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GENERAL ENGLISH · GENERAL ISSUES · ADVANCED (C1-C2)

A WEIRD
LANGUAGE
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1 Warm-up

Think about your personal experience of learning English. Put the four areas below in order from
most difficult to least difficult. Explain why you chose this order and give examples.

grammar pronunciation spelling vocabulary

2 Key words

Before you read, match these words from the article to their definitions.

1. acquire a. a scientist who studies language

2. cherry-pick b. a unit of sound used in a language (vowel or consonant)

3. fiendishly c. extremely (used in a negative sense)

4. indigenous d. relating to the first nations or people who originally lived in an area

5. phoneme e. strange and unusual; hard to explain or unnatural

6. linguist f. to choose only the best examples to prove a point

7. weird g. to get or add to a collection of objects or abilities

3 Before you read

You are going to read an article describing two features of the English language that are very different
from many other languages. Which two features from the list below do you predict will be described?

a) tenses b) question formation c) phonemes d) spelling e) punctuation

Now skim the article and check your predictions.

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ADVANCED (C1-C2)
A WEIRD LANGUAGE
Linguists have found the weirdest languages – and English
is one of them
April 12, 2019 by Adam Schembri
1.
Is English "weird"? Many of us might feel this is true
when we’re trying to explain the complex spelling
rules of the language, or the meanings of idioms such
as "it’s raining cats and dogs".
2.
But what is a "weird" language anyway?
Computational linguists have used data in the
World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) to
explore which languages might be considered the
"weirdest", systematically comparing information for
239 languages from different parts of the world.
3.
Their aim was to find out which languages had the
largest number of features that differed most from
other languages. In this survey, English came in 33rd
position out of 239 languages. So it was definitely
"weirder" than over 80% of the other languages in the
survey.
4.
Critics have claimed the survey indulged in cherry-
picking only a few features of the world’s many
languages. Indeed, there are features of English that
are not "weird" compared to many other languages,
such as its basic subject-verb-object word order. But
let’s look here at two features of English that might
be unusual.
5.
English probably sounds a little "weird" to many
speakers of other languages. According to the WALS,
the average number of distinctive speech sounds in
the world’s languages is about 25-30 – known as
"phonemes". Pirahã, an indigenous language spoken
in the Amazon region of Brazil, has an unusually small
set of phonemes. It has eight consonants, and just
three vowels: /i/, /a/ and /o/. In contrast, Taa is a
language in southern Africa which has more than 100
phonemes, including many different types of click
sounds.
6.
English has more phonemes than many languages,
with around 44, depending on which variety of
English you speak. It has an unusually large set of
vowel sounds – there are around 11. According to
WALS, most spoken languages only have between
five to six vowel sounds. This is part of the
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reason that English spelling is fiendishly complicated,
because it has inherited five letters for vowels from
the Roman alphabet and speakers have to make them
work for more than twice that number of sounds.
7.
English has some comparatively unusual consonant
sounds as well. Two sounds, those represented by
the "th" in "bath" and "bathe" respectively, are found
in fewer than 10% of the languages surveyed in
WALS. In fact, these two sounds are generally among
the last sounds acquired by children, with some adult
varieties of English not using them at all.
8.
English grammar is also "weird". English uses varying
word orders to distinguish between questions and
statements – meaning that the subject of the
sentence precedes the verb in statements. Take the
phrase "life is a box of chocolates" for example. Here,
the order is subject ("life") followed by the verb ("is").
In the question, "is life a box of chocolates?", the order
of these elements is reversed. In a WALS survey
of 955 languages, fewer than 2% used English-like
differences in sentence structure for questions. Over
50% of the languages added a question particle to
differentiate a question from a statement.
9.
In Japanese, for example, you add the question
particle "ka" to a statement to turn it into a question.
The second most common strategy in WALS was to
change the intonation pattern, such as changing a
falling intonation pattern (for a statement) to a rising
one (for a question).
10.
That said, it is impossible to conclusively make the
argument that English is, or isn’t, "weird" because
all the data needed to make this judgement is not
available. As several thousand languages have not yet
been included in WALS, this means WALS can only be
used to compare English with a small proportion of
the estimated 7000 languages in the world today. So
more language documentation is ultimately needed
to give a better understanding of the world’s amazing
linguistic diversity.
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ADVANCED (C1-C2)

A WEIRD LANGUAGE

4 Scan the article

These numbers are important in this article. Scan the article to find them and read carefully about
what each number means, making a note of the significance using your own words.

Student A Student B

2% 5

11 25-30

33rd 44

50% 80%

239 7000

5 Language focus

Read these sentences from the article. They make sense as they stand, but a word could also be added
to communicate more information. What sort of word could be used to fill the gaps?

1. Linguists aim to be objective.

2. Linguists were comparing 239 languages from the website.
3. English is "weirder" than most other languages in the survey.
4. English sounds a little "weird" to many speakers of other languages.
5. One indigenous language has an small set of phonemes, while English has an
large set of vowel sounds.
6. English spelling is complicated.
7. English has some unusual consonant sounds.
8. The sounds in "bath" and "bathe" are found in fewer than 10% of the world’s
languages.
9. It is impossible to argue that English is "weird" because some data is not available.
10. More language documentation is needed to better understand the world’s many
languages.

Now complete the gaps in the above sentences with the correct words from below.

comparatively conclusively definitely fiendishly generally

probably respectively systematically ultimately unusually

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ADVANCED (C1-C2)

A WEIRD LANGUAGE

6 Talking point

Discuss any of the questions below.

1. How many vowel letters are in your first language? How many vowel sounds/phonemes does
your first language have? How does this compare with English – does your language have fewer
or more vowel phonemes? Which sounds are the same and which are different?
2. Do you have the "th" phonemes (/ð/ and /θ/ ) mentioned in the article in your language? Can you
say these sounds in English? What must you do with your tongue and teeth to produce these
sounds?
3. The article mentions three strategies for making questions:
• word order changes
• addition of a question or particle
• intonation changes

How do you make questions in your language? Do you speak/study any other languages that use
any of these strategies?
4. How easy or difficult would it be for an English speaker to learn your language? Put these areas
in order from most difficult to least difficult. Explain why you chose this order and give examples.
grammar pronunciation spelling vocabulary

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TEACHER MATERIALS · ADVANCED (C1-C2)

A WEIRD LANGUAGE

Key

1. Warm-up

For pairwork, compare ideas with a classmate who speaks a different first language, if possible.

2. Key words

1. g 2. f 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. e

3. Before you read

Skimming is reading a text quickly to get a general idea of the content and how it is organised.

4. Scan the article

Scanning is reading a text quickly to find specific information, e.g. a number. For 1-1 lessons, the student
completes both columns. For pairwork, each student completes one column only and shares information with
a classmate.
The significance of numbers in the article:
2% – only a minority of languages change sentence structure to produce questions, as English does
5 – the number of vowel letters in English
11 – the number of vowel sounds in English, which is higher than usual
25-30 – the average number of speech sounds in world languages
33rd – the position (out of 239) English has for being different from other languages in the study
44 – the number of speech sounds in English
50% – languages which add a question particle to a sentence to make a question
80% – English is weirder than 80% of languages in the study
239 – the number of languages that are recorded on the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) website,
which are being compared to English in this story
7000 – the estimated number of languages in the world today

5. Language focus

An adverb can be added to each sentence to communicate extra meaning.

Extension task (stretch and challenge): ask the students which of the collocating words (in bold) are verbs and
which are adjectives? Why is "respectively" different?
1,2,4,9 and 10 are verbs. 3,5,6 and 7 are adjectives. ‘respectively’ (8) is an adverb indicating order, i.e. "for each
separately and in turn, and in the order mentioned."
1. generally 2. systematically 3. definitely 4. probably
5. unusually 6. fiendishly 7. comparatively 8. respectively
9. conclusively 10. ultimately

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