar strategy to increase lifetime by
under-driving a larger population of LEDs. RSSL systems can be fur-
ther configured with modular low-cost replacement parts to mini-
mize maintenance costs when they finally arise.

RSSL reliability improves with array size

Using more LEDs would typically be considered a serious reliabil-
ity and lifetime issue for DC drive, especially given the sensitiv-
ity to single component (or connection) and driver failure. This
is another issue for which RSSL systems shine. A failure analysis
of RSSL systems shows that their overall reliability and lifetime
actually improves with array size due to the fact that regulation
of remaining components can remain acceptable even with 50%
component failure.
Still further, most high-power LEDs show significant luminous
output droop at the upper ends of their rated currents, resulting in
some loss in net electrical watts to radiant watts conversion effi-
ciency. An RSSL system can be cost-effectively designed to operate
such devices well below their rated maximums where the droop is
insignificant.
Additionally, cost savings and reliability gains can be achieved
in COB (chip-on-board) architectures including multijunction dice.
Rather than building a few large-area devices on one chip, one can
select a device area, power level, and cooling strategy for maximum
single-device efficiency, and then just put as many of these devices
as desired on one chip to achieve the desired performance specifi-
cations. Drive the array as one or more resonant strings, and you
have a product family that can be scaled arbitrarily to any desired
luminous output.
Using resonance to control power in reactive strings of LEDs is
a powerful new approach to driving LEDs for any array applica-
tion including lighting. This article has just touched the surface
of the characteristics and advantages of RSSL systems. Resonant
drive provides a rich and powerful array of innovative design tools
that can be further exploited to build sophisticated low-cost multi-
function lighting systems. In the future, we will explore additional
capabilities that can easily be built onto RSSL lighting platforms
including sensors and controls, hue control, Internet of Things
(IoT) functionality, system communications, reactive strings as
sensors, and free-space optical communications, for example.
RSSL technology is protected by issued and pending patents in
multiple countries. Contact the authors (info@rsslighting.com) for
partnering and licensing opportunities.

LEDsmagazine.com

1602LEDS_79 79 2/11/16 9:08 AM

 last word
Will IoT-enabled lighting controls
be the death of traditional light
switches?
LumiFi CEO BEATRICE WITZGALL asserts that lighting controls that recognize a
specific presence and set an appropriate “lightmosphere” will usurp the ubiquitous
wall switch.
W
ireless lighting controls are an
exciting area of debate, with an
estimated $8.2 billion market
opportunity by 2020. Providing all the ben-
efits of traditional wired controls at a frac-
tion of the price, wireless lighting controls
are easily installed and offer new automa-
tion capabilities.
But can lighting automation change our
ingrained behavior of using light switches
and possibly render them obsolete? We are
so accustomed to using light switches that
it is a reflex to look for them when entering
a room. Can we overcome this urge and let
technology simplify this for us?
Many argue that pulling out a smart-
phone, unlocking it, and opening an app to
turn lights on is too complicated in com-
parison to using a physical light switch.
While I agree that the manual use of an
app as nothing more than a remote light
switch is not very attractive, smart lighting
has a great value proposition. The power of
lighting controls is that they group lights
(average of 4–8 bulbs in a typical room) into
meaningful experiences. Instead of manu-
ally turning lights on and off one by one in
your house with a switch, it’s simpler and
quicker to control the group of lights with
just one button on an app. You can also cre-
ate meaningful “lightmospheres” — light-
ing scenes for specific atmospheres, emo-
tions, moods, and personal wellbeing.
Another use case I enjoy is that as a
woman, I hate to walk into dark spaces.
Lighting provides me with a sense of safety,
80 FEBRUARY 2016
1602LEDS_80 80
and smart lighting enables me to turn on
my lights from my elevator, avoiding the
struggle of finding my light switch when
walking into a dark room. You can also
argue that convenience is a driving factor
when I schedule all my lights to turn off at
a certain time or with one easy tap on my
smartphone when I’m in my warm bed.
While these functions are
currently available, I don’t
believe they will entirely substi-
tute for a light switch. The excit-
ing potential with smart light-
ing is that it has the ability to
anticipate and optimize your
lighting according to your needs
or activities at any given time.
The potential of smart lighting
includes incorporating intelligence to not
only recognize your presence and activity
but to also compose lighting in new, mean-
ingful ways.
The controls can be compared to
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: The basic
need is utilitarian lighting, while the more
advanced stages are energy savings, con-
venience, and creating an atmosphere that
fosters an emotional connection. The top
of the hierarchy triangle is occupied by bio-
logical, health-oriented lighting solutions
as lighting can affect hormones and circa-
dian rhythms, leading to better physical
performance, shortened hospital stays, or
even mitigated jetlag. This will make light-
ing more dynamic and enable new user
cases and interactions. I am almost certain
I would not use a light switch if my lighting
system could recognize when I came home
and turned on my lights to my preferred
lighting scenes: a bright, energetic mood
on a Monday evening or a dimmed mood
late on a Thursday to help me find my bed
after a long day.
LumiFi, a smart lighting controls com-
pany, has already filed patents
around these learning patterns
and created algorithms similar
to the Nest learning thermostat,
but for smart lighting and how
the technology can anticipate
users’ needs.
I believe that the light switch
will be rendered obsolete the
moment the ecosystem is devel-
oped enough to recognize presence and
lights, then adjust accordingly to the user’s
needs or activities. It sounds futuristic, but
many companies are already working on it.
Hotels have started to implement digital
check-in processes and utilize digital room
keys via Bluetooth-enabled smartphones.
Now it’s easy to connect these two Internet
of Things (IoT) technologies and have light-
ing turn on automatically when the door
gets unlocked. Using beacon technology to
recognize when someone walks into a room
is now also a simple integration, the same as
any other sensor technology.
The traditional light switch will get seri-
ous competition once presence detection is
further developed and meaningful lightmo-
spheres are enabled.
LEDsmagazine.com
2/11/16 9:08 AM
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