o measure this shift, this study examines available evidence concerning:

1. Attitudes

2. The rise of nationalist parties

3. Nationalist policies

4. Nationalist violence and Hate crimes

3.1. Global Shifts in Attitudes

Nationalism is multi-dimensional, as it based on the distinction from others, the

border making, the identification with other members of the group and the ideas
associated with it and relative importance given to it over other forms of identity.
We seek to capture the global trends, also based on available data from surveys
that offer a global or sometimes at least a continental reach. Thus, this section
examines attitude shifts in the following areas (1) trust in other nationalities
(perceived out-groups); (2) pride in the Nation; (3) isolationism; (4) rank of
national identity over other identities; and (5) State vs. ethnic identity (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Low levels of trust of people of another nationality (World Values

Survey)4

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Nationalism is based on distinguishing between members of the own nation, the

in-group, and others, the out-group. One way to measure the strength of this
distinction is trust and whether members of one nation trust members of nations.
Data drawn from the World Value Survey between 2004 and 2014 suggest that
the levels of citizens who do not (very much or at all) trust people from other
nationalities vary greatly, from relatively low levels of distrust in multinational
immigrant societies as the United States, Australia and Argentina to high levels in
Thailand or Morocco. While cross-country comparisons are difficult, also based
on different levels of experience with nationals from other countries, the average
is indicative as it has not changed significantly during the two surveying cycles,
suggesting an overall stable level.

Pride in the own nation also offers insight in nationalism. While often described
as ‘patriotism’, pride indicates individual identification with a collectivity. The
World Value Survey asked citizens to indicate the level of pride that they take in
their nation. Again, the degree to which citizens are very proud around the world
would require a multi-causal approach, with citizens in developing countries
(Ghana, Columbia, Thailand) taking greater pride and at the other end of the
spectrum states that do not match up to the nation (Taiwan, Hong Kong, South
Korea). Yet, the shifts have been limited and the unweighted average of 25
countries around the world indicates a minimal change. Thus, as the previous
measure of trust, pride is not undergoing a global shift in the past decades
(Figure 4).

Figure 4. Citizens who are very proud of nationality (World Value Survey)