REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Production Process Scheduling Adjustments

The study of Bassett et al. (1997) approached the modeling scheduling by simulation.
With the Monte Carlo sampling, they were able to address the uncertainties in the product yield,
the demand of product, effectiveness of equipment’s, and the fluctuations in processing time.
Furthermore, Vin and Ierapetritou (2001) used a continuous-time MILP to consider the demand
of a product as the uncertainty for short-term scheduling for plants that are multipurpose batch
and multiproduct. This method analyzed the different scenarios for the demand of the product
and find the sequence where the operations would take the least time. On the other hand, Zhuge
and Ierapetritou (2015) focus on the dynamic behavior of the process which includes the
temporary characteristics for the batch process and the transitions that occur between products in
a continuous process. It is a study that integrated an approach that relates scheduling to process
control.

2.2 Disruptions and Uncertainties During Production Process

There are numerous studies that considered uncertainties in the industry. One of them is
the study of Kanamadela et al. (1994) which was one of the earliest works that is related to
uncertainties. It used reactive scheduling whenever there were units that cannot execute its task.
This model works through the utilization of the least impact heuristic beam search where a
decision tree was made by replacing the unit causing delays or by configuring the time of the
processing step that is causing the delays so that a heuristic can choose a new route for the
product with minimal impact to the schedule. On the other hand, Zhigang D. et. al. (2017)
utilized multi-dimensional stochastic uncertainty in energy supply and demand variances to
come up with a practical and efficient solution model to lessen the total damage. Another study
by Jianquan G. et al., (2018) considered the supply disruption risk attached through the
procurement uncertainties under different scenarios to ensure smooth operation. The
mathematical models drawn from disruptions and uncertainties are necessary for the adjustments
of the production process in choosing the optimal production flow and mitigating the risks
attached to it.
2.3 Optimization Methods
The study of Kasivisvanathan H., et al. (2012) proposed optimizing model for the
operational adjustments in the multi-functional energy systems which are under the conditions of
process inoperability. The study is furthered by Tan, R. et al. (2014) which utilized the P-graph
to solve MILP problems that are process network synthesis (PNS). These are usually
combinatorial problems.
In the integration of scheduling to full scale dynamic models, Flores-Tlacuahuac and
Grossmann (2006) proposed to use Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) in solving
Mixed Integer Dynamic Optimization (MIDO) problem since the solution that is obtained
provides the optimal sequence of production and the control moves needed to fully implement
the schedule. The study was furthered by Terrazas-Moreno et al. (2007) and Zhuge and
Ierapetritou (2012). As an alternative, Nystrom et al. (2005) and Nystrom et al. (2006) proposed
the decoupled modelling approaches which used Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) for
the main problem and Dynamic optimization for the control problem. The values obtained from
the main and control problem were iterated and verified using related case studies in which the
solution was found to be close to the global optimal value.

The study of Dias and Ierapetritou, (2016) reviewed the scheduling optimization methods
done in the past. In the study, the uncertainties and process control were analyzed on how the
past studies solve the optimization problems that can occur with the different methods such as
Schostatic scheduling, Fuzzy-programming scheduling, Reactive scheduling, and Robust
scheduling. Furthermore, the recent frameworks produced by the study can be used for recent
models to include the factor of uncertainty and disruption. Prada et al. (2019) made a Mixed
Integer Linear Program that optimizes the scheduling of systems with shared resources. The
literature of data used was for a Sugar factory which uses both continuous and batch processes.
Moreover, the study was able to synchronize the variables that they used and a model for the
demand of syrup and steam and the masscult discharge. However, the study could be more
optimized with the integration of the constraints of uncertainties and disruptions so that the
scheduling would be more realistic and more effective.
 The study of Prada et al. (2019) made a MILP model that optimizes the scheduling of
systems with shared resources. The literature of data used was for a Sugar factory which uses
both continuous and batch processes. In the case study, the benchmark problem was described
and analyzed. Since the sugar industry combines the use of semi-batch units and continuous the
systems also require discrete and continuous decision making. The “Highly-complex and
Networked Control Systems” (HYCON2). In the HYCON2 model, the process flowsheet for
sugar crystallization that consists of two buffer tanks and three vacuum pans. Also, the cycle of
stages for sugar crystallization was included. Moreover, the study was able to synchronize the
variables that they used and a model for the demand of syrup and steam and the masscult
discharge.
The study of Pattison et al. (2016) formulated a new methodology of optimal scheduling
which uses dynamic data from previous related studies to predict the solution of the closed-loop
system. The relevant variables were used for the scheduling formation in the new proposed
methodology. Moreover, the process constraints that are used for the scheduling problem are low
order models to reduce its complexity in projecting its optimal solution. In addition, Nie et al.
(2012) proposed the scheduling of batch processes which integrated dynamic optimization.
Applying the orthogonal collocation and the Big M approach, they integrated the mixed-logical
dynamic optimization problem into a mixed-integer nonlinear programming.

Additional references:

Kasivisvanathan, H., Barilea, I. D., Ng, D. K., & Tan, R. R. (2012). Optimal operational
adjustment in multi-functional energy systems in response to process inoperability. Applied
Energy,102, 492-500. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.07.052

Tan, R. R., Cayamanda, C. D., & Aviso, K. B. (2014). P-graph approach to optimal
operational adjustment in polygeneration plants under conditions of process
inoperability. Applied Energy,135, 402-406. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.089