გ.მაძღარაშვილი - მეფუტკრეობა

გ.
მაძღარაშვილი
მეფუტკრეობა
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გამოცემულია გაეროს განვითარების პროგრამის (UNDP) მიერ
შვეიცარის განვიარებისა და თანამშრომლობის სააგენტოს და გაეროს
განვითარების პროგრამის ფინანსური ხელშწყობით
თბილისი 2013
s a r C e v i
Tavi I _ futkris biologia

1) futkris ojaxi da misi calkeuli individebi- - - - - - - - - - - -
2) futkris anatomia da fiziologia- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
sakontrolo kiTxvebi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
Tavi II _ futkris movla wlis sxvadasxva dros- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1) ojaxis ganviTarebis dinamika da movla wlis I naxevarSi- - - - -
2) futkris movlis samuSaoebi zafxulsa da Semodgomaze- - - - - -
3) zamTrobisaTvis mzadeba da misi mimdinareobis Sefaseba- - - - -
sakontrolo kiTxvebi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tavi III _ futkris gamravleba da sanaSene produqciis warmoeba- - - - - - -
1) futkris gamravleba bunebriv pirobebSi da xelovnurad- - - - -
2) deda futkris gamozrda da misi sanaSene Tvisebebis Sefaseba-
3) futkris masobrivi da individualuri seleqcia- - - - - - - - - -
sakontrolo kiTxvebi
Tavi IV _ futkris kveba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1) futkris kveba bunebriv pirobebSi da sakvebi saSualebani- - - -
2) damatebiTi kvebis periodebi da sakvebi danamatebi- - - - - - - -
sakontrolo kiTxvebi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tavi V _ futkris produqtebis warmoeba da pirveladi damuSaveba- - - - -
1) Taflisa da cvilis warmoeba da pirveladi damuSaveba- - - - - -
2) futkris produqtebis dindgelis, yvavilis mtvris, futkris
rZisa da Sxamis warmoeba da pirveladi damuSaveba - - - - - - - - -
sakontrolo kiTxvebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tavi VI _ futkris daavadebebi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1) infeqciuri daavadebebi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2) invaziuri daavadebebi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3) futkris aragadamdebi daavadebebi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
sakontrolo kiTxvebi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tavi VII_ futkris sakvebi baza da mTabaroba- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1) saqarTvelos ZiriTadi Taflovani flora da misi
gaumjobesebis xerxebi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2) futkris mTabaroba da samTabaro marSutebi- - - - - - - - - - - -
Tavi VIII_ entomofiluri mcenareebis futkrismieri damtverva- - - - - - - -
1) mcenareTa jvaredini damtverva da moTxovnebi sadamtvervo
safutkris mimarT- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2) sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenareTa damtvervis Taviseburebani da
efeqtianoba- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tavi IX_ safutkre meurneobis mowyoba, specializacia da ekonomika- - - -
1) safutkris mowyobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi,
specializacia, kadrebis momzadeba da diferencireba- - - - - - - -
2) Sromis organizacia, saqmianobis ekonomikuri analizi,
dagegmva da warmoebis gafarToebis saSualebani- - - - - - - - - - -
Tavi X _ Sromis usafrTxoeba, futkrisa da garemos dacva- - - - - - - - - -
1) usafrTxoeba futkarTan muSaobisas, produqtebis warmoebisa
da damuSavebis procesSi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2) Sxamqimikatebisa da garemos arasasurveli faqtorebisagan
futkris dacva- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tavi XI _ intensiuri teqnologiebi- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1) futkris movlisa da sanaSene produqciis warmoebis
intensiuri teqnologia- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2) intensiuri teqnologiebi futkris produqtebis warmoebisa
da damuSavebisaTvis- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
sakontrolo kiTxvebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
bugri- mcenaris foTlebze mobinadre
terminologiuri mwerebis gundi, ikvebeba maspinZeli
mcenaris wvenebiT, eqskrementis saxiT
ganmartebebi gamoyofs fekals, rasac futkari
sakvebad agrovebs
bunebrivi nayari – futkris ojaxidan
a bunebrivad gamoyofili gundis
adsorbcia – myari an Txevadi nawili deda futkarTan erTad,
nivTierebis zedapiruli Sris mier romelic qmnis damoukidebel ojaxs
meore Txevadi an gazisebri
nivTierebis STanTqma. d
akarapidozi – futkris invaziuri dageSva futkris _ futkris waqezeba
daavadeba, gamomwvevia tkipi Acarapis mefutkris mxriv romelime mcenaris
woodi rennie, binadrobs futkris dasamtverad, Saqris sirofisa da sxva
sasunTq sistemaSi (traqea da sxva). nivTierebis narevis gamoyenebiT.
akariciduli preparati – qimiuri dadanis (dadan-blatis) ska _
nivTiereba tkipovani daavadebebis amerikeli mefutkris Carlz dadanis
winaaRmdeg. mier Seqmnili skis konstruqcia.
akarozuli daavadeba _ cxovelTa damtverva _ momwifebuli yvavilis
samyaroSi mas iwvevs kanqveSa mtvris moxvedra amave an sxva
paraziti tkipebi. mcenaris butkoze (dingze) ganayofie-
atrofia _ cxovelis an adamianis rebis mizniT.
organos an qsovilTa ganleva, rasac damxmare nayari _ futkris ojaxis
mosdevs funqciebis darRveva an nawili, Casaxlebuli skis izolire-
Sewyveta. bul sivrceSi, romelsac droebiT
aRmdgeneli Saqrebi _ monosa- sxva deda futkars an sadede ujreds
qaridebi, martivi Saqrebi saerTo aZleven, mogvianebiT ojaxis ZiriTad
formuliT CnH2nOn(n-3-7), maTi nawilTan aerTianeben.
warmomadgenlebia: glukoza, fruq- daoblebuli ojaxi _ romelsac deda
toza, manoza, galaqtoza da sxva. futkari daekarga, an waerTva.
aRmzrdeli ojaxi futkrisa, sadac
dedeuli ojaxi _ saidanac xdeba
xdeba sadede bartyis embrionuli
sadede bartyis aReba gamravlebis
ganviTareba (kvercxobidan Wuprobis
mizniT.
dasrulebamde)
dezi – samarjvi, xelovnuri fiWis
b furcelSi CarCoSi gaWimuli
biznes gegma – iTvaliswinebs mavTulis Casanergad.
konkretuli RonisZiebebis ganxor- dezinfeqcia_ daavadebebis aRmZvreli
cielebisaTvis saWiro materialur, mikroorganizmebis mospobis meTodi.
finansur danaxarjebs da organi- deqstrinebi _ polisaqaridebis
zaciul saqmianobas fermentuli hidrolizis Sualeduri
bartyi futkris _ sxvadasxva jgufis produqtebi.
individebi embrionuli ganviTarebis diagnostika- daavadebis gamorkvevis
stadiaSi (kvercxis gamoCekvidan procesi da misi aRniSvna
Wuprobis dasrulebamde). gavrcelebuli samedicino
bipini – samkurnalo preparati terminologiiT.
futkris tkipovani daavadebebis dindgeli _ futkris wibo, romelic
(kerZod, varoatozis) winaaRmdeg, fisebis saxiT grovdeba mcenaris
aqtiuri sawyisi – fluvalinati. vegetatiuri nawilebidan da skaSi
mravalmxrivi daniSnulebiT inbridingi _ naTesauri moSeneba
gamoiyeneba. mcenaris da cxovelis samyaroSi.
individualuri gadarCeva _ gadarCeva
e futkris ojaxis STamomavlobis
eleqtroimpulsatori_ xelsawyo, xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT.
romelic futkris Sxamis inversia Saqris _ cikluri moleku-
Semgrovebel aparats eleqtrodens
lis konformaciis Secvla, romelsac
awvdis impulsebis saxiT (wyvetilad). Tan sdevs polarizebuli sxivis
embrioni _ adamianis an cxovelis brunvis Secvla (inversia).
organizmi ganviTarebis adreul invertaza – mcenareuli an cxove-
fazaze (mcenareTa samyaroSi _ luri warmoSobis glikolizuri
Canasaxi). fermenti, axdens Saqris (saqaroza)
entromofauna _ mwerTa samyaros na- hidrolizs (inversia).
wili, romelic mcenaris generaciuli inkubator-ojaxi _ masSi xdeba
organoebis produqtebiT ikvebeba. zrdasruli (gadabeWdili) sadede
entromofiluri _ mwerebiT bartyis ganviTarebis dasruleba
jvaredinmtveria (mcenare). (gamoCekvis CaTvliT).
eqstraqti _ gamonawvlili, gam- inseqticidi _ qimiuri preparati
oyofili. arasasurveli (mavne) mwerebis mo-
eqstraqcia _ Txevadi da myari saspobad.
nivTierebebis dayofa SerCeuli
gamxsne-lebis gamoyenebiT. Kk
kandi (yandi) _ Saqris fqvilisa da
Semwebavi masalis (Tafli, in-
v versiuli Saqari) mozeliT miRebuli
varoatozi _ futkris tkipovani daa- magari comi (futkris sakvebad).
vadeba (gamomwvevi Varoa Jacobsoni). kanibalizmi _ monaTesave individebis
varokomi _ varoatozis samkurnalo SeWmisadmi midrekileba (mefutkreo-
preparati (aqtiuri sawyisi fluvali- baSi bartyisa zdasruli futkris
nati). mier).
varostopi _ varoatozis samkurnalo katalaza _ fermenti hidroper-
preparati muyaos firfitebis saxiT. oqsidazebis jgufidan, futkris ukana
T nawlavSi aregulirebs wyalbadis
TaflerTeuli _ misi sazomia 1 kg zeJangis ori molekulidan wylisa
Tafli, gamoiyeneba sxva produqtebis da Jangbadis warmoqmnas.
erT maCvenebelze dasayvanad, koefi- kaseti _ mowyobilobis nawili, ro-
cientebis meSveobiT. melzec grovdeba futkris Sxami.
Tergiti _ futkris muclis zeda qi- klimaturi karada _ danadgari, ro-
tinovani safarvlis nawili. melSic qmnian saWiro temperaturasa
TviTdamtverva _ momwifebuli da tenianobas.
yvavilis mtvriT imave mcenaris kondicireba _ Sedgenilobis miyvana
butkos ganayofiereba. optimalur maCveneblamde (mag. Taf-
lis tenianobisa).
i kubitaluri indeqsi _ kubitaluri
imitacia _ wabaZva, mimsgavseba, nayal- ujredis (wina frTaze) siganisa da
bevi. sigrZis Sefardeba procentulad (100-
inaqtivacia _ aqtiurobis mospoba ze gamravlebiT).
romelime faqtoris gamoyenebiT.
kupaJireba _ sxvadasxva komponentis mewleuroba _ mcenaris mier produ-
gamoyenebiT sasurveli Tvisebebis qciis warmoeba xangamoSvebiT (mag.
mqone produqtis miReba. Yyovel or weliwadSi erTxel).
mzveravi futkari _ muSa futkris
jgufi, romelic moiZiebs garemoSi
l sakvebis wyaros da atyobinebs
laqtoza_ rZis Saqari, D–galaqto futkris gunds amis Sesaxeb sagange-
zisa daDD–glukozis naSTebisgan bo rxeviTi moZraobiT (e.w. cekva).
warmoqmnili. mzis cvilsadnobi _ mowyobiloba
lizocimi _ hidrolazebis jgufis sacvile nedleulis dasamuSaveblad
fermenti araspecifikuri antibaqte- mzis energiis gamoyenebiT
riuli barieris funqciiT, romelic mTabaroba futkris – futkris miyvana
arRvevs baqteriuli ujredis kedels moyvavile mcenareTa axal-axal ma-
da iwvevs am ukanasknelis sivebze neqtris Sesagroveblad.
citoplazmis gaxsnas. miceliumi _ sokos vegetatiuri
liofilizacia _ biologiuri sxeuli, romelic Sedgeba ganSto-
obieqtebis dabaltemperaturuli ebuli Zafebisgan.
(gayinvamde) Sroba vakuumSi. mJavuri katalizi _ nivTierebis da-
m muSaveba Tvisebebis Sesacvlelad
mJavis, rogorc katalizatoris
mastimulirebeli kveba _ kveba
futkris ojaxis ganviTarebis da- monawileobiT.
molaquce garbena _ mzveravi
saCqareblad an raime sxva samuSaos
Sesasruleblad (mag. Ddamtvervisa). futkris sagangebo rxeviTi moZraoba
maTrobela Tafli - miiReba sakvebis axali wyaros adgil-
zogierTi mcenaridan (mag. rododen- samyofelisa da daSorebis Sesaxeb.
dronebi) toqsikuri neqtris Segrove- monofloruli Tafli _ erTi
mcenarisgan miRebuli Tafli.
biT.
mameuli ojaxi _ sanaSene saqmeSi mtverdamWeri _ mowyobiloba futkris
gamoiyeneba sasurveli warmoSobis meSveobiT yvavilis mtvris Ses-
mamali futkris misaRebad. agroveblad.
manana Tafli - miiReba futkris mier mumificireba _ cocxalis organizmis
mcenareebze mobinadre bugris mier gvamis an misi nawilis gaSroba
gamoyofili eqskrementebis Segrove- (mefutkreobaSi dindgelis feniT
biT. dafarva)
manana toqsikozi _ manana TafliT mcocavi grafiki _ RonisZiebebis an
saqmianobis Sesasruleblad ganrigi
gamowveuli futkris mowamvla.
erTi obieqtidan meoreze Tanmim-
maceracia _ cxovelur da mcena- devruli gadanacvlebiT.
reul qsovilebSi ujredTa ur- n
TierTgancalkeveba ujredSorisi
nayrianoba _ nayris warmoqmnisadmi
nivTierebis gaxsnis Sedegad.
futkris ojaxis midrekileba.
memkvidreobis koeficient- iyeneben nayroba _ nayris warmoqmnis (gaSveba)
cxovelis (futkris) niSan-Tvisebebis procesi.
memkvidrulobis daxasiaTebisaTvis naxSirwylebi _ Saqrovan
populaciur_genetikuri parametris nivTierebaTa farTo jgufi, romelic
2
(h ) gaangariSebiT. cocxali organizmebisaTvis ener-
getikuli sakvebia.
neqtari _ mcenaris mier gamoyofili refraqtometri _ xelsawyo
Saqrovani wveni mwerebisa da frin- nivTierebis gardatexis maCveneblis
velis misazidad. an koncentraciis dasadgenad.
niSandebuli deda _ moniSnulia refreqcia _ nivTierebaSi gamavali
mkerdis zeda nawilze saRebaviT an sinaTlis sxivis mimarTulebis
nomriT. Secvla.
nozematozi _ daavadeba, romelsac reqtaluri jirkvali _ futkris
iwvevs erTujrediani paraziti Nosema ukana (msxvili) nawlavis jirkvali
apis. (ferment katalazas producenti).
nukleusi _ futkris mcire zomis rutis Zabri _ brtyeli, Zirisken
gundi, romelSic deda futkars konusuri Zabri sanayre yuTSi
ganayofierebis Semdeg kvercxdebis futkris Casayrelad.
unarze amowmeben.
o s
optikuri aqtivoba _ nivTierebis
saamanaTnayre yuTi – futkris nayris
unari, Secvalos masSi gamavali
(fiWiani an ufiWo) gadasagzavni yuTi.
polarizebuli sxivis mimarTuleba.
sabolebeli _ mowyobiloba kvamliT
futkris dasawynareblad.
sagoravi _ samarjvi CarCos zeda Ta-
p masaze xelovnuri fiWis misakravad.
peritrofuli membrana _ Sua sadede jami _ mzaddeba cvilisgan an
nawlavis kedelTan mimdebare sinTezuri masalisgan deda futkris
warmonaqmni sakvebismieri dazianebis- xelovnurad gamozrdis an futkris
gan dasacavad. rZis sawarmoeblad.
pesticidi _ nivTierebaTa farTo sakontrolo ska _ sasworze dadgmu-
jgufi arasasurveli faqtorebisgan li futkris ojaxi neqtris motanis
(mavne mwerebi, sarevelebi da sxva) intensivobis dasadgenad.
mcenarisa da cxovelis dasacavad. sakveburi _ mowyobiloba
polifloruli mtveri (Tafli) _ futkrisaTvis damatebiTi sakvebis
sxvadasxva mcenareTagan miRebuli misacemad.
(narevi) produqti. sazamTre maragi _ uRalo periodSi
proteinovani danamatebi _ maRalpro- (Semodgoma-zamTri) futkris saarsebo
teiniani produqtebi sakvebi prote- sakvebi.
inis deficitis Sesavsebad sakuWnao _ skis zeda (damatebiTi)
r korpusi Taflis produqciis da-
radialuri cibruti _ Taflis sagroveblad.
sawuri, romelSic fiWa ideba samTabaro bade _ wvrilbadiani CarCo
cibrutis gareTa kedlis perpen- transportirebis dros futkris
dikularulad (radialurad). izolaciisaTvis
regenacia _ aRdgena. sanaSene safutkre _ sanaSene produ-
rezistentoba – mdgradoba. qciis (deda futkari, nayari) sawar-
rentabeloba _ RonisZiebis an moeblad.
wamowyebis momgebianoba. sarwyulebeli _ mowyobiloba
resiveri _ Sualeduri WurWeli sasmeli wyliT futkris uzrun-
teqnologiur procesSi produqtis an velsayofad
masalis dasagroveblad. safari tilo _ futkris zeda nawi-
lis safarveli (baliSis qvemoT).
safreni skis _ Wrili skis kedelSi suspenzia _ dispersiuli sitema
(Ziris siaxloves an zemoT) futkris myari sxeulis nawilakebis (faza)
samoZraod. SetivnarebiT Txevad sadispersio
sasaqonlo produqcia – sarealiza- areSi.
ciod (gasayidad) warmoebuli produ-
qcia.
t
traqea _ futkris sxeulSi arsebuli
sacvile nedleuli _ daZvelebuli
fiWa, misi anaTali, CamonaSeni da sasunTqi gza
sxva, saidanac cvils gamoadnoben. treiningi _ varjiSi
sacvile wnexi _ CaxarSuli, gacxe- u
lebuli nedleulidan cvilis gamo- umwifari Tafli _ zedmeti
sawuri danadgari. (arasrulad aorTqlebuli) wylis
segmentacia _ futkris sxeulis gare Semcveli Tafli.
zedapiris dayofa gameorebad na- ufiWo nayari _ Sedgeba xis yuTSi
wilebad (segmentebad anu meta- Casmuli deda da muSa futkrebisgan,
merebad). transportirebis dros eZleva qiliT
sekrecia _ jirkvlovani qsovilis (sakveburi) sqeli sirofi.
mier sekretis anu wvenebis gamomu-
Saveba da gamoyofa. f
seleqcia _ amorCeva, sanaSene saqmi- feromoni _ hormonuli nivTiereba,
anobaSi Seicavs agreTve individTa romelsac futkari gamoimuSavebs
SerCevas (Sewyvileba) sasurveli egzokrinuli jirkvlebidan da iwvevs
STamomavlobis misaRebad. specifikur qceviT da fiziologiur
seleqcioneri _ pirovneba, romelic pasuxebs.
eweva sanaSene saqmianobas. fluorescencia _ naTeba.
sidample _ futkris bartyis in- fumiganti _ Sxamiani orTqli an ga-
feqciuri sneulebebi. zi, romelic gamoiyeneba mavne or-
sperma _ nivTiereba, romelsac gamoi- ganizmebis mosaspobad Sefrqvevis an
muSavebs mamali cxoveli am mweris Sebolebis gziT.
organizmi dedlis gasa- fungicindi _ pesticidebis jgufi,
nayofiereblad. romelsac iyeneben mavne organizmebis
spermaTeka _ spermis Sesanaxi saTavsi mTliani an nawilobrivi mosaspobad.
(buSti).
siblante _ siTxis Siga xaxunis Zala q
anu denadi nawilebis winaaRmdegobis
qorduli cibruti _ Taflis sawuri
Tviseba meore nawilis gadaadgilebis
danadgari, romelSic Tafliani fi-
mimarT.
Webi ewyoba qordulad, erTi zeda-
sterniti _ futkris muclis qi-
piriT gareTa kedlisaken miqceviT.
tinovani safarvlis qveda nawili.
qronometraJi _ sawarmoo procesis
sterilizacia _ nivTierebis, sagnis,
an sxva RonisZiebis Sesrulebaze
sasursaTo produqciis sruli gaTa-
daxarjuli drois aRricxva.
visufleba cocxali mikroorganiz-
mebisgan. S
subtoqsikuri doza _ toqsikuri Sabloni _ xisgan an sxva masalisgan
nivTierebis raodenoba, romelic damzadebuli Cxiri sadede jamebis
sakmarisi ar aris mowamvlis klin- gasakeTeblad.
ikuri niSnebis aSkarad gamoxatvi- Saqris minimumi _ Saqris aucilebeli
saTvis. raodenoba maRalcilovan produqtSi
(mag. yvavilis mtveri) rZismJava xazi _ erTi, gamorCeuli individis
duRilis ganviTarebisaTvis. (mefutkreobaSi deda futkris)
Seuxamebeli jiSebi _ romlebic ur- STamomavloba.
TierTSejvarebisas iZlevian xalasjiSiani moSeneba _ SigajiSuri
dabalproduqtiul (mSoblebTan gamravlebis xerxi (sxva jiSis war-
SedarebiT), susti rezistentobis momadgenlebTan Sewyvilebis gareSe ).
mqone STamomavlebs. xaxis jirkvali mdebareobs futkris
Sexamebuli jiSebi – maTgan miRebuli TavSi da uzrunvelyofs: a) neqtris
STamomavloba aRemateba mSoblebs gadamuSavebas; b) rZis Semadgeneli
produqtiulobiTa da cxo- komponentis sekrecias.
velmyofelobiT. xelovnuri daTesvla _ meTodi
cxovelis (m.S futkris) gasamrav-
C leblad, individTa kontrolirebadi
CarCo-izolatori _ nakeToba erT fi- SewyvilebisaTvis.
Waze deda futkris kvercxdebis uz- xelovnuri fiWa _ cvilis an sxva ma-
runvelyofisaTvis erTi asakis salisagan damzadebuli furceli
sadede bartyis misaRebad. ujredTa Zirebis amotvifrviT,
CrCili cvilis - ikvebeba aSenebuli SemdgomSi futkris mier aSenebiT.
fiWiTa da WeoTi.
j
c jvaredini damtverva _ saxeobis Sig-
cvilsadnobi _ mowyobiloba sacvile niT erTi jiSis mcenaris yvavilis
nedleulis gadasamuSaveblad. mtvris gadatana meore jiSis mcenar-
citoplazma _ ujredis protoplaz- is butkoze.
mis arabirTvuli nawili, romelic
SemosazRvrulia ujredis garsiT. h
cuxi _ sacvile nedleulis gadad- herbicidi _ qimiuri nivTiereba
nobis narCeni. arasasurveli (mavne, Sxamiani da sxv.)
cximovani sxeuli _ mwerebis muclis mcenareebis mosaspobad
zeda SigniTa mxares dagrovili cxi- homogenizatori _ danadgari nivTi
movani fena (samarago nivTierebebis erebis erTgvarovani an wvril dis-
wyaro). persiuli narevebis an maRaldis-
persiuli emulsiebis misaRebad
Z
ZiZa futkari _ muSa futkris jgufi,
romelic kvebavs da uvlis bartys.
w
wolela ska _ dadan_blatis kon-
struqciis ska, romelSic futkris
ojaxi viTardeba horizontalurad,
budis CarCoebis damatebiT.
W
Weo _ futkris budeSi (fiWebSi) da-
konservebuli yvavilis mtveri.
Wuproba _ futkris embrionuli
ganviTarebis bolo safexuri, sai-
danac zrdasruli futkari iCekeba
Tavi I.
x
Ffutkris biologia
F1) futkris ojaxi da misi calkeuli
individebi
Aam qveTavSi mocemulia futkris

ojaxis calkeuli individis
daxasiaTeba, maTi funqciebi da
roli ojaxis arsebobis
SenarCunebaSi, misi mdgomareobis
Sefasebis xerxebi garegnuli
(zerele) daTvalierebiT da budis
Ddeda futkari skaSi is arsebaa,
SemowmebiT: siZlieris, jiSis,
romlis mier dadebuli ga-
movla-Senaxvis mdgomareobis,
nayofierebuli kvercxebidan meore
sakvebis maragis, sijansaRisa da
deda futkari, an muSa futkrebi gam-
sxva Pparametrebis dasadgenad
oiCekebian. Tu deda futkari
meTafle futkari im mwerebs gaunayofierebel kvercxs debs, aqedan
miekuTvneba, romelTa cxovrebaSi mxolod mamali futkrebi Cndebian.
sazogadoebrivi urTierToba arse- ganayofierebul kvercxSi dip-
bobs: mis calkeul individs (deda loiduri raodenoba aris qromosome-
futkari, muSa da mamali futkrebi) bisa, romelTagan naxevari deda
erTimeorisgan damoukideblad arse- futkris mier gadaecema STamomav-
boba ar SeuZliaT, maTi funqciebi lobas, meore naxevari -mamlebisagan,
skaSi mkveTrad diferencirebulia. gaunayofierebel kver-cxSi warmodge-
evoluciis procesSi am erToblio- nilia qromosomebis haploiduri
bas gauCnda instinqti, Seeqmna (naxevari) ricxvi da is mxolod
sakuTari saarsebo sakvebis maragi, dedisgan gadaecema, e.i. mamali
romlis wyalobiT futkris ojaxs futkrebi mxolod dedis niSan-
SeuZlia arsebobis SenarCuneba wlis Tvisebebis mqoneni arian.
im periodSic, roca bunebrivi sakvebi Cveulebrivad erT ojaxSi mxolod
saSualebani aRar moipoveba skis erTi ganayofierebuli deda gvxvdeba,
gareT, gansxvavebiT sxva mwerTagan, Tumca zogjer ojaxSi droebiT
romelTa ojaxidan mxolod erTi SeiZleba arsebobdes meorec, mxolod
arseba gadarCeba zamTrobisaTvis. wlis aqtiur sezonze, Semdeg ojaxSi
mxolod erTi deda futkari rCeba.
futkris ojaxidan deda futkari
erTaderTi, mTlianad Camoyali- DgaxsovdeT! deda futkris
bebuli mdedrobiTi sqesis warmoma- xarisxze Bbevrad aris
dgenelia, muSa futkrebs sasqeso damokidebuli ojaxis siZliere da
organoebi ganuviTarebeli aqvT. produqtiuloba, rasac ZiriTadad
mamali futkrebi skaSi Cndebian wlis gansazRvravs mis mier dadebuli
aqtiuri sezonis dasawyisSi da kvercxebis raodenoba da
arseboben mxolod im periodSi, roca memkvidreobiT gadacemuli sanaSene
erTi ojaxidan meore (Svileuli) Rirsebebi.
ojaxi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas, D deda yvelaze msxviltanadi
risTvisac bunebaSi futkris saarsebo individia ojaxSi. qarTuli futkris
sakvebi (neqtari da yvavilis mtveri) ganayofierebuli dedis masa
unda moipovebodes, winaaRmdeg SeadgensM 200-250 mg,
SemTxvevaSi, muSa futkrebi maT gareT gaunayofiereblisa - 160-200 mg. deda
erekebian da mamali futkrebi yvelaze aqtiuria (kvercxdebis inten-
SimSilisa da sicivis gamo iRupebian. sivobiT) sicocxlis pirvel or
wels, SemdegSi igi klebulobs, ris
gamoc misi datoveba momdevno muSa futkris masa, sicocxlis
wlisaTvis, rogorc wesi, mizanSe- xangrZlivoba, neqtris motanis
wonili aRar aris. Ddeda futkris intensiuroba da sakvebis danax-
maqsimaluri sadReRamiso kver- arji zamTrobaSi mniSvnelovnad
cxmdebloba qarTuli futkris aris damokidebuli ojaxis
sxvadasxva populaciebSi 1500-2000 siZlieresa da embrionuli ganvi-
Seadgens. Ees periodi Cveulebrivad Tarebis periodSi kvebis pirobeb-
mais-ivnisze modis. ze: rac ukeTesia es pirobebi, miT
ufro sicocxlisunariani da aq-
mamali futkari. misi funqcia deda tiuri moRale muSa futkari
futkris ganayofiereba da bartyi- miiReba.
saTvis skaSi saTanado mikroklimatis muSa futkris Semodgomis
(siTbo) Seqmnaa. Ralianobis sezonis Taoba, uxvi kvebis wyalobiT, or-
damTavrebisTanave mamali futkrebi ganizmSi ufro met mSral
skaSi aRar gvxvdeba. Mmamlis nivTierebas Seicavs (24,7%), romelic
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba deda fut- gazafxulze mcirdeba 20,2%-mde,
karTan Sewyvilebis gareSe 5-6 Tves wylis raodenoba piriqiT, zamTrobis
ar aRemateba, Sewyvilebis Semdeg ma- win 67,3%-ia, xolo gazafxulze es
mali futkrebi iRupebian. MmaTi maCvenebeli 69,1%-mde izrdeba (lebe-
sxeulis masa 250-260 mg-s Seadgens, devi, 1992). analogiuri suraTi aRin-
frTebi da sasqeso organoebi Zli- iSneba cximisa da proteinis Sem-
erad aqvT ganviTarebuli, raodeno- cvelobis mxriv: 1,65 da 3,26% Sesabam-
biT ojaxSi ramdenime aseuls aRweven. isad Semodgomaze, romelic
zamTrobis Semdeg klebulobs 1,38 da
muSa futkari skaSi mTel samuSaoebs 2, 49%-mde.
asrulebs (budis dacva, mikroklima-
tis Seqmna, axalgazrda Taobis gamo- Zlier meryeobs skaSi futkris
zrda, sakvebis mopoveba, gadamuSaveba- raodenoba wlis calkeuli peri-
dabinaveba, fiWis Seneba da sxv.). muSa odebis mixedviT. Yyvelaze meti masa
futkris gazafxul-zafxulis Taoba aRiniSneba mais-ivnisSi, romelic
18,3-37,9 dRes cocxlobs SemdgomSi mcirdeba imis gamo, rom
(Sakagami,1953;Winston a. Fergusson, 1985), neqtris intensiuri Ralis motanisTa-
Semodgoma-zamTris periodSi- nave qarTuli futkari ZiriTadad am
ramdenime Tves. rogorc wesi, samuSaoTia dakavebuli da bartyis
zamTrobaSi unda Sevides fiziolo- gamozrdas mkveTrad zRudavs. Oojaxi,
giurad axalgazrda muSa futkari, romelic mais-ivnisSi dadan-blatis
romelsac ar gamouzrdia axalgazr- skis or korpuss avsebs (budis 24
da Taoba, saneqtre Rala skaSi ar CarCo), sezonis damTavrebisas
moutania. QqarTuli jiSis muSa mcirdeba 10-12 CarComde, xolo
futkris saSualo masa 90 mg-s zamTrobis win - 5-8 CarComde. Aam
Seadgens, Tumca sezonurobisa da movlenas Tavisi axsna aqvs:
populaciebis mixedviT es maCvenebeli
78-95 mg-is farglebSi meryeobs. miiC- rac naklebia futkris masa
neven, rom 1 kg futkris masa 11 aTas araaqtiur (araSemosavlian) periodSi,
individs iTvlis. miT naklebi sakvebi sWirdeba. Ees in-
stinqti futkars Camouyalibda evo-
luciis procesSi da misTvis es bi-
ologiur optimumad SeiZleba CaiT-
valos. rogorc etyoba, ricxovnobis
simcires qarTuli futkari
gazrdili cxovelmyofelobiT da
sakvebis mopovebis maRali energiiT
avsebs, rac mas araerTxel
daumtkicebia saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciis (apimondia) mier mowyobil
jiSTa SedarebiTi gamocdisas - mop-
ovebuli aqvs sami didi oqros
medali.
Ffutkris ojaxis mdgomareobis

Sefasebis xerxebi. Ffutkris italiuri futkari
mdgomareobas afaseben ori xerxiT: a)
garegnuli (zerele) daTvalierebiT
da b) budis SemowmebiT.
garegnuli daTvalierebisas yur-

adRebas aqceven futkris fre-nis
aqtivobas, Seferilobas, qcevas
da movla-Senaxvis mdgomareobas
sanitarul-higienuri
TvalsazrisiT.
Aam maCveneblebis SerCeva Kkavkasiuri (qarTuli) futkari

ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT:
_ futkris frenis aqtivoba

damokidebulia ojaxis siZliereze:
rac metia es ukanaskneli (rogorc
muSa futkris ricxovnobis, ise sak-
vebiT budis dakompleqtebis mxriv),
miT ufro aqtiurad frens futkari _
diliT adre gamodis skidan da ufro
gvian amTavrebs muSaobas. Ees
maCvenebeli nawilobriv jiSuri afrikuli futkari
Taviseburebacaa. cnobilia, rom
qarTuli futkari aRemateba sxva
jiSebs, uamindobis drosac ki (susti
wvima) igi ganagrZobs neqtris
Segrovebas:
rusuli futkari
somxuri futkari
_ SeimCneva Tu ara udedobis niSnebi
am movlenisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
xmauris mixedviT;
_ CarCoTa zeda Tamasaze TiTiT

dakakuneba saSualebas iZleva, miax-
loebiT dadgindes fiWebSi sakvebis
maragis odenoba;
_ skis kedlebsa da fiWebze obis

gaCena, an tenis dagroveba, fiWebze
_ SeferilobiT da qceviT SeiZleba CrCilis peplebis an matlebis
met-naklebi sizustiT ganisazRvros moZraoba, qurdi futkrebis budeSi
futkris jiSi. arseboba mowmobs ojaxis sagangaSo
mdgomareobas;
SeferilobiT da tanis simsxoTi
qarTuli futkari sagrZnoblad
gansxvavdeba sxva jiSebisagan,
xolo misi qceva, skasTan mefutkris
miaxloebisas, ukve TavisTavad
metyvelebs mis gansakuTrebulo-
baze: agresias ar amJRavnebs, Tu
mefutkris moqmedeba ar aris
Seusabamo, xolo neqtris aqtiuri
mopovebisas is saerTod ar aqcevs
yuradRebas mefutkres skis gaxsnisa
da ojaxis daTvalierebis
SemTxvevaSic ki.
Ffutkris sxva jiSebs es ar CrCilis matlebis moZraoba fiWaSi

axasiaTebT;
_ futkris movla-Senaxvis _ budeSi dedis arseboba arapirdapir
mdgomareobis gansazRvrisaTvis _ fiWebSi axalgazrda (TavRia)
yuradRebas aqceven skis garegnul bartyis an kvercxis arsebobiT
saxes, riTac dgindeba, ramdenad dgindeba;
SesaZlebelia masSi saWiro
mikroklimatis dacva, an aZlevs Tu _ dedis asakis miaxloebiT gan-
ara misi feri futkars imis sazRvra misi ferisa da Sebusulobis
saSualebas, gauWirveblad monaxos mixedviT; amave niSnebiT muSa
sacxovrebeli Ralianobidan dabru- futkris asakisa da mdgomareobis Se-
nebis Semdeg, daculia Tu ara ska faseba mamali futkrebis raodenobiT;
cxel amindSi gadaxurebisagan da sxv. _ igive maCvenebeli dadgindeba fi-
budis daTvalierebis SemTxvevaSi Webze bartyis mdgomareobiT: aris Tu
SeiZleba gakeTdes rigi mniSvnelo- ara igi erTiani masivis saxiT, xom ar
vani daskvnebisa futkris ojaxis aris igi gafantuli (Tu daavadebebiT
Sesafaseblad, kerZod: ar aris gamowveuli);
_ futkris ojaxis siZlieris dadgena _ muSa futkris raodenobis Sesabam-
futkris mier dakavebuli CarCoebis isoba wlis sezonTan da Ralianobis
(fiWebis) raodenobis mixedviT; intensivobasTan.
sakvebis maragis gansazRvra. Aam gundSi xandazmuli futkris
maCveneblis dasadgenad mxedvelobaSi arsebobiT.
iReben carieli CarCos masas, rome- Aamrigad, futkris ojaxis daT-
lic Cveulebrivad 250-300 g-s valierebiT Tqven SeZlebT
2
Seadgens, Weos raodenoba 25 sm – 16 daadginoT misi siZliere, dedis
g-s udris, xolo TafliT dakavebul arseboba da misi asaki, mikrok-
ujredebSi misi raodenoba 26 %- s limatis daculoba, ojaxis si-
aRwevs. Aadre gazafxulze sakvebis jansaRe, kondiciis Sesabamisoba
optimalur maragad 10-12 kg-s Tvlian, wlis sezonTan da sakvebis maragi
Weosas – 1 - 1,5 kg-s, xolo sazamTre Ffutkris movla _ Senaxvis
maragis Sesavsebad, romelic Txevadi, mdgomareobis normalizaciisaTvis
kondicirebuli sirofis saxiT unda mefutkre unda moeridos :
iyos, misi 1 kg-is misaRebad 1 kg _ skebis ganTavsebas maRali teniano-
Saqris fxvnili unda daxarjon. bis mqone adgilze, mzis arasakmaris
insolacias Semodgoma_zamTarSi, maT
Oojaxis sijansaRis dadgena klin- gadaxurebas zafxulSi, roca ar aris
ikuri niSnebiT. misi garegnuli daT- mcenareuli safari safutkreSi
valierebisas yuradReba unda mieqces xeebis an buCqebis saxiT;
Semdeg maCveneblebs: _ zamTris sakvebSi manana Taflis
arsebobas (nozematozisa da futkris
_ skis kedlebis, misafreni ficrisa
faRaraTis mizezi);
da saxuravis sisufTaves, romlebic
_ budis zedmet aeracias, rac xdeba
futkris faRaraTis dros isvreba;
safrenis miqceviT CrdiloeTisaken,
_ futkris frenis maneras, misafren
budeSi sakvebisa da saTbuni masalis
ficarze an miwaze moZraobas,
ukmarisobas.
frTebis wyobas, romelic tkipovani
sabolebeli da dezi
daavadebebis dros irRveva ;
budis daTvalierebis dros adgenen:
_ Siga kedlebisa da Ziris
sisufTaves;
_ futkris xmauris xasiaTs, gareg-
nul Sexedulebas, sxeulze tkipebis
an futkris tilis arsebobas;
_ dedis kvercxdebis xasiaTs: xom ar
aris is gafantuli da mis gamomwvev
mizezs gansazRvraven;
_ bartyiani fiWebis suns, romelic
SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos fiWebSi
Camkvdari da gaxrwnili bartyis
arsebobiT;
_ sakvebis ganTavsebas fiWebSi, da-
kristalebuli Taflis arsebobas
(futkris SimSiliT daRupvis mizezi), ska
ujredebSi Tavdayira Casuli da
mkvdari futkris arsebobas (igive
mizezi);
_ skis Zirze dayrili futkris
arsebobas, rac SeiZleba gamowveuli
iyos sakvebismieri toqsikoziT, an
F
futkari a) daavadebuli
Safutkre
bartyi: a) gafantuli
b) jansaRi
b) erTiani
sakontrolo kiTxvebi : 2) futkris anatomia da
1) rogor unda ganvsazRvroT fiziologia
futkris sacxovreblis (skis)
vargisianoba? Aam qveTavSi warmodgenili masa-
2) aqtiur sezonze rogor lebi mkiTxvels warmodgenas
ganvsazRvroT garegnulad uqmnis qarTul futkarze da masSi
futkris ojaxis mdgomareo- Sesuli parametrebi asaxaven
ba? futkris unars, moipovos bunebaSi
3) rogor davadginoT ojaxSi sakvebi, Seqmnas produqcia da See-
deda futkris arseboba: guos bunebis pirobebs Tavis
a) arapirdapir, b) pirdapir? gadasarCenad
4) rogor ganisazRvreba ojaxis
siZliere garegnulad da
budis daTvalierebiT?
5) ras safrTxes qmnis budeSi
dakristalebuli Taflis
arseboba da ra periodSi?
6) ras iyenebs mefutkre ojaxis
daTvalierebis dros?
7) ra niSnebs amJRavnebs udedo
ojaxi?
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Ffutkris anatomiuri, morfolo-
1. Г.Туников, Н.Кривцов, В.Лебедев, giuri da fiziologiuri
Ю.Кирьянов Технология производства и maCveneblebis Seswavla xdeba im mo-
перероботки продукции пчеловодства. М. sazrebiT, rom TiToeuli jiSis Sig-
„ Колос’’ ,2001; niT dadgenili standartuli mona-
2. Г.Аветисян Пчеловодство, М ,1982; cemebis gansazRvriT warvmarToT
3. О.Гробов, В.Смирнов,Е.Попов Болезни и praqtikuli saqmianoba jiSuri
siwmindis dasacavad da mizanmi-
вредители медоносных пчел.М., 1987г
marTuli saseleqcio samuSaoebis
4. g. maZRaraSvili, futkris
Sesasruleblad. G
produqtebi da aratradiciuli
gamomdinare futkris biologiuri
sakvebi, 2002w
Taviseburebebidan _ deda futkris
5. Winston The Honey Bee Colony: Life History. ganayofiereba xdeba haerSi nebismieri
The Hive and the Honey Bee. Chapt.3,p.73 Semxvedri mamlis mier, qmnis imis
SesaZleblobas, rom rTuli, teqni-
kurad Znelad gansaxorcielebeli
RonisZiebis (jiSis Semadgeneli
futkris ojaxebis sruli izolacia)
gareSe Zalze advilad xdeba
sxvadasxva jiSis futkrebis aRreva
erTimeoreSi, rasac Tan sdevs
gaurkveveli, Zalze arasasurveli
warmoSobis Taobebis miReba da iqmne-
ba dakargvis realuri safrTxe im
genofondis, romlis Seqmna
saukuneebis manZilze momxdara. dRes bartyis mkvebavi (ZiZa) futkrebis
safutkreebis legalizebuli mTaba- jgufidan. standartul maCveneb-
robis Sedegad uaRresad garTulda lebTan Sesabamisobis dasadgenad
ukve Camoyalibebuli jiSebis dacva. iyeneben qarTuli futkris konkre-
v. alpatovis (1948) cnobili naSromis tuli populaciis aRniSnul mona-
“futkris jiSebi” gamoqveynebis cemebs (meTodika `qarTuli jiSis
Semdeg Sesrulda farTomasStabiani meTafle futkris sxvadasxva
kvleva futkris jiSebis ur- populaciebis, xazebis, xazTaSorisi
TierTganmasxvavebeli, praqtikul saq- najvarebis gansxvavebulobaze, erT-
mianobasTan mWidrod dakavSi-rebuli gvarovnebasa da stabilurobaze”),
monacemebis dasadgenad. Aam ganak- rasac SemdgomSi gamoiyeneben
veTSi Sesuli masalebi gamomdi- praqtikuli saseleqcio samuSaoebi-
nareobs sxvadasxva qveynis mecnierTa saTvis.
mier Catarebuli kvlevebidan, rasac Gganayofierebuli deda da muSa
mohyva sakmaod mravalferovani futkris masis gamoxatvis xarisxi
meTodebi futkris anatomiuri (mor- Semdegi saSualo maCveneblebiTaa
fologiuri) da fiziologiuri warmodgenili, magaliTad:
maCveneblebis dasad-genad.
Gganayofierebuli deda da muSa tipi Ddeda muSa fut- in-
futkrebis masa. Ees maCvenebeli futkari kari deqs
ganisazRvreba im varaudiT, rom muSa i
futkrebi namdvilad aRniSnuli
dabali 200-ze 90-ze 3
dedis STamomavlebi arian. Aaqedan
gamomdinare, asawoni muSa futkrebis naklebi naklebi
masis gansazRvra xdeba deda futkris saSualo 200-210 90-95 5
skaSi Casmidan an kvercxdebis
dawyebidan ara uadres erTi Tvisa, maRali 211 da 96-ze meti 7
rom moxdes skaSi adrindeli Taobis meti
sruli Secvla. Aamis Semdeg Tbil,
Ddeda futkris maqsimaluri kvercx-
mzian amindSi gaxsnili skidan
mdebloba isazRvreba ojaxis maqsi-
amohyavT deda da muSa futkrebi,
maluri ganviTarebis periodSi: maisis
rigrigobiT wonian maT torziul
II naxevridan ivnisis 20 ricxvamde.
sasworze, winaswar dadgenili masis
Kkvercxmdebloba dgindeba dadan-
qaRaldis kolofSi CasmiT. Aawonis
blatis skis budis CarCos (45X31 sm
Semdeg kolofis masaTa sxvaobiT
zomebiT) meSveobiT, romlis erTi
adgenen deda da muSa futkris masas.
mxris farTo zedapiri TeTri ZafiT
miRebuli monacemis maRali
vertikalurad da horizontalurad
saimedoobisaTvis Sesaswavli maCve-
datixrulia kvadratebad 5X5 sm
nebeli regularulad unda gani-
zomiT. TiToeuli kvadrati itevs 100
sazRvros wlis erTi da imave
samuSe bartyis ujreds. Bbudis yvela
drosa da TveSi, radgan sxvadasxva
CarCoze am wesiT gaizomeba
periodSi aRebuli, erTnairi warmo-
gadabeWdili (Wuprobis stadiaSi
Sobis individebis masa Zalze gan-
myofi) bartyis farTobi. miRebuli
sxvavebulia fiziologiuri mdgoma-
monacemi mravldeba 100-ze da iyofa
reobis nairgvarobis gamo.
12-ze (Wuprobis periodis xan-
muSa futkris masa ganisazRvreba
grZlivoba dReebSi). aseTnairad gai-
TiToeuli ojaxidan aranakleb 30
angariSeba deda futkris faqtobrivi
individze, romlebsac iReben budis
kvercxmdebloba gadabeWdili bartyis
Sua CarCoebidan, uSualod TavRia
farTobis mixedviT. monacemebi Seu- sxvadasxva jiSis futkrebi
dardeba jiSis standartul maCvene-
bels. deda futkris maqsimaluri futkris ojaxis Tviniereba. es niSan-
kvercx-mdeblobis gamoxatvis xarisxi Tviseba Zalze gansxvavdeba jiSebis
Semdegi saSualo maCveneblebiTaa mixedviT. igi qarTuli futkris erT-
warmodgenili (cali dRe-RameSi): erT sayuradRebo da dadebiT
Tvisebad iTvleba., rac aadvilebs
aqve unda iTqvas, rom es monacemebi
safutkreSi muSaobas. Tviniereba
praqtikulad ufro asaxavs futkris
isazRvreba diliT an uamindobisas,
Ddeda futkris indeqsi
dRiuri kver- roca moRale (neqtris Semgrovebeli)
cxmdebloba futkari mTlianad skaSia da
dabali 1200-ze naklebi 3 maqsimalurad amJRavnebs reaqcias
saSualo 1201-1400 5 tipi Dqceva in-

deqsi
maRali 1401 da meti 7
mSvidi Ggamococdebian 1
safrenidan, ma-
ojaxis mier bartyis gamozrdis
gram ar frenen
unars da ara dedis potenciur Sesa-
Zleblobas. mousvenari Ggamococdebian, 2
muSa futkris Seferiloba gan- Tavs ar esxmian
sxvavebulia futkris jiSebis
agresiu Mmasobrivad gam- 3
mixedviT da ganisazRvreba vizualu-
li odian da Tavs
rad. G gaxsnili skis budidan
esxmian
amoRebuli CarCoebis daTvalierebiT
gansazRvraven muSa futkris Se- skis gaxsnaze, mefutkris mkveTr moZ-
ferilobas. qarTuli raobaze. sxvadaxva jiSis futkris
futkris magaliTze igi SeiZleba Tvinierebaze SeiZleba warmodgena
iyos mTlianad ruxi, an muclis viqonioT qvemoTmotanili monacemebis
dorzalur nawilze, Tergitebis mixedviT:
sxvadasxva raodenobaze, SeimCneva
moyviTalo Seferiloba (sxva jiSis
futkris zegavlenis niSani)
Ffutkris qceva skidan CarCos
amoRebisas:
rusuli futkari
qarTuli futkari Ggansxvavebuli jiSis mcenareze
mtvris gadatanas (jvaredini
damtverva) Tan sdevs maspinZeli
mcenaris Teslis raodenobisa da
xarisxis mkveTri zrda Aaqedan gam-
omdinare SedegebiT. aRniSnulis gamo
grZelxorTumianma qarTulma futkar-
ma saerTaSoriso aRiareba hpova sxva
danarCen TvisebebTan erTad. xor-
Tumis sigrZe ganisazRvreba enis dab-
oloebidan nikapis fuZemde 0,1 mm-is
sizustiT.
procesis mimdinareoba: gaxsnili bu-

dis Suagulidan iReben CarCos masze
msxdomi muSa futkrebiT, maT Ca-
Fferi da qceva is parametrebia, cocxaven jagrisiT specialur xis
romelic erTi SexedviT dgindeba galiaSi, romlis erTi gverdi mav-
da arsebiTad ganasxvavebs qarTul TulbadiTaa dafaruli, xolo meore
futkars sxvebisagan ixureba Tunuqis asawevi furcliT,
romelic galiis narimandSi moZ-
raobs. Ggalias masSi myofi futkriT
muSa futkris xorTumis sigrZes swrafad CauSveben 75-850-mde
ukavSireben futkris unars, srulad gacxelebul wyalSi, ramdenime wamis
amoiRos Taflovani mcenaris Semdeg amoiReben da CaxarSuli fut-
yvavilis gvirgvinis milakidan kari gadaaqvT dolbandis tomsikaSi,
neqtris dagrovebuli maragi, rac romelSic futkarTan erTad ubralo
amasTan erTad uzrunvelyofs (araqimiuri) fanqriT qaRaldis
futkris sxeulis mWidro kontaqts naWerze dawerili safutkris
samtvre parkebTan. aqedan gadmoyrili dasaxeleba da ojaxis nomeri ideba.
mtvris marcvlebi mas gadaaqvs sxva nimuSs daakonserveben 700-iani eTilis
mcenaris butkoze. spirtiT. nimuSidan aRebul muSa
futkars xorTums acileben anatomi-
gaxsovdeT, xorTumis sigrZe is uri pincetiT, mas deben sasagne mi-
maCvenebelia, riTac qarTuli fut- naze, romelsac winaswar glicerins
kari cnobili gaxda msoflioSi, daawveTeben, xorTums asworeben,
amitom is saseleqcio muSaobis daafareben safar minas da MBC
erT-erT ZiriTad ganazoms war- markis mikroskopSi gazomaven oku-
moadgens! laris mikrometris erTeulebiT, 20-
Ffutkris xorTumi jeradi gadidebiT. anaTvals amrav-
leben 0,05-ze da iReben xorTumis
sigrZes mm-ebSi. TiToeuli nimuSidan
zomaven 40-50 xorTums, romlis saSu-
alo maCvenebels biometriulad
gaiangariSeben.
qarTuli muSa futkris xorTumis
sigrZis gamoxatvis xarisxi Semdegi
saSualo maCvenebliTaa warmodge-
nili, mm
xorTumis Dzoma indeqsi frTis Dzoma indeqsi
sidide sidide
mokle 6,7 mm-ze 3 mokle 9,4 -ze naklebi 3
naklebi
saSualo 6,71-7,05 5 saSualo 9,41-9,60 5
grZeli 7,06 da meti 7
grZeli 9,61-ze meti 7
muSa futkris wina frTis sigrZe

ukavSirdeba futkris unars, efeqtia-
muSa futkris sacvile sarkis sigane
nad ifrinos sakvebis mosapoveblad.
axasiaTebs futkris mier cvilis gam-
qarTuli futkris Tavisebureba
oyofis unars. Mmis qveS ganlagebu-
imaSia, rom wina frTis sigrZiT is
lia jirkvlovani qsovili (cvilis
etoleba masze ufro msxviltanad
gamomyofi ujredebi). Ggamoyofili
futkrebs (9,6 mm), xolo sxeulis
cvili gaivlis qitinovan safarvels,
masiT maTze ufro msubuqia 18-19%-iT,
sacvile sarkeze igi magrdeba da
riTac SeiZleba aixsnas qarTuli
warmoqmnis cvilis firfitebs, ro-
futkris ufro maRali aqtivoba
melsac futkari Semdeg fiWis
saneqtre Ralis mopovebis procesSi.
SenebisaTvis iyenebs. rac ufro didia
Ees ukanaskneli jiSTa SedarebiTi
sacvile sarkis zedapiri, miT meti
gamocdis dros erT ojaxze mTeli
cvilis gamomyofi ujredebia mis qveS
aqtiuri sezonis ganmavlobaSi 17 kg
moTavsebuli.
Tafls Seadgenda.
sacvile sarkis sigane aiReba
muSa futkris wina frTis sigrZe gan-
futkris muclis pirvel sternitze
isazRvreba manZiliT mkerdze misi
(qveda qitinovani naxevarrgoli), rac
mimagrebis adgilidan (ZarRvebis da-
warmodgenilia sqemaze:
sawyisidan) mis daboloebamde. Ees
sacvile sarke
manZili suraTze Savi punqtiriTaa
aRniSnuli. frTis sigrZe mikroskopSi
nawil-nawil izomeba, frTis viwro
bolodan diskoidur ujredamde (I
nawili), romelic suraTze aRniSnu-
lia:
futkris sternitebi
ganazomis asaRebad sapreparacio

nemsiT moacileben muSa futkris mu-
clis I sternits, gadaaqvT sasagne
futkris frTa minaze da Semdeg mis siganes zomaven
mikroskopiT.
Ffutkris wina frTis sigrZis gamox- sacvile sarkis siganis gamoxatvis
atvis xarisxi Semdegi saSualo xarisxi Semdegi saSualo
maCvenebliTaa warmodgenili, mm: maCveneblebiTaa warmodgenili, mm:
xsnarze (t=360C, xangrZlivoba-1 sT) da
sternitis Dzoma indeqsi sareaqcio areSi bertranis meTodiT
sidide martivi Saqrebis gaanalizebiT. xaxis
viwro 2,4 -ze 1 jirkvlis invertazas aqtivobis
naklebi xarisxi gamosaxulia Semdegi saSu-
alo maCveneblebiT, mg glukoza 1
saSualo 2,46-2,49 3 futkarze:
ganieri 2,50-ze meti 5 tipi Dzoma indeqsi
dabali 40 -ze naklebi 1
muSa futkris xaxis jirkvlis saSualo 41-60 3

invertazas aqtivoba.
maRali 61 da meti 5
xaxis
muSa futkris ukana nawlavis kata-
jirkvlebi
lazas aqtivoba axasiaTebs muSa
futkris mdgradobas xangrZlivi,
mkacri zamTris pirobebSi. zamTrobis
dros ukana nawlavSi dagrovili
mounelebeli sakvebis masa (fekali)
uaryofiTad moqmedebs futkris or-
ganizmze. Mmavne nivTierebaTa gasanei-
traleblad nawlavis kedelSi war-
moiqmneba fermenti katalaza, rac
sabolood ukavSirdeba futkris zam-
M ukana nawlavi
TargamZleobas. Kkatalazas aqtivoba
xaxis (sanerwyve) jirkvlidan gam- cvalebadobs rogorc futkris
oyofil nerwyvSi arsebuli fermenti jiSebis, ise jiSis SigniT calkeuli
invertaza axdens neqtris saqarozis populaciebisa da ojaxebis mixedviT.
daSlas martiv Saqrebad (fruqtoza, qarTul futkarSi igi gamoiyeneba
glukoza), rac Taflis warmoqmnis CrdiloeTis qveynebSi gasagzavni
aucilebeli Semadgeneli samuSaoa. sanaSene produqciis (ganayofierebu-
jirkvlis funqcionireba miT ufro li deda futkrebi da nayrebi) zam-
maRalia, rac meti neqtris gada- TargamZleobis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
muSaveba uxdeba futkars. amasTan in-
vertazas aqtivobac axasiaTebs Ffutkris ukana (reqtaluri)
futkris am unars, amdenad igi gam- nawlavis katalazas aqtivoba gan-
oyenebulia futkris ojaxis saTafle isazRvreba nawlavis kedlis wyliani
produqciis prognozirebisaTvis gamonawvliliT wyalbadis zeJangze
(Jeriobkini, 1965), rogorc futkris zemoqmedebis Sedegad. Aam ukanasknel-
saseleqcio maCvenebeli. is daSliT gamoiyofa Jangbadi, rom-
lis raodenobas (moculoba) adgenen
xaxis jirkvlis invertazas aqtivobas reaqciis dawyebidan 5 wuTis Semdeg.
gansazRvraven jirkvlis (1) homogeni-
zatidan gamoyofili eqstraqtis Uukana nawlavis katalazas aqtivobis
zemoqmedebiT saqarozis 50%-ian xarisxi gamosaxulia Semdegi saSu-
alo maCveneblebiT, ml O2 10 fut- 6. ra kavSiri aqvs frTis sigrZes
karze: futkris produqtiulobasTan?
7. ras ukavSirdeba futkris
tipi Dzoma indeqsi organizmSi arsebuli fermen-
tebis _ invertazasa da
dabali 4 -ze naklebi 1
katalazas aqtivoba?
saSualo 5-7 2
maRali 7-ze meti 3

Ggamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Г.Таранов Анатомия и физиология

медоносных пчел, М,1968
jiSis standartul maCveneblebTan
Catarebuli kvlevis monacemebis 2. Г.Туников и др, Технология производства
SedarebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba maTi и переработки продукции
gamoyeneba futkris praqtikuli пчеловодства,М,2001
seleqciis procesSi. 3. М,Жеребкин Возрастные и сезонные
изменения некоторых процессов
пищеварения у медоносной пчелы,
Ученые записки НИИ пчеловодства,
1965, 70с.
4. В,Алпатов Породы медоносных
пчел,М,1948
5. g.maZRaraSvili meTodika “qarTu-
li jiSis meTafle futkris
sxvadasxva populaciebis, xazebis,
xazTaSorisi najvarebis gan-
sxvavebulobaze, erTgvarovnebasa
da stabilurobaze, 2007
Ffutkris saSxame aparati
M sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. Ffutkris asawonad gamoyene-

buli mowyobiloba da masis თავi II
erTeulebi
2. rogori unda iyos tipiuri Ffutkris movla wlis sxvadasxva
qarTuli futkris Seferiloba
dros
da arsebuli gadaxrebi am
maCvenebelSi?
O1) ojaxis ganviTarebis dinamika da
3. riTi da ra pirobebSi
movla wlis I naxevarSi
ganisazRvreba futkris Tvini-
ereba? A am qveTavSi mocemulia futkris
4. riTi gansxvavdeba qarTuli ojaxis ganviTarebis dinamika
futkris masa, feri da frTebi wlis sxvadasxva periodSi, rac
sxva jiSebTan (Crdilour, damokidebulia garemo pirobebze
samxreTul) SedarebiT? (haeris temperatura, Taflovani
5. rogor izomeba futkris floris arseboba, gamravlebisa
da sakvebis mopovebis instinqti),
xorTumi da ras ukavSirdeba
romelic gansazRvravs mefutkris
igi? mTel saqmianobas da futkrisadmi
damokidebulebas. sdevs bartyis gaCena dekember-
ianvarSi, xolo TebervalSi, tempe-
raturis mkveTri vardnis SemTxvevaSi,
F futkris ojaxis mdgomareoba wlis
mozamTre futkari isev kravs gunds
sxvadasxva periodSi Zalze meryeobs
da daucveli bartyi iRupeba. Aamis
imis gamo, rom igi damokidebulia
gamo ojaxi Zalze sustdeba da adre
garemo pirobebze, romelTagan
gazafxulze (marti) SeiZleba dai-
umTavresi faqtorebia: haeris
Rupos, rac ZiriTadad sust mozamTre
temperatura da sakvebi baza, e.i.
ojaxebs azaralebs. Aamis gaTva-
saboloo jamSi aqtiur sezonze igi
liswinebiT, gamocdilma mefutkrem
misadagebulia mcenareuli samyaros
susti ojaxebi unda gaaerTianos
ganviTarebasTan. Oojaxis wliur
aqtiuri sezonis damTavrebisTanave,
ciklSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime
an uzrunvelyos maTi gaZliereba
periodi, roca ojaxis wevri
fiziologiurad axalgazrda Taobis
futkrebis fiziologiuri mdgoma-
gaCeniT,
reoba da maTi aqtivoba Zireulad
gansxvavebulia: Aamrigad, ukve gamozamTrebuli
I periodi moicavs zamTrobis bolos futkris cxovrebaSi yvelaze
da adre gazafxuls (Tebervali- kritikulia adre gazafxuli,
aprilis dasawyisi). Aam periodSi futkris mozamTre Taoba qreba,
futkris ojaxi, rogorc wesi, iwyebs xolo axalgazrda Taoba
ganviTarebas, rac gamoixateba raodenobrivad jer mcirea.
Tavdapirvelad ojaxSi bartyis Mmefutkris xelovnebam am
(kvercxi da TavRia bartyi-matlobis mdgomareobaSi unda daZlios
stadiaSi myofi individebi) gaCeniT. sirTuleebi aucilebeli samuSao-
ebis CatarebiT (budis SemWidroeba
da damatebiTi daTbuneba, kveba,
samkurnalo RonisZiebebi, ufro
gvian - damxmare nayrebis Sedgena
da sxva)
rac SemdgomSi uzrunvelyofs Rali-
anobis sezonisaTvis kondiciuri
ojaxebis yolas.
zamTroba Ria cis qveS
II periodi, romlis dasawyisSi
Uunda aRiniSnos, rom zogjer, ojaxma unda miaRwios Tavisi
gansakuTrebiT Tbili zamTris ganviTarebis maqsimums da Semdeg
pirobebSi, Tebervali SeiZleba SeZlos Taflovani mcenareebis
aRmoCndes Zalze susxiani da Zlier saneqtre produqciis aTviseba,
Secvalos ganviTarebis mimdinareoba, moicavs mais-ivlisis Tveebs. Aam
magram saboloo jamSi mdgomareoba periodisaTvis xSirad damaxasia-
arsebiTad mainc ar icvleba. Tebelia is garemoeba, rom qarTuli
Bbartyianobis zrdis kvalad Tan- futkari neqtris uxvi wyaroebis
daTan qreba is Taoba, romelmac gaCenisas mkveTrad zRudavs axal-
ojaxi SeinarCuna zamTris periodSi. gazrda Taobis gamozrdas da TiTqmis
Aam movlenas zogjer Zalze mTlianad sakvebis mopovebazea
radikaluri xasiaTi aqvs, gansa- gadasuli. gazafxul-zafxulis muSa
kuTrebiT maSin, Tu futkarma zamTari futkris Taoba gamoirCeva xanmokle
aqtiurad gaatara amindis pirobebis sicocxlianisunarianobiT (1 Tvemde),
(siTbo) gamo. rogorc wesi, amas Tan misi organizmi minimaluri odenobiT
Seicavs samarago sazrdo nivTie- Nneqtris motanis intensivobis
rebebs (proteini, cximi). Tu bunebrivi dadgena
sakvebis motanis aseTi pirobebi
didxans gagrZelda, futkari skaSi Tu Ralianobis pirobebi gan-
raodenobrivad mcirdeba da sxvavebulia, e.i. mcenareTa saneqtre
Ralianobis bolos Zalze dasus- produqtiuloba sustia, ojaxi didi
tebulia, ris Sedegebsac mefutkre raodenobiT zrdis bartys da raode-
gvian Semodgomaze an zamTarSi nobrivad Zlieria, magram sakvebis
moimkis. maragi amis gamo mcirdeba da sezonis
bolos arasakmarisi aRmoCndeba.
Ddagvianebuli kvebis pirobebSi aman
SeiZleba gaaZlieros futkris cveTa
da zamTrobaSi dasustebuli Taoba
Sevides.
Tu meore periodis bolos (ivlisi-
agvisto) Ralianoba naadrevad Sewyda,
igi deda futkris kvercxdebis
naadrevad Sewyvetas iwvevs da Tavis-
Tavad gviani Semodgomis (anu
mozamTre) Taoba isev xandazmuli aR-
moCndeba.
MIII periodSi (agvisto-oqtomberi) un-
moRale futkari fexgundiT da dasruldes produqtiuli sezoni
(Taflis mopoveba), saSemodgomo
Taobis gamozrda da misi momzadeba
zamTrobisaTvis.
Ffutkris damatebiTi gamokveba
Ralianobis sezonis dasasruls

(agvisto-seqtemberi) futkris mier
skaSi Sesasrulebel samuSaoebSi
ganixileba: a) sagviano Taflovani Ffutkris ojaxis siZliere,
mcenareebis Ralis aTviseba da romelic Tavis mxriv aerTianebs
sazamTre maragis Sevseba; b) sakvebis muSa futkris janmrTel, fizi-
ukmarisobis an iafi sakvebiT sama- ologiurad ukeTesad momzadebul
rago Taflis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi am mravalricxovan masas,
ukanasknelis gadamuSaveba-dabinaveba sicocxlisunarian, maRalnayofier
fiWaSi da gadabeWdva, g) dedis mxriv deda futkars da sakvebis uxv
kvercxdebis naadrevad Sewyvetisa da marags, is aucilebeli pirobaa,
ojaxis damatebiTi kvebis pirobebSi romelic gansazRvravs ojaxis
axalgazrda Taobis gamozrda. produqtiulobas da mis mdgrado-
muSa futkris Semodgomis Taoba bas araxelsayreli garemo piro-
arsebiTad unda gansxvavdebodes bebisadmi.
Cveulebrivi moRale futkrisagan
(zafxulis Taoba). is, rogorc wesi,
ar monawileobs bartyis gamozrdaSi, safutkreSi adresagazafxulo
sakvebis mopovebaSi, uxvad ikvebeba samuSaoebis Sesrulebis Tanmim-
skaSi dagrovili sakvebiT (gan- devroba:
sakuTrebiT WeoTi). sxeulSi samarago
sazamTre nagebobebidan skebis gam-
sazrdo nivTierebebis dagrovebis wy-
otanis teqnika. zamTarSi futkris
alobiT izrdeba mis organizmSi
Senaxvis aseT sistemas maSin iyeneben,
mSrali nivTierebis (20,2-dan 24,7-mg-
Tu haeris temperatura -10-150-ze
mde 1 futkarSi), cilisa (2,46-dan 3,26
dabla ecema, rac gansakuTrebul
mg-mde), da cximis (1,38-dan 1,65mg-mde)
sirTuleebs qmnis gundSi saWiro tem-
Semcveloba, igi rCeba fiziolo-
peraturis SenarCunebisa da sakvebis
giurad axalgazrda, rac momdevno
xarjvis TvalsazrisiT. sazamTre
gazafxulze uzrunvelyofs mis mier
nagebobebidan skebis gamotanis dros
axalgazrda Taobis gamozrdas
sasurveli ar aris Tbili, mziani
(Лебедев, 2001). amindi, gamotanis win iketeba saf-
IV periodSi Sedis futkris renebi da skebs alageben winaswar
zamTroba - yvela cocxali arsebis gansazRvrul adgilze, safrens xsni-
gamZleobis gamocdis periodi, an futkris damSvidebis Semdeg.
rodesac Tavs iCens aqtiur sezonze saWiro amindis dadgomisTanave
mefutkris mier daSvebuli uzustoba- unda moxdes zamTrobis Sedegebis
ni da Secdomebi. zamTrobis periods aRricxva: gamozamTrebuli ojaxebis
futkris susti ojaxi xSirad ver raodenoba, maTi mdgomareoba, udedo
uZlebs. mozamTre gundma tempera- ojaxebis gamovlena da daxmareba. Aam
turuli reJimi romc SeinarCunos, periodisaTvis erT-erTi aucilebeli
erTeul masaze igi gacilebiT met RonisZiebaa gamozamTrebuli gundis
sakvebs (energia) xarjavs, vidre Zli- budis SemWidroeba-daTbuneba,
eri ojaxi, susti ojaxis individebi risTvisac budidan iReben zedmet,
fiziologiurad ufro uaresad arian futkrisagan Tavisufal CarCoebs, maT
momzadebuli, Seicaven nakleb sama- gadaaadgileben tixars miRma, an
rago nivTierebebs, sicocxlisunari- SeaqvT fiWis sacavSi, gunds rogorc
anoba ufro naklebia da saboloo zemodan, ise gverdidan (saWiroebis
jamSi ufro nakleb futkars zrdian SemTxvevaSi) unda hqondes saT-
adre gazafxulze. Sesabamisad ojaxis bunebeli, amasTan daadgenen, ramdenad
mier mopovebuli produqcia SeiZleba uzrunvelyofilia futkris ojaxis
mxolod saarsebo sakvebi iyos. normaluri cxovreba, xom ar
gaxsovdeT! gaCenila Tagvi skis SigniT, xom ar
SeiniSneba sineste, an obi an faRara- Yyvavilis mtvris Semcvlelis gam-
Tis niSnebi skis kedlebsa da fiWebze oyeneba
da ganaxorcieleben saWiro Ro-
nisZiebebs mdgomareobis gamosaswore- N narevi mozelis Semdeg SeifuTeba
blad. polieTilenis parkSi, romelsac
Uudedo ojaxebis gamovlenis Sem- futkrisaTvis micemis win erT mxares
TxvevaSi maT daakompleqteben sa- aaWrian futkris mier aTvisebis
Tadarigo deda futkrebiT, an Seaer- gasaadvileblad. Tu proteinovani
Teben sust an saSualo siZlieris danamatebis micema gadaudebel
dedian ojaxebTan. maT aerTeben SuaSi saWiroebas ar warmoadgens saadreo
tixris CadebiT, pitnis wveTebis an mtverovani floris arsebobis Sem-
anisulis zeTis dapkurebiT CarCoeb- TxvevaSi (nuSi, Sindi da sxv.), maSin
ze (urTierTantagonizmis da- comisebri sakvebi _ kandi mxolod
saZlevad). naxSirwylovani komponentebisagan
amave daTvalierebaze gansazRvraven mzaddeba.
skaSi (miaxloebiT) naxSirwylovani invaziuri daavadebebis (akarapidozi,
da proteinovani sakvebis marags da varoatozi da sxva) winaaRmdeg
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Seavseben maT: brZola adre gazafxulzeve iwyeba.
a) naxSirwylovani sakvebis saxiT- RonisZiebis Casatareblad SeirCeva
koncentrirebul inversiul sirofs Tbili, mziani dRe im varaudiT, rom
(75-77mas.%), polieTilenis parkSi SuadRisas temperatura 120–C-ze
Casxmuls, CarCoTa zeda Tamasebze naklebi ar iyos. Ppreparati SeiZleba
dadebiT, an comisebur sakvebs-kands, warmodgenili iqnas wyalxsnadi
amave wesiT; formiT, maSin mas Seasxureben Car-
b) Weoian fiWebs, Tu aseTi aqvs Coebze msxdom futkrebs, an
mefutkres maragad an proteinovan CaawveTeben CarCoTaSoris sivrceSi.
danamatebs Semdegi SefardebiT: Tu preparatiT gaJRenTilia myari ma-
dafqvili da tostirebuli soiis sala (muyaos an sxv. Ffirfitebi), mas
ucximo fqvils an farSs (90 g yovel CarCoebSoris Cahkideben, an zeda Ta-
kg mza sakvebze), moxdili rZis masebze daalageben.
fxvnilsa da inaqtivirebul safuars Aadresagazafxulo samuSaoebi srul-
(30 g TiToeuli), dafqvili yvavilis deba sifrTxilis dacviT, eridebian
mtvers (30 g). sakvebSi danarCeni war- futkris gundis zedmetad Sewuxebas,
modgenilia Saqris fqviliT (586 g), saTbunebeli masalis zedmetad gada-
xolo Semwebav masalad gamoyenebu- xdas, rom ar daarRvion gundis
lia Tafli (270-280 g), an 80-81 mas% mTlianoba da misi Siga tempera-
koncentraciis inversiuli sirofi turuli reJimi, ramac SeiZleba ukve
(300-310 g). gaCenili bartyis gaciveba gamoiwvios;
zamTrobis dros uneblied CrdilSi
moxvedrili ojaxebi mzian adgilze
unda gadaidgas, rom SesaZlebeli
iyos periodulad futkris gamomRera
da fekalisagan nawlavebis
gasufTaveba, adre gazafxulzeve
sarwyuleblis mowyoba da futkris
miCveva sirofis susti xsnaris gam-
oyenebiT.
Ffutkris ojaxis gaZliereba 2) futkris movla zafxulsa da
damxmare nayris SedgeniT. am miznis Semodgomaze
ganxorcielebisaTvis ZiriTadi ojax-
idan gamoyofil nayars aZleven axal Aaxali samuSao Zalis gamozrdis
deda futkars da periodulad
uzrunvelyofa.
aZliereben ZiriTadi ojaxidan
amoRebuli bartyiani fiWiT.
Aam qveTavSi warmodgenili masala
Ddamxmare nayris ganTavseba xdeba
ZiriTadad asaxavs futkris mier
vertikaluri skis II korpusSi Zi-
sakvebis mopovebas da mefutkris
riTadi ojaxidan yru gadatixvriT an
mxriv samarago sakvebiT
horizontalur skaSive imave wesiT.
uzrunvelyofas, mTabarobas,
TavisTavad cxadia, ZiriTad ojaxs da
daavadebebTan brZolas, Taflis
damxmare nayars safrenebi cal-calke
wurvas, futkris Semodgomis
aqvT. mTavari Ralis dadgomisTanave
Taobis zamTrobisaTvis mzadebis
maT gaaerTianeben tixris amocliT.
process, agreTve im movlenebs,
skaSi orive deda agrZelebs Tavis
romlebmac SeiZleba ojaxis
kvercxdebas da erTimeores xels ar
dasusteba gamoiwvion.
uSlian, Tu Ralis Segroveba sakmaod
intensiurad xdeba. Mmisi futkris ojaxis gaZlierebaze
SesustebisTanave skaSi rCeba mxolod mefutkre zrunavs mTeli aqtiuri
sezonis ganmavlobaSi imis gamo, rom
erTi deda. Aam RonisZiebis efeqti
imazea damyarebuli, rom ori dedis am periodSi gamozrdili muSa
kvercxdebiT skaSi grovdeba muSa futkari cocxlobs mxolod erT
Tvemde da mcireodeni uyuradRebobac
futkris gazrdili raodenoba, ro-
melic floris saneqtre produqcias ki sakmarisia, rom ojaxSi samuSao
Zala Semcirdes, rasac ufro gvian
ufro aqtiurad agrovebs im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu mTavar Ralas win uZR- SeiZleba samwuxaro Sedegi mohyves.
vis metnaklebad mniSvnelovani Tu Taflovani floris mTavari
Ralianoba gvian dgeba (mag, ivnisSi),
saarsebo Rala, romelic uzrun-
maSin wina qveTavSi aRwerili
velyofs skaSi samuSao Zalis
damxmare nayris Sedgena da Semdgom
dagrovebas.
ZiriTad ojaxTan gaerTianeba am
Ggamoyenebuli literatura: periods unda daemTxves. Eis uzrun-
velyofs mTavari Ralis dasawyisSi
1. Г.Туников и др, Технология производства Zlieri ojaxebis yolas.
и переработки продукции пчеловодства rogorc adrec aRiniSna, xanmokle,
М,2001 sakmaod intensiuri Ralis pirobebSi
2. g.maZRaraSvili, e.kobaxiZe (sakontrolo skis mateba-1,5-2 kg
mefutkris saswavlo elementebi, dRiurad) qarTuli futkris ojaxis
2008 mTe
3. Г.Аветисян Пчеловодство,М,1982 intensiuri Ralis pirobebSi unda li
SeecadoT, budis ZiriTad (bartyian) samu
4. К.Фриш Из жизни пчел,М,1980
nawilSi yovelTvis iyos axali, Sao
Casakvercxad vargisi aSenebuli fiWa, Zala
rom ar Seferxdes axali Taobis gam- neqt
ozrdis procesi. budeSi didi raode- ris
nobiT Taflis dagroveba SeiZleba mop-
gaxdes deda futkris mxriv kver- oveb
cxdebis Sewyvetis mizezi. azea
mobilizebuli da bartyis gamozrdas
nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs. Aam peri-
odis gaxangrZliveba iwvevs futkris
ojaxis dasustebas.
futkris mTabaroba. rogorc futkris

ZiriTadi Ralianobis damTavrebis ojaxis produqtiulobis, ise misi
Semdeg SeiZleba minimumamde Sem- raodenobrivi zrdis uzrun-
cirdes neqtris saarsebo Rala, ra- velsayofad mefutkrem aqtiurad unda
sac deda futkris mxriv kvercxdebis izrunos neqtris axali wyaroebis
Sewyveta mosdevs. Tu es periodi moZiebasa da maT aTvisebaze. Aam
ivlisis II naxevars an agvistos da- mizniT man aqtiur sezonze safutkre
sawyiss xvdeba, mefutkrem dauy- unda amTabaros da es SeiZleba
ovnebliv unda izrunos futkris xe- ramdenjerme gameordes. Mmet-naklebad
lovnur stimulaciaze, rac ase xdeba: vargisi samTabaro teqnikis pirobebSi
futkars gamravlebis instinqti amisi ganxorcieleba misTvis
uCndeba, Tu SeniSna bunebaSi sakvebis realuria, xolo misi Sedegi-
axali wyaroebis gaCena. sasurveli, produqciis damatebiTi
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, mefutkre raodenobis miRebis TvalsazrisiT.
aZlevs mas xelovnuri sakvebis mcire samTabaro adgilis SerCevisas
dozebs (or-sam dReSi erTxel): upirvelesad unda gansazRvroT
Saqris 50%-ian sirofs 0,5 l-mde Ti- Taflovani floris
Toeul micemaze. TavisTavad cxadia, SesaZleblobani, magram nebismier
es unda moxdes futkris ojaxidan SemTxvevaSi dauSvebelia erT
sasaqonlo Taflis gamowurvis adgilze 50-60 futkris ojaxze
Semdeg. Tu amasTanave isic aRiniSneba, metis Tavmoyra. amasTan am zomis
rom futkarma SezRuda axali safutkreebi erTimeores unda
yvavilis mtvris motana, maSin si- daSordes 1,0-1,5 km manZiliT, rac
rofTan erTad mefutkre mas aZlevs SezRudul sivrceSi futkris didi
cilovan sakveb danamatebs (soiis masis Tavmoyras gamoricxavs.Ggarda
fqvili, moxdili rZe, safuari da Ralianobis pirobebis gaumjobe-
sxv., ix. IV Tavi “futkris kveba”) sebisa, es RonisZieba aferxebs
gadamdebi daavadebebis gavrce-
lebas. mTeli aqtiuri sezoni ise
unda gaanawiloT, rom futkari
metnaklebad uzrunvelyofili iyos
neqtris maragiT.
Ggazrdili raodenobiT produqciis
misaRebad safutkre droulad unda
momaragdes saWiro inventariT: dama-
tebiTi korpusebiT, aSenebuli da
xelovnuri fiWiT. Tu es saSualebebi
SezRudulia, maSin TafliT gav-
sebuli fiWebi dauyovnebliv unda
gamoiwuros, rom neqtris ganTavseba
skaSi Seuferxeblad warimarTos-
futkris mTabaroba, rogorc wesi, suro
xdeba amindis pirobebisa da
Taflovani floris vertikaluri
zonalobis gaTvaliswinebiT: igi
iwyeba dablobi zonidan da
mTavrdeba zafxulSi subalpuri da
alpuri savargulebis aTvisebiT.
gamonakliss Seadgens sagviano
(saSemodgomo) Taflovnebi (cocxi,
suro da sxv.), romlebic dablob
zonebSi gvxvdeba.
Soroqnis cocxi
sakvebi Taflis Semcvlelebis

gamoyeneba.
TqveniFfutkris ojaxis produqtiu-
lobis gazrdis erT-erTi rezervia
e.w. sakvebi (samarago) Taflis
Secvla iafi sakvebi saSualebebiT.
Aamas aiZulebs mefutkres sabazro
Ffutkris mTabaroba ekonomikis principi: awarmoe meti,
maRalxarisxovani da iafi produq-
cia, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mefut-
kre ver gauZlebs bazarze arsebul
mkacr konkurencias.
samarago Taflis nawilis Secvla

xdeba Ralianobis sezonis damTav-
rebisTanave, rac, wesisamebr agvistos
emTxveva da SeiZleba nawilobriv
ufro gvian (seqtembris I dekada)
ganxorcieldes. aseTi moTxovnebi
oqrowkepla
imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom
Ralianobis Sewyvetam ar unda
gamoiwvios skaSi kvercxdebis
Sewyveta da Taflis Semcvlelis
gamoyeneba is faqtori unda gaxdes,
rac bunebrivad gaagrZelebs am uaryofiTi movlenebis gamosworeba:
process. Saqris daSla martiv naerTebad
Aam RonisZiebis ganxorcielebisas (glukoza, fruqtoza) xelovnuri
mefutkre xeluxleblad tovebs im hidrolizuri fermentebiT da wylis
fiWebs, romelSic bartyia (kvercxi, Semcvelobis maqsimaluri miaxloeba
TavRia da gadabeWdili) moTavsebuli, Taflis analogiur maCvenebelTan.
agreTve mcireTaflian fiWebs. Aamis gaTvaliswineba saSualebas
Ggamowurvis Semdeg igi iwyebs iZleva, daizogos futkris sasicoc-
maragis Sevsebas xelovnuri dana- xlo energia, maqsimalurad Semcir-
matebiT (sasursaTo an inversiuli des damatebiTi sakvebis Rirebuleba
Saqari da sxv.) im varaudiT, rom da fiziologiurad ufro srulyo-
sakvebis saerTo maragi sakmarisi
fili sakvebiT moxdes futkris gamo-
aRmoCndes futkris gamozamTre-
zamTreba, rac momdevno sezonze
bisaTvis. Aam saqmiT zedmetad gata-
futkris produqtiulobis klebas
cebac ar varga, radgan qarTuli
praqtikulad ar iwvevs.
futkris Taviseburebis gamo (mozam-
Tre futkris SezRuduli raodenoba)
sakvebiT gavsebuli fiWebi Semodgo-
maze zogjer futkriT ver ifareba,
xolo zedmeti sakvebiT maTi gavseba
futkars damatebiT sazrunavs uCens
da mis naadrev cveTas uwyobs xels,
rac Zalze arasasurvelia.
sasursaTo SaqriT kveba. es
RonisZieba mefutkreebis mier ukve
didi xnis win iqna aTvisebuli,
magram misi didi masStabiT
ganxorcieleba sazamTre maragis inversiuli sirofi
Sesavsebad saxifaToa, radgan
Uunda icodeT, rom dagvianebiT
futkris gaZlierebul cveTas
Catarebuli kveba mozamTre
ganapirobebs: a) futkari Tavisi
futkris cxovelmyofelobas aua-
organizmis fermentuli sistemis
resebs, rac Tavs iCens momdevno aq-
meSveobiT SaqarSi arsebul
tiuri sezonis dasawyisSive!
saqarozas Slis martiv naerTebad, b)
futkars uxdeba Saqris sirofis daavadebebTan brZola. Aam sakiTxis
kondicireba (zedmeti wylis aorT- uaRresi aqtualoba mefutkres aiZu-
qleba), rac isev energiis xarjvasTan lebs, futkris mdgomareobaze
aris dakavSirebuli. Saqris gadamuSa- kontroli mTeli aqtiuri sezonis
vebisaTvis futkris mier daxarjuli ganmavlobaSi awarmoos. rogorc wesi,
energia moxmarebuli Saqris 20-23%-s gavrcelebuli tkipovani daavadebebis
etoleba, rac mefutkrisaTvis sufTa (varoatozi, akarapidozi) mkurnaloba
danakargia. Aamasve emateba futkris gazafxulze (mTavar Ralianobamde)
dasustebis Sedegi (momdevno sezonze da Ralianobis sezonis dasasruls
armiRebuli produqcia). (agvisto-seqtemberi) warmoebs, raTa
inversiuli sirofiT kveba. Ees ar moxdes samkurnalo nivTierebebiT
SedarebiT axali RonisZiebaa, romlis Taflis dabinZureba, magram zogierTi
dadebiTi Sedegi is aris, rom misi mizeziT (daavadebebis maRali done,
kvebiswina SemzadebiT xdeba samkurnalo nivTierebebis arasa-
sasursaTo SaqriT kvebis ZiriTadi kmarisi aqtiuroba) mkurnaloba
SeiZleba ganmeordes aqtiur se-
zonzec. TavisTavad es procesi
sasaqonlo produqciis sisufTavis
moTxovnebs arRvevs, magram futkris
gaxsovdeT! Uumwifari Taflis

gamowurvas SeiZleba mohyves misi
amJaveba. Tu TqvenTvis es faqti
mainc cnobilia, mogixdebaT
saojaxo pirobebSi misi Semdgomi
damuSaveba, rom zedmeti wyali
aorTqldes (Tbil oTaxSi farToy-
elian, TavRia WurWelSi Casxma da
misi xSir-xSirad moreva, e.i. samu-
varoas tkipebi bartyze
Sao drois damatebiTi xarjva!
Taflis wurva. Aam samuSaos
SenarCunebis saWiroeba aiZulebs amas Sesrulebisas mefutkrem unda gaiT-
mefutkres. varoatozis gavrcelebis valiswinos, rom Tafli fiWebSi dam-
intensiurobis dadgena mefutkris wifebuli iyos, risTvisac fiWiani
mier SesaZlebelia o. grobovisa da Tafli sanaxevrod mainc unda iyos
sxv. (1987) mier aRwerili martivi dabeWdili-wyals unda Seicavdes ara
meTodis gamoyenebiT (futkris Caxar- umetes 20%-sa.
Sva sarecxi saSualebebis
gacxelebul wyalxsnarSi), magram
sxva SemTxvevebSi saWiro xdeba la- Taflis kondicireba gansakuTrebiT
boratoriuli kvleva. efeqturi gaZnelebulia haeris maRali fardo-
samkurnalo saSualebebiT daa- biTi tenianobiT (wvimebis sezoni).
vadebebTan brZola dRes nebismier SemTxvevaSi futkari amas
mefutkrisaTvis aRar aris Sromat- ukeTesad axerxebs. Taflis wurvis
evadi procesi, magram amasTan isic Semdeg fiWebi futkris ojaxebs unda
unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli, rom daubrundes gasamSraleblad, radgan
saWiro xdeba samkurnalo saSu- fiWaSi CarCenili Tafli advilad
alebebis perioduli cvla Tvi- kristaldeba da momdevno sezonze
sobrivad gansxvavebuli preparatebiT, axali produqciis naadrev dakris-
raTa ar moxdes tkipebis gamZle talebas ganapirobebs, rac TqvenTvis
formebis gaCena, rac erTi da imave Zneladgadasawyvet sirTuleebs Se-
preparatis xangrZliv gamoyenebas qmnis.
axlavs Tan. igive iTqmis infeqciuri Taflis wurvis Semdeg mefutkrem
daavadebebis mkurnalobaze erTi da unda gansazRvros budeSi samaragod
imave preparatis gamoyenebis Sem- darCenili Taflis vargisianoba gam-
Txvevebzec. ozamTrebisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia,
samarago sakvebi manana Taflis
(mcenareuli da cxoveluri organiz-
mebis mier saneqtre organoebis ga-
reSe gamoyofili tkbili nivTiereba,
romelsac futkari agrovebs)
gazrdili raodenobiT mozamTre
futkris sakvebad uvargisia.
fiWebidan gavrcelebuli danadgare-
biT aRar iwureba, ris gamoc
mefutkreebi mas daumwifebels
wuraven.
naSromis 11-e Tavis meore qveTavSi

aRwerili xerxiT Tqven SeZlebT
umwifari Taflis kondicirebas da
xarisxovani sarealizacio produ-
qciis damzadebas.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
FfoTlebze mobinadre bugri-mananas pro-
ducenti, romelzec WianWvela nadirobs 1. rodis da ra mizniT xdeba
damxmare nayris Sedgena?
amis dasadgenad mefutkrem unda gam-
oiyenos me-4 TavSi aRwerili 2. riTi vaZlierebT futkris ojaxs
meTodebi. aseTi Taflis arsebobis uRalo aqtiur sezonze?
SemTxvevaSi man sakvebi maragi unda
Secvalos inversiuli an sasursaTo 3. samarago sakvebis Sevsebis
Saqris gamoyenebiT. xerxebi gazafxulze da zafx-
ulis II naxevarSi;
4. risTvis aris saWiro futkris

mTabaroba da ra teqnikuri saS-
ualebebiT xdeba is?
5. ra periodebSi xdeba futkris

damuSaveba tkipebis
sawinaaRmdegod?
6. rogor ganvsazRvroT futkarSi

narCeni datkipianeba?
7. ra RonisZiebebs vatarebT sakveb-

Si adviladkristalebadi da
manana Taflis Semcvelobis
dros?
Taflis wurva radialur cibrutSi

saqarTvelos zogierT adgilas fut- 1. g.maZRaraSvili, e.kobaxiZe
kari Semodgomis Taflovani mcena- mefutkris saswavlo elementebi
reebidan (suro, oqrowkepla da sxva) (eleqtruli versia), 2008 w.
agrovebs adviladkristalebad 2. g. maZRaraSvili futkris produ-
Tafls, romelic gvian Semodgomaze, qtebi da aratradiciuli sakvebi,
siciveebis SemTxvevaSi iCens Tavs da 2002w
safrTxes uqmnis futkars zamTrobis 3. Г.Туников и др, Технология производства и
dros. amasTan suros Tafli damwife- переработки продукции
bis Semdeg imdenad blanti xdeba, rom пчеловодства,М,2001
4. О.Гробов и др. Болезни и вредители gamoizamTros, misi mflobeli am
медоносных пчел,Ь, 1988 saqmisaTvis zafxulis periodidanve
5. Н.Буренин, Г.Котова Справочник по unda Seemzados, radgan
пчеловодству,М, 1988 zamTrobasTan dakavSirebuli bevri
sakiTxi am dros wydeba.
zamTrobisaTvis saWiro sakvebis
maragi da misi xarisxi zafxulis
bolos unda iyos uzrunvelyofili.
Tu mefutkre amCnevs, rom igi
sakmarisi ar aris, man safutkre unda
moamaragos saWiro masalebiT:
koncentrirebuli Saqris sirofiT
(60%-iani) an inversiuli SaqriT.
sasurvelia, rom am ukanasknelis
koncentracia TaflTan maqsimalurad
iyos miaxloebuli (76-77 mas. %), rac
futkars dauzogavs sasicocxlo
energias. Ffutkris mier 60%-iani
Saqris sirofis didi raodenobiT
gadamuSavebis dros Saqris 20-23% am
procesisaTvis saWiro energetikuli
3) mzadeba zamTrobisaTvis da misi danaxarjebia, rac sazaraloa
safutkrisaTvis, rom aRaraferi
mimdinareobis Sefaseba vTqvaT futkris cveTaze. miiCneven,
rom zamTrobis periodSi (Ralianobis
Aam qveTavSi ganxilulia futkris damTavrebidan momdevno wlis neqtris
zamTrobaze moqmedi faqtorebi: Ralis dawyebamde) TiToeul CarCo
sakvebis maragi da misi xarisxi, mozamTre futkarze 2 kg unda iyos
mozamTre futkris asaki da momaragebuli, Tumca zogjer
raodenoba, cximovani sxeulis gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebic
mdgomareoba, sazamTred budis xdeba: Tbili zamTrobis dros
Sedgena, invaziuri daavadebebis futkari aqtiurdeba da SeiZleba
done, skis mikroklimati, skebis budeSi kvercxdebac daiwyos, rac
ganwyoba safutkreSi, mozamTre zrdis am periodSi daxarjuli
gundis moZraoba. amasTan erTad sakvebis raodenobas da saWiro xdeba
naCvenebia uaryofiTi faqtorebis damatebiTi sakvebis micema.
gamosworebis saSualebebi
zafxulis periodSi unda
Cvens qveyanaSic ki, sadac zamTari gansazRvroT futkris mier mota-
CrdiloeTTan SedarebiT bevrad nili Taflis saxeoba. Tu sazamTre
ufro advili gadasatania cocxali maragSi ivaraudeT manana Taflis
organizmisaTvis, mainc igi mZime arseboba, zafxulis bolos aseTi
gamocdis win ayenebs mefutkreobas, ram zustad unda daadginoT, an
ris Sedegadac zamTrobaSi sakmaod SeamowmebinoT mananas arseboba
bevri futkari iRupeba. miCneulia, laboratoriulad. dadasturebis
rom daRupuli ojaxebis raodenoba SemTxvevaSi Taflis maragi maqsima-
saSualod 10%-s Seadgens, Tumca es lurad unda gamowuroT da Saqris
maCvenebeli myari ar aris da xSirad sirofiT an inversiuli SaqriT
bevrad metia (Furgala, McCutcheon, 2010). SecvaloT. igive procesi unda
safutkrem rom normalurad ganaxorcieloT, Tu sazamTre
maragSi Sereulia advilad dakri- proteinisa da cximis gaanalizeba,
stalebadi oqrowkeplas an suros rac Semdegnairad xdeba:
Tafli. _ mefutkre Tbil, mzian amindSi
xsnis skas, iRebs CarCoebs da
zamTris II naxevarSi (Tebervali) vizualurad gansazRvravs masze
futkris budeSi xSirad iwyeba msxdomi futkrebis fersa da
kvercxdeba da Sesabamisad bartyis Sebusulobas. mozamTre futkari unda
kveba, e.i. futkris mier rZis iyos kargad Sebusuli, ruxi feris.
gamoyofa, Aam procesisaTvis saWiro moSavo feris mbzinavi futkris
Weos xarjviT. Tu es ukanaskneli arseboba imaze miuTiTebs, rom igi
skaSi SezRuduli raodenobiTaa, xandazmulia;
saWiro xdeba futkrisaTvis cilovani cximovani sxeulis mdgomareobis
danamatebis (soiis Sroti an farSi, Semowmeba. iReben ramdenime cal muSa
mSrali rZe, safuari da sxv.) micema futkars, waaclian Tavebs, sapre-
naxSirwylovan sakvebTan (kandi) paracio nemsiT gauxsnian muclebs da
erTad, ufro mizanSewonili iqneba aclian Siga organoebs (saTafle
Tu mefutkre gaiTvaliswinebs wina CiCaxvi, nawlavebi), gulaRma qinZis-
zafxulis periodSi yvavilis mtvris TavebiT amagreben qitinovani safar-
damzadebas zamTrobis dasasruli- vlis kideebiT cvilis brtyel
saTvis, radgan es komponenti kvereulze da МБС mikroskopSi,
fiziologiurad bevrad ufro xelovnuri ganaTebis pirobebSi
efeqtiania monelebadobis Tvalsaz- amowmeben cximovani sxeulis
risiT (ix. Tavebi IV da V, `futkris mdgomareobas: igi kargad unda
kveba” da `futkris produqtebis moCandes erTiani moTeTro masis
warmoeba da pirveladi damuSaveba”). saxiT, muclis dorzalur nawilze.
mozamTre futkris asaki. es Zalze
mniSvnelovani faqtoria warmatebuli
zamTrobisaTvis. zamTrobaSi Sesuli
futkari fiziologiurad axalgaz-
rda unda iyos, e.i. skaSi arsebul
samuSao procesebSi (neqtris motana,
dabinaveba da gadamuSaveba, an Saqris
sirofis gadamuSaveba, bartyis ga-
mozrda da sxv.) misi monawileoba
sasurveli ar aris. aseTi futkari
gamoCekvis Semdeg uxvad ikvebeba,
gansakuTrebiT WeoTi, rac amdidrebs cximovani sxeuli: moRale (marcxniv) da
mozamTre muSa futkrisa (marjvniv)
mis organizms samarago sazrdo
nivTierebebiT (proteini, cximi, Tu mefutkre Semodgomaze eWvobs,
mineraluri masalebi), romelTa rom mozamTre futkris organizmi
Semcveloba futkris organizmSi kargad ar aris momaragebuli sazrdo
zamTrobis dasawyisSi ufro maRalia, nivTierebebiT, igi muSa futkris
vidre gazafxulze. warmodgena rom nimuSebs agzavnis laboratoriaSi,
iqonios mefutkrem, rogori futkari sxeulSi proteinisa da cximis
hyavs mas zamTrobis win, unda Semcvelobis dasadgenad (mSral
Sesruldes garkveuli saanalizo masaSi). gaSrobamde nimuSebs aclian
samuSaoebi: muSa futkris Sefe- Siga organoebs. Pproteinis Semcve-
riloba, cximovani sxeulis mdgoma- loba muSa futkarSi 45-50%-ze nakle-
reoba an futkris organizmSi bi ar unda iyos, cximisa- 12_20 %.
mozamTre futkris raodenoba. maszea sazamTred budis Sedgena. mozamTre
damokidebuli mniSvnelovani sameur- gundis ganTavseba budeSi
neo da biologiuri maCveneblebi: mniSvnelovania im TvalsazrisiT, rom
sakvebis xarjva zamTrobis periodSi, gundma unda miiRos SesaZlebloba,
futkris SenarCuneba, ganviTarebis Seuferxeblad ikvebos da SeZlos
intensiuroba da sxv. Zlieri ojaxi saWiro saarsebo pirobebis
erTeul cocxal masaze ufro nakleb SenarCuneba. zamTrobisaTvis gundi
sakvebs xarjavs, vidre susti da ewyoba fiWis qveda mxareze,
ukeTesad viTardeba aqtiur sezonze. sakvebisagan Tavisufal ujredebze.
cnobilia, rom Sua ruseTis futkris Aamdenad, sakvebiT mTlianad
normaluri zamTrobisaTvis optima- gavsebuli fiWis gamoyeneba ar
luri raodenoba 9-11 CarCos Seadgens SeiZleba. Bbudis SuagulSi dgamen
(tunikovi da sxva, 2001). qarTuli kargad aSenebul, Ria feris CarCoebs,
futkrisaTvis, misi naklebi radgan futkari bartyis gamozrdas
kvercxmdeblobis gamo, es maCvenebeli amjobinebs aseT fiWebSi. mozamTre
ufro dabalia. Ooptimalur maCveneb- gundisaTvis budeSi toveben imden
lamde (savaraudod 7-9 CarCo) mis CarCos, ramdensac igi faravs.
misayvanad unda gamoviyenoT is
xerxebi, romlebic aRwerilia qve- gaxsovdeT! zedmeti CarCoebis
TavSi `aqtiur sezonze futkris datoveba iwvevs zedmeti sivrcis
movla da produqciis warmoeba”) gaTbobis saWiroebas da Sedegad
invaziuri daavadebebis winaaRmdeg sakvebis aramwarmoeblur xarjvas,
brZola. es daavadebebi (nozematozi, rac futkris gazrdil cveTas da
varoatozi da sxv.) metad Tavs iCens sakvebis danakliss iwvevs!
zamTrobis periodSi, Tu moqme-
amave mosazrebiT gundi zemodan da
debisaTvis xelSemwyobi pirobebi
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gverdidan
daudgaT. NnozematozisaTvis aseTi
unda daTbundes safari tiloTi da
pirobebia: uxarisxo sakvebi (mag,
baliSebiT. sakvebis momWirned,
manana Tafli), Crdilovan adgilze
efeqtianad xarjva is ZiriTadi
futkris moTavseba, sineste skaSi,
maCvenebelia, rac gansazRvravs warmo-
zamTrobis periodSi futkris frenis
ebuli produqciis TviTRirebulebas.
(gamomRera) SesaZleblobis arar-
mozamTre gundis mikroklimati.
seboba. nozematozis winaaRmdeg
rekomendebuli maCveneblebis dacva
gamoiyeneT brZolis gavrcelebuli
amcirebs sakvebis xarjvas da
saSualebebi (sakvebis xarisxis
exmareba futkars, zamTroba norma-
gaumjobeseba, safutkris ganTavseba
lurad gadaitanos.
Sesaferis adgilze, mkurnaloba
Ooptimalurad iTvleba temperatura
preparatebis sakvebSi CarTviT da
-20+20С-is farglebSi.Eeqstremalur
sxva).
(gaZnelebul) pirobebSi, gansakuT-
rac Seexeba varoatozs, mis
rebiT maRalmTian zonaSi SeiZleba
winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis safutkres
skaSi gamaTbobeli batareis Cadgma,
amuSaveben gavrcelebuli preparate-
rom gundis garemomcvel haerSi igi
biT, rogorc Ralianobis dasasruls,
meryeobdes zemoaRniSnul farglebSi.
ise budeSi bartyis gaqrobis Semdeg,
futkris zamTrobas did siZneleebs
roca tkipebis narCeni raodenoba
uqmnis safutkris ganTavseba nestian
zrdasrul futkarzea gadasuli
adgilze, CrdilSi, rac skaSi tenis
(Semodgoma). aseT SemTxvevaSi efeq-
dagrovebas da Sesabamisad budis
tiani samkurnalo preparatis gamoye-
danestianebas iwvevs. aseT pirobebSi
neba gansakuTrebiT Sedegiania.
maragi sakvebi tens STanTqavs da
iwyebs amJavebas, ramac mozamTre bolos skis ukana kedlisaken
gundis daRupva SeiZleba gamoiwvios. miimarTeba, rasac gundisaTvis
tenis dagrovebisas skis kedlebze, dacviTi funqcia aqvs: zamTrobis
fiWebsa da baliSebze obi Cndeba, bolos igi aRmoCndeba im adgilze,
futkari wuxs da amis gamo skaSi sadac ufro metia siTbo da naklebia
temperatura zeviT iwevs, rac haeris civi nakadis moxvedra, rac
nozematozis ganviTarebisa da kvercxdebis dawyebas xels uSlis.
futkris faRaraTis safrTxes
warmoSobs. Mmdgomareobis gamosaswo-
reblad ska unda gadaidgas mzian
adgilze da masSi Seiqmnas pirobebi
budis ventilaciisaTvis.
zamTrobis mimdinareobis erT-erT

maCveneblad gamoiyeneT gundSi nax-
SirorJangis (CO2) koncentracia. Ees
nivTiereba ganapirobebs gundSi niv-
TierebaTa cvlis intensivobis Sem-
cirebas da Sesabamisad - sakvebis mozamTre gundi fiWaze
xarjvisac. SesaZlebelia, fiWaSi aRmoCndes
damtkicebulia, rom rac maRalia adviladkristalebadi Taflis
CO2-is Semcveloba (3-4%-mde), miT garkveuli fena, romlis gadalaxva
zamTroba ukeTesad mimdinareobs. Ees futkris gunds ar ZaluZs. aseT Sem-
aris mozamTre gundis dacvis erT- TxvevaSi gundi SeiZleba SimSiliT
erTi meqanizmi, romelic Zlier daiRupos, Tundac ufro zemoT
ojaxebSi ufro maRalia sustebTan Txevadi Taflis maragi iyos. igive
SedarebiT da futkris Crdilour SemTxvevasTan gveqneba saqme, Tu
jiSebs ufro ganviTarebuli aqvT, fiWis erT mxareze sakvebis maragis
vidre samxreTuls (mkacri, SezRudulobaa da skis gareT
xangrZlivi zamTris gavlena). arsebuli uamindoba gunds gada-
skebis ganTavseba safutkreSi. Ees jgufebis saSualebas ar aZlevs. sxva
sayuradRebo maCvenebelia im mosaz- SemTxvevaSi gunds SeuZlia, daZlios
rebiT, rom futkars zamTris im aseTi sirTuleebi da SimSils
dReebSi, roca amindi kargia da gadaurCes.
SedarebiT Tbila, SeeZlos gareT SimSilisgan dacva. zamTrobis peri-
gamofrena fekalisagan nawlavis odis gauTvaliswinebeli saxiT mim-
gasasufTaveblad. dinareobisas (amindis aratipiuri
skebi ise unda dadgaT, rom kedle- cvalebadoba, civi periodis
bi samxreTidan da aRmosavleTidan gaxangrZliveba) SeiZleba budeSi
mzis sxivebiT Tbebodes, xolo Seiqmnas sakvebis deficiti, romlis
safreni miqceuli ar iyos Crdilo- dasaZlevad mefutkrem unda Caataros
eTisaken, raTa haeris civi masebis damatebiTi gamokveba. Aam SemTxvevi-
SeWra Tavidan aiciloT. saTvis gamoyenebuli sakvebi saSu-
alebebi, rogorc wesi, naxSirwyle-
skis wina mxare cota ufro dabali
bisagan Sedgeba da ori saxeobisaa:
unda iyos, rom safrenSi naleqi ar
Txevadi da comiseburi. Txevad sak-
SeiWras da bude ar daanestianos.
vebad iyeneben Saqris koncentri-
mozamTre gundis moZraoba. igi iwyeba
fiWis qvemo nawilidan, safrenis si- rebul sirofs (Буренин и Котова,1984),
axloves da TandaTan zemoT miiwevs, agreTve maRalkoncentruli (76-77
mas.%) inversiuli sirofi. Txevadi dadebiTi mxare imaSia, rom masSi
sakvebis upiratesoba isaa, rom igi SeiZleba CairTos arawyalxsnadi
koncentraciiT Taflis analogiuria, proteinovani sakvebi saSualebebi
Tumca imis gamo, rom sirofis nawili nebismieri raodenobiT da nazavi
futkars fiWaSi gadaaqvs, Saqris si- xangrZlivad inarCunebs fizikur
rofis dakristalebisa da amJavebis formas.
safrTxec naklebia maRali koncen- Tagvebisagan dacva. zamTris periodSi
traciis gamo. skaSi SeiZleba Tagvma daibudos da
damatebiTi sakvebi futkars maSin mTeli ojaxi gaanadguros.
mieciT, Tu gundma CarCos zeda Ta-
masas miaRwia, e.i. sakvebTan uSu-
alod aqvs Sexeba, winaaRmdeg Sem-
TxvevaSi sakvebi auTvisebeli rCeba.
inversiuli sirofis erT-erTi
upiratesoba is aris, rom misi mi-
cemisas mozamTre gundi ar aqtiurde-
ba, rac arsebiTia futkrisaTvis am
periodSi. 0,5-0,8 l inversiuli si-
rofi futkris ojaxisaTvis sakma-
risia 15-20 dRis ganmavlobaSi. Uufro
xSiri kveba sasurveli ar aris.
Tagvi mozamTre gundSi

is Wams rogorc cocxal futkars,
ise Weos dagrovil marags. Tu skis
daTvalierebisas mefutkrem SeamCnia
SeWmuli futkris narCenebi safrenSi
an SigniT, dauyovnebliv unda Sea-
mowmos futkris mdgomareoba da
Tagvi mospos. Senaxul fiWas cariel
korpusebSi awyoben, korpusebs
alageben liTonis qvesadgamze, arana-
kleb 0,5 m simaRliT, iatakze, kor-
SimSiliT daxocili futkari pusebis garSemo qaRaldis zolebs
tradiciulad comisebri sakvebis awyoben da masze asxamen Txevad, pas-
gamoyeneba zamTrobis periodSi ufro tisebur sawamlavs, romlis
gavrcelebulia imis gamo, rom gadalaxvas Tagvi ver axerxebs (Sig
mefutkreTa sazogadoeba mas efloba da kvdeba).
ukeTesad icnobs, magram kandis
moxmarebas aqvs rigi uaryofiTi mozamTre gundis xma. Nnormalurad
movlenebisa: kandi ZviradRirebulia mozamTre futkars axasiaTebs mSvidi,
imis gamo, rom misi damzadeba te- Tanabari zuzuni. Tu mas raime awuxebs
qnikurad ufro rTulia (inversiuli (daavadebebi, budeSi gaCenili Tagvi,
sirofis momzadeba-kondicireba, sazamTre nagebobaSi - maRali tem-
Saqris dafqva, komponentebis Sereva, peratura), xmauri matulobs, Sim-
mozela, SefuTva). amis gamo kandis Silobis gamo gundi gamoscems Srial-
Rirebuleba inversiuli Saqris am ismagvar xmas. Mmefutkrem periodulad
maCvenebelze orjer metia. jerjero- unda Seamowmos mozamTre gundis xma,
biT kandis gamoyenebis erT-erTi gamoarkvios gazrdili xmauris mizezi
da Seasrulos yvela samuSao
mdgomareobis normalizaciisaTvis.
III Tavi
1. ra mniSvneloba aqvs futkris
ojaxis kondicias misi Ffutkris gamravleba da sanaSene
zamTrobisaTvis? produqciis warmoeba.
2. raSi gamoixateba futkris fizi-
ologiuri siaxalgazrdave da 1)Ffutkris ojaxis gamravleba
romel asakSi? bunebriv pirobebSi da xelovnurad
3. zamTris maragi sakvebis yvelaze Aam qveTavis gacnobisas msmeneli
optimaluri fizikuri forma Seiswavlis Semdeg sakiTxebs:
4. haeris optimaluri temperatura futkris gamravlebis Tavisebu-
zamTrobis I naxevarSi rebani nayrobiswina da Semdgom
5. ra TanamimdevrobiT xdeba sak- periodebSi, bunebrivi nayrobis
vebis xarjva fiWaze ganlagebu- mizezebi da uaryofiTi mxareebi,
li gundis mier? aRmkveTi RonisZiebebi, gamravleba
6. ras warmoadgens futkris xelovnurad da misi xerxebi:
comiseburi sakvebi da rodis vi- fiWiani da ufiWo nayrebis Sedgena
yenebT mas? da teqnika, ojaxis gayofa.
7. ra gamoiyeneba cilovani defi-
citis Sesavsebad da romel pe- Ffutkris ojaxis gamravleba, Tu ar
riodSi? CavTvliT misi Semadgeneli sqe-
8. rogoria mozamTre gundis forma sobriv-asakobrivi jgufebis zrdis
da ra upiratesoba aqvs mas? Taviseburebebs embrionul periodSi,
Ggamoyenebuli literatura: bunebaSi arsebul kanonzomierebebs
emorCileba: zamTrobis bolos – adre
1. Г. Аветисян Пчеловодства,М,1982 gazafxulze iwyebs raodenobriv
2. Н.Буренин и Г.Котова Справочник по matebas, Zveli, mozamTre Taobis
nacvlad Cndeba axali, romelic
пчеловодству.М.,1984
zrdis garkveul etapze aRwevs
3. B.Furgala, D.McCutcheon Wintering Prodac- maqsimums da Sedegad warmoiSoba
tive Colonies. The Hive and the Bees., axali ojaxis forma-nayari, romelic
Ch.20,2010 tovebs Zvel ojaxs (sacxovrebels),
gadadis axal adgilze da iwyebs
4. g. maZRaraSvili, e. kobaxiZe
damoukideblad arsebobas. bunebasTan
mefutkris saswavlo elementebi
Seguebis instiqtidan gamomdinare,
(el. versia) , 2008
nayari gamoiyofa im varaudiT, rom
5. Г.Туников и др, Технология производства и mcenareTa vegetaciis darCenil
переработки продукции periodSi moaswros aucilebeli
пчеловодства,М,2001 saarsebo sakvebis Seqmna, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi igi iRupeba.
nayrobis gaCenis xelSemwyob
faqtorebs miekuTvneba:
_ futkris yola SezRuduli mocu-
lobis skaSi, sadac ojaxi srulad
ver viTardeba;
_ mzisgulze dadgmul skebSi, sadac
futkari ver axerxebs budis venti-
lacias da mikroklimatis SenarCune-
bas.
nayrobis instinqtis gaCena da
futkris ojaxis ganviTareba mimdinareoba
nayrobiswina periodSi. A
Nnayrobis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi
am dros ojaxSi mimdinareobs ori, mizezi mainc is aris, rom budeSi
urTierTsawinaaRmdego procesi: ax- bartyis simciris gamo futkris
ali futkris gaCena da Zveli, axalgazrda Taobas ar SeuZlia,
mozamTre Taobis kleba bunebrivi ganaxorcielos Tavisi potenciuri
sikvdilis gziT. Ddeda futkris SesaZlebloba (rZis warmoqmnisa da
SezRuduli kvercxdebis pirobebSi 1 bartyze misi daxarjvis unari).
zamTargamovlili muSa futkari Nnayrobiswina periodSi mzveravi
uvlis 1,5 embrions, romlis intensi- futkrebis jgufi eZebs axal
uri klebis SemTxvevaSi ojaxSi sacxovrebels, SearCevs mas, amzadebs
futkris raodenoba mcirdeba 10%-iT da icavs mas sxva nayrebis
da zogjer ufro metad. TandaTano- SeWrisagan, Ddeda futkars aiZulebs,
biT Zvelsa da axal Taobebs Soris mkveTrad Seamciros kvercxdeba
iqmneba raodenobrivi Tanafardoba, sakvebis SezRuduli raodenobis
rasac mosdevs axali Taobis swrafi miwodebiT.
ricxobrivi zrda. Aam procesisaTvis
xelSemwyobi faqtorebia: siTbos
mateba atmosferul haerSi da axali
sakvebis (neqtari da yvavilis mtveri)
motanis SesaZlebloba. saqarTvelos
baris zonaSi (kolxeTis dablobi,
alaznis veli, gardabnis zona)
futkris ojaxis ganviTarebis maqsi-
mumi maisis dasawyiss emTxveva, roca
erTi ZiZa futkris wilad 3-4 embrio-
ni modis. rac ufro matulobs
zrdasruli futkris raodenoba, miT
Sefardeba zrdasrul da embrionul Bbunebrivi nayari
Taobebs Soris klebulobs
zrdasrulis sasargeblod: ojaxSi
Cndeba axali Taoba, romelic
SezRuduli Ralianobis pirobebSi
ojaxSi dausaqmebelia. muSa futkris
aseTi jgufis mniSvnelovani raode-
nobiT gaCenis dros deda futkars
aiZuleben, kvercxdeba daiwyos fiWeb-
ze arsebul sadede ujredebSi.
rogorc ki aseTi ujredebi gadai-
beWdeba, ojaxi iwyebs nayrobisaTvis
mzadebas. Bbunebrivma nayarma moaswro
fiWebis CamoSeneba
N
Nnayris gamosvla skidan xdeba dRis I
naxevarSi, monayre gundi gamosvlis
Semdeg ekideba axlomdebare sagnebze
(xis totebi da sxv.) ramdenime saa- organizaciuli Tu biologiuri
Tis ganmavlobaSi. gamokvlevebiT xasiaTis uaryofiTi movlenebisa:
dadginda (von Frisch, 1967; Lindau- _ bunebrivi nayris gamosvla, imis
er,1951,1955; Seeley,1977), rom mzveravi miuxedavad, rom arsebobs am movlenis
futkrebi nayris dasabi-navebel prognozirebis zogierTi meTodi,
adgils afaseben sxvadasxva kuTxiT rTulia da bevrad zrdis mefutkris
(sakmarisi sivrce ganviTa-rebisa da Sromas. Amis gareSe gamosuli nayari
budis ventilaciisaTvis; sivrcis SeiZleba daiRupos, an daikargos, rac
zedmetoba, romelic gaaZnelebs sabolood safutkris produqtiu-
zamTrobas, mikroklimatis dacvis lobaze aisaxeba;
TvalsazrisiT). aRniSnulis gamo _ pirveli nayris gamosvlis Semdeg
bunebrivi nayris mier dakavebuli ojaxSi rCeba sadedeebi, romelTa
sacxovreblis sivrce 20-100 l-s asaki gaurkvevelia (xnieri bartyidan
Seadgens, saSualod 40 l-s, rac gamosuli deda futkari xarisxiT
langstrotis skis erT korpuss uaresia).Ggarda amisa, pirvel nayars
etoleba. Aamis Semdeg igi aiyreba da SeiZleba meore mohyves, rogorc wesi,
gadadis axal sacxovrebelSi. xarisxiT da raodenobrivad susti,
Nnayris dasaWerad gamoiyeneT sa- e.i. potenciurad dabalproduqtiuli.
nayre yuTi, kibe (Tu xezea es asustebs ZiriTad ojaxs;
Camokidebuli), Toki, winaswar gaam- _ nayari SeiZleba gamovides
zadeT ska mis dasabinaveblad da dabalproduqtiuli ojaxidan, rac
CaawyeT CarCoebi aSenebuli da xe- agreTve arTulebs safutkreSi
lovnuri fiWiT (monacvleobiT), sanaSene saqmis warmarTvas _
sasurvelia agreTve 1-2 CarCos saseleqcio samuSaoebis Sesrulebas;
Cadgma bartyiani da Tafl_Weoiani _ nayrobis procesSi ojaxi iyofa
fiWebiT. araTanabrad: nayarSi Tavs iyris
axalgazrda Taoba, ZiriTad ojaxSi
rCeba xnieri futkari, rac am
Bbunebrivi nayris movla da
ukanasknelidan produqciis miRebas
gamoyeneba. Nnayris Tavisebureba
safrTxes uqmnis, xolo ZiriTad
imaSia, rom ZiriTadad axalgazrda ojaxSi gamosuli axalgazrda dedis
futkrisagan Sedgeba, romelsac
ganayofierebis procesSi mosalo-
energiis ZiriTadi nawili dauxarjavi dnelia misi dakargva (SemTxveviT
darCa Zvel skaSi droebiTi sxva skaSi Sefrena, an daRupva
umoqmedobis gamo. axal skaSi mtaceblis mier), rac SeiZleba
Casaxlebis Semdeg Tu mefutkre dasruldes ojaxis daoblebiT an
droulad moamaragebs xelovnuri crudedianobiT.
fiWiT, futkari gaZlierebiT aSenebs bunebrivi nayrobis Tavidan acilebis
mas da agrovebs neqtars, risi xerxebi. arasasurveli movlenis
SesaZleblobac ar unda daikargos. Tavidan acileba, an misi gaCenis
sxva danarCen sakiTxebSi futkris SesaZleblobis Sesusteba SeiZleba
movla iseTivea, rac Cveulebrivi
safutkreSi qvemoTCamoTvlili xerxe-
ojaxebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
bis gamoyenebiT:
Bbunebrivi nayrobis arasasurveli _ futkris ojaxs SeiZleba waerTvas
mxareebi. safutkris raodenobrivi bartyiani fiWebi zed msxdomi
zrda bunebrivi nayrobis meSveobiT
axalgazrda futkriT, gadaidgas
damaxasiaTebelia eqstensiuri mefut- axal skaSi da mieces
kreobisaTvis da Tan axlavs rigi ganayofierebuli deda futkari, an
xelovnurad miRebuli mwife sadede;
_ axalgazrda, kargi kvercxmdebeli Ffutkris ojaxebis gamravleba (mate-
deda futkrebiT (ara umetes 2 wlisa) ba) xelovnurad.
safutkris dakompleqteba xels
igi saSualebas mogcemT, sa-
uSlis nayrobas;
futkris mateba moxdes dagegmil
_ ojaxSi futkris masis zrdis
vadebSi, gaizardos ojaxebis
kvalad misi bude unda gafarTovdes
produqtiuloba da Semcirdes Sro-
rogorc aSenebuli, ise xelovnuri
miTi danaxarjebi futkris movlaze.
fiWebiT, rac futkars saSualebas
Y yvelaze xSirad ojaxebis gamrav-
miscems, dasaqmdes fiWis SenebiT,
leba xdeba nayrebis SedgeniT,
sakvebis mitaniT, skaSi misi
ufro iSviaTad _ maTi Suaze
ganTavsebiT da bartyis gamozrdiT;
gayofiT, Tanabar nawilebad.
_ skaSi Tu gaCnda sanayre sadedeebi,
SeiZleba ojaxi xelovnurad gaiyos,
erT-erTSi darCes Zveli deda, xolo
meores mieces kargad ganviTarebuli,
Zvel skaSi arsebuli sanayre sadede;
_ futkris ojaxs unda Seeqmnas skis
ventilirebis saSualeba, rac
nawilobriv Seasustebs nayris
gamosvlis safrTxes da gaaum-
jobesebs neqtris damwifebis piro-
bebs, amasTan erTad safutkreSi
gaSenebuli nargaoba icavs skebs
cxel amindSi gadaxurebisagan;
nayrobis sawinaaRmdego radi-
kalur saSualebad gamoiyeneT
safutkreSi sanaSene muSaobis
sworad warmarTva - aramonayre, fiWiani nayris dabinaveba
maRalproduqtiuli ojaxebidan Tavis mxriv nayrebi SeiZleba iyos
deda futkrebis xelovnurad individualuri (1 nayari erTi ojax-
gamozrda da amiT safutkris idan), an nakrebi (ramdenime ojaxidan
sadede suladobis Secvla. aseT Sedgenili), agreTve fiWiani (nayari
xerxs mimarTaven mefutkreobis Sedgeba CarCoiani fiWebidan iq
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT mowi- arsebuli futkriT, bartyiT da sak-
nave qveynebis praqtikosebi. vebis maragiT) da ufiWo (nayari war-
modgenilia mxolod muSa futkriT).
_ skaSi bartyiani budis garSemo
Tafliani fiWebis zRude ar unda
Seiqmnas, bude regularulad unda
farTovdebodes kargad aSenebuli,
Ria feris fiWebiT. Aamave mizans em-
saxureba meore korpusis dadgma da
iq Tafliani fiWebis atana;
_ monayre ojaxSi sadedeebis moSla
nayrobis sawinaaRmdegod gamodgeba
mxolod nayrobisaTvis mzadebis da-
sawyisSi. SemdgomSi es RonisZieba
ukve dawyebul nayrobas ver aRkveTs. ufiWo nayari sakveburiT da sadede
galiiT
da bolo wesisamebr aris gaxsnili,
xolo gverdidan gaxvreta imas
mowmobs, rom igi mokles. Ppirvel
SemTxvevaSi dedis miRebis Semdeg,
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi dedis gamo-
Cekisa da ganayofierebis Semdeg na-
yars gaaZliereben ZiriTadi ojaxidan
bartyiani fiWebiT (1-2), agreTve peri-
odulad damatebiT aZleven 50%-ian
Saqris sirofs kvercxdebis
ufiWo nayris dabinaveba
Nnebismier SemTxvevaSi Sedgenil na- gasaZliereblad. SemdgomSi nayris
yars aZleven deda futkars (ga- movla xdeba safutkreSi arsebuli
nayofierebuls an gaunayofi- ere- teqnologiis mixedviT.
bels), an mwife sadedes. Nnakrebi nayris Sedgena maSin xdeba,
Nnayris Sedgena. es unda moxdes mTa- roca safutkris ojaxebis kondicia
vari Ralis dawyebidan 3-4 kviriT sakmarisi ar aris individualuri
adre da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, nayari nayrebis Sesadgenad. Nnakrebi nayari
darCeba safutkreSi, Tu misi real- SeiZleba Sedges ufro Zlieri da
izaciaa ganzraxuli. Sesabamisad mTavari Ralis dawyebi-
dan 2-3 kviriT adre, rac ZiriTadi
Kkarg amindSi nayris Sesadgenad
ojaxebis gaZlierebisaTvis aris
winaswar dadgiT ska, CadeT erTi
sasurveli. Nnayars Sedgenis Semdeg
CarCo aSenebuli an xelovnuri
zemoaRwerili wesiT aZleven deda
fiWiT da gamyofi tixari, agreTve
futkars an mwife sadedes.
saTbunebeli masala (safari tilo
amanaTnayris Sedgena gaTvalis-
da baliSi), moZebneT Zvel skaSi
winebulia gasayidi nayrisaTvis, ro-
deda futkari Mmisi droebiTi
melsac aTavseben faneris yuTSi
izolirebiT da axal skaSi aqedan
zomebiT (mm) sigrZe-475, sigane-200,
gadaitaneT 3 CarCo masze msxdomi
simaRle-390 (oTxCarCoiani). yuTs aqvs
futkriT, romelTagan ori mwife
mavTulbadiani saventilacio Wrili,
bartyiT aris dakavebuli, erTi
safreni da Siga mxareze-CarCoebis 4
sakvebiT aris Sevsebuli. ramdenime
gamyofi, transportirebis dros maTi
saaTis Semdeg, roca moRale fut-
mdgradobisaTvis. Tu amanaTnayari
kari nayridan ZiriTad skaSi
dgeba eqvs CarCoze, maSin yuTis zome-
dabrundeba, nayars mieciT sadede
bia 475X290X390mm. bartyiani fiWebi
galia deda futkriT, or mezoblad
budis SuagulSi ideba, sakvebis
Cadgmul CarCoebs Soris, Taflian
raodenoba wesisamebr 4 kg unda iyos.
ujredebTan dedis kontaqtis Sesa-
sasurvelia, transportireba
ZleblobiT, an mwife sadede.
maqsimalurad xanmokle iyos,
erTi dRis Semdeg galiis qveda adgilze futkris gadasxma skaSi
Zelaks aReben da mas gadafaraven moxdes amanaTnayris mitanisa da 1
xelovnuri fiWis furcliT, kidev saaTis ganmavlobaSi futkris
erTi dRis Semdeg Seamowmeben, fiWis damSvidebis Semdeg.
gaRrRnis Semdeg deda futkari
miRebulia Tu ara. saWiroebis Sem-
TxvevaSi deda futkars ganme- orebiT
aZleven.
M mwife sadedis micemis SemTxvevaSi,
Tu futkari mas miiRebs, sadedis qve-
ufiWo nayari gamzadebulia
skaSi Casasmelad
un-
ufiWo amanaTnayars adgenen bartyis
da Seqmnan, amasTan am xerxs aqvs
infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebis
Tavisi naklic: sxvadasxva asakis
SezRudvisaTvis, agreTve transpor-
futkrebi naklebi xalisiT Rebulo-
tirebis xarjebis Sesamcireblad
ben axal dedas, ris dasaZlevadac
(nayris masa yuTianad 3-jer naklebia
gamoyenebul unda iyos maRal-
fiWianTan SedarebiT). igi gaTva-
nayofieri deda futkari Sedegiani
liswinebulia im SemTxvevisaTvis,
micemisaTvis saWiro sifrTxilis
roca nayris mimRebs skebis garda
dacviT.
aqvs saWiro raodenobis aSenebuli
samuSaos Sesruleba Semdegi Tan-
fiWebi nayrebis dasabinaveblad. yu-
mimdevrobiT xorcieldeba:
Tis gverdis kedlebi fanerisaa, Weri
da Ziri 20mm-iani ficrisagan keTdeba, ZiriTadi ojaxis ska gverdze gad-
gverdis erTi kedeli mavTulbadiT adgiT Zveli adgilidan imave man-
aris warmodgenili, WerSi gakeTebu- Zilze, sawinaaRmdego mxares
lia xvrelebi sakveburis dasadg- dadgiT meore ska, romelic Zveli
melad da sadede galiisaTvis. sak- skis analogiuri iqneba feriT da
veburad iyeneben liTonis qilas, ro- zomebiT, daiwyeT ojaxis gayofa
melsac ukeTeben 2 naxvrets, Ti- bartyis, sakvebisa da CarCoebis
Toeuls 0,8 mm zomiT da identurobis dacviT. Ddeda fut-
gadayiravebuls dgamen WrilSi. Mminis kari Zvel ojaxSi datoveT, axals
qilis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi mieciT sxva deda, sasurvelia, ga-
kapronis saxuravSi akeTeben analo- nayofierebuli. Oorive ojaxs mi-
giur Wrilebs. sakvebad iyeneben umateT 2-3 CarCo aSenebuli da xe-
Saqris sirofs 66-67 mas.%-iT. sanayre lovnuri fiWiT.
yuTis zomebia 230X150X430mm, sakvebis
masa-1,4 kg, rac sakmarisia 10 dRis Tu erT skaSi futkari ufro meti
ganmavlobaSi saarsebod. raodenobiT Sedis, mas Zveli adgi-
Ffutkris ojaxis Suaze gayofa. lidan ufro daaSoreben, rom Rali-
Sesasruleblad es xerxi ramdenadme dan dabrunebuli futkari orive
ufro rTulia nayris SedgenasTan skaSi Tanabrad ganawildes. Oojaxebs
SedarebiT, magram imiT aris ukeTesi, kargad daaTbuneben da ganvi-
rom axladSeqmnil ojaxebSi daculia TarebisaTvis xelSemwyob pirobebs
sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufebis ur- uqmnian.
TierTSefardeba, futkris orive Ddedaze dafrena. Tu mefutkrem
ojaxi Tanabari tempiT viTardeba da SeniSna, rom ojaxi sanayred emzadeba,
1 Tvis Semdeg maT srulfasovani am xerxs Semdegnairad gamoiyenebs:
ojaxebi karg amindSi ZiriTadi ojaxidan ax-
al skaSi gadaaqvs 3-4 CarCo 2. Г.Туников, Н.Кривцов, В.Лебедев,
sxvadasxva asakis bartyiT da Ю.Кирьянов Технология производства и
futkriT, aqve gadahyavs Zveli deda, перероботки продукции пчеловодства. М.
bartyis orive mxares ganaTavsebs 5-6 „ Колос’’ ,2001;
CarCos aSenebuli da xelovnuri
fiWiT da 2 Taflian CarCos. Aaxal 3. Н.Буренин, Г.Котова Справочник по
skas Zvelis adgilze toveben, Zveli пчеловодству,М, 1984
gadaaqvs sxva adgilze. Sedegad mo-
Rale futkari axal skaSi xvdeba, 4. Г.Аветисян Пчеловодство, М ,1982;
Zvel ojaxs aZleven axal deda fut-
5. А.Ковалев и др. Учебник
kars an mwife sadedes, masSi aRar
пчеловода,М,1965
darCeba moRale futkari. pirveli 3
dRis ganmavlobaSi mas aZleven wyals 6. g.maZRaraSvili, e.kobaxiZe
fiWaSi CasxmiT, sasurvelia Txeli mefutkris saswavlo elementebi
sirofis micemac. Oorive skaSi (el. versia), 2008
nayrobis niSnebi qreba.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi 7. Winston The Honey Bee Colony: Life Histo-
ry. The Hive and the Honey Bee. Chapt.3,p.73
1. ratom da ra dros Cndeba skaSi
bunebrivi nayrobis niSnebi?
2. aRwereT, rogor mJRavndeba sa-
nayred mzadeba;
3. CamoTvaleT bunebrivi nayrobis
uaryofiTi mxareebi da
sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi;
4. rogor xdeba nayris daWera da
dabinaveba?
5. ra axasiaTebs axaldaWeril na-
yars da rogor gamoviyenoT igi?
6. aRwereT fiWiani xelovnuri
nayris Sedgenis xerxi;
7. ra upiratesoba aqvs ufiWo xe-
lovnur nayars da ra aris saWiro
mis dasabinaveblad?
8. ra xerxebiT mravldeba kidev
xelovnurad futkris ojaxebi?
Ggamoyenebuli literatura:
1. N.Gari Activities and Behaviour of Honey

Bees. Ch.8. Swarming; p.336-341
H.Laidlaw Production of Queens and Package

Bees. Ch.23. Package Bees: p.1033-1042. The
Hive and the Honey Bee, 2010
2) deda futkris gamozrda da D dedis am gansakuTrebuli mniS-
sanaSene Tvisebebis Sefaseba vnelobis gamo, mefutkreebi ojaxis
gaZlierebis erT-erT ZiriTad ber-
am qveTavSi ganixileba ketad sadede suladobis gamozrdas
deda futkris gamozrdis teqno- da mis mizanmimarTul gamoyenebas
logia: sadede ojaxebis amorCeva, Tvlian. Ffutkris biologiis sa-
aRmzrdeli ojaxis momzadeba, fuZvlianad Seswavlam mecnierebas
bartyis xelovnurad gamosazrde- saSualeba misca, es procesi xelov-
li mowyobiloba, misi gamozrda, nurad regulirebadi faqtorebis meS-
deda futkris bunebrivi ganayo- veobiT waremarTa, gamoeyenebina te-
fiereba, xelovnuri daTesvla, qnikuri miRwevebi maRalxarisxovani
niSandeba, transportirebis saSua- deda futkris misaRebad, maRalinten-
lebebi da sanaSene Rirebulebis siuri gaexada maTi gamozrdis pro-
Sefasebis meTodebi. cesi.
Ddeda futkari ojaxis centra- D deda futkris xelovnurad gamo-
luri arsebaa, romlis TvisebebiT zrdisaTvis unda Sesruldes ram-
ganpirobebulia ojaxis siZliere, e.i. denime Tanmimdevruli, erTmaneTze
mis wevrTa ricxovnoba da, damokidebuli samuSao operaciebi,
Sesabamisad, ojaxis uzrunvelyofa rac mTlianobaSi moicavs dedis gam-
sakvebi maragiT. D ozrdis, ganayofierebisa da Semdgomi
gamoyenebis teqnologias. qvemoT mo-
cemuli masala am teqnologiis Cvene-
bas emsaxureba.
aRmzrdeli ojaxebis momzadeba de-
da futkris gamozrdis teqnolo-
giaSi erT-erTi sapasuxismgeblo
procesia. deda futkris sanaSene
Tvisebebis Sefasebis Semdeg,
mefutkre SearCevs maRalproduqtiul
ojaxs. igi uzrunvelyofili unda
iyos naxSirwylovani sakvebis maragiT
Ddeda futkari Tavisi amaliT
(12-14 kg), Seuferxeblad unda Semo-
deda futkari, rogorc wesi, skaSi hqondes axali yvavilis mtveri, samu-
erTaderTi, srulad ganviTarebuli Sao Zala (muSa futkris masa) unda
mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelia Seadgendes aranakleb 10 CarCos.
da maszea damokidebuli calkeuli
sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufebis
Tanafardoba. Ddedis aqtiurobas
(kvercxdebis intensiuroba) misi mom-
vleli futkrebis jgufi (amala)
aregulirebs. Tu SeamCneven, rom xan-
dazmulobis, an sxva faqtorebis
gamo, deda futkars dauqveiTda es
unari, aiZuleben ganayofierebuli
kvercxebis Cadebas specialurad aSe-
nebul, gadidebuli zomis ujredebSi,
sadac momavali deda futkrebi gam-
oizrdeba.
aRmzrdeli ojaxis momzadeba
A garda amisa, aRmzrdel ojaxs rgvalebuli aqvs. SeiZleba aseTi Sa-
damatebiT sakvebs aZleven sadede blonebis nakrebi gakeTdes
bartyis micemis win, raTa bartyi erTdroulad ramdenime jamis dasam-
uxvi kvebis pirobebSi gamoizardos. zadeblad. Sablons gamdnar cvilSi
sakuTriv aRmzrdeli ojaxis ramdenjerme CauSveben 6-8 mm siRrme-
momzadeba gulisxmobs deda futkris ze, rom jami sakmaod sqelkedliani
da TavRia bartyis warTmevas. ram- gamovides, ris Semdeg civwylian
denime saaTis Semdeg ojaxs aZleven WurWelSi Cadeben. jami civdeba da
specialurad gakeTebul da aseve Sablons advilad scildeba. sadede
specialur CarCoze damagrebul jamebs amagreben fanerisagan
cvilis jamebs, romelSic gada- gamoWril samkuTxa firfitebze
tanilia 1-dRiani (gamoCekvidan) dawveTebuli gamdnari cvilis meSve-
sadede bartyi. Mmisi micemidan me-10 obiT, isev Sablonis gamoyenebiT.
dRes gadabeWdili sadede ujredebi Semdeg amzadeben budis CarCos sa-
gadaaqvT nukleusebSi (mcire zomis fuZvelze specialur CarCos, ro-
skebi) gamosaCekad da gasa- melSic horizontalurad magrdeba
nayofiereblad. sadede bartyis SuaSi 3 mbrunavi Tamasa (qveda Tama-
Seuferxebeli kvebisaTvis aRmzrdel sis msgavsi), erTimeorisagan Tanabrad
ojaxs sxva, damxmare ojaxebis daSorebuli. Aam Tamasebze isev
xarjze amarageben mwifebartyiani gamdnari cvilis meSveobiT magrdeba
CarCoebiT, rac saSualebas iZleva, faneris samkuTxa firfitebze
aRmzrdel ojaxSi sadede bartyis damagrebuli sadede jamebi.
ramdenime Taoba gamoizardos.
Tqven mier xelovnurad gamozrdili

deda futkari da mis mier dakom-
pleqtebuli nayrebi warmoadgenen
Tqveni safutkris sanaSene produ-
qcias, romlis warmoebazea
damokidebuli qveynis (bevr Sem-
TxvevaSi sxva qveynebisac) futkris
jiSobrivi gaumjobesebisa da
ojaxebis produqtiulobis gazrdis
wamoSenebuli sadedeebi
sadede bartyis misaRebad da aRmzr- SesaZlebloba.
del ojaxSi gamosazrdelad ori
xerxi arsebobs: bartyis gadataniT
ujredidan, an mis gadautanlad.
saqarTveloSi pirveli xerxia
yvelaze gavrcelebuli.
Ddedis gamozrda sadede bartyis

gadataniT
sadede jamebis momzadeba. jamebs am-

zadeben maRalxarisxovani, gasuf-
Tavebuli cvilisgan, romelsac al-
Roben jamSi da masSi CauSveben Ddedis gamozrda bartyis gadataniT
rbili merqnisgan damzadebul (vaSli,
msxali) 8-10 sm sigrZis Cxirs - 9 mm sanaSene ojaxSi, saidanac
diametris Sablons. mas bolo mom- apireben sadede masalis aRebas,
moZebnian deda futkars da budis riodi (sadede jamSi misi gadatanis
CarCosTan erTad Casvamen CarCo- Semdeg) mTavrdeba me-12 dRes, amitom
izolatorSi erTasakiani bartyis me-10 dRes sadede ujredebs galiebSi
misaRebad. aTavseben da CarCo-inkubatorSi deben.
Ees ukanaskneli Cveulebrivi CarCoa,
romelsac 3 wyebad horizontaluri
Tamasebi aqvs sadede galiebis mosa-
Tavseblad. amis Semdeg sadedeebis
momwifeba an futkris ojaxSi mTav-
rdeba, an karada-TermostatSi.
gaxsovdeT! Mmwife sadede uj-

redebis izolireba galiebis meSve-
obiT me-10 dRes ar unda gadascil-
des, winaaRmdeg SemTxve-vaSi
sadede bartyis gadatana jamebSi pirveli deda gamosvlisTanave muSa
futkarTan erTad danarCen sade-
SezRuduli raodenobiT kver- deebs gaafuWebs da Sig arsebul,
cxdebis dros kvercxebi ufro gamosaCekad gamzadebul dedebs
msxvili da xarisxiani gamodis. Car- daxocavs!
Co-izolatorSi SeiZleba dama- tebiT Uukve gamoCekil deda futkrebs
Caidgas kidev fiWa bartyiT da sak- wonian da Seafaseben garegnulad, ga-
vebiT, Tumca amas yovelTvis ar nayofierebuls ki kvercxdebis daw-
akeTeben. gamoCekidan 12 saaTis yebidan me-5 dRes. ruseTis federaci-
Semdeg, fiWidan bartyi gadaaqvT is standartis 23127-78-is mixedviT
sadede jamebSi, sadac temperatura qarTuli ganayofierebuli deda
25-27 graduss Seadgens da maRali futkris saSualo masa 200 mg-ia,
fardobiTi tenianobaa (bartyi rom ar gaunayofiereblis – 180 mg.
gamoSres, dasvelebul pirsaxocebs arastandartul, maxinj deda
Camokideben), mzis pirdapiri sxivebis futkrebs iwuneben.
gareSe. Bbartyis gadasatanad iyeneben
gabrtyelebuli da gaqlibuli bolos
specialur Spatelebs, romliTac deda futkris gamozrda sadede
bartys zurgis mxridan, qvemodan bartyis gadatanis gareSe
aweven. zogjer sadede jamSi futkris
rZes, an Tafls CaawveTeben, Tumca
amas zogierTi savaldebulod ar
Tvlis. Bbartys jamSi imave gverdze
awvenen, romelzec ujredSi iyo.
bartyis gadasatanad specialur,

daxrilzedapirian magidas da Sublis
refleqtors iyeneben (Rrublian
dRes). qarTuli futkris Tavisebure-
bidan gamomdinare, aRmzrdel ojaxs
erTdroulad eZleva 25-30 sadede
bartyi, rac misTvis optimaluri dat- am xerxiT sadede bartyi
virTvaa (i. razmaZe, 1975). sadede sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba momzaddes.
bartyiT gavsebuli CarCo gadaaqvT Yyvelaze martiv SemTxvevaSi budis
aRmzrdel ojaxSi. Aaq bartyobis pe- CarCoSi arsebul fiWas, sadac kver-
cxi da axalgamoCekili bartyia, gad-
aWrian daniT gaswvrivad, rom gadan-
aWeris kideze Sesabamisi bartyi
darCes. ujredebidan bartys wkiriT
gamoxSiraven (yoveli sami bartyidan
2-s) da aZleven aRmzrdel ojaxs, ro-
melic zemoT mocemuli wesiT
mzaddeba. Qqvemo kideze darCenil
bartyze sadede ujredebs aSenebs
ojaxi, romlis bartys gamozrdian
Cveulebriv pirobebSi. aSenebuli
sadede bartyis gadautanlad deda
fiWis gadaWris nacvlad SeiZleba
futkrebis gamozrda, gansakuTrebiT
CarCos zeda Tamasaze damagrdes xe-
ienteris CarCos gamoyenebiT, Tqven
lovnuri fiWis samkuTxa naWrebi
saSualebas gaZlevT: miiRoT ufro
viwro boloTi qvemoT, qveda Tamasi-
maRalxarisxovani deda futkrebi da
dan 5-8 sm-ze, romelsac sanaSene
es saqme SeasruloT mxedvelobis
ojaxi aSenebs, deda Cakvercxavs da
mxriv raime SezRudvis gareSe.
sadede ujredebi wamoSendeba.
deda futkris gamozrda sadede
bolo aTwleulebSi gavrcelda
bartyis gadautanlad imiT aris
ienteris mier SemoTavazebuli xerx-
ukeTesi, rom dedis ganviTarebaze
iT damzadebuli fiWa - sinTezuri
zrunvas mefutkre iwyebs kvercxobis
masalis furceli, romelzec
asakidan, rac uzrunvelyofs ufro
asxmulia xelovnurad damzadebuli
maRalxarisxovani sanaSene dedebis
sadede ujredebi. Ddeda futkris mier
miRebas.
am ujredebis Cakvercxvis Semdeg uj-
Ddeda futkris niSandeba xdeba
redebs iReben da amagreben
misi xnovanebisa da warmoSobis sare-
Cveulebrivi sadede CarCos Tamasebze
gistraciod da moZebnis gasaad-
(aRmzrdel ojaxSi CadgmiT), sadac
vileblad, kodirebis saerTaSoriso
momavali deda futkrebi agrZeleben
sistemis Sesabamisad, risTvisac gam-
ganviTarebas.
oyenebulia sxvadasxva feris, ad-
viladSrobadi nitrosaRebavebi.
sinTezuri fiWa gadasatani ujredebiT
niSandebuli deda futkari
da sakvebiT dasakompleqteblad
aZleven sanukleuse CarCoebis nakrebs
(4 cali budis 1 CarCoSi), ris Semdeg
maT gadaitanen nukleusSi. am
ukanasknels sakvebiTa da samuSao
ZaliT sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa
ar ZaluZs, ris gamoc periodulad
misi gaZlierebaa saWiro ZiriTadi
Ddanomrili deda futkari ojaxebidan.
yoveli xuTwledis dasawyisSi
(vTqvaT, 2011, 2016, 2021w da a.S.) ni-
Sandeba iwyeba TeTri feriT da
Semdgom wlebSi iyeneben yviTel,
wiTel, mwvane da cisfer saRebavebs.
niSans specialuri funjiT adeben
mkerdis dorzalur nawilze, an aR-
niSnul nomers amagreben aluminis
Txel furcelze (folga) Selakis
spirtxsnaris gamoyenebiT. Aamave miz-
niT gamodgeba webo БФ-2. niSandeba
xdeba cerisa da saCvenebeli TiTebiT
frTxilad daWeril dedaze saRebavis am sanukleuse skebSi xdeba deda
an webos dawveTebiT, romelsac futkrebis gamoCeka da kvercxdebis daw-
frTxilad Cazelen qitinze da Semdeg yeba
niSans adeben.
aseTi nukleusi moqmedebs mxolod im
Ddeda futkris ganayofiereba.
periodSi, roca deda futkris zrdis
sanukleuse skis gamoyeneba. aseTi
damTavreba da ganayofierebaa saWiro.
zoma da konstruqcia ganisazRvreba
SemdgomSi maT auqmeben, radgan
futkris jiSuri da qveynis zon-
zamTrobisas gundSi saWiro tempera-
aluri TaviseburebebiT. Sua rusuli
turas ver inarCuneben.
jiSisaTvis gamoyenebulia budis Car-
nukleusSi sadede ujredis gada-
Cos 1/4, ½1/2 ½da srul CarCozec ki
tanis Semdeg iCekeba deda futkari.
morgebuli ska. qarTuli
Mmomdevno 7-8 dRis ganmavlobaSi mim-
futkrisaTvisP_ budis CarCos ¼1/4-1/6
dinareobs dedis momzadeba fizi-
zomis skebi. rac metia sanukleuse
ologiurad, mamlebTan Sesawyvile-
skis moculoba da Sesabamisad gam-
blad. Sewyvileba xdeba dRis I naxe-
oyenebuli jiSis cocxali masa (sak-
varSi, karg amindSi, haerSi. Ddeda
vebTan erTad), miT ufro maRalia
uwyvildeba ramdenime mamals im an-
miRebuli sanaSene dedis TviTRi-
gariSiT, rom mis TeslmimRebSi
rebuleba. saqarTvelos praqtikaSi
dagrovdes saWiro raodenobis sperma
ZiriTadad gvxvdeba budis sruli
(5,3-7,9 mln spermatozoidi, voike,
CarCos 1/4 zomaze damzadebuli
1958). rogorc wesi, Sesawyvileblad
nukleusebi. sadede ujredebis
gamofrena sicocxleSi erTxel xdeba,
nukleusSi Casmis win am ukanasknels
xandaxan orjer da zogjer samjerac
akompleqteben fiWebiT (Cveulebrivad
ki (ruti, 1982).
3 CarCo 1 ganyofilebaSi). rogorc
ukanasknel mamalTan Sewyvilebis
wesi, erT nukleusSi 2 ganyofileba
Semdeg dedis saSoSi rCeba mamlis
aris, safrenebiT sxvadasxva mxareze.
Sesawyvilebeli organo imisaTvis,
winaswar, ZiriTad ojaxs asaSeneblad
rom mamlebs aRar hqondeT deda fut- Ddeda futkris daTesvla
karTan Sewyvilebis saSualeba.
mimdinare saukuneSi farTod
nukleusSi Casaxlebidan me-12-14 dRes
gavrcelda deda futkrebis xelov-
deda futkari iwyebs kvercxdebas,
nuri daTesvlis meTodi, romlis gan-
ris Semdegac igi mzadaa normalur
saxorcieleblad specialur daz-gasa
skaSi funqcionirebisaTvis.
da binokulur mikroskops iyenebdnen.
Ddeda futkris xelovnuri daTesvla.
Llabora- toriaSi, sadac es xdeba,
safutkreSi sanaSene saqmianobis
sasurvelia, temperatura 250-ze
srulyofilad warmarTvisaTvis erT-
naklebi ar iyos (kondicioneris meS-
erTi yvelaze qmediTi saSualebaa
veobiT). Ggarda zemoaRniSnulisa,
deda futkrebis ganayofiereba sasur-
laboratoriul mowyobilobaSi Sedis
veli warmoSobis mamlebiT. G
reduqtoriani baloni naxSirmJava
gasuli saukunis bolomde amis
gaziT, Jangbadis baliSi, oryeliani
misaRwevad izolirebul Sesawyvi-
kolba, entomologiuri galiebi, re-
lebel punqtebs awyobdnen:
zinis SemaerTebeli milebi, pince-
ganmartoebul xeobaSi, sadac
tebi, biuqsebi, dolbandi, bamba,
winaswar mamlebis gamozrdisaTvis
fiziologiuri xsnari, distili-
ojaxebis stimulacia xdeboda. ga- 0
rebuli wyali, 96 -iani iodnarevi
nayofierebisa da kvercxdebis daw-
(0,1% koncentraciiT) eTanoli.
yebis Semdeg deda futkrebs iyeneb-
mowyobilobis dezinfeqcia xdeba
dnen daniSnulebisamebr: saseleqcio
iodnarevi eTanoliT. Ggasanayo-
samuSaoebisaTvis an sarealizaciod.
fierebeli deda futkari unda iyos
litvaSi izoli- rebuli
jansaRi. dazianebuli sasqeso or-
Sesawyvilebeli punqti mowyobili
ganoebis mqone gamoiwuneba, da-
iyo baltiis zRvaSi arsebul kun-
saTeslad gamzadebuli dedebis asaki
Zulze saxelwodebiT “kurSskaia
6-13 dRes unda Seadgendes, mamlebisa
kasa”.
–aranakleb 14 dRes. Mmamlebs spermas
uReben muclis masaJiT, SpriciT, ro-
melSic ramdenime mamlisagan agrove-
ben 4X10-3 ml spermas, rac xdeba
mikroskopis qveS 8-jeradi gadidebiT.
Ddeda futkars Casvamen damWer mil-
akSi dafiqsirebiT, mucliT zemoT
ise, rom muclis 3 bolo segmenti
milaks zemoT iyos. Ddedis damWer
milaks qvemodan rezinis milebiT re-
duqtoriani balonidan (tiSCenkos
oryeliani kolbis gavliT)
naxSirmJava gazi uerTdeba deda
futkris anesTeziisaTvis. dazgis
ventraluri da saSxame kauWebiT, ro-
melTac mikroxraxnebiT amoZraveben,
dedis saSxame kameras xsnian da am
mdgomareobaSi afiqsireben.
Ddeda futkris saSoSi SeaqvT
Spricis milaki mikroskopiT Te-
qvsmetjeradi gadidebis gziT, mil-
akis win da ukan msubuqi moZraobiT
gasweven dedis kenti kvercxsavlis
damxSob sarqvels da SeaqvT Spricis
milaki 1,5 mm sigrZeze, ris Semdeg
SpriciT spermas frTxilad SeuSxa- deda futkris sanaSene Tvisebebis
puneben. daTesvlis Semdeg dedas ni- Sefaseba. Ddeda futkari fasdeba misi
Sans adeben, galiaSi Casvamen da kvercxmdeblobis mixedviT. G
futkris ojax-inkubatorSi daabrune- D deda futkris kvercxmdeblobas
ben. 1-2 dRis Semdeg spermis amdenive ukavSireben: 1) futkris skaSi
doziT deda futkars ganmeorebiT raodenobas (gazomvebis damTavre-
daTeslaven. momdevno 5-7 dRes dedas bisas), romelic ganisazRvreba saRamo
amyofeben galiiT (romelSic sakvebia xans, futkris frenis damTavrebis
Cadebuli) inkubator-ojaxSi. am peri- Semdeg, mis mier dakavebuli fiWebis
odSi sperma gadadis saTesle buStSi, raodenobis mixedviT; 2) futkris
dasruldeba sakvercxeebisa da kver- ojaxis saTafle produqtiulobas,
cxebis momwifeba. Aamis Semdeg deda romelic ganisazRvreba Taflis
futkars ZiriTad ojaxs an nayars sasaqonlo produqciisa da aqtiuri
Causvamen. sezonis bolos misi maragis
Ddeda futkris transportireba. SejamebiT (korelaciis koeficienti
R=0,581).
Tu gaTvaliswinebulia dedis
gazafxulze, neqtris sakmao
gagzavna damkveTisaTvis, mas aTavseben
maragis gaCenis Semdeg (skis dRiuri
gadasagzavn galiaSi, romelSic aris
wonamati 1-2 kg), CarCo-badis
amoRrmavebuli sakveburi Txevadi
meSveobiT (TiToeuli ujredis
sakvebis an kandis mosaTavseblad de-
farTobi 5X5 sm) gazomeT
da da gamyoli muSa futkrisaTvis
gadabeWdili bartyis farTobi.
(15-20 cali). Ggalia zemodan ifareba
Kkvercxmdebloba gaiangariSeT for-
mavTulbadiT da Semdeg faneris na-
muliT: (badis kvadratebis jami X
WriT. Kkandi gamoSrobis
100):12. Sedegi miuTiTebs deda
sawinaaRmdegod zemodan ifareba po-
futkris sadReRamiso kvercx-
lieTilenis furcliT, SuaSi 1 sm
mdeblobas. aseTi gazomva wesi-
diametris xvreliT. Ggaliebis
samebr samjer CaatareT, Tormet-
nakrebs ukeTdeba warwera: zeda mxare!
dRiani SualedebiT da gamoiTva-
moarideT mzis pirdapir sxivebs! Sor
leT saSualo maCvenebeli.
manZilze transportirebisas galiebi
deda futkris sanaSene Rirsebis

meore maCvenebelia misi STamomav-
Ggalia deda futkris gadasagzavnad
lobis xarisxi. STamomavlebidan
gamozrdian 20-25 qaliSvil dedas.
maT gaanawileben identuri raode-
igzavneba TviTmfrinaviT, WianWve- nobisa da kondiciis futkris oja-
lebisa da arasasurveli tempera- xebSi da akvirdebian rogorc maTi
turisagan dacvis mizniT. kvercxdebis intensivobas, ise
D aRniSnuli ojaxebis produqtiu-
lobas. Sedegebi unda damuSavdes
biometriulad, saSualo maCveneblisa 5. Г. Таранов Анатомия и физиология
da misi cdomilebis gaangariSebiT. медоносных пчел,М,1968
6. Г.Туников, Н.Кривцов, В.Лебедев,
Ddeda futkris gamozrdisa da Ю.Кирьянов Технология производства и
ganayofierebis nebismieri xerxis перероботки продукции пчеловодства. М.
saboloo mizania, miviRoT „ Колос’’ ,2001
maRalproduqtiuli deda futkari, 7. g. maZRaraSvili, e.kobaxiZe
romelmac unda uzrunvelyos mefutkris saswavlo elementebi
futkris ojaxis intensiuri ganvi- (el. versia), 2008
Tareba kvercxdebis wyvetilobis
gareSe da muSa futkris
sicocxlisunariani, aqtiuri moRale 3) futkris masobrivi da individu-
Taobis warmoqmna. aluri seleqcia
A am qveTavis gacnobis Semdeg

gamoyenebuli literatura: students ecodineba futkris
sameurneo da biologiuri niSan-
1. H. Laidlaw Production of Queens and Package Tvisebebis mixedviT saseleqcio
Bees. Handbook “The Hive and the Honey maCveneblebis gansazRvra, miRebuli
Bee”.Oh.83.p.989 Sedegebis aRricxva-damuSaveba,
2. Г.Аветисян Пчеловодство, М ,1982 masobrivi gadarCevisa da indivi-
3. a.ruti da sxv. Mmefutkreobis enci- dualuri seleqciis warmoebis te-
klopedia,1982 qnika, agreTve seleqcia
4. Н.Буренин, Г.Котова Справочник по maRalproduqtiuli xazebis ur-
пчеловодству,М, 1984 TierTSexamebaze.
mefutkreobaSi sanaSene muSaobis
1. ra maCveneblebiT fasdeba deda upirvelesi mizania produqtiulobis
futkari da misi STamomavloba? maCveneblebis gaumjobeseba. sanaSene
2. rodis da ra teqnikuri muSaoba ori umTavresi elementisgan
saSualebiT ganisazRvreba deda Sedgeba: gadarCeva sasurveli niSan-
futkris kvercxmdebloba? Tvisebis mixedviT da gansxvavebuli
3. ra mowyobiloba gamoiyeneba sqesis warmomadgenelTa SerCeva. sa-
erTasakovani bartyis misaRebad? sargeblo Tvisebebis gaTvalis- wine-
4. ra masalas iyeneben sadede biT, futkris oja-xebis gadarCevisas
jamebis dasamzadeblad? iTvaliswineben xalas- jiSianobas da
5. ganviTarebis romeli stadiidan sami ZiriTadi maCveneblis gan-
iwyeba sadede masalis gamozrda da sazRvriT adgenen futkris ojaxis
ra SedegebiT? klass 5-baliani sistemiT. xalas-
6. ra TanmimdevrobiT xdeba deda jiSianobas adgenen maCvenebelTa kom-
futkris gamozrda, gamoCekva, pleqsis mixedviT, romelSic Sedis:
ganayofiereba? futkris sxeulis Seferiloba, qceva
7. futkris ojaxSi deda futkris fiWis daTva- lierebisas da skis
Secvlis wesi; gaxsnis dros, zamTargamZleoba,
8. ra mowyobilobiT axdenen deda xorTumis sigrZe (mm), III Tergitis
futkris xelovnur daTesvlas? sigane (mm), kubitaluri indeqsi (%),
9. rogor xdeba deda futkris erTdRiani muSa futkris,
xelovnuri daTesvla? gaunayofierebeli da ganayofierebu-
li deda futkrebis sxeulis masa (mg),
deda futkris sadReRamiso kver- ojaxSi aris individebis sami saxeoba
cxmdebloba (cali). (deda, mamlebi da muSa futkrebi),
romelTagan ori produqcias ar qmnis
futkris ojaxis klasis dadgenisas da maT sanaSene Rirebulebaze war-
ganisazRvreba sami maCvenebeli: sa- modgena iqmneba muSa futkrebis
Tafle produqtiuloba (kg), futkris qmedebis mixedviT;
raodenoba, futkris kleba zamTrobis
periodSi.
saTafle produqtiuloba isazRvreba

aqtiur sezonze warmoebuli Taflis
saerTo raodenobiT. futkris raode-
noba mTavari Ralis win isazRvreba
futkris ojaxis mier dakavebuli fi-
Webis mixedviT. zamTrobis periodSi
misi kleba gamoiTvleba procen-
tulad, saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo
daTvalierebisas gansazRvrul
raodenobaTa Soris sxvaobiT. maTgan
Semodgomaze futkris raodenobas
Ddeda futkari
miiCneven 100%-ad. Ffutkris kleba %-
ulad dgindeba formuliT: _ mamlebTan deda futkris haerSi
(kleba zamTris ganmavlobaSi)X100 Sewyvileba arTulebs maTi SerCevis
futkris raodenoba Semodgomaze. gakontrolebas, xolo mamlebis
daRupva Sewyvilebis Semdeg, maTi
zemoTaRniSnuli maCveneblebis STamomavlobis xarisxis Sefasebas
mixedviT ganisazRvreba futkris SeuZlebels xdis;
ojaxis klasi. I klasSi moxvedrili _ futkris ojaxis safuZveli deda
dedeuli da mameuli ojaxebi 5- futkridan modis. misgan mTeli
balian Sefasebas iReben, 1-balian sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mravali
ojaxebs saerTod iwuneben. aTasi STamomavlis miReba SeiZleba,
rasac xels uwyobs mamali futkrebis
Ffutkris ojaxebis bonitireba tar- malmwifadoba da Sesabamisad, axali
deba yovelwliurad sanaSene sa- ojaxebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba.
futkreebSi. mTeli suladoba sam
jgufad iyofa: sanaSene jgufi (3-10
ojaxi), wundebuli (saerTo sulado-
bis 10-15%), safutkris darCenil
raodenobas II jgufs akuTvneben. I
jgufSi moxvedrili deda futkrebisa
da mamlebis warmoSobis dadgenis
SemTxvevaSi (dedisa _ safutkris aR-
ricxvis Jurnalis CanawerebiT, xolo Mmamali futkari
mamlebisa - deda futkrebis xelov-
nuri daTesvlis meSveobiT dadgenili futkris mier sasargeblo sameurneo
warmoSobis mamlebiT) isini elitur niSan-Tvisebebis gamoxatvaSi monawi-
jgufSi SehyavT. maTi monacemebi reg- leobs ori faqtori: genotipi _
istrirdeba bonitirebis uwyisSi. memkvidruli niSan-Tvisebebis
sanaSene muSaobis Taviseburebani matarebeli substanciis - genebis
mefutkreobaSi imiT gamoirCeva, rom erToblioba da genotipisa da garemo
pirobebis urTierTobis Sedegi - fe- qveynis mefutkreobis sistemaSi
notipi, romelic vlindeba organiz- sanaSene-saseleqcio muSaobis sqema
mis niSan-Tvi-sebebSi. Semdegnairad iyo warmodgenili:
mefutkreobis samecniero-kvleviTi
sasargeblo sameurneo niSan- instituti soflis meurneobis
Tvisebebi poligenuri xasiaTisaa, saministrosTan erTad qarTuli
cal-calke TiToeuli geni maT ver futkris calkeuli populaciebis
gansazRvravs. Pprocess, erTi mxriv, bunebrivi gavrcelebis zonebSi
akontrolebs genebis garkveuli (Cxorowyus, walenjixis, Coxatauris,
jgufis erToblioba da, meore mxriv gudauTisa da duSeTis raionebSi)
garemo pirobebi. Oorganizmis biolo- xelmZRvanelobda sajiSe meurne-
giuri cvalebadoba Sedegia obebsa da institutis sayrden pun-
memkvidruli (genotipuri) da ara- qtebze sanaSene saqmianobas. Aaq
memkvidruli (fenotipuri) komponen- miRebuli sajiSe masala nawildeboda
tebis jamisa. aRniSnulis gamo rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise
futkris maRali memkvidruli poten- samoyvarulo safutkreebSi. insti-
cialis realizeba SesaZle- belia tutis TanamSromelTa mier Seiqmna
mxolod movla_Senaxvis optimalur maRalproduqtiuli xazebi m-23 squri
pirobebSi, rasac praqtikul da g-6 megruli da guruli popu-
seleqciaSi Zalze didi mniSvneloba laciebis fonze. afxazeTSi (gudau-
aqvs. Tis raioni) am mimarTulebiT daw-
yebuli samuSao Sewyda regionSi
gaCaRebuli separatistuli amboxebis
Sedegad.
qarTuli futkris erT-erTi Rirseba misi

ugrZesi xorTumia
futkris gadarCeva da SerCeva.
sanaSene produqciis misaRebad gad-
arCeva SeiZleba iyos: a) masobrivi,
romelsac safuZvlad udevs
maRalproduqtiuli futkris oja-
muSa futkrebi xebis gamovlena ZiriTadad sameurneo
Sedegebis mixedviT. zogjer amas
emateba cnobebi sadede suladobis an
mamlebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. ZiriTa- Ffutkris seleqciis meore mxarea
di sameurneo maCveneblebis dedeuli da mameuli ojaxebis SerCe-
memkvidrulobis koeficienti maRali va im mizniT, rom miviRoT Taoba,
ar aris, ris gamoc masobriv gadarCe- romlis Tvisebebi winaswar aris gan-
vas maRali efeqti ar axlavs Tan. M sazRvruli. SerCeva SeiZleba iyos:
1) erTgvarovani, roca dedeuli da
masobrivi gadarCevisas yovel- mameuli ojaxebis Tvisebebi erTnai-
wliurad mTliani suladoba ria da emsaxureba STamomavlobaSi am
jgufebad iyofa. pirvel jgufSi Tvisebebis myarad damkvidrebas; 2)
xvdeba yvelaze ukeTesi, nairgvarovani, SerCevis dros
maRalproduqtiuli ojaxebi (10% Sesawyvilebeli individebi sameurneo
saerTo raodenobidan). yvelaze TvisebebiT gansxvavebulia da orive
cudi ojaxebi (savaraudod 10-15 %) mxaris dadebiTi Tvisebebi STamomav-
rCeba me-3 jgufSi, romelic gam- lobaze gadaecema.
oiwuneba. danarCeni Sedis me-2 sanaSene muSaobis dasawyisSi
jgufSi, romlisTvisac momdevno iyeneben nairgvarovan SerCevas, xolo
sezonze pirveli jgufis yvelaze sasurveli Tvisebebis mqone Taobis
produqtiuli ojaxebidan deda miRebis Semdeg gadadian erTgvarovan
futkrebi gamoizrdeba da aRniSnu- SerCevaze.
li jgufidan ojaxebi dakom- xalasjiSiani moSenebis xerxebi.
pleqtdeba. pirveli jgufi- danve saqarTveloSi futkris genofondis
gamoiyofa mameuli ojaxebi (arana- myarad SenarCunebis mizniT
kleb 5), aq stimuli miecema mam- dauSvebelia sxva jiSis futkris Se-
lebis gamozrdas, xolo danarCen moyvana, rac mxolod xalasad
ojaxebSi samamle bartyi maqsima- moSenebis SesaZleblobas tovebs. Aam
lurad SeizRudeba. dedeuli da situaciaSi erT-erTi xerxia xazo-
mameuli ojaxebi erTmaneTs ar unda brivi moSeneba.
enaTesavebodnen (inbridingi). Aami-
saTvis periodulad (3-4 weliwadSi Msxva dargebisagan gansxvavebiT
erTxel) safutkreebSi, romlebic xazis sawyis erTeulad gamor-
erTmaneTs daSorebulebi arian 25- Ceuli Tvisebebis mqone deda fut-
30 km manZiliT, unda Sevides ucxo karia, Semdgomi Taobebi mis mieraa
warmoSobis (aranaTesauri) maRal- warmoSobili.
produqtiuli ojaxebi sisxlis ga-
naxlebisaTvis. xazis miReba. sawyisi jgufis SerCeva.
am jgufSi bonitirebis Sedegebis
Ffutkris ojaxebis gadarCeva an mixedviT moxvdeba 100-150 futkris
maTi dakompleqteba axali, maRali ojaxi, romlebic ganlagebulia 2-3
sanaSene Rirsebis sadede masaliT, safutkreSi. dasawyisSi sanaSene
unda moxdes mTeli raionis an re- jgufSi Seyvanili dedeuli da
gionis masStabiT, winaaRmdeg Sem- mameuli ojaxebi unda ekuTvnodnen
TxvevaSi adgilobrivi da Seyvanili mxolod pirvel an me-2 klass da un-
futkrebis erTmaneTSi aRreva da iyvnen Semowmebuli warmoSobis
gaurkveveli warmoSobis, xSirad mixedviT. amasTan erT-erTi auci-
sruliad usargeblo Taobebs iZleva. lebeli moTxovnaa winaprebis maRali
amasTan, erTdroulad unda moxdes produqtiuloba, marto piradi
dabalproduqtiuli ojaxebis wundeba Tvisebebi amisTvis sakmarisi ar aris.
da mamlebis gamoCeka mxolod gan-
sazRvrul, maRalpro- duqtiul sadede ojaxebidan bartyi aiReba
mameul ojaxebSi. Cveulebrivi wesiT. aRmzrdel ojax-
Si gadava 24-26 sadede bartyi, gamo- xazis gamgrZeleblis amorCeva.
Cekis Semdeg deda futkari aiwoneba xazis sawyisi dedis (SemdegSi dam-
da dainomreba. mamlebTan Sewyvile- wyebi) qaliSvilebs gamozrdian,
ba moxdeba mxolod izo-lirebul izolirebul Sesawyvilebel punqtze
Sesawyvilebel punqtze, romelic gaanayofiereben sawyisi jgufis
axlobel safutkreebs da- mameuli ojaxis mamlebiT. xazis
Sorebulia 4-5 km-is radiusiT. Ppun- gamgrZeleblis pirvel STamo- mav-
qtze Seva mameuli ojaxebi (10-15 lobas afaseben meTodiT qali-
yovel 200-300 nukleusze) da Svilebi - Tanatolebi. sakontrolo
gaunayofierebeli deda futkrebi jgufSi hyavT xazis sawyisi dedis
nukleusebiT. ganayofierebuli de- qaliSvilebi, romlebic Sefasebulia
da futkrebi unda Caisvas analo- genotipurad. meTodi atarebs sa-
giuri kondiciis ojaxebSi kontrolo gaumjobeseblis saxels.
STamomavlobis xarisxze Sesamow- Tu xazis gamgrZelebels iwuneben,
meblad. sul Sedgeba 3 sacdeli maSin irCeven xazis damwyebi dedis
jgufi, TiToeulSi 30 futkris saukeTeso qaliSvil-dedebs.
ojaxiT, amasTan erTad aiReba erTi
sakontrolo jgufi, romelic xazSi damwyebi dedis Tvisebebis sta-
sawyisi jgufidan miRebuli deda bilizacia. Aam etapze me-2 da Semdgo-
futkrebiT dakompleqtdeba. Aam mi Taobebis gamocda xdeba erT-
jgufebis movla-Senaxvis pirobebi droulad Sesawyvilebeli deda
identuria. A sacdeli da sakon- futkrebisa da mamlebis erTgvarovani
trolo jgufebi erTimeores SerCevis meTodiT. zogjer dasaSvebia
Sedardeba sami ZiriTadi sameurneo xanmokle inbridingi xazis damwyeb
maCveneblis mixedviT (produq- dedaze.
tiuloba, zamTargamZleoba, deda xazis gamgrZeleblis qaliSvil de-
futkris kvercx-mdebloba). pirveli debs zrdian da afaseben STamomav-
Sedegebi Sejamdeba pirveli wlis lobis xarisxiT. Tu damwyeb dedaze
aqtiuri sezonis bolos. Tu gam- inbridings iyeneben, maSin mameul
omJRavndeba romelime ojaxis gan- ojaxebs irCeven xazis damwyebi dedis
sakuTrebuli upiratesoba, xazis qaliSvilebidan da SviliSvilebidan.
sawyisi dedis STamomavlobis naTesauri Sewyvileba xdeba sqemiT:
gamravleba unda daiwyos. biZaSvili mamaXda da biZaSvili, bi-
cola X ZmisSvili. xazis damwyebi
Tu pirveli Sedegebi momdevno
dedis tips da Sewyvilebis
wels dadasturda, seleqcioners
sisufTaves amowmeben morfologiuri
ufro meti dro rCeba am masalis
gazomvebiT. inbridingis gam-
gasamravleblad. Aamrigad, STamomav-
oyenebis dros sayurad- Reboa
lobis xarisxze Semowmebas ori weli
futkris ojaxebis cxovel- myofelo-
sWirdeba. xazis sawyisad im rekor-
ba. CamorCenil ojaxebs mkacri
dul deda futkars miiCneven, romlis
wundebiT gamoyofen. Ggamocdis dam-
STamomavlobis 70% mainc aseve
Tavrebis Semdeg xazis gamgrZeleblis
rekordulia. Uuaresi ojaxebis indi-
daniSnulebas gansazRvraven.
videbs iwuneben. ramdenime maRal-
me-3 da me-4 TaobebSi iyeneben
produqtiul, erTnairi monacemebis
erTgvarovan Sewyvilebas, SeiZleba
mqone deda futkrebs cal-calke sa-
gamoiyenon sxva qvexazebis war-
futkreebSi amravleben, rasac
momadgenlebi da inbridingi sqemiT:
SemdegSi gamoiyeneben erT safutkre-
Si inbridingis aucileblobis Sem- biZaSvilebi X deidaSvilebi, (EPage a.
TxvevaSi. Laidlaw, 2010) deda futkrebis xelov-
nuri daTesvlis meTodis gamoyenebiT. orxaziani reciprokuli seleqcia
STamomavlobas afaseben ZiriTad Semdegnairad xdeba: erTi xazis sau-
sameurneo niSan-Tvisebebze xazebis keTeso deda futkrebs Seuwyvileben
SigniT erTimeoresTan da sawyis ma- meoris saukeTeso mamlebs, hibridul
salasTan SedarebiT. Ffutkris Taobas sawyis xazebs adareben. Tu es
ojaxebis erTgvarovnebis miRwevis Taoba avlens maRal produ-
Semdeg iyeneben deda futkrebisa da qtiulobas, maSin mas Sexamebis unar-
mamlebis Sewyvilebas Soreuli ic maRali aqvs. xandaxan samxazian
naTesaobis xarisxiT, agreTve najvarebsac iReben, risTvisac jer
Sejvarebas iseT xazebs Soris, rom- orxazian hibridebs miiReben, xolo
lebsac gadaarCeven erTi mimar- Semdeg miRebul hibridul dedebs me-3
Tulebis seleqciis principiT. me-3 da xazis mamlebs Seuwyvileben.
me-4 Taobebis warmomad- genlebis
sawarmoo gamocdas atareben im sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
varaudiT, rom saukeTeso deda 1. ra maCveneblebiT dgindeba
futkrebis masobrivi aRwarmoeba futkris xalasjiSianoba da vin
daiwyon. miRebuli ojaxebiT sa- adgens mas?
futkreebis erTian masivs qmnian re- 2. bonitirebis Catareba, Sesafasebe-
gionSi. li maCveneblebi da saboloo
Sedegi;
xazebis Semowmeba urTierT- Sexame-
3. ra sqemiT tardeba qveyanaSi
baze. E xazisaTvis umniSv-
sanaSene-saseleqcio samuSaoebi da
nelovanesi maxasiaTebelia kombi-
misi Sedegebis danergva?
naciuri unari, romlis Sedegad
4. ra populaciebia gamovlenili
sxva xazebTan mocemuli xazis
qarTul futkarSi?
najvarebi avlenen gaumjobesebul
5. futkris masobrivi seleqcia da
saproduqto Tvisebebs da cxo-
misi SesaZleblobebi;
velmyofelobas.
6. ra axasiaTebs futkris individu-
Kkombinaciuri unaris gamosav- le- alur seleqcias?
nad sxvadasxva xazs erTimeoreSi 7. rogor xdeba Semowmeba STamomav-
ajvareben da gamoicdeba miRebuli lobis xarisxze?
hibriduli Taoba. Tu mocemuli xazi 8. rogor xdeba maRalproduqtiul
sxva xazTan Sejvarebisas iZleva per- xazSi miRweuli Sedegebis stabi-
speqtiul Taobas, Ees xazebi specif- lizacia?
ikurad Sexamebulia. Aam efeq- tis 9. rodis vaxdenT xazTa ur-
gasaZliereblad perioduli TierTSexamebis gansazRvras da ra
reciprokuli seleqciis meTodi gam- xerxebiT?
oiyeneba.
Tu Tqveni safutkre arasanaSenea,
e.i. Cveulebriv sasaqonlo produ- gamoyenebuli literatura:
qcias awarmoebT, ojaxebSi iyolieT
1. Н. Буренин, Г. Котова Справочник по
mxolod hibriduli deda futkrebi
пчеловодству, М, 1984
(xazTaSorisi an populaciaTaSo-
2. Аветисян Пчеловодство, М ,1982
risi). amiT Tqveni safutkris
produqtiulobas gazrdiT. mTavar- 3. Г.Туников, Н.Кривцов, В.Лебедев, Ю.
ia, gamoiyenoT hibridizaciis is Кирьянов Технология производства и
meTodi, romelic rekomendebulia перероботки продукции пчеловодства. М.
specialistebis mier! „ Колос’’ ,2001
4. А. Ковалев и др. Учебник Пчеловода, sxva cxoveluri organizmebis
М,1965 msgavsad futkari saWiroebs sazrdo
5. R.Page a.H. Genetics and Breeding.The Hive nivTierebebs: proteins (cilebs),
and the Honey Bee, 2010, p 235 naxSirwylebs, cximebs, vitaminebs,
mineralur nivTierebebs. amasTan am
sakiTxSi futkars aqvs Tavisebureba-
ni: rTul naerTebs (parkosanTa
IV Tavi
cilebi), polisaqaridebs (saxamebeli,
Ffutkris kveba ujredana) futkari Znelad an saer-
Tod ver inelebs specifikuri hi-
Aam TavSi warmodgenil masalebSi drolizuri fermentebis ar-
gaecnobiT futkris bunebrivi sak- arsebobis gamo, xolo SedarebiT
vebis – Taflisa da yvavilis martiv naxSirwylebs (deqstrinebi,
mtvris mopovebisa da skaSi maTi disaqaridebi) is bolomde Slis. mza
dagrovebis dinamikas, Tvisebebs, sakvebSi ZiriTadad monisaqaridebia
agreTve futkris damatebiTi kvebis warmodgenili.
periodebsa da gamoyenebul sakveb Ffutkars sWirdeba agreTve minera-
saSualebebs, maTi kvebiswina da- luri nivTierebebi (Ca,P,Na, S, K, Co da
muSavebisa da gamoyenebis xerxebs. sxv.) da vitaminebi (gansakuTrebiT B
jgufis), magram arsebobis Tavise-
1) futkris kveba bunebriv pirobebSi
burebaTa gamo mkvlevare- bisaTvis
da sakvebi saSualebani
ucnobia am nivTierebebis zusti
cocxali organizmis kveba misi saarsebo normebi.
cxovrebis aucilebeli forma da
sakvebis gadamuSaveba futkris mier.
moTxovnilebaa, uamisod organizmi
savaraudoa, rom neqtris gadamuSave-
wyvets arsebobas. Kkveba ganapirobebs
bas futkari iwyebs misi Segrovebis
mis warmoqmnas (embrionul periodSi),
momentidan, miuxedavad arsebuli
zrdas, meore cocxali organizmis
mtkicebulebebisa. warmoud- genelia,
gaCenas, produqciis warmoebas
rom futkari mas ar umatebdes
(sameurneo daniSnulebis mqone
nerwyvs, romelsac xaxisa da ybiszeda
arsebebSi). warmoebuli produqciis
jirkvlebi warmoqmnian. skaSi mota-
TviTRirebulebaSi sakvebis wilad 50-
nisas mefutkres SeuZlia neqtris
60% modis, e.i. gadamwyveti faqtoria
Segrovebis intensivobis gansazRvra
faswarmoqmnaSi. wesisamebr bunebriv
garegnuli niSnebiT: 1) safrenTan
pirobebSi futkari garemosagan iRebs
mosuli moRale futkris muclis
misi arsebobisaTvis saWiro
sididis mixedviT; 2) muSa
nivTierebebs: neqtars, yvavilis
futkris mucelze xelis msubuqi moW-
mtvers da wyals. amasTan, futkari
eriT xorTumis daboloebaze gamo-
ekuTvnis cxoveluri organizmebis im
suli neqtris wveTis gaCeniT.
iSviaT saxeobebs, romelTac aqvT
rac Seexeba yvavilis mtvris
unari, saarsebo sakvebis maragi Seqm-
Segrovebas, am procesis intensivobis
nan im periodisaTvis, roca sakvebis
gansazRvra SedarebiT advilia skas-
sawyisi forma bunebaSi aRar
Tan mofrenili futkris raodenobis
arsebobs (Semodgoma-zamTris peri-
mixedviT, romelsac ukana fexis
odi). amiT aris ganpirobebuli
wvivze yvavilis mtvris marcvali aqvs
futkris Tviseba, Tavis sacxov- re-
mikruli (Weos kalaTaSi). rac ufro
belSi mopovebuli sakvebi daakonser-
intensiurad grovdeba yvavilis
vos im formiT, rom man SeinarCunos
mtveri, miT ufro metia motanili
sazrdooba da higienuri sisufTave.
mtvris marcvlis masa. garda amisa, gadascems, romelic mas ganalagebs
skidan amoRebul CarCoze mzveravi wveTebis saxiT Tavisu- fal uj-
futkris molaquce garbenis redebSi. Aaq mimdinareobs neqtris
traeqtoriiT advilad SeiniSneba, ra gadamuSavebis procesebi: gasufTaveba
manZilzea skidan neqtris wyaro daS- masSi Sereuli yvavilis mtvris
orebuli. marcvlebisgan, gamdidreba sanerwyve
jirkvlebis gamonayofiT, neqtridan
zedmeti wylis aorTqleba, risTvisac
budeSi iqmneba saWiro mikroklimati:
temperatura 34-350C-is farglebSi da
budis intensiuri ventilireba. amis
wyalobiT, 3-4 dReSi neqtris kon-
dicireba (Sedgenilobis saWiro
cvlilebebi) ZiriTadad damTavrebu-
lia: wylis Semcveloba damwifebuli
Taflis maCvenebels uaxlovdeba, ma-
gram rTuli Saqrebis gardaqmna mono-
Saqrebad (fruqtoza, glukoza) kidev
Mmzveravi futkris moZraoba fiWaze grZeldeba 2-3 kviras. Aamave periodSi
(neqtris wyaros Sesaxeb) TaflSi glukozidan warmoiqmneba
glukonis mJava, romelic Tafls
icavs amJavebisagan. Aamrigad, neqtris
SegrovebasTan erTad futkris
ojaxSi mimdinareobs intensiuri mu-
Saoba neqtris Taflad gardaqm-
Mmefutkres SeuZlia am procesis nisaTvis.
gaadvileba futkrisTvis: korpusebs
Soris RriWoebis datoveba zedmeti
tenis aorTqlebisaTvis da skaSi
saTadarigo CarCoebis saWiro
maragis Seqmna neqtris ganTav-
sebisaTvis. unda gaxsovdeT, rom am
pirobebis Seusrulebloba futkars
xels uSlis Taflis mopovebisa da
gadamuSavebisas, ramac SeiZleba
arsebiTad Seamciros saTafle
produqtiuloba.
gaxsovdeT! 1 kg Taflis mosa-
poveblad futkars uxdeba 2-3 mln skis ventilireba Ralianobis dros
yvavilis monaxuleba. Aam samuSaos
gasaadvileblad Tqven SegiZliaT,
moxerxebulad ganala- goT mniSvnelovania Taflovani mcena- ree-
futkris ojaxebi Taflovani da bidan neqtris motanis intensivobis
mtverovani mcenareebis uSualo si- gansazRvra, A bunebrivi sakvebis
axloves. dinamikis Sesaswavlad da mTabaro-
bisaTvis Sesaferisi momentis da-
Nneqtris Semotana skaSi, gadamu- sadgenad. amisaTvis mefutkre arCevs
Saveba da dabinaveba. intensiuri Ra- Zlier ojaxs, ayenebs mas sakontro-
lis dros futkari garedan Semotan- lo sasworze tvirT-amweobiT 100-150
il neqtars skaSi momuSave futkars kg, moawyobs farduls naleqebisgan
dasacavad da saRamoobiT, futkris
frenis damTav-rebis Semdeg, daadgens
wonamats ukanaskneli awonis Semdeg,
saTanado Canaweris gakeTebiT. Can-
awerebis sistematuri Sesruleba
exmareba mefutkres imis gan-
sazRvraSi, ramdenad efeqturia sxvadasxva warmoSobis Taflis nimuSebi
misTvis mocemul adgilze futkris
yola. fizikuri maCveneblebi:
optikuri aqtivoba ganpirobebulia
skaSi Semotanili Taflis raode-
Taflis gadamuSaveba dasrulebulad nobis dasadgenad Tqven unda gansa-
SeiZleba CaiTvalos mas Semdeg, rac zRvroT (awoniT) gamowuruli Taf-
futkari Taflian ujredebs gadabeW- lis masa da daumatoT datovebuli
davs cvilis Txeli feniT Taflis maragi (miaxloebiT!) imis
(firfitebiT). Taflis wurva fiWebi- gaTvaliswinebiT, rom TafliT sru-
dan maSin SeiZleba, Tu Taflis 2/3 lad gavsebuli dadan-blatis skis
mainc cviliT aris gadafaruli. budis CarCo 3-4kg Tafls Seicavs.
Taflis dagrovebasTan erTad amave mizniT Tqven SeiZleba awonoT
(aqtiur sezonze) futkari mas CarCoebi ciferblatiani sasworis
intensiurad xarjavs. Ddadgenilia, gamoyenebiT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom
rom wliurad srulfasovani ojaxi sakuTriv CarCoiani fiWis masa 250-
xarjavs 90-110 kg Tafls, maTgan 300g-s Seadgens (siZvelis mixedviT).
zamTrobis periodSi 20-25 kg-s (misi misi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli
xangrZlivobidan gamomdinare), xolo nivTierebebis (fruqtoza, glukoza,
sasaqonlo Taflis raodenoba saqaroza) erTmaneTisgan gansxva-
saSualod 10-30 kg-s ar aRemateba. vebuli optikuri aqtivobiT, ris
mefutkres SeuZlia am maCveneblebSi Sedegadac saboloo jamSi Tafli
arsebiTi cvlilebebis Setana polarizebul sxivs abrunebs. Tumca
mimdinare procesebSi garkvevis saerTo wesidan arsebobs gamonak-
Sedegad, razec momdevno qveTavSi lisic: Tu is glukozas Warbad
iqneba saubari. Seicavs, SeiZleba Tafli aRmoCndes
Taflis Tvisebebi. is rTuli marjvnivmabrunebeli. magaliTad,
Sedgenilobisaa, masSi arsebuli manana Tafli marjvnivmabrunebelia
calkeuli nivTierebebi 250-s deqstrinebis maRali Semcvelobis
aRemateba. Taflis wyaroa yvavilovan gamo.
mcenareTa neqtari, an mcenareebze siblante damokidebulia Taflis
mobinadre bugris mier gamoyofili temperaturasa da wylis Semcve-
tkbili wveni (manana), romelsac lobaze. maTi zrdis kvalad Taflis
futkari agrovebs. Tafli SeiZleba siblante klebulobs. aRniSnulis
iyos Txevadi an dakristalebuli gamo fiWidan Taflis gamosawurad
masis saxiT, sxvadasxva Seferilobis. sasurvelia temperatura iyos 30-350C
TaflSi dauSvebelia sxva produ- farglebSi, rac am process arsebiT-
qtebis Sereva. ad uwyobs xels.
Hhigroskopuloba erT-erTi sayurad-
Rebo Tvisebaa. Ees aris mis mier
wylis orTqlis STanTqmisa da
SenarCunebis unari. SedarebiT dabal
temperaturaze, notio haerze Tafls
SeuZlia atmosferuli tenis
STanTqma, ris gamoc igi ganzavdeba
da iqmneba pirobebi safuara sokoebis
gamravlebisTvis, rasac jer
spirtuli duRili mosdevs, Semdeg _
amJaveba. sabolood dagrovilma gazma
SeiZleba gadabeWdili fiWis
daskdoma gamoiwvios. piriqiT, maRal
temperaturaze SeiZleba teni gasces.
aSS soflis meurneobis depar-
tamentis qimiisa da miwaTmoqmedebis
biuros monacemebiT (ruti da sxv.,
1964) 200 _ ze normaluri Sedgeni-
lobis Tafli tens STanTqavs
haeridan. Tu fardobiTi tenianoba 60 Taflis qimiuri Sedgenilobis sqema
% _ ze dabalia, Tafli piriqiT, tens
Mmonelebadoba Taflisa Zalze maRa-
gascems.
lia (98,5%, taranovis mixedviT, 1972),
dakristalebis unari metnaklebad rac ganpirobebulia martivi Saqrebis
yvela Tafls axasiaTebs, magram maRali SemcvelobiT. aRniS- nulis
ufro swrafad Ria feris Tafli gamo TafliT kveba ZuZumwovrebSi
kristaldeba (akaciis Taflis mis advilad SeTvisebas ukavSirdeba.
gamoklebiT).
Taflis dakristalebis siswrafe
Taflis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. glukozis Semcvelobazea damoki-
ZiriTadad Semadgenel nawils debuli: rac metia Saqari, miT ufro
martivi Saqrebi (fruqtoza Cqara kristaldeba Tafli. Ggaxsov-
+glukoza) warmoadgenen (mSrali deT, Ddakristaleba ar aris
nivTierebebidan 82%-ze naklebi ar Taflis bunebriobis maCvenebeli,
unda iyos), wylis Semcveloba rac unda ganumartoT Tqveni
araumetes 20%-ia (sasurvelia 17-18%), produqciis myidvelsac!
saqaroza araumetes 5%, Tumca Mmanana Tafli. mefutkreTaTvis es
Taflis Senaxvis kvalad es maCve- sakiTxi Zalze sainteresoa im mxriv,
nebeli klebulobs (ferment inver- rom garkveul pirobebSi (gvalviani
tazas moqmedebis Sedegi). TaflSi cxeli zafxuli, tyis zona, konku-
aseve Sedis mcire raodenobiT renti Taflovani mcenareebis ar-
maltoza, deqstrinebi (1-4%-is arseboba) futkari mcenareuli da
farglebSi), cilovani nivTierebebi cxoveluri organizmebis mier gam-
(0,4-0,6%), organuli mJavebi, minera- oyofil tkbil wvens agrovebs sama-
luri nivTierebebi (37-mde elementi), ragod, rac zamTrobis dros, xelSe-
aromatuli naerTebi (10-mde dasaxe- mwyob pirobebSi (ix. qveTavi “futkris
lebis, g. qoblianiZe da sxva, 1980), aragadamdebi daavadebebi”) iCens Tavs
vitaminebi (gansakuTrebiT B jgu-fis), nozematozis gaCeniT da SeiZleba
fermentebi (invertaza, diastaza _ futkari Zalian daasustos. Mmanana
amilazebis nakrebi, gluko- TaflSi aRiniSneba zogierTi
zooqsidaza), mRebavi nivTierebebi da nivTierebis Warbi Semcveloba, rac
sxva. futkris zamTrobisaTvis araxel-
sayrelia: naklebi monelebadobis
mqone deqstrinebi (12%-mde), azoto-
vani nivTierebebis gazrdili raode- foTlebze mobinadre bugri, romelzec
noba, zogierTi tute liToni da WianWvela nadirobs
toqsikuri Saqrebi: arabinoza,
MmaTrobela Tafli. Aam terminiT
qsiloza, galaqtoza da rafinoza,
saqarTveloSi aRiniSneba zogierTi
agreTve adviladkristalebadi meli-
mcenaridan miRebuli Tafli, rome-
citoza. Mmanana Taflis uaryofiTi
lic Sxamian sawyiss (androme-
moqmedeba Tavs iCens xangrZlivi, civi
dotoqsini) Seicavs. literaturaSi
zamTris pirobebSi: futkars evseba
aRwerili monacemebis mixedviT
ukana nawlavi, rac mas awuxebs da
(Глухов, 1966) aseTi Tafli saSiSia
aiZulebs, ufro meti sakvebi miiRos,
rogorc adamianebis, ise meTafle
skaSi maRla iwevs temperatura da
futkrisTvisac, rac gamowveulia
dgeba Nosema apis ganviTarebisaTvis
neqtarSi Sxamiani mtvris marcvlebis
xelSemwyobi pirobebi. gareT gamof-
moxvedriT. umaRles mcenareTa 35
renis SemTxvevaSi futkari iToSeba
ojaxis warmomadgenelTa mtveri
da SeiZleba sicivisagan daiRupos.
Sxamiania futkrisaTvis, Tumca es
aRniSnulis gamo mefutkrem ar unda
movlena ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel
dauSvas zamTris samarago sakvebSi
xdeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi futkris
mananas mniSvne- lovani raodenoba,
masobrivi daRupva aseTi neqtriT
aseTi maragi man droze unda gamowu-
saqarTveloSi registrirebuli ar
ros da sxva sakvebiT (Saqris sirofi,
yofila. saWmelad aseTi Tafli
inversiuli Saqari da sxv.) Seuvsos
bunebrivi saxiT adamianma ar unda
futkars.
moixmaros, misi gauvnebelyofisTvis
saWiroa Taflis wyalxsnaris vakuum-
Si koncentrireba, romlis drosac
andromedotoqsini wylis orTqls mi-
hyveba, rogorc aqroladi nivTiereba
(saavt. mowmoba #1211907 1/08. 1983).
toqsikurobis dasadgenad
gavrcelebulia biologiuri meTodi
(О.Гробов da sxva, 1987) labora- tori-
uli cxovelebis kanqveS Taflis 50%-
iani xsnaris ineqciiT, doziT 1 ml
yovel 20 g cocxal masaze. qvemoT
moyvanilia toqsikur mcena- reTa
Mmananis gamomyofi mwerebis kolonia yvavilis mtvris marcvlebi, romelic
foTlebze
SeiZleba daexmaros mkiTxvels Taf-
lis mtvrul analizSi toqsikurobis
dasadgenad.
Sqerisa da ielis yvavilis mtvris
marcvlebi periodSi ZiZis funqcias ar
asrulebs (momdevno wlis adre
gazafxulamde). aRniSnulis gamo
yvavilis mtvris maragi aucileb-
lad unda iyos mozamTre futkris
ojaxSi.
Herbert-is (2010) mtkicebiT, wliurad

futkris ojaxis moTxovnileba 44
tilWiris yvavilis mtvris marcvlebi
girvanqa (19,9 kg) yvavilis mtvers
udris, rac sakmarisia 200 000 indi-
samarago Taflis Senaxva kargad
vidis gamosazrdelad (1 girvanqa 4000
gavsebuli fiWebis saxiT, dabal tem-
bartyze). budeSi yvavilis mtvris
peraturaze raime sirTules ar war-
ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi futkari
moadgens, magram zogjer mefutkres
rZes gamoimuSavebs sakuTari organiz-
mcireTafliani fiWebis Senaxvac
mis samarago nivTierebebidan, rac
uxdeba. Nnebismier SemTxvevaSi
sazianoa misi sicocxlisunarianobisa
futkrisaTvis, agreTve mRrR-
da gamozrdili bartyis xarisxobrivi
nelebisTvis fiWebi miuwvdomeli un-
maCveneblebisTvis.
da iyos, xolo saTavsi ki grili,
Y yvavilis mtvris qimiuri
raime ucxo sunis gareSe, ventili-
Sedgeniloba did farglebSi mer-
rebadi, haeris fardobiTi tenianoba -
yeobs misi warmoSobis mixedviT
araumetes 70%-sa. Yyvelaze mo-
(alfandieri da sxva, 1982), %:
saxerxebelia skebis korpusebi an
wyali -15-35
yuTebi, romelTa safrenebi an
martivi Saqrebi -20-40
xvrelebi kargad iketeba.
araaRmdgeneli Saqrebi -0-20
Yyvavilis mtveri mcenareTa mamrobi-
cximebi -1-20
Ti sasqeso ujredebia, romlebic
cilebi -11-35
futkrisaTvis proteinebis, cximebis,
nacari -1-7
mineraluri nivTierebebisa da vita-
lizini -5,9-7,0
minebis ZiriTadi wyaroa. Yyvavilis
meTionini -1,7-2,4
mtvris moxmareba muSa futkars saSu-
triptofani -1,2-1,6
alebas aZlevs, gamoimuSavos futkris
yvavilis mtverSi Sedis organuli
rZe bartyisa da kvercxmdebeli deda
nivTierebebi: saxamebeli da cximebi;
futkris sakvebad. ZiZa futkari am
mineraluri nivTierebebi da mikro-
produqtis didi raodenobiT
elementebi: kaliumi, fosfori,
moxmarebas iwyebs gamoCekidan 42_50
kalciumi, magniumi, spilenZi da rki-
saaTis Semdeg. Ees maCvenebeli maqsi-
na; vitaminebidan: C, E, Tiamini, ribo-
mums aRwevs me-5 dReze da procesi
flavini, karotini. Yyvavilis mtvris
grZeldeba or kviras (Hagedorn and
sazrdoobas afaseben imis mixedviT,
Moeller, 1967), mis organoebSi (Tavi, ramdenad zrdis is bartyis raodeno-
muceli) mkveTrad izrdeba proteinis bas. Aam niSniT yvavilis mtvris dax-
Semcveloba da viTardeba Sinagani asiaTebisas gamoyofen maRali sazr-
organoebi (xaxis jirkvlebi, cxi- doobis mqones (proteinis Semcveloba
movani sxeuli da sxva). aRemateba 25%-s), saSualo xarisxis
yvavilis mtvers intensiurad moix- mtvers (15-25%) da dabali sazr-
mars muSa futkris Semodgomis Tao- doobis (<15% proteini) produqts
ba, romelic, rogorc cnobilia, za- (mauricio, 1958). mtvris sazrdoobaze
mTrobaSi unda Sevides. Tumca is am Ddid gavlenas axdens Senaxvis piro-
bebi da vada. Herbert-is (2010) azriT,
macivarSi Senaxuli yvavilis mtveri 1
wlis Semdeg sazrdoobis 76 %-s kar-
gavs, ori wlis Semdeg es Tviseba
mTlianad qreba.
mefutkrisTvis Zalze sainteresoa
futkris mier yvavilis mtvris mota-
nisa da Senaxvis procesebi. Nneqtris
mopovebisas futkari mWidrod exeba
samtvere parkebs, romlebic ixsneba
da mtveri mas sxeulze eyreba. fut-
kari mas agrovebs nerwyvis meSveobiT, Eentomofilur mcenareTa yvavilis
anotivebs da gundad Sekruls ukana mtvris marcvlebis nimuSebi
fexis Weos kalaTaSi agdebs. skaSi garda imisa, rom futkari ojax-
motanisas mtvris fexgundas debs is moTxovnilebas ikmayofi- lebs
cariel ujredebSi, guldasmiT tkep- Segrovebuli mtvriT, mas es produ-
nis TaviT da Tafls an neqtars qti gadaaqvs sxva mcenareebis sas-
umatebs Saqris minimumis Sesavsebad, qeso organoebze, rac gansxvavebul
rac uzrunvelyofs produqtSi jiSebSi uzrunvelyofs mcenareTa
rZemJava duRilis ganviTarebas jvaredin damtvervas da ufro
aqroladi cximovani mJavebis warmoqm- gazrdili cxovelmyofelobis mqone
niT. Sedegad miiReba dakonservebuli STamo- mavlobis miRebas.
yvavilis mtveri, e.w. Weo, romelsac skaSi motanil fexgundas futkari
futkari moixmars, rogorc cilovani fiWaze ganalagebs uSualod bartyis
nivTierebebis wyaros. siaxloves, rac ZiZa futkars exmare-
yovel entomofilur mcenares aqvs ba, Weo advilad moixmaros da moz-
yvavilis mtvris marcvlebis Tavise- ardi Taoba uzrunvelyos rZiT.
buri aRnagoba damaxasiaTebeli kau- bartyian fiWaze Weosa da Taflis
WebiT, riTac futkris sxeulze ma- ganTavseba ise xdeba, rom bartyTan
grdeba. Aam niSniT advilad SeiZ- Weos uSualo Sexeba aqvs, rac garda
leba futkris mier monaxulebuli zeviT aRniSnuli upiratesobisa,
mtverovani da neqtrovani mcenareebis bartyisaTvis siTbur reJims ukeTesad
saxeobrivi gansazRvra (ix.foto), rac inarCunebs. Weos (yvavilis mtvris)
mkvlevars exmareba, gansazRvros xarjvis dinamika futkris ojaxSi aq-
futkris mier warmoebuli Taflis tiur sezonze araerTnairia: adre
botanikuri Sedgeniloba. gazafxulze futkari am sakvebs
Cveulebrivad agrovebs saadreo
mtverovani mcenareebidan (nuSi, Svin-
di, enZela), Tumca amindis pirobebi
yovelTvis ar iZleva axali mtvris
motanis SesaZleblobas. aseT piro-
bebSi bevri ram aris damokidebuli
budeSi arsebul Weos maragze: Tu is
wina wlidan sakmao raodenobiT aris
darCenili, maSin bartyi
Seuferxeblad izrdeba. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, mefutkrem unda uzrun-
velyos futkris momarageba yvavilis
mtvris SemcvleliT (ix. qveTavi
“damatebiTi kvebis periodebi”, IV Ta- futkari ver axerxebs Ralia-
vi). Aaxali yvavilis mtvris (Weos) nobisaTvis momzadebas, Tu damatebiT
moxmareba maRali aqtivobiT micemuli sakvebi (Saqris fxvnili)
grZeldeba mTel gazafxulze, rac SezRudulad miewodeba (3-4 kg wliu-
bartyis intensiur gamozrdas rad): maqsimalur ganvi- Tarebas
ukavSirdeba. skaSi mniSvnelovani ojaxi aRwevs ivnisis bolos-ivlisis
raodenobiT neqtris Semotanisas dasawyisSi, ris gamoc saTafle
futkari zRudavs bartyis gamozrdas produqtiulobam 12-15 kg Seadgina
da es Sesabamisad yvavilis mtvris (saarsebo sakvebi), xolo Semodgomaze
motanazec aisaxeba. (oqtomberi) Weos saSualo maragi 450-
500 g-s ar aRemateboda, rac momdevno
sezonis dasawyisSi bartyianobis
roca sawyobSi temperatura 100C-s
zrdis Semaferxebel faqtorad
zemoT aRar adis, SeinaxeT Weoiani
iqceva. es garemoeba imaze miuTiTebs,
fiWebi aseT saTavsoSi! daicaviT
rom mwiri sakvebi bazis pirobebSi
zedmeti tenisagan! sasurveli tem-
damatebiTi kveba futkris saadreo
peratura 1-80C-s Seadgens. zamTar-
ganviTarebisaTvis umTavresi faqto-
gamovlili Weo Tqveni
ria.
futkrisaTvis Seucvleli sakvebia,
mieciT igi futkars uSualod Weoiani fiWis Senaxva. saqarTvelos
bartyiani fiWebis siaxloves. Tu dablob zonebSi (kolxeTi, alaznis
mainc gixdebaT aseTi fiWebis veli, gardabnis nakrZali) futkari
Senaxva sawyobSi, dafareT igi ar- yvavilis mtvers intensiurad
acilovani fqviliT (kartofilis, agrovebs. Weoiani fiWa aqtiur se-
Saqris), romelic CrCilis zonze futkris budeSi inaxeba,
matlebisagan dagicavT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mas CrCili
gaanadgurebs.
Mmeore periodi, roca skaSi futkari
Weos gaZlierebiT moixmars, iwyeba
Ralianobis dasasruls, mozamTre
Taobis gamozrdasTan dakavSirebiT. futkris darwyuleba. wyali
Tu am produqtis maragi SezRudulia, asrulebs futkris organizmSi ram-
maSin futkari zamTrobaSi SeiZleba denime umniSvnelovanes funqcias: wy-
Sevides Weos umniSvnelo maragiT. alSi gaxsnili sazrdo nivTierebebis
mitana yvela organosa da qsovilSi,
daakvirdiT futkars oqtomb- maTi daSlis produqtebis gamotana,
erSi, aRricxeT Weos maragi, sakveb
romelic 1-1,5 CarCos mainc unda is
Aar unda SeuzRudoT wylis
Seadgendes da Tu aseTi maragi mone
moxmareba futkars, gansakuTrebiT
ar arsebobs, gaiTvaliswineT leba
gazafxulze, roca muSa futkari
futkris dama-tebiTi gamokveba. da
didi raodenobiT yvavilis mtvers
Amis gareSe adre gazafxulze metab
moixmars rZis gamomuSavebisTvis.
Tqven futkars droulad ver oliz
gaaZlierebT! mi.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mSrali

subtropikebis gardamaval zonaSi
futkris ojaxebze dakvirvebam rac meti bartyi gamoizrdeba budeSi,
gviCvena, rom aqtiur sezonze sakmaod miT metia wylis moTxovnileba
xangrZlivi uRalobis pirobebSi bartyis sakvebSi, romelic 66%-mde
wyals Seicavs (Herbert, 2010). wyali
sakontrolo kiTxvebi dRiurad 1 l wyals moixmaren
(N.Gary.2010).
1. futkris romeli organoebi
monawileoben neqtris Segrove- rogorc wesi, futkris sarwyulebels
ba-motanaSi? gareT awyoben sadgamze moTavsebuli
2. futkris romeli jirkvlebis kasris saxiT, saidanac wyali daxril
gamonayofi da romeli fermenti ficarze ewveTeba, an sarwyuleblad
emateba neqtars? iyeneben minis qilas, romelic yeliT
3. ra xvedriTi wili ukavia wiwilis sarwyulebelze dgas. wylis
bunebriv sakvebs futkris moxmarebis miCvevis mizniT taranovi
movla_Senaxvis danaxarjebSi? (1982) urCevs Tavdapirvelad Saqris
4. rogor davadginoT neqtris susti xsnaris gamoyenebas. igive
motanis intensivoba? avtori wyalSi sufris marilis
5. ra faqtorebia saWiro skaSi damatebas urCevs normiT 5 g 1 l-ze,
Taflis dasamwifeblad? Tumca sxva avtorebi (nedialkovi da
6. ra mniSvneloba aqvs yvavilis sxva, 1985) Tvlian, rom mefutkre
mtvers futkris cxovrebaSi?
7. ra mniSvneloba aqvs futkars sarwyulebeli moawyveT adre
mcenareTa cxovrebaSi da gazafxulidanve, rom futkari mas
rogor xorcieldeba igi? mieCvios. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
8. raSi moixmars futkari futkari mas ar ekareba.
yvavilis mtvers (Weos)?
naklebi doziT (0,1-0,3%) unda
9. futkris ra sasicocxlo pro-
Semoifarglos.
cesebSi monawileobs wyali?
sWirdeba agreTve naxSirwylovani

Ffutkris darwyuleba
sakvebis monelebas da SeTvisebas,
budeSi temperaturisa da fardobiTi
tenia-nobis dacvas. bartyis

gamozrdisas igi 90-95%-s unda
Seadgendes, wylis dRiuri moxmareba
am dros 200 g-ze mets Seadgens, `gamoyenebuli literatura:
wliurad ki 20 l-ze metia. zamTarSi 1. Аветисян Пчеловодство, М ,1982
igi im wyalsac moixmars, romelic 2. N.Gari Activities and Behaviour of Honey
kondensirdeba budeSi (kedlebsa da Bees. The Hive and the Bee. 2010
fiWebze). misi raodenoba am 3.J. White, Honey, ch, 21 in Handbook “The
SemTxvevaSi 5 l-s aRemateba (Nelson, Hive and the Honey Bee”, 2010
1983). Zlieri ojaxebi cxel amindSi
4. g. maZRaraSvili futkris produ- saqaroziT, romelic SemdgomSi
qtebi da aratradiciuli sakvebi, iSleba xaxis jirkvlidan gamoyo-
2002w fili invertazaTi. sasursaTo Saqari
5. К.Фриш Из жизни пчел,М,1980 mTlianad saqarozas Seicavs, mis
6. Г.Туников Корма и кормление пчел.,1972 dasaSlelad saWiro fermentis
raodenoba ufro meti unda iyos.
7. Herbert Jr. Honey Bee Nutrition. Ch 6. The
Hive and the Honey Bee”, 2010 Мельничук-is (1962) monacemebiT,
micemuli Saqris 20-23% sakuTriv am
sakvebis gadamuSavebas sWirdeba. Tu
amas daemateba sxvadasxva tkipovani
daavadebis uaryofiTi gavlena
2) damatebiTi kvebis periodebi da
futkarze, naTeli xdeba, rom
sakvebi danamatebi futkrisTvis Saqris didi rao-
DAMAdamatebiTi kvebis periodebi denobiT gadamuSaveba uRalo peri-
cnobilia specialur literaturaSi odSi saxifaToa _ iwvevs mis naadrev
aRwerili gamokvlevebiT, xolo Cvens cveTas da ganviTarebis Seferxebas
qveyanaSi igi dadginda XX saukunis momdevno sezonze. amasTan isic
70-ian wlebSi am naSromis avtoris aRsaniSnavia, rom sasursaTo Saqari
mier (ix. I qveTavis masalebi). Ees zogierTi mkvlevaris (k. friSi, 1934;
aris: 1) zamTris bolo-adre gazaf- Herbert a. Shimanuki, 1978) monacemebiT
xuli; 2) agvisto-seqtembris I dekada, ufro met stimuls aZlevs futkars
xolo gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi bartyis gamozrdis TvalsazrisiT,
zamTrobaSi (sakvebis gaZlierebuli radgan saqaroza futkrisTvis orjer
xarjvisas) da ivlisSi - Ralis ufro mimzidvelia martiv SaqrebTan
naadrevad Sewyvetis pirobebSi. Seda-rebiT.
zamTris bolo-adresagazafxulo Ggazafxulze (mozamTre gundis
monakveTSi, rogorc wesi, futkars daSlis Semdeg), Ralianobis
sWirdeba rogorc naxSirwylovani, dawyebamde futkars mieciT Saqris
ise proteinuli sakvebi danamatebi SedarebiT Txeli sirofi (50%-iani,
imis gamo, rom am dros futkari wyali+Saqari 1:1 SefardebiT mcire
iwyebs bartyis gamozrdas da dozebiT (300-500 g). Tu Tqven
Sesabamisad ewyeba rZis sekrecia, gsurT, Saqris sirofiT futkarma
romlis kompensireba xdeba WeoTi an samarago sakvebi Seiqmnas Ralia-
mefutkris mier micemuli cilovani nobis bolos (agvisto), maSin Saq-
danamatebiT. ris sirofi mas mieciT gazrdili
rac Seexeba zafxulis periods, am koncentraciiT (60%-iani, wylisa da
dros, rogorc wesi, xdeba samarago Saqris urTierTSefardeba 2:3)
Taflis Secvla naxSirwylovani sak-
Uufro meti koncentraciis sirofs
vebiT (sasursaTo an inversiuli
futkari cudad amuSavebs. Mam dros
sirofi), gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi
martivi Saqrebi mcire raodenobiT
(yvavilis mtvris deficiti) cilo-
warmoiqmneba da siciveebis
vani danamatebi da sasursaTo Saq-ris
dadgomisas sakvebi SeiZleba fiWaSi
sirofi erToblivad gamoiyeneba
Cakristaldes, rac miuRebelia.
kvercxdebis stimulaciisaTvis.
sakvebi danamatebis saxeobebi
sasursaTo Saqari. Ees nedleuli
futkrisTvis principulad misaRebia
imis gamo, rom misi bunebrivi sakvebi
(neqtari) sanaxevrod warmo-dgenilia
nebis analogiurad. Aamas garda, in-
versiuli sirofis momzadebisas Sesa-
Zlebeli xdeba, sakvebis Sedgeniloba
maqsimalurad miuaxlov- des Taf-
lisas, kerZod: a) martivi Saqrebi
xsnarSi dagrovdes im raodenobiT,
rom sakvebi ar dakristaldes
siciveebis dadgomisas; b) xsnaris
koncentracia gaizardos 75-80 mas.%-
mde, rom futkars aRar dasWirdes
kondicireba (zedmeti wylis aor-
Tqleba). Aam upiratesobaTa wyalobiT,
arsebiTad mcirdeba (10%-mde) sakvebis
danaxarji budis dakompleqtebisas
Saqris sirofi futkris sakvebad
inversiuli sirofi. Mmisi Seqmna da praqtikulad SeumCneveli xdeba
miznad isaxavda, futkrisaTvis futkris kleba zamTrobis procesSi
SeemsubuqebinaT sasursaTo Saqris (bunebriv TaflTan Sedarebisas).
gadamuSavebis procesi, rac Tavda- inversiuli sirofis momzadebisas
pirvelad ganxorcielda Saqris si- xsnaris sawyisi koncentracia aiReT
rofze organuli mJavebis (limonis 67 mas%-is odenobiT da CaatareT
da sxva) damatebiT. SemdgomSi aRmoC- hidrolizis procesi 650C (+20) tem-
nda, rom Saqris mJavuri katalizi peraturaze, 1 dRe-Ramis ganmav-
xsnarSi futkrisaTvis mavne hi- lobaSi. Tqven SegiZliaT imave
droqsimeTilfurfurolis warmoqm- pirobebSi xsnaris koncentrireba
nas iwvevs. Tumca zogierTi avtori kidev 24 saaTian periodSi, an sxva
(g. taranovi da sxv) wina saukunis ufro progresuli teqnologiiT 2-3
bolomde ganagrZobda Saqris saaTis ganmavlobaSi, rac aRweri-
sirofze am nivTierebebis damatebis lia specialur literaturaSi.
propagandas. Saqris anafxeki. Aam masalis gam-
oyenebiT Saqris sirofis
momzadebisas gaTvaliswinebuli iyo,
rom SaqarSi SeiZleba yofiliyo
damabinZurebeli nivTierebebi (mtveri
an sxva meqanikuri minarevebi). maT mo-
sacileblad Saqris xsnari (1:1
momzadebuli) unda wamoduRdes da
Semdeg gaiwmindos minarevebisgan
(qafi an naleqi). miRebuli produqti
vargisia mxolod bartyianobis stim-
ulirebisaTvis, samarago sakvebad igi
ar gamodgeba.
inversiuli sirofi futkris sakvebad
saxameblis hidrolizati. saxameblis
(kartofilis, simindis) daSlas fut-
futkrisaTvis yvelaze uxifaToa in- kari ver axerxebs misi rTuli mole-
versiuli sirofis warmoeba fer- kuluri struqturis gamo, amitom
mentuli preparatebis gamoyenebiT, winaswar hidrolizuri fermentebis
radgan procesi mimdinareobs gamoyenebiT igi unda daiSalos. am
futkris sxeulSi mimdinare gardaqm- dros wyalxsnadi saxameblis misaRe-
bad gamoiyeneba fermenti α-amilaza, da Tafli. sakvebis Solciseuli re-
romelic Semdgom iSleba ferment β- ceptura dRemde gamoiyeneba maRali
amilaziT maltozamde. Aam Saqars xarisxis produqtis misaRebad (deda
futkari kargad iTvisebs, Tumca futkrebis transportireba da sxva).
naklebad mimzidvelia, ris gamoc SemdgomSi Taflis nacvlad daiwyes
momzadebis procesSi emateba sasur- inversiuli sirofis gamoyeneba,
saTo an inversiuli Saqari 25-30 ma- Uupirvelesad ekonomikuri, agreTve
suri%-is odenobiT (saerTo raode- higienuri sisufTavis dacvis mosaz-
nobidan). saxameblis gamoyeneba mi- rebiT. Aam naSromis avtorebma Sei-
zanSe- wonilia, Tu misi fasi Saqarze muSaves inversiuli sirofis warmoe-
naklebia. bis teqnologia qvemoT moyvanili mo-
saxameblis hidrolizatis misaRebad sazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT:
aiReT komponentebi Semdegi masuri _ inversiuli Saqari ZiriTadi kompo-
SefardebiT: wyali-70, saxamebeli-30, nentebis SemcvelobiT (fruqtoza,
gaalaoebuli da daRerRili qeri-3%. glukoza, saqaroza) unda iyos Taf-
Nnarevi gaacxeleT aduRebamde, Tan lis sruli analogi, e.i. saqaroza
mudmivad urieT (wyalxsnadi saxameb- TiTqmis mTlianad unda iyos daSli-
lis miReba), gaagrileT 55-580C–mde, li (>95%) fermentuli kata-liziT,
xsnaris hidrolizi gaagrZeleT xolo kandSi Sesatani Saqris fqvi-
gaalaoebuli qeris gaormagebuli lis nawilakebi zomiT ar unda aRe-
dozis damatebiT 24 saaTis ganmav- matebodes 0,2 mm-s;
lobaSi. gamoyenebis win dauma- teT _ wylis Semcveloba unda utolde-
sasursaTo Saqari (saxameblis bodes Taflis imave maCvene- bels,
1/4¼raodenobiT) an inversiuli si- xolo sirofis koncentrireba unda
rofi (1/3) da gamoiyeneT produqti moxdes maqsimalurad dabal tempera-
deda futkris kvercxdebis stimula- turaze (vakuumSi).
ciisaTvis! ½
xilisa da bostneulis wvenebi.

rogorc wesi, am produqtebs futkari
iRebs dazianebuli xilidan an
bostneulidan (yurZeni, sazamTro da
sxva). literaturaSi maTi gamoyeneba
rekomendebulia mxolod aqtiur se-
zonze saarsebo sakvebad, zamTris pe-
riodSi maTi moqmedeba saqar-
TveloSi Seswavlili ar yofila, comisebri sakvebi - kandi
radgan sakiTxis ekonomikuri mxare
(Rirebuleba SaqarTan SedarebiT) am moTxovnebis dacviT kandi miiReba
Zalze saeWvoa, wvenebSi arsebuli maRali xarisxis, Senaxvis procesSi
Saqrebis Zalian dabali koncen- ar gamoSreba, advilad asaTvisebelia.
traciis (10-15mas%) gamo. kandis konsistenciis SenarCu-
nebisaTvis masSi wylis Semcveloba
comisebri sakvebi (kandi). sakvebis es 6,2-6,5%-s unda Seadgendes. amasTan
saxeoba Seqmna germanelma mefutkre xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom misi
Solcma (ruti, 1982) da gamoiyeneba aTvisebisaTvis futkars garkveuli
upiratesad zamTrobis dros araaqti- Zalisxmeva sWirdeba;
uri gundis mier. Kkandis dasam-
zadeblad gamoiyeneba Saqris fqvili
_ kandis asaTviseblad futkari gam- rofis saxiT, (ix.zemoT “inversiuli
oyofs nerwyvs, Gxsnis masSi kandis sirofi”), romlis micema polie-
gundas da Semdeg wuwnis, rac Tilenis erTjeradi tomsikiT
ukavSirdeba organizmSi wylis mozamTre gundisaTvis teqnikurad
balansis SenarCunebis problemas; gaadvilebulia, ar iwvevs gundis
arasaWiro gaaqtiurebas.Aam sakvebis
_ kandis aTvisebis dros gundi aq- damzadeba ar moiTxovs Zvirad -
tiurdeba, rac zamTrobisaTvis Rirebul mowyobilobas, Zalze
garkveul diskomforts qmnis; mcirdeba energetikuli da SromiTi
_ kandis momzadebis procesi moiTx- danaxarjebi (Sesabamisad _ mza
ovs sakmaod ZviradRirebul teqnikur produqciis TviTRirebuleba), xolo
mowyobilobas, eleqtro- energiisa da futkrisTvis Txevadi sakvebis aTvi-
Sromis gazrdil danaxarjebs, ris seba mTlianad miesadageba misi
gamoc mza produqciis fasi tradiciuli saarsebo sakvebi Taf-
TvalsaCinod izrdeba; lis moxmarebas. amasTan gasaT-
valiswinebelia, rom Txevad sakvebSi
Kkandis dadebiT mxared CaiTvleba CasarTavi araSaqrovani komponentebi
gamoyeneba masSi arsebuli arawyal- unda iyos wyalxsnadi formiT sak-
xsnadi komponentebis (proteinuli vebis erTgvarovnebis SenarCunebis
danamatebi, samkurnalo da mastim- mizniT.
ulirebeli nivTierebebis Car-Tvis P proteinuli sakvebi danamatebi.
SesaZlebloba nebismieri Sefardeb- yvavilis mtveri. Ees produqti
iT), romlebic kandis SemadgenlobaSi futkris bunebrivi sakvebia da
didxans inarCuneben sazrdoobas da kvercxdebis stimulaciis Tvalsaz-
biologiur aqtivobas. risiT Seucvleli. Ggamoyenebis re-
komendebuli formaa kandSi CarTva
kandSi sxva, araSaqrovani erT-erT komponentad. Segrovebisa da
nivTierebebis CarTvisas, maTSi wylis gaSrobis Semdeg yvavilis mtveri
Semcveloba ar unda aRematebodes 5,6 ifqveba da Seereva kandis kompo-
mas.%-s. Tu am nivTierebebs gam- nentebs (Tafli an inversiuli
oiyenebT, Sesabamisad unda Seamci- sakvebi+Saqris fqvili), Saqris
roT Saqris fqvilis raodenoba. fqvilis Semcirebis xarjze, 25
masur%-mde odenobiT. aseT nazavs
Kkandis micemisas daicaviT Semdegi
futkari intensiurad iTvisebs da
wesebi: sakvebi 1 dRe-RamiT adre
Sesabamisad uZlierdeba kvercx-
unda daidos Tbil oTaxSi, gam-
mdeblobis maCvenebeli. amasTan unda
oyenebis win, cal mxareze po-
aRiniSnos, rom yvavilis mtveri
lieTilenis apki moscildes, mo-
sakmaod ZviradRirebuli kompo-nentia,
Tavsdes misi kvereuli skaSi, Car-
gamoiyeneba sasursaTod da futkris
Coebis zeda Tamasebze gardi- gard-
kvebaSi misi dazogvis mizniT
mo, uSualod mozamTre gundis
SeiZleba sxva, aratra-diciuli
Tavze. Kkvereulis erTjeradi
proteinuli komponentebis CarTva
raodenoba gansazRvreT ojaxis
comisebri sakvebis saxiT, maTgan
siZlieris mixedviT (1 kg yovel 5
aRsaniSnavia:
CarCo futkarze).
soios cximgaclili fqvili
proteinis SemcvelobiT da
futkris kveba zamTrobis periodSi aminomJavebis speqtriT yvelaze metad
Txevadi sakvebiT. futkris gamokvebis miesadageba futkris organizms,
axali xerxi Txevadi inversiuli si- magram is sakmaod Znelmonelebadia.
Ggarda amisa, soios fqvili Seicavs SemogvTavaza am sakvebTa narevis
zogierT nivTierebas, rac aZnelebs masuri Sefardeba 3:1:1. am Sedge-
mis gamoyenebas (ureaza da tripsinis nilobis narevi aminomJavebis
inhibitori). maTi inaqtivaciisaTvis SemcvelobiT yvelaze metad
Seefardeba yvavilis mtvers, magram
mSrali, dafqvili yvavilis mtveri monelebadobiT da mimzidvelobiT
daumateT soiis fqvils, mSrali bevrad uaresia.
safuvrisa da moxdili rZis narevs
12-23%-mde (masis mixedviT) da hidrolizuri proteinis warmoeba
CarTeT comisebr sakvebSi. sasur- da gamoyeneba. zemoaRniSnuli
velia, nazavis Semcveloba kandis aratradiciuli proteinuli danama-
saerTo masaSi ar iyos 15-17%-ze tebis gamoyenebis SedarebiT dabali
meti, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es efeq-tianoba ganpirobebulia futkris
SegimcirebT futkris mier mis organizmSi dabali monelebadobiT,
aTvisebas da Sesabamisad bartyis rac aixsneba nawlavebSi specifikuri
odenobasac. (proteolizuri) fermentebis dabali
aqtivobiT.
mimarTaven soios fqvilis kvebiswina
damuSavebas 108-1100C-ze saSrob am arsebiTi naklovanebis gamosas-
karadaSi 20-25 wT xangrZlivobiT, woreblad naSromis avtoris mier
tafaze 1-1,5 sm sisqis fenis SemuSavebulia sazrdo nivTierebebis
moTavsebiT an savaWro qselSi wyalxsnadi formiT miReba fermen-
arsebuli tostirebuli soios tuli katalizis gziT, risTvisac
fqvilis an farSis gamoyenebiT. moZiebulia qarxnuli warmoebis
mSrali safuari aratradiciuli specifikuri fermentuli preparati
wyaroebidan erT-erTi aucilebeli protosubtilini Г3X, romelsac aqvs
saSualebaa. Ffutkris sakvebad kompleqsuri moqmedebis unari:
saWiroa misi siTburi inaqtivacia, proteolizuri da β-klukanazuri
radgan cocxali ujredi futkris (ukanaskneli saWiroa ujredovani
faRaraTs iwvevs. struqturis substratis dasamuSa-
mSrali safuari moaTavseT tafaze veblad). fermentis moqme-debis
1-1,5 sm sisqis fenad da SeitaneT temperaturuli reJimi Seadgens 47-
TermostatSi 700C-ze 1 saaTiT, ris 500C, PH 7,5-8,5. Ddazustda misi
Semdeg dafqviT da sxva kompo- koncentracia substratis erTeul
nentebTan erTad SeitaneT kandSi. masaze. sabolood miiReba soiis
Srotisa da yvavilis mtvris
mSrali moxdili rZe erT-erTi nawilobriv wyalxsnadi fraqcia,
aRiarebuli saSualebaa futkris romelic Sesqelda vakuumSi 79-81
sakvebad, romelic sakmaod kargad mas%-mde. mSrali moxdili rZe
moineleba, Tumca rZeSi aris misi nazavSi CairTo ucvlelad, mikro-
moxmarebis SemzRudveli faqtori- buli masa damuSavda TermostatSi
disaqaridi laqtoza, romelic 700C-ze 1 saaTs. oTxive fraqcia
Seicavs futkrisaTvis toqsikur gaixsna koncentrirebul inversiul
galaqtozas. aRniSnulis gamo mSra- sirofSi da mieca futkris sacdel
li moxdili rZis wili arsebuli ojaxebs uRalo periodSi (agvistos
rekomendaciebiT 7-8 %-s ar unda dasawyisidan seqtembris Sua
aRematebodes. ricxvebamde), sakontrolo jgufi
bartyis ufro efeqtiani iRebda sufTa inversiul sirofs.
matebisTvis haidakma (1960) zrdasruli bartyis farTobi sacdel
jgufSi samjer aRemateboda
sakontrolo jgufis analogiur leblad modificirebuli vakuum-
maCvenebels. amaorTqlebeli.
3. saxameblis hidrolizatis warmoe-
YyuradReba! wyalxsnadi proteini bisaTvis gamoiyeneba me-2 punqtSi
Txevad sirofSi unda CarToT im aRwerili mowyobiloba;
dros, roca futkars zogjer mainc 4. kandis dasamzadeblad garda meo-
gareT gamofrena SeuZlia (adre re punqtis bolo abzacSi aRwerili
gazafxulsa da zafxulis bolos), mowyobilobisa, saWiroa:
radgan igi bevrad zrdis _ Saqris wisqvili;
nawlavebSi mounelebeli masis _ comis mosazeli z-ebri amreviT;
warmoqmnas. nu gamoiyenebT _ comis dasaWreli da gundis Sem-
proteinovan danamatebs zamTrobis fuTavi agregati;
sawyis an Sua periodebSi!
5. proteinuli sakvebi danamatebis
misaRebad saWiroa:
M mowyobiloba aratradiciuli _ Termostati 110-120 gradusamde reg-
sakvebi danamatebis warmoebisaTvis. ulirebadi temperaturiT da aqti-
uri ventilaciiT;
1. Saqris sirofis misaRebad: _ wisqvili;
_ Ria saxarSi qvabi amreviT da
Ria saxarSi qvabi amreviT,
gamTbari haeris mimwodebliT;
romelSic Sedis eleqtroZrava,
6. hidrolizuri sakvebi proteinis
reduqtori da sakuTriv amrevi
misaRebad gamodgeba me-5 punqtSi
mowyobiloba. Mmza sirofis Camo-
aRwerili mowyobiloba
sasxmelad onkani qvabs unda moergos
gverdiT kedelze, Ziris siaxloves;
2. inversiuli sirofis misaRebad _

Ria cecxlze dadgmul Cveulebriv
qvabSi moamzadebT Saqris sirofs da
saWiro temperaturis miRebis Semdeg
xsnari gadagaqvT me-2 qvabSi, romlis
gverdis kedelSi, Ziris siaxloves
CamontaJebulia milovani eleqtro-
gamacxelebeli temperaturis avtoma-
turi maregulirebliT.
Tu saWiroa inversiuli sirofis gverdiTi sakveburi gamoiyeneba

warmoeba komerciuli mizniT, meore mozamTre gundis daSlis Semdeg
qvabSi unda CamontaJdes mowyobiloba
aorTqlebis zedapiris gasazrdelad,
riTac SesaZlebeli xdeba sirofis
koncentrirebis dro SeizRudos 2-3
saaTamde.
Tu inversiuli sirofi saWiroa

kandis mosamzadeblad, gamoiyeneba me-
2 punqtSi aRwerili mowyobiloba,
Catardeba 50%-iani sirofis
hidrolizi, xolo mis Sesasqe-
Yyvavilis mtvris Semcvleli bartyiano-
bis stimulirebisaTvis
Aam sakveburebidan Tqven SegiZliaT,

SearCioT Tqveni pirobebisaTvis
gamosadegi mowyobiloba.
1. ra nivTierebebs ver inelebs

Ggamoyenebuli literatura: futkari?
2. xelovnuri naxSirwylovani sak-
1. К.Фриш Из жизни пчел,М,1980 vebis gamoyenebis dro da formebi;
2. E.Herbert Honey Bee Nutrition. Ch 6.p.127- 3. risTvis viyenebT fermentul
234. The Hive and the Honey Bee”, 2010 preparatebs da romels?
3. a.ruTi da sxv. Mmefutkreobis enci- 4. Saqris futkrismieri gadamuSave-
klopedia, Tb 1982 bis procesebi;
4. g. maZRaraSvili futkris produ- 5. ra upiratesoba aqvs inversiul
qtebi da aratradiciuli sakvebi. sirofs sxva sakvebTan SedarebiT?
2002w. 6. kandis mozelis procesi da gam-
5. И.Мельничук О созревании углеводного oyenebuli mowyobiloba;
Корма в гнезде пчел. 7. ras warmoadgens yvavilis mtveri
Пчеловодство.1962.№8 30-34 da rogor inaxavs mas futkari?
6. Г.Таранов Корма и кормление пчел.М.1972 8. ra komponentebi Sedis xelovnur
proteinovan danamatSi?
7. Г.Таранов Промышленная технология 9. ra kvebiswina damuSavebas
получения и переработки продуктов ganicdian proteinovani danamatebi?
пчеловодства. 10. ras warmoadgens hidrolizuri
proteini?
11. ra mowyobilobiT vaZlevT
Tavi V. Txevad sakvebs futkars da maTi
nairsaxeobani;
futkris produqtebis warmoeba da fiWis gamoyenebis xerxebi, sacvile
pirveladi damuSaveba nedleulis gadamuSaveba safu-
tkreSi, qarxnul pirobebSi da mo-
1. Taflisa da cvilis warmoeba da
wyobiloba am procesebisaTvis.
pirveladi damuSaveba
Aam qveTavis gacnobisas TqvenTvis

saWiro informacias miiRebT Semdeg
sakiTxebze: Taflisa da cvilis
sasaqonlo produqciis warmoeba da Taflis sasaqonlo produqciis
masze moqmedi ZiriTadi faqtorebi. warmoeba. Ees maCvenebeli damoki-
Taflis amoReba skidan, gamowurva, debulia mraval sxvadasxva faq-
gafiltvra, mowyobiloba am proce- torze, romelTagan SeiZleba gamo-
sebisaTvis, arakondiciuri (zedmeti iyos ramdenime (mniSvnelobis mixed-
wylis Semcveli, amJavebuli, maTro- viT):
bela) Taflis gadamuSavebis teqno- _ futkris ojaxis siZliere (muSa
logia, Taflisa da cvilis xaris- futkris raodenoba) gadamwyvetia
xis monitoringi da falsifikaciis Taflis warmoebaSi. cnobilia, rom
dadgenis meTodebi, xelovnuri rac ufro Zlieria ojaxi, miT meti
Taflis Segroveba SeuZlia. maga- budis ventilireba neqtris aqti-
liTad, 6 kg masis mqone (muSa uri Segrovebisas aucilebeli piro-
futkari) ojaxma 2 kviris ganmav- baa motanili produqtis kondici-
lobaSi 3-jer meti Tafli Seagrova, rebisaTvis.
vidre oTxma ojaxma, romelTa saSu- Ffutkris mTabaroba aqtiur
alo masa 1,5 kg iyo. amasTan arsebobs sezonze erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
TiToeuli jiSis futkarSi siZlieris pirobaa maqsimaluri produq-
biologiuri optimumi, romlis zemoT tiulobis misaRwevad. Aam periodSi
ojaxis produqtiuloba matebis mTabaroba (safutkris adgil-
nacvlad klebulobs. samwuxarod, es monacvleba) unda moaxdinoT 3-4-jer
maCvenebeli qarTuli futkris mainc, ramac SeiZleba produq-
magaliTze dadgenili ar aris; tiuloba ramdenjerme gazardos,
_ ojaxis asakobrivi Semadgenloba amasTan erTad, mxedvelobaSi misa-
gulisxmobs calkeul jgufebs Soris Rebia futkris ojaxebis raodenoba
(neqtris Semgrovebeli, mimRebi, ZiZa erT adgilze (araumetes 100 oja-
futkrebi) optimalur Tanafardobas xisa), agreTve safutkreTa urTierT-
(mniSvnelovani Ralianobis pirobeb- daSoreba (aranakleb 1 km-sa).
Si). Aamis gareSe ojaxis normaluri
funqcionireba ar arsebobs. Tu skaSi garda zemoaRniSnulisa, safutkre
neqtris mimRebi da gadamamuSavebeli meurneobis produqtiulobisa da
futkrebis jgufi ar funqcionirebs, Sesabamisad rentabelobis gazrdi-
an ojaxSi maqsimaluri Ralianobis saTvis gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas:
dros muSa futkrebis gamozrda _ safutkris moculobis zrda
Sewyvetilia, es arRvevs neqtris SromiTi da materialuri danaxar-
Segrovebisa da gadamuSavebis jebis SemcirebiT (momsaxurebis
process, rac sabolood saTafle rgoluri sistemis danergva);
produqtiulobas amcirebs. _ futkris ojaxebis daTvalierebis
Ddeda futkrisa da bartyis jeradobis maqsimalurad Semcireba;
arseboba ojaxSi Ralianobis dros _ teqnikuri saSualebebis (m.S. mcire
aucilebelia, uamisod ojaxis meqanizaciis elementebi) danergva
aqtivoba mcirdeba, Taflis Semosa- safutkris movlis procesSi da sxva.
vali klebulobs. amasTan axal-
gazrda dedebis myoli ojaxebi 20,8-
42,4%-iT ufro met Tafls agroveben.
intensiuri Ralianobis dros deda
futkris warTmeva an Secvla dauS-
vebelia. es ojaxis produqtiulobas
41,5%-iT amcirebs (Г.Туников и др.2001).
aSenebuli carieli fiWebis maragi
Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtoria
maqsimaluri produqtiulobis misaR-
wevad: es maragi 3-jer unda
aRematebodes damwifebuli Taflis
mosaTavseblad saWiro fiWebis
raodenobas. saTadarigo fiWebis
uqonlobisas saTafle produq-
tiuloba 40%-iT mcirdeba (Г.Туников и
др.2001).
Taflis gamowurva. saqarTvelos Tafliani fiWebis asaTlelad gam-
mefutkreobis praqtikaSi es erT-erTi oyenebuli mowyobiloba:
Sromatevadi procesia, radgan aq _ uJangavi liTonis qvabi Sig Camon-
gavrcelebuli danadgarebis absolu- taJebuli daxvretilZiriani TasiT,
turi umetesoba qorduli cibru- zemodan zolovani foladis
tebiT aris warmodgenili (tevadoba-3- firfitebisagan damzadebuli CarCo-
4 CarCo), xolo skis damkvidrebuli ebis damWeri da qvabis qveda mxareze
konstruqcia (dadan-blatis) misada- morgebuli onkani Taflis gamosade-
gebuli ar aris radialur cibrutze, nad;
romelSic, rogorc wesi, langstrot- _ fiWebis asaTleli kargad galesi-
rutis Semcirebuli zomis CarCoebi li dana (es ukanaskneli Zabvis reg-
ewyoba. es samrewvelo sawyisebze ulatorzea SeerTebuli)
gadasvlis erT-erTi Semaferxebeli
garemoebaa.
Taflis fiWebidan gamowurvisaTvis Tafliani fiWebi skidan amoiReT
mefutkrem upirvelesad unda Sear- imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom isini
Cios saTavso procesis Seuferxebeli gadabeWdili iyos 2/3-ze mainc,
warmarTvisaTvis. saTavsosadmi wayene- radgan futkris gareSe misi
buli moTxovnebia: damwifeba Zalze gagiZneldebaT, ar
unda amoiRoT bartyiani (rogorc
TavRia, ise gadabeWdili) fiWebi,
amoRebulis nacvlad CaudgiT
carieli fiWebi, rom ar daarRvioT
futkris muSaobis procesi, gamo-
iyeneT fiWebidan futkris mosa-
cileblad tixari futkris gamrekiT
an qimiuri saSualebebiT (benzal-
dehidi - nuSis zeTi, buTilis an
propionis anhidridiT) danotio-
ebuli, xis CarCoze gadakruli
Taflis gamosawuri mowyobiloba qsovili an SekumSuli haeri
(Tew,2010)
_ davicvaT SigniT futkris
moxvedrisgan, xolo SemTxveviT
moxvedrili futkris gasarekad
fanjrebs unda hqondeT saTanado
aRWurviloba (1800-iT CarCoebis
mobrunebis saSualeba), iyos venti-
lacia, SesaZlebeli iyos higienuri
moTxovnebis dacva;
_ saTavsoSi arsebuli mowyobiloba
iseTnairad davdgaT, rom gamoi-
ricxos zedmeti moZraoba.
SesaZlebeli iyos Tafliani da
gamowuruli fiWebis (korpusebiT)
gadaadgileba martivi meqanikuri (mag, fiWebis asaTleli
orborbliani sazidari) mowyobi- _ meqanikuri amTleli (vibrodana,
lobiT. rxeviTi moZraobis mqone, orTqliT
gasacxelebeli)
raobis sawinaaRmdego mxaresaa mi-
qceuli;
vibrodana fiWis asaTlelad

_ aTlili fiWebis Casawyobad
gaxsovdeT, fiWebis amTleli
mowyobilobis samuSao nawili
(danebi da sxv.), romelTac Tafl-
Tan aqvT Sexeba, ar unda gacxel- Qqorduli cibruti 4-CarCoiani
des 700-ze zemoT, rac gamoiwvevda
Taflis gamuqebas (xarisxis gaua- _ cibruti radialuri, fiWebis radi-
resebis niSani) aluri ganwyobiT, Taflis erT-
(cibrutSi Cawyobamde) magida, rome- drouli wurviT orive mxridan, re-
lic uJangavi foladis furclebisa- versiuli mowyobilobiT, gamoric-
gan aris gakeTebuli da Zirze mor- xavs fiWebis mtvrevis SesaZleblobas,
gebuli aqvs onkani Taflis gamo- aqvs maqsimaluri warmadoba;
saSvebad.
aTlili fiWebis Casawyobi radialuri cibruti
_ uJangavi liTonis WurWelSi _ Taflis gasafiltri mowyobiloba

Casxmuli Taflis damatebiTi siTbu- (mavTulbadiani sacrebi) sxvadasxva
ri damuSaveba mowyobilobaSi, ro- zomis ujrediT, rac Txoulobs
melSic Casxmulia wyali da daculia Taflis gawmendas Tavdapirvelad
temperatura 40-450C, ris Sedegadac msxvilujredian sacerSi, sadac
TaflSi Setivtivebuli nawilakebi Tafls moecleba msxvili Setiv-
zeviT amotivtivdeba meqanikuri narebuli nawilakebi da SemdgomSi
gasufTavebisaTvis; ufro mcire zomis ujredebian badeSi
ganxorcieldeba Taflis filtracia;
_ cibruti qorduli, fiWebis erTi
mxriT gareT miqceviT, romelic Car- _ fiWis anaTlisagan narCeni Taflis
Coebis 2-jerad Sebrunebas moiTxovs gamowurva cibrutSi, romelSic Cait-
maTi damtvrevis Tavidan asacile- virTeba cilindrul tomaraSi
blad, xolo sqeli zeda Tamasa moZ- Cayrili anaTali da damuSavdeba im
reJimSi, rac rekomendebulia fiWidan vakuumamaorTqleblis konstruqcia,
Taflis gamosawurad; romelSic 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi
siTburi damuSavebiT wylis Sem-
_ Tafliani CarCoebis siTburi da-
cveloba 1,5-2%-iT mcirdeba (Tew, 2010).
muSaveba 28-300C-ze imisaTvis, rom
Semcirdes Taflis siblantis maCvene- Taflis zemoaRniSnuli koncen-
beli da produqti maqsimalurad gam- traciis (<80mas%) pirobebSi sakmaod
oiwuros, xolo cibrutis rotoris xSiria misi amJavebis dawyeba, rasac
brunvaTa ricxvi iyos wuTSi 250; xels uwyobs is garemoeba, rom
mefutkre ver iclis Taflis da-
- WurWeli, romelSic xdeba ufro muSavebisaTvis aqtiur sezonze
xangrZlivi vadiT Senaxuli Taf- (neqtris Segroveba). saqarTvelos
lis siTburi damuSaveba dakristale- mefutkreobis institutSi SemuSavda
bis sawinaaRmdegod da misi kupaJire- umwifari da amJavebuli Taflis da-
ba (sxvadasxva warmo- Sobis, gan- muSavebis axali xerxi, romlis ganx-
sxvavebuli ferisa da sagemovno orcieleba xdeba seriuli warmoebis
Tvisebebis mqone Taflis ur- vakuumamaorTqlebelSi, damatebiT
TierTSereva) sasaqonlo Tvisebebis CamontaJebuli martivi mowyobilo-
gaumjobesebis mizniT. biT, aorTqlebis zedapiris farTobis
Uumwifari da amJavebuli Taflis ramdenjerme gazrdiT. dasamuSavebeli
gadamuSaveba. aseTi Taflis gamowur- masala winaswar Tbeba im reJimSi,
vis faqtebi sakmaod xSiria rac sakmarisia dakristalebuli
mefutkreobis praqtikaSi, rac Taflis gasalRobad (450C-mde). Aamave
ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT: reJimSi grZeldeba misi damuSaveba
wylis orTqlisa da warmoqmnili
_ Tu mefutkres ar aqvs saTadarigo ZmarmJavas mosacileblad (saboloo
fiWebis sakmarisi maragi, is iZu- koncentracia 81-82%), rac sawyisi
lebulia, Tafli gamowuros tenianobidan gamomdinare (77-79%)
naadrevad, neqtris maragis srulad grZeldeba 40-70 wuTis ganmavlobaSi
aTvisebis mizniT. Taflis aseTi da romelic uzrunvelyofs Taflis
wurvis SemTxvevebi gansakuTrebiT feris, bioqimiuri maCveneblebisa da
xSiria regionebSi, sadac SedarebiT gemovnuri Tvisebebis SenarCunebas.
uxvi Taflovani flora da haeris
maRali fardobiTi tenianobaa, ris
gamoc futkari swrafad ver axerxebs
Taflis kondicirebas.
Uumwifari Taflis Segrovebis Sem-

TxvevaSi, amerikuli mefutkreobis
praqtikaSi, damatebiT siTbur da-
muSavebas gadis Tafli, romlis kon-
centracia 80,5 mas.%-s Seadgens, e.i.
standartiT dasaSvebi tenianobis
normis mqonec ki. Aam qveyanaSi miaC-
niaT, rom aseTi koncentraciis
TaflSi gamoricxuli ar aris amJave-
Bbunebrivi Taflis nimuSebi
bis procesis dawyeba. aRniSnulis
gamo savaldebulod iTvleba teni- maTrobela (toqsikuri) Taflis
anobis Semcireba 17,5-18%-mde. am miz- gauvnebelyofa. Ffutkris mier aseTi
niT dadanis korporaciaSi SemuSavda
Taflis Segrovebis SemTxvevebi erTian teqnologiur xazSi, sadac
sakmaod xSiria rogorc saqar- damamTavrebel etapze Camoisxmeba da
TveloSi (ix. Tavi IV ,,futkris kve- mza produqcias SefuTaven blokebad.
ba”), ise ucxoeTSi. Ddadanis firmis
mier gamocemul saxelmZRvaneloSi Taflis gadatana SekumSuli hae-
(,,ska da futkari”, 2010), aRniSnulia, ris gamoyenebiT Tavidan agacilebT
rom axal zelandiaSi erTi adgili masSi haeris moxvedras da
farTobiT 1000 mili2 futkrisaTvis SemRvrevas (droebiTs).
daxurulia maTrobela Taflis didi Taflis Senaxva. Tu is Camosxmulia
raodenobiT warmoebis gamo. Aam arahermetul WurWelSi, an inaxeba
Taflis wyaros saqarTveloSi war- fiWiani Taflis saxiT, unda moxdes
moadgens rododendronebi (Sqeri, mSral SenobaSi, sadac fardobiTi
ieli), tilWiri (aconitum), kvido (lu- tenianoba aris 60%-is farglebSi,
gustrum) da sxva. sakiTxis aseTi aq- xolo temperatura araumetes 100C.
tualobis gamo mefutkreobis insti-
gaiTvaliswineT, rom nestian Seno-
tutSi SemuSavda teqnologia misi
baSi Taflma Tavis higrosko-
gauvneblebisTvis (saavt. Mmowmoba
pulobis wyalobiT SeiZleba haeris
#12211917 A 23K3/08, 1985), rac efuZneba teni SeierTos da fiWebSi amJavdes,
vakuumis pirobebSi aqtiuri sawyisis xolo dakristalebisaTvis yvelaze
– andro- medotoqsinis aorTqlebis
xelSemwyobia +13-140C. ar SeinaxoT
Tvisebas. 50-55mas.% koncentraciis
TaflTan erTad raime aromatuli
Taflis wyalxsnari, masSi gaxsnili
produqtebi, vinaidan igi STanTqavs
mtvris marcvlebisgan gawmendis
sxvadasxva aromatebs.
Semdeg Sesqeldeba vakuumSi (narCeni
wneva ara umetes 60mm (damuSavebis Taflis Camosxma rekomendebulia
temperatura +45-470C-mde) rekomen- winaswar misi SeTbobiT 30-450C-mde,
debul koncentraciamde (81-82 mas.%). raTa Semcirdes misi siblante, rac
miRebuli produqti rogorc feriT gamosadegia rogorc axladga- mowu-
(Ria Sindisferi), ise gemovnuri ruli, ise dakristalebis stadiaSi
TvisebebiT Zalze mimzidveli xdeba, arsebuli TaflisTvis. igi SeiZleba
xolo damuSavebis zemoaRniSnuli Caisxas minis an sasursaTo plast-
temperatura uzrunvelyofs bioqi- masisgan damzadebul gamWvirvale
miuri maCveneblebis (diastaza, (araSeferil!) WurWelSi, romelic
oqsimeTilfurfurolis arseboba, srulad warmoaCens produqtis mim-
optikuri aqtivoba) srulad SenarCu- zidvelobas. WurWeli SeiZleba iyos
nebas. Hhigienuri Tvisebebis Seswavla nebismieri formisa da moculobis.
laboratoriul cxovelebze WurWelze dakruli etiketi ar unda
(bocvrebi) moxda sanitariisa da hi- faravdes produqts mTlianad, iyos
gienis s.-k. institutTan erToblivad, lamazad gaformebuli, aramyvirala.
ris safuZvelze saqarTvelos sxvadasxva Taflis urTierTSe-
jandacvis saministrom moiwona zem- revisas gaiTvaliswineT, rom
oTaRniSnuli xerxi praqtikaSi gamo- momxmarebeli arCevs zomierad Se-
sayeneblad. feril, aramuq, arc Zalian gamWvir-
vale (uferul) Tafls. amasTan
Taflis gadatana im monakveTze, sa-
icodeT, rom zogierTi momxmarebe-
dac saboloo sasaqonlo saxes
li arCevs erTi romelime mcenar-
aZleven, xdeba specialuri Taflis
isgan miRebul (monof- lorul)
tumboTi an SekumSuli haeris gam-
Tafls.
oyenebiT. Ees mowyobiloba CarTulia
SefuTuli (Camosxmuli) Taflis da sxv. (1982) ,,mefutkreobis enci-
markireba erT-erTi sayuradRebo el- klopediaSi”.
ementia Taflis biznesSi. WurWels
unda gaukeTdes etiketi, romelzec Aar awarmooT seqciuri fiWiani
iqneba aRniSnuli: produqtis Tafli iq, sadac igi muqi ferisaa
dasaxeleba, warmoebisa da Camosxmis an susti aromatiT, wyvetili
TariRi, botanikuri warmoSoba Ralianobis pirobebSi. futkris
(sasurvelia), produqciis damam- ojaxebi iyolieT Zlieri. Tu se-
zadebeli, Senaxvis pirobebi, qciebi dindgeliT daisvara,
Semadgenloba, saxelmwifo standar- gawmindeT daniT an zumfariT.
tis nomeri. SefuTuli Taflis Senaxvis dros daicaviT tempera-
Sekvra mizanSewonilia blokebad, rac tura saTavsoSi 27-320C pirobebiT,
aadvilebs mis gadazidvas. Tu Taflma mainc dakristaleba
seqciuri fiWiani Taflis warmoeba. daiwyo, aswieT temperatura 38-390C-
aseT TaflSi srulad aris SenarCu- mde, xolo sarealizaciod seqciebi
nebuli produqtis mimzid- veloba da CaalageT kolofebSi, romelTac
Sesabamisad momxmarebeli mas ufro erTi mxare gamWvirvale celofniT
metad afasebs, Tumca misi damzadeba aqvT gake-Tebuli (Taflis gamo-
mefutkrisaTvis ufro rTulia. saCenad)!
Taflis xarisxis Sefaseba. Aam saqmes

emsaxureba Taflze sxvadasxva qvey-
anaSi arsebuli standartebi, ro-
melTa SemuSaveba ganpirobebulia
momxmareblis interesebis dacvidan
gamomdinare. standartebSi Sesuli
maCveneblebi ZiriTadad erTnairia,
maTi cvalebadoba sakmaod viwro
farglebSi meryeobs. standartebi
Seicavs organoleptikur, fizikur da
fiWiani Tafli bioqimiur maCveneblebs. evropul
standartSi (1979-87) aseTi maCvenebeli
Tormetia, rusul standartSi _
Svidi. maTgan wylis maqsimaluri Sem-
cveloba am saukunis dasawyisSi
Seadgenda: evropul standartSi _
20%-s, rusulSi _ 21%. amJamad moqmed
standartSi es maCvenebeli Sem-
cirebulia 20%_mde, Tumca rogorc
zeviT aRiniSna, aSS-Si sarealizacio
TaflSi es maCvenebeli mcirdeba
17,5_18%-mde, radgan miaCniaT, rom am
koncentraciis Tafli amJavebisgan
ukeTesad aris daculi.
Mmowyobiloba fiWiani Taflis sawarmoe-
blad Taflis standartebis adreul
fiWiani Taflis dasamzadeblad un- gamocemebSi saqarozis maqsimaluri
da SeirCes mogrZo (arakvadratuli) dasaSvebi raodenoba 6 masuri % iyo,
seqciebi. Mmis sawarmoeblad saWiro amJamad igi Semcirebulia 5%-mde.
rekomendaciebi mocemulia a. ruTisa Tafli, romelic ufro meti raode-
nobiT Seicavs am nivTierebas, fal-
sificirebulad ganixileba, Tum-ca
unda vivaraudoT, rom daxelovnebul
falsifikators es xels ar SeuSlis.
xelSemSleli ar aris agreTve fer-
ment diastazis normebic, radgan es
maCvenebeli Zalze farTo farglebSi
meryeobs. aRniSnulis gamo falsi-
ficirebasTan brZola dResac Zalze
aqtualuria, radgan zemoTaRwerili
standartebi ar Seicaven iseT mSenebare fiWa futkrebiT
maCvenebels, romelic pirdapir miuT- cvils gamoimuSavebs futkris mu-
iTebs, Tafli falsificirebulia Tu clis pirvel oTx sternitze (qveda
ara. qitinovani naxevarrgoli) arsebuli
Cvens qveyanaSi am sakiTxis aq- sacvile jirkvlebi. cvili sacvile
tualobis gamo mefutkreobis insti- sarkeze warmoiqmneba firfitebis sax-
tutSi SemuSavda Taflis natura- iT (ix. qveTavi futkris anatomia da
lobis dadgenis ori meTodi: eqs- fiziologia) gamoCekvis III-V dRidan
presuli da laboratoriuli. eqs- da grZeldeba me-18 dRemde. cvilis
pres-meTodis gamoyenebiT (wyalSi ux- gamoyofisas futkrebi skaSi Zewkvise-
snadi naleqis warmoqmna) SeiZleba burad erTdebian asaSenebel fiWaze.
dadgindes Taflis falsifikacia, Tu
igi Saqris xelovnur danamats
(sasursaTo, inversiuli da sxva) a)
Seicavs saerTo raodenobis 1/3-ze
mets. meTodi xelmisawvdomia gamosay-
eneblad yvela dainteresebul pi-
risTvis (mst 52074485-001-2008). labor-
atoriuli meTodiT (mst 20540419-006-
2009) SeiZleba gamoaSka- ravdes Taf-
lis falsifikacia, Tu xelovnuri
minarevi 10 mas.%-s aRemateba. SeiZle-
b)
ba CaiTvalos, rom amiT Seqmnilia
momxmareblis uflebis dacvis qmedi-
Ti saSualebebi.
u1-u2-u3
Ffutkris cvili Tavisi mniSvnelobiT
meore produqtia, radgan mis gareSe
ar arsebobs futkris ojaxi, rogorc
erTiani organizmi. Tanamedrove
moTxovnebis doneze aSenebuli fiWis
gareSe SeuZlebelia mefutkreobis d1-d2
gaZRola. igi dakavSirebulia bartyis
ss
gamozrdasTan da bunebrivi sakvebis
skaSi dabinavebasTan.
muSa futkris sacvile jirkvlebi: a) muclis _ futkris ojaxis sanayre mdgomare-
gaswvrivi Wrili; b) muclis ganivWrili; g) oba.O futkari am dros wyvets fiWis
sacvile jirkvlis ganviTarebis stadiebi; d)
muclis meeqvse sterniti; sj-sacvile
Senebas, magram gansakuTrebuli
jirkvlebi; j- jibe; u1-u3- ganviTarebadi uj- siZlieriT Tavs iCens nayris skaSi
redebi; d1, d2- degeneraciis stadiebi; ss- dabinavebis Semdeg. am Tvisebis mxriv
sacvile sarkeebi; 3-bususebi; Nnayari futkari 5-10-jer aRemateba
analogiuri siZlieris Cveulebriv
cvilis fizikuri Tvisebebi. Fferi
ojaxs, Tanac fiWaze aSenebs mxolod
farTo farglebSi meryeobs (TeTri
samuSe ujredebs.
feridan muq yviTlamde, minarevebis
fiWis daZvelebis gavlena futkris
mixedviT), suni ganpirobebulia aro-
ojaxze. fiWa Zveldeba ujredebSi
matuli eTerzeTebis arsebobiT,
0 bartyis gamozrdis Sedegad, romelic
lRobis temperatura 61-69 C, simkvrive
tovebs masSi bartyis perangs da
0,95-0,97, aqvs kristaluri struqtura,
eqskrementebs. es nivTierebebi reagi-
konsistencia damokidebulia cvilis
reben cvilTan, romelic TandaTan
temperaturaze.
muqdeba. Ddadan-blatis skis budis
cvilis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. igi 300-
fiWa aSenebis Semdeg iwonis 140g-s,
mde sxvadasxva nivTierebas Seicavs (В,
masSi bartyis 6 Taobis gamozrdis
Чудаков 1979). Mmisi ZiriTadi
Semdeg-orjer mets, 17 Taobis Semdeg-
Semadgeneli nivTierebebia: rTuli
samjer mets. Tu fiWaSi bartyi ar
eTerebi-70,4_74,7%; Tavisufali cximo-
izrdeba (sakuWnaos CarCo), maSin misi
vani mJavebi_13,5_15; najeri naxSir-
masa arsebiTad ar icvleba. Yyavisfer
wyalbadebi-12,5_15,5%, axasia- Tebs
fiWaSi ujredis moculoba mcirdeba
reagireba erTvalentian da orvalen-
4,1 da 13,8%-iT, bartyis gamozrdaze
tian liTonebTan, wyalTan erTad
daxarjuli sakvebis raodenoba
warmoqmnis emulsias (maRal tempera-
izrdeba 2,5-dan 3,7kg-mde (1 kg fut-
turaze).
karze gaangariSebiT). futkris ojax-
cvilis gamoyofaze moqmedi Zi-
is produqtiuloba mcirdeba 40-47%-
riTadi faqtorebia:
iT((Туников и др.2001). amasTan Zvel fi-
_ igi pirdapirproporciul kavSir-
Was aqvs rigi uaryofiTi Tvisebebisa:
Sia Ralianobis (neqtari da yvavilis
igi xSirad infeqciuri da invaziuri
mtveri) intensivobasTan, radgan
daavadebebis wyaroa, Ggazrdili
cvilis sekrecia xdeba rogorc
raodenobiT Seicavs mZime liTonebs,
naxSirwylovani, ise cilovani
pesticidebs, ceziumis radioizoto-
nivTierebebis moxmarebis xarjze;
pebs,Uufro advilad kristaldeba
_ ojaxis siZliere gansazRvravs war-
Tafli, rac saxifaToa zamTrobis
moqmnili cvilis raodenobas, amasTan
dros.
futkris masis zrdis kvalad (4 kg-
SeecadeT, rom 2 welze uxnesi fiWa
mde) cvilis gamoyofac izrdeba,
(budis CarCoebSi) Tqvens safutkre-
Semdgomi zrdisas (5 kg-mde da meti)
Si ar iyos. Ees gaajansaRebs Tqvens
cvilis gamoyofis intensivoba igive
futkars da cvilis produqcias
rCeba (Туников и др.,2001);
gagizrdiT!
_ bartyis gamozrdis intensivoba.
CarCoebis momzadeba xelovnuri fiWis
Aaxalgazrda (ZiZa) futkrebi
CakvriT. CarCoebis SeWedvis
erTdroulad asruleben rogorc
Semdeg(Delaplane,2007), gverdiT Tama-
bartyis kvebis, ise cvilis gamoyofis
sebSi keTdeba naxvretebi oTxnemsiani
funqciebs. Aam saqmianobis maqsima-
saxvretelaTi an eleqtroburRiT,
luri maCveneblebi erTimeores
gaeyreba 0,5mm diametris mavTuli im
emTxveva drois mixedviT.
wesiT, romelic mocemulia suraTze,
xolo xelovnuri fiWa Caekvreba an
meqanikuri saSualebebiT (lekalo,
dezi, sagoravi an figuruli
saxraxnisi), an eleqtroCasamynobi
mowyobilobiT. budis fiWis asaSe-
neblad gamoiyeneba saSualo da
sqeli xelovnuri fiWa (1 kg-Si 15-16
da 12-13 furceli Sesabamisad). Txeli
xelovnuri fiWa (1 kg-Si 18-20 fur-
celi) vargisia sakuWnaos korpusSi
gamosayeneblad.
dazga CarCoSi mavTulis gasaWimad: 2- mbruna-

vi koWi, 3-5 mavTulis koWas nawilebi, 6-
fiqsatorebi
CarCos saxvreteli
Mmowyobiloba CarCoSi xelovnuri fiWis

Casakvrelad: a) fiWis damagreba zeda Tama-
saze; b) mavTulebis damagreba xelovnur fi-
mavTulis gaWimva CarCoSi: 1-Sabloni, 2- Waze; g) fiWis Cakvra eleqtrodeniT;
mavTulis gayra TamasebSi, 3-mza CarCo
aqtiuri sezonis bolos, agreTve bu-

dis SemWidroebis Sedegad safutk-
reSi rCeba fiWis maragi, romelic
budeSi aRar unda darCes. isini
mefutkrem unda amoiRos skidan da
daaxarisxos Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:
_ Tafliani (sakvebis Semcveli) fi-
Webi inaxeba fiWis saTavsoSi, gazaf-
xulze futkrisaTvis misacemad;
_ bartyis gamosazrdelad vargisi
fiWebi;
_ axladaSenebuli daumTavrebeli
fiWebi;
_ samamle fiWebi (vargisia mxolod
mamali futkrebis gamosazrdelad);
_ wundebuli (cudad aSenebuli,
daZvelebuli) fiWebi;
fiWis gadamuSaveba safutkreSi sur. Mmzis cvilsadnobi
SeiZleba Catardes mSrali an sveli
wesiT.
Tu gadasadnobi fiWis CarCoebze saTadarigo fiWebi SeinaxeT civ sa-

SeiniSneba dindgelis nawilakebi, TavsoSi an skis korpusebSi. mRrR-
afxikeT igi daniT, rom ar moxvdes nelebisagan dasacavad gamoiyeneT
nedleulSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi meqanikuri saSualebebi (xafangi), an
is gagiuaresebT gamowuruli sadgamebze Seyenebul skebs garSemo,
cvilis xarisxs. fiWebSi darCenili iatakze dauwyveT qaRaldis fur-
Weos mosaSoreblad isini daalbeT clebi zed pastisebri sawamlavis
wyalSi da gamobertyeT Weo, an dasxmiT. CrCilisagan dasacavad fi-
daatrialeT CarCoebi cibrutSi Webs SeafrqvieT Saqris an saxame-
CawyobiT. Weos moxvedra cvilSi blis (kartofilis) fqvili, rome-
misi xarisxisaTvis Zalze arasa- lic ar dagibinZurebT fiWebs
survelia! futkrisaTvis mavne produqtebiT!
Mmcire raodenobiT nedleulis da-

muSavebis dros iyeneben mSralad da-
muSavebas, Mmzis energiis saSualebiT,
romelic daxurul sivrceSi qmnis
siTbos dagrovebas 70-950C farglebSi,
rac sakmarisia nedleulSi arsebuli
cvilis gasadnobad misi Semdgomi
gamocalkevebiT. Mmzis cvilsadnobi
warmoadgens xis nairsimaRlis yuTs
mzis cvilsadnobi sadgamiT
orfurcliani minis saxuraviT, aqvs
M
tafa cvilis nedleulisaTvis da
varcli gamdnari cvilisaTvis, mzis cvilsadnobSi nedleuli
agreTve mbrunavi sayrdeni, riTac erTdroulad ganicdis steri- liza-
yuTis zedapiri yovelTvis moeqceva cias, xolo gamdnari cvili aris
mzis mxareze. maRalxarisxovani_sxivebis gavleniT
xdeba misi gaTeTreba. igi vargisia
kosmetikuri preparatebis dasam-
zadeblad. amasTan erTad, am cvil-
sadnobSi cvilis gamosavlianoba
sakmaod dabalia, cuxSi darCenili
cvili 45-50%-s aRwevs (Темнов,1967), wnexi CaxarSuli sacvile nedleulis
ris gamoc cuxi damatebiT unda da- gamosawurad
muSavdes ufro srulyofili xerxiT. _ cvilisa da wylis emulsiis ko-
sveli wesiT sacvile nedleulis nusur WurWelSi Casxmis Semdeg
damuSavebis dros gamoyenebul te- qvemoT moqceuli wylis nawilis
qnologiaSi Sedis: dabruneba gamosawuri cuxis masaSi,
ganmeorebiTi gamowurvisaTvis, rom-
_ sacvile nedleulis xarSva arax- lis drosac gamoiwureba cvilis
ist wyalTan (wvimis an distili- darCenili raodenoba, umetesad
rebuli) erTad QqvabSi, romlis ma- mkveTrad Seferili da dabali
sala ar Sedis cvilis xarisxis.
nivTierebebTan reaqciaSi, gasapnvis
Tavidan asacileblad, (Tew, 2010); Mmeored gamowuruli cvilisa da
wylis emulsia (mkveTrad Seferili)
_ CaxarSuli nedleulis gamowurva CaasxiT sxva WurWelSi, rom ar
wnexis saSualebiT, imis gaT- daaqveiTos I fraqciis xarisxi. Ees
valiswinebiT, rom ar moxdes temper- ukanaskneli gaaCereT dasayali- be-
aturis vardna gamosawur masalaSi; bel WurWelSi 4-5 saaTis ganmav-
_ gamowuruli siTxis (wy- lobaSi, 70-750C pirobebSi, raTa
ali+gamdnari cvili) Casxma konusur cvilis kvereulis warmoqmna zeda-
WurWelSi (zeda ganieri mxriT), ro- piruli bzarebis gareSe moxdes. Tu
melsac aqvs qveda mxareze Camon- kvereulis qvemo mxareze mainc
taJebuli eleqtrogamaTbobeli tem- SeniSneT gasapnvis niSnebi,
peraturis avtomaturi mareguli- moafxikeT es ukanaskneli xaris-
rebliT da siTxis gamosaSvebi onkani; xiani cvilis zedapirs!
cvilis gaTeTreba saWiro xdeba, ro-
ca sacvile nedleuli dabali
xarisxisaa, muqad an Savad Seferili,
aqvs Weos da dindgelis minarevi an
futkris mier Segrovebuli gudronis
niSnebi. Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba, aseTi
nedleuli unda daxarisxdes:
fraqcia, romelic wyalSi iZireba,
nadleuls unda gamoeyos, wyalSi
dalbobiT moscildes Weo, xolo
sur. orTqlis cvilsadnobi
gamowurvis Semdeg mzeze dadgmul
tafaze daiyaros gasaTeTreblad
cvilis daqucmacebuli kvereuli, ro-
melic yvelaze usafrTxoa da
nedleuli xarisxis mixedviT yvelaze
ukeTesi.
cvilis gasaTeTreblad SeiZleba

gamoiyenoTY agreTve wyalbadis
zeJangi (30%-iani), 0,01%-iani kaliumis
biqromati, mwvave kalis spirtiani
xsnari, mineraluri mJavebi da sxva.
Tu gamoiyenebT gogirdmJavas, aiReT
igi cvilis masis 0,01-0,5%-is odeno-
biT, cvilis dabinZurebis mixedviT. farglebSi.
uJangavi foladis WurWelSi CadeT
cvili, daasxiT wyali, wamoaduReT Ggarda aRniSnulisa, cvilSi gan-
da nawil-nawil daumateT mJava sazRvraven Semdeg fizikur
(sifrTxilis dacviT!). yoveli maCveneblebs:
dasxmisas gulmodgineT aurieT xis lRobis temperaturas ultra- Ter-
niCbiT. cvilis gamyarebis Semdeg mostatSi CaSvebul sinjaraSi, ro-
wyali gamouSviT, qveda mxareze melSic cvilis nimuSia Cadebuli da
warmoqmnili gareSe minarevebi daxurulia sacobiT, igi unda mer-
moacileT! yeobdes 61-660C farglebSi;
_ simkvrives, romelic isazRvreba
cvilis xarisxis Sefasebis xerxebi. cvilis nimuSis awonviT (analizur
cvilis xarisxs amowmeben organo- sasworze) da moculobis gansaz-
leptikuri, fizikuri da qimiuri RvriT (200C temperaturis wyalSi
meTodebiT. organoleptikuri Se- cvilis nimuSis CadebiT masSi CarWo-
fasebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba sima- bili nemsis meSveobiT). Mmasis
gre, simyife, gadanatexis struqtura. maCvenebeli iyofa moculobaze (g/sm3),
gemo,suni da sxva. kerZod: 1) 200C-s rac unda Seadgendes 0,95-0,97g/sm3;
qvemoT cvili unda iyos sakmaod ma- _ wylis Semcvelobas procentulad
gari, imsxvreodes CaquCis dartymiT; 1000C temperaturaze (saSrob kara-
2) gadanatexze unda iyos mqrqali, daSi), romelic ar unda aRematebodes
kristalovani struqtura; 3) daReWvis 0,5%-s;
dros kbils ar unda ekvrodes, ar Qqimiuri meTodebidan gamoiyeneba:
unda hqondes gareSe gemo (mag., _ mJavuri ricxvi, romelic miuTiTebs
navTis); 4) daniT daWrisas bzinvareba cvilSi Tavisufali cximovani mJave-
ar unda axasiaTebdes; 5) unda hqondes
bis raodenobas da romelic KOH-is
damaxasiaTebeli suni (aqroladi
mixedviT unda Seadgendes 16-24 mg-s;
eTerzeTebisagan); 6) feri unda mer-
_ gasapnvis ricxvi, romelic gan-
yeobdes TeTridan muq-yviTlamde.
sazRvravs cvilSi Tavisufali da
Llaboratoriuli analizebis dros SekavSirebuli cximovani mJavebis
gansazRvraven Semdeg maCveneblebs: saerTo raodenobas. igi unda
Seadgendes 87-104 mg-s;
1) refraqciis koeficients 750C _ eTeruli ricxvi, romelic axasi-
temperaturaze. aTebs SekavSirebuli cximovani mJave-
bis raodenobas 100 g cvilSi da unda
Aanalizis Casatareblad moamza- Seadgendes 7-16g iods.
deT refraqtometri, SeaerTeT igi D aRniSnuli maCveneblebiT gani-
ultraTermostatTan ise, rom sazRvreba cvilSi damabinZurebeli
aqedan gamosulma gacxelebulma nivTierebebis: parafinisa da cerezi-
wyalma tumbos meSveobiT gaiaros nis arseboba, analizis meTo- debis
refraqtometris StucerebSi. tempe- sizustisagan damokidebulebiT. stea-
ratura refraqtometrze daayeneT rinis arseboba zrdis cvilSi mJa-
750C (Termometris mixedviT), vuri ricxvis maCvenebels. Aanalizis
daawveTeT gamdnari cvili re- msvleloba, gamoyenebuli teqnika da
fraqtometris qveda firfitas masalebi aRwerilia ruseTis feder-
saTanado ganaTebis SerCeviT, gan- aciis saxsandartSi 21179 - 90
sazRvreT gardatexis maCve- nebeli, ,,futkris cvili”.
romelic SeiZleba xarisxian
produqtSi meryeobdes 1,440-1,.457-is
xelovnuri fiWis damzadeba. furceli, romelic Sreba 22-270C-ze
pirvelad igi ganaxorciela ger- 24 saaTs, iWreba da SeifuTeba.
manelma f. Mmeringma 1857w. mas Semdeg Tu Tqvens mier Segrovebuli cvili
mowyobilobam mravalgzis ganicada dabinZurebulia futkris infeqci-
modificireba. amJamad arsebuli uri daavadebebis aRmZvrelebiT,
mowyobiloba 2 jgufad iyofa: 1) mar- gaasterileT igi Tavdapirvelad
tivi, romelic xorcieldeba xelis avtoklavirebiT 1270C temperaturaze
dolurebsa da satkecebSi; 2) 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, Tumca
qarxnul pirobebsa da xelovnuri cvili am temperaturaze ramdenadme
fiWis saamqroebSi moqmedi spe- muqdeba.
cialuri mowyobiloba. satkecebis
ZiriTadi nawili warmodgenilia
saxsrulad SeerTebuli ori
sakontrolo kiTxvebi
firfitisagan (liTonis an plast-
masis), romelzec amotvifrulia 1. Taflis Sedgeniloba ZiriTadi
fiWis ujredebis reliefuri ana- nivTierebebis mixedviT;
beWdebi, maTgan erTze aris pir- 2. რodiს xdeba Taflis gamowurva
dapiri, xolo meoreze ki ujredis da ras akeTebs futkari manamde?
Sebrunebuli (negatiuri) formebi.
3. რa mowyobilobas gamoviyenebT
qveda firfitas aqvs Ziris forma
Taflis skidan amosaRebad, fi-
mcireodeni gverdiTi kedlebiT. 45-
Webis asaTlelad?
500C-mde wyliT gacxelebul
4. riTi vwuravT Tafls fiWebidan?
firfitebs asveleben sapnis an sxv.
5. raSi inaxaven Tafls da ra
xsnariT, rom cvili ar miekras, qveda
pirobebSi?
firfitaze daasxamen gamdnar cvils,
6. ტoqsikuri (maTrobela) da manana
zeda firfitas masze dauSveben da
Taflis Tvisebebi da miRebis
xeliT daawvebian. zedmeti cvili
wyaroebi;
gadmoiRvreba qveSSedgmul WurWelSi.
7. სaidan Cndeba cvili da risgan
Semdeg qveda firfitas wyliT
aciveben, xolo zedas asweven. fiWis Sedgeba igi?
mza furcels moxsnian da garSemo 8. რogor viyenebT xelovnur fiWas
zedmet warmonaqmnebs SemoaWrian. Aam safutkreSi?
mowyobilobaSi SeiZleba Tavda- 9. რa mowyobiloba ixmareba CarCos
pirvelad brtyeli lentis gakeTeba asawyobad da rogor?
Semdgomi gaglinviT 2 mm-mde, xolo 10. rogor SevinaxoT aSenebuli
Semdeg 30-350C-mde gamTbar lents fiWa ufutkrod?
gaatareben gravirebul dolurebSi. 11. ra xerxebi arsebobs sacvile
xelovnuri fiWis meqanizebuli nedleulis gadasamuSaveblad:
damzadebisas Tavdapirvelad am- a)safutkreSi, b) qarxnul piro-
zadeben brtyel lents gamdnar bebSi?
cvilSi CaSvebuli borblis moZraob- 12. riT vafasebT cvilis
iT (SigniT masSi civi wyali cir- xarisxs?
kulirebs), Semdgom cvils borblidan 13. რogor vadgenT Taflisa da
afxeken daniT damwnex sakanSi Setan- cvilis naturalobas, ra meTodeb-
iT, saidanac 4,9-5,5mm sisqis cvilis iT?
lenti gamodis. lenti gaiglineba 1- 14. rogor xdeba xelovnuri
1,4mm-mde da gravirebul dolurebze fiWis damzadeba?
gatarebiT miiReba xelovnuri fiWis
G
gamoyenebuli literatura: erTi maTgani gamoiyeneba kosmetikuri
saSualebebis dasamzadeblad. aR-
1. N.Tew Honey and Wax–Processing and niSnulis gamo, isini safutkris
Packaging. The Hive and the Honey rentabelobis zrdis didi rezervia.
Bee,2010 TiToeuli maTganis warmoeba da-
2. Г.Туников и др., Технология kavSirebulia garkveuli profesiuli
производства и переработки Cvevebis aTvisebasTan, rasac mefutkre
продукции пчеловодства.М.,2001 unda daeuflos, sanam maT warmoebas
3. a.ruTi da sxv. Mმefutkreobis daiwyebs.
enciklopedia,1982
4. Г.Таранов Анатомия и физиология Yyvavilis mtveris warmoeba da
медоносных пчел.М.,1968 pirveladi damuSaveba. Pproduqtis
5. В. Темнов Технология продуктов gamoyenebis sferoebia: sakuTriv
пчеловодства.М.,1967 futkris kveba uRalo periodSi,
6. В.Чудаков Технология продуктов radgan yvavilis mtveri futkris sak-
vebis jerjerobiT Seucvleli kompo-
пчеловодства.М.,1979
7. Г.Мадзгарашвили и др., Спосов nentia ojaxis stimulirebis Tval-
обезвреживания ядовитого (пьяного) sazrisiT; adamianis kvebaSi zogierTi
меда.Авт.свид.№1211907 А 23L uaryofiTi momentis (daZabuli mu-
3/08,1985 Saoba, avadmyofobis sxvadasxva saxe
8. g.maZRaraSvili futkris da sxv.) Sedegebis swrafi daZlevi-
produqtebi da aratradiciuli saTvis, samkurnalo daniSnulebiT;
sakvebi. 2002 kosmetikuri preparatebis dasam-
zadeblad.
2) yvavilis mtvris, dindgelis,

futkris rZisa da Sxamis warmoeba da
pirveladi damuSaveba
Aam qveTavis gacnobis Semdeg ge-

codinebaT, ra profesiuli Cvevebis
aTviseba iqneba saWiro TiToeuli
dasaxelebuli produqtis warmoebis
dasawyebad. masSi Sedis Semdegi sa-
kiTxebi: futkris ojaxis momzadeba,
sawarmoo mowyobiloba da misi mu-
Saobis principebi, produqtebis
Segroveba, misi pirveladi da-
muSaveba biologiuri srulfasov-
nebis SenarCunebiT, Senaxvis piro-
bebi, fizikur-qimiuri da higienuri
Tvisebebisadmi moTxovnebi, xarisx-
obrivi maCveneblebis monitoringi.
Yyvavilis mtvris nimuSebi
Ffutkris produqtebi Zalze per-
speqtiulia kvebisa da farmacevtuli Yyvavilis mtvris motanis inten-
mrewvelobisaTvis. garda amisa, zogi- sivoba pirdapir da Zalze mWidro
kavSirSia futkris ojaxSi bartyis
gamozrdisa da atmosferuli temper- _ mowyobiloba yvavilis mtvris
aturis maCveneblebTan, magram uar- SrobisaTvis;
yofiTi kavSiri aRiniSneba qaris siC- _ sayinule karada produqtis da-
qaresTan (r=-0,86, Г.Туников и др.,2001). baltemperaturuli sterilizaci-
isTvis;
amasTan erTad aRsaniSnavia, rom
_ tomrebi an WurWeli mza produqci-
mtvris Segroveba (e.i. warTmeva)
is SesafuTavad;
garkveul gavlenas axdens futkris
_ saTavso yvavilis mtvris Sesanaxad
ojaxze. arsebuli rekomendaciebiT,
realizaciamde.
yvavilis mtvris Segroveba xdeba
neqtris naklebi (saarsebo) Rali- praqtikaSi gavrcelebuli mtvris
anobis dros, warTmeuli mtvris Semgroveblebi ZiriTadad ori sax-
sanacvlod ojaxi aZlierebs mis isaa: skaze garedan (safrenTan) Camo-
motanas danaklisis kompensi- re- sakidi da skis Zirze dasayenebeli.
bisaTvis, magram neqtris mniSvnelo- TiToeul maTgans aqvs dadebiTi
vani Ralis dros mtvris Segroveba mxare da SemzRudveli faqtorebi.
unda Sewydes, radgan futkris mTeli
masa mobilizebulia neqtris asaT-
viseblad da am pirobebSi mtvris
Semgroveblis dayeneba zRudavs Taf-
lis motanas (saSualod 30%-iT).
Tqven am produqtis damzadebisas

upirvelesad safutkreSi unda iyo-
lioT Zlieri ojaxebi, risi
gakeTebac Cveulebrivad cnobil
skaze Camosakidi Semgrovebeli
debulebebs unda daafuZnoT: fut-
kari uzrunvelyofili unda iyos
naxSirwylovani (ara nakleb 12-14kg-
sa adre gazafxulze) da proteino-
vani (Weo 1-1,5 CarCo an misi Sem-
cvleli) sakvebiT. skebSi unda
gyavdeT axalgazrda, kargi kver-
cxmdebeli deda futkrebi.
momzadebas sezonisaTvis unda
SeudgeT Ralianobis dawyebamde 40-
45 dRiT adre im angariSiT, rom
ojaxis sruli siZlieris miR-
Mmtvris Semgrovebeli firfita
wevisTanave (20-25 aprili dablob
zonaSi) daiwyoT yvavilis mtvris
warmoeba.
Ffutkris ojaxis momzadeba.

yvavilis mtvris motanis efeqturoba
damokidebulia ojaxis siZliereze.
Aaqedan gamomdinare, futkris momza-

debasTan erTad SesaZeni da gasamar-
Tia mowyobiloba, romelSic Sedis:
_ yvavilis mtvris Semgroveblebi;
skis Zirze mosargebi mtverdamWeri
garedan Camosakidi mtverdamWeri ad-
vilad dasayenebelia, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi mtverdamWeris firfitis
dayeneba an akecva siZneles ar war-
moadgens, magram gaZnelebulia at-
mosferuli naleqisagan dacva, rome-
lic afuWebs damzadebul produqts;
_ skis Zirze dasayenebeli mtverdam-
Weris gamoyeneba SeiZleba, Tu Ziri
saerTod mosaxsnelia, amasTan
garkveuli sirTuleebi iqmneba akari-
ciduli preparatebis gamoyenebisas yvavilis mtvris saSrobi
(daxocili tkipi mtvers ereva), samag- saqarTvelos mefutkreobis insti-
ierod mza produqcia saimedod aris tutSi SemuSavda Srobis axali te-
daculi atmosferuli naleqisgan. qnologia, romlis arsi aseTia: Sroba
mtverdamWerebi daayeneT yvela xdeba vakuumSi narCeni wneviT ara
futkris ojaxze, romlebic erT umetes 50-60 mm vercxliswylis svetis
rigSia moTavsebuli, winaaRmdeg mixedviT, temperatura - +60-650C. am
SemTxvevaSi Ralidan dabrunebuli pirobebSi Srobis xangrZlivoba 70-90
futkari iq Seva, sadac aseTi wuTs Seadgens, xolo mtvris sakuTa-
winaRoba ar aqvs. mtverdamWeri ri temperatura (damTavrebisas) 450C–
CamokideT skaze mtvris Segrovebis s ar aRemateba, tenis intensiuri gac-
mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi, misi emis wyalobiT. am reJimis dros,
xSiri moxsna-dayeneba futkars gamSral mtverSi aRiniSneboda
anerviulebs. Yyvavilis mtveri yo- yvelaze Termola- biluri
veldRiurad aiReT mtverdamWeris nivTierebebis (karotini, aminomJavebi,
yuTidan da dRis bolos, mTlianad lizini da meTionini) ufro ukeTesi
gaasufTaveT da SedgiT saSrob SenarCuneba, vidre im masalaSi, ro-
karadaSi gasaSrobad! melic Cveulebriv reJimSi Sreboda.
Y
ukeTesi iyo agreTve kandSi CarTuli
yvavilis mtveri malfuWadi produ- sacdeli variantis bartyianobis
qtia, Seicavs wyals 20-35%-mde, rac mastimulirebeli efeqti.
sakmarisia masSi mikro- biologiuri
procesebis ganviTare- bisaTvis (am- Tu gamSral mtvers oTaxis temper-
Javeba). Mmisi Srobis rekomendebuli aturaze SeinaxavT, masSi aucile-
temperatura 450C-s ar aRemateba. blad gaCndeba Weos CrCilis
gasaSrobi mtvris sisqe 10mm-ze meti matlebi, romelic produqcias
ar unda iyos, xolo Taros Ziri _ gagifuWebT mokle xanSi. Aar aris
daxvretili an ukeTesia wvrilujria- sasurveli toqsikuri nivTierebebis
ni uJangavi mavTulbadisgan (bromiani meTili da sxva) gam-
gakeTebuli. Srobis xangrZlivoba oyeneba CrCilis winaaRmdeg. Srobis
saqarTvelos pirobebSi 20-48 saaTs damTavrebis Semdeg mtveri gaagri-
Seadgens, masSi wylis Semcvelobis leT da SedgiT sayinule karadaSi
mixedviT. 5-6 saaTis ganmavlobaSi _ 15-200C
temperaturaze. Ees sakmarisia
CrCilis mosaspobad misi ganvi-
Tarebis yvela stadiaze.
savele pirobebSi yvavilis mtvris - narevi (polifloruli) warmoSobis
gasaSrobad SeiZleba gamoyenebul mtverSi proteinis Semcveloba ar
iqnas a. WaRaliZis mier SemuSavebuli unda iyos 21%-ze naklebi,
saSrobi karada, sadac gamaTbobeli flavonoidebis Semcveloba _
elementi navTis lampiT aris war- aranakleb 2,5%, Jangvadoba _
modgenili (wvis produqtebis gareT araumetes 23 wm.
gamoyofiT!), xolo misi Tbounariano- rac Seexeba organoleptikur
ba unda SeirCes mtvris produqciis maCveneblebs, is ar unda iyos
yoveldRiuri moculobis mixedviT. dabinZurebuli gareSe minarevebiT,
Srobis reJimis parametrebi gemoTi unda iyos sasiamovno motkbo,
(temperatura da sxva) zemoaRniS- dasaSvebia simwklarte, ar unda
nulis analogiuri unda iyos.
hqondes gareSe suni (simJavis da sxv.),
Srobas damTavrebulad Tvlian, Tu xolo feri unda meryeobdes zRvrul
misi nawilakebi 50 sm simaRlidan farglebSi mtverovani mcenareebis
vardnisas ar iSleba, xolo maT mixedviT (mag, TeTri, Savi an lurji
gasresas garkveuli Zalisxmeva da sxva).
esaWiroeba. Cveulebrivi reJimiT Ddindgeli da misi warmoeba-
gamSral yvavilis mtverSi narCeni gadamuSavebis teqnologia. Tavisi
tenianoba 10%-ze meti ar unda iyos, Tvisebebis wyalobiT igi futkris
xolo vakuumSi gamSralis - erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da
araumetes 6-7 %. komerciuli TvalsazrisiT perspeq-
biTumad gasayid yvavilis mtvers tiuli produqtia. futkrisTvis mas
inaxaven sinaTlegaumtar qaRaldis sakmaod mravalmxrivi daniSnuleba
tomrebSi, araumetes 150C temperatu- aqvs: dindgelis saSualebiT igi
raze, sasurvelia inertuli gazis skaSi qmnis saWiro mikroklimats
areSi (CO2, azoti). sacalo vaWro- (budis zedmeti aeraciis aRkveTa)
bisaTvis gankuTvnil masalas Sefu- yvela arasaWiro xvrelebis
Taven minis qilebSi, sruli SevsebiT. amoqolviT, daupatiJebeli arsebebis
dasaSvebia agreTve sasursaTo (Tagvi, mwerebi da sxva) mokvlis
polieTilenis tomrebSi SefuTva, Semdeg futkari maT faravs
garedan sinaTlegaumtari masaliT. dindgelis feniT, gaxrwnis asaci-
leblad (mumificireba); skis moZrav
xarisxis monitoringi
nawilebs amagrebs korpusze, rom
saerTaSoriso normebiT yvavilis maTi meryeobiT muSaobaSi xeli ar
mtvris mimarT wayenebuli moTxov- SeeSalos, safrenis nawilis amo-
nebidan SeiZleba aRiniSnos: qolviT aumjobesebs skis dacvis
_ yvavilis mtveri unda iyos meqanizms. deda futkris mier
gamSrali an Sereuli SemavsebelTan kvercxis Cadebis win ujredis
(Saqris fqvili an Tafli), romelic momzadebis erT-erTi operacia aris
mas icavs gafuWebisagan; kedlebis moprialeba infeqciur
_ ar unda Seicavdes Sxamian daavadebaTa aRmZvrelebis sawinaaR-
(Taflovani an mtverovani mcenareebi) mdegod. Aam saintereso Tvisebebis
an samrewvelo sawarmos mtvers; gamo produqtma jer kidev antikur
_ gasatitri mJavianoba unda iyos epoqaSi miiqcia yuradReba da misi
0,3%-is farglebSi, an 2%-iani Seswavla, axali Tvisebebis gamov-
suspenziis PH unda Seadgendes 4,3-5,3; lena dRemde grZeldeba. kvlevis
- ar unda Seicavdes mikrobebis uaxlesi meTodebis gamoyenebiT
saerTo raodenobas 100 aTasze mets (1 dadginda:
g) an obis koloniebs 100-ze mets;
_Mmavne mikrofloris moqmedebis
CaxSobis an likvidaciis (maT Soris
evropuli da amerikuli sidam-
pleebis aRmZvrelebis) unari;
_ igi aris tkivilgamayuCebeli
saSualeba;
_ axasiaTebs antibaqteriuli,
antivirusuli da antimikozuri
aqtivoba;
_ gaaCnia sasursaTo produqtebis
konservaciis unari;
_ SeuZlia sazrdo saSualebebSi
zogierTi nivTierebis (vitaminebi,
cximebi) dacva daJangvisagan.
aRniSnulis gamo dindgeli sul
Ddindgelis Semgrovebeli
ufro popularuli xdeba, Tumca misi
warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis xerxebis
SezRuduloba da CamorCeniloba Cvens Tvisebebi. Ddindgeli fisovani
qveyanaSi daZleuli ar aris. nivTierebaa, feri sakmaod cvale- ba-
Ddindgelis mopoveba. Ffutkari dia: moyavisfro, mowiTalo, moruxo
dindgels agrovebs mcenaris _momwvano, xvedriTi masa saSualod
kvirtebidan da misi merqnidan, 1,11_1,27-s Seadgens, refraqciis
fisovani nivTierebebis SegrovebiT. koeficienti - 1,45, aqvs mZafri suni
dindgeli grovdeba Semdegi (aromatuli eTerzeTebis gavlena),
xe_mcenareebidan: tirifi, alvisxe, gemoTi cxarea (mwklarte), 200C-ze
cxeniswabli, ifani, muryani, Tela, dabla myifea, advilad imsxvreva,
qliavi, balaxeuli mcenareebi. skaSi ufro maRal temperaturaze welvadi
dindgelis dagrovebis adgilebia: xdeba. amasTan Senaxvis xangrZlivobis
CarCoTa zeda Tamasebi (kideebi), skis kvalad igi ufro myife da magari
narimandi, safrenis Sida mxare, xdeba (Schmidt et al, 2010)
kedlebi, agreTve skis WuWrutanebi
(xvrelebi). dindgels futkari
aqtiurad agrovebs gazafxulze (wina
wlis naSTi ukve sakmaod
daZvelebulia) da seqtemberSi. Ddin-
dgelis gareSe futkari, rogorc
wesi, cudad zamTrobs.
Ddindgelisagan nayenis momzadeba

dindgelSi Sedis Semdegi
nivTierebebi: mcenareuli fisebi - 55%
(38-60%); balzamebi -15 (3-30); mTrimla-
vi nivTierebebi -8 (0.15-15); eTerzeTebi
-8 (2-15); cvili - 22 (7,8-36), Seicavs
agreTve meqanikur minarevebs (maT
Soris yvavilis mtvers). fisebSi
Sedis organuli mJavebi da spirtebi.
dindgelSi arsebuli nivTierebebidan
yvelaze sainteresoa flavonoidebi
da fenoluri naerTebi, romelTac
aqvT moqmedebis farTo speqtri, daw-
yebuli sxvadasxva daavadebebis mkur-
nalobidan, damTavrebuli misi gam-
oyenebiT sakveb danamatad: wiwilebs,
romlebic sakvebTan erTad dindgels
iRebdnen, aReniSnaT ukeTesi zrda:
wonamatma 20% Seadgina sakontrolo
jgufTan SedarebiT (Chisalberti, 1979).
dindgeli wyalSi Zalian cudad
ixsneba, misTvis gamosadegia or-
ganuli gamxsnelebi: dieTilis eTeri
(xsnadoba 66-80% temperaturaze
0
damokidebiT), 96 -iani Rvinis spirti
(40-75%), acetoni (20-54%), qlo-
roformi (8-22). gamxsnelebad gam-
oiyeneba agreTve: karaqi, sxvadasxva
zeTi, lanolini, vazelini da sxv.
Ddindgelis mopovebisas erT-erTi,
yvelaze gavrcelebuli cdomileba is
aris, rom mefutkre daudevrobiT an
sxva mosazrebiT, dindgelTan erTad
Segrovebuli dindgelis nimuSebi
cvilis nawilakebsac agrovebs. cvils
ar gaaCnia is Tvisebebi, rac dind-
dindgelis mopovebis gavrcelebuli
gelSi aris. aseTi damaxinjebis gam-
xerxia mefutkris astmiT misi afxeka
ovlena sakmaod advilia: wyalSi
CarCoebis zeda Tamasis, skis
dindgeli unda CaiZiros, cvilnarevi
narimandis, safrenis Sida mxridan da
produqti ki zemoT amotivtivdeba.
sxva, Tumca aseTi primitiuli wesiT
miRebul dindgels biologiuri aq-
tivoba dabali aqvs.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom skis zeda na-

wilSi (CarCoebi, narimandi, safa-
ri tilo) Segrovebuli dindgeli
Tavisi TvisebebiT ufro maRalx-
arisxovania, amitom yvela mowyobi-
loba gaTvaliswinebulia skis zeda
nawilze mosargebad.
Aam xerxiT TiToeul ojaxze wliu-
rad 50-150 g dindgelis Segroveba
xdeba SesaZlebeli. ufro meti da
maRalxarisxovani produqciis
misaRebad sxva xerxebia Semo-
Tavazebuli. maTi gacnobisas pirvel
rigSi aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom
futkari dindgels agrovebs im
xvrelebis amosaqolad, romlis zoma ologiur aqtivobas kargavs!
4,5 mm-mdea, ufro gazrdili zomis
SemTxvevaSi (3,5-10 mm) futkari iyenebs
mkiTxveli specialur literaturaSi
cvils an cvilisa da dindgelis nar-
SeiZleba waawydes usafuZvlo
evs (Туников и др.,2001). erT-erTi
mtkicebas imis Taobaze, rom
Tanamedrove konstruqciaa CarCoebs
Cveulebriv pirobebSi dindgeli
zemoT rezinis viwro zolebiT er-
ucvlelad inaxeba wlobiT, rac
Timeoreze mikruli, xis lartyebisa-
arasworia. rogorc yvela biologi-
gan gakeTebuli ficarnagi.
uri obieqti, dindgelic cvalebado-
es konstruqcia SemoTavazebulia bas ganicdis (Jangva-aRdgeniTi
u. belis mier (1985) da saSualebas reaqciebi), zedapirze ufro muqi
iZleva, aqtiur sezonze 0,5 kg xdeba, mcirdeba masSi flavonoiduri
dindgeli Segrovdes. dindgeliT nivTierebebis raodenoba, rasac aC-
lartyebs Soris Sualedebis qarebs Senaxvis maRali temperatura.
amovsebis Semdeg mefutkre mas afxeks aRniSnulis gamo sasurveli iqneba
astmiT. minimalur temperaturaze Senaxva da
savaraudod-uJangbado areSi, Tumca
ungreli mefutkreebis mier Semo- avtors amisi pirdapiri mtkicebuleba
Tavazebuli safexurisebri Weris ar gaaCnia.
konstruqciis meSveobiT aqtiur se-
zonze SesaZlebelia 2 kg-mde Ddindgelis gadamuSaveba. saojaxo
dindgelis Segroveba. CarCoebs zemoT pirobebSi dindgels iyeneben rogorc
ideba plastmasis sami Robura bunebrivi, ise sxvadasxva malamoebisa
sxvadasxva zomis ujredebiT: qveda - da nayenebis saxiT. bunebrivi
100X100 mm, Sua - 3X3 mm da zeda - 25X25 dindgeli ixmareba mtkivan adgilze
mm. braziliuri xerxiT dindgelis salbunis formiT. Nnayenis dasam-
Segroveba gulisxmobs skis gverdis zadeblad Cveulebrivad gamoiyeneba
kedlebSi gamWoli xvrelebis Rvinis spirti 70-930 koncentraciiT.
(gaswvrivi) gakeTebas (siganiT 8 mm), dindgels wvrilad aqucmaceben, Cayr-
romlebic moZravi TamasebiT aris ian WurWelSi, spirts an mis wy-
dafaruli. Aam ukanasknelTa daSo- alxsnars 1:5 masuri SefardebiT
rebisas futkari xvrelebs daasxamen da inaxaven sibneleSi,
dindgeliT amoavsebs, wliurad 800 g- periodulad (dReSi ramdenjerme)
is odenobiT (Туников и др.,2001). anjRreven. 5_7 dRis Semdeg nayens
saqarTvelos pirobebSi arsebobs uxsnad naleqs moacileben gawurviT
Segrovebuli dindgelis CrCilisagan an gafiltvriT da iyeneben
dazianebis safrTxe, radgan dindgeli daniSnulebisamebr.
sakmao raodenobiT Seicavs cvils.
yuradReba! Ddindgeli gamoiyeneT
Aamis asacileblad gamoiyeneT mac-
eqimis meTvalyureobiT, TviTmkur-
ivris sayinule ganyofileba, sadac
nalobas nu daiwyebT, winaaRmdeg
CrCilis sterilizaciisaTvis
SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba uaryofiTi
saWiro temperatura iqmneba (-150C).
Sedegi miiRoT, an saerTod ver
aq 6-8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi da-
miiRoT Sedegi da imedi gagicruv-
muSavebis Semdeg dindgeli gada-
deT!
muSavebamde SeinaxeT polieTi-lenis
tomrebSi, bnel adgilas. Nnu samrewvelo sawarmoSi dindgelis
SeecdebiT dindgelis gacxelebas gadasamuSaveblad saWiroa teqnolo-
an gadadnobas, radgan amiT igi bi- giuri mowyobiloba, romlis gamoye-
nebiT izogeba samuSao dro da
mcirdeba sxva sawarmoo danaxarjebi:
_ macivari;
_ damaqucmacebeli wvrili nawilake-
bis (ara umetes 2 sm diametriT)
misaRebad;
_ wisqvili CaquCebiani fqvilovani
masis warmosaqmnelad;
_ horizontaluri mbrunavi reaqtori
gamaTbobliT da Sig CamontaJebuli
frTebiT, suspenziis arevis uzrun-
velsayofad;
_ filtri vakuumiani ormagi ZiriT,
mWidro gasafiltri qsoviliT da
Siga daxvretili firfitiT;
_ resiveri, romelSic iqmneba
rogorc vakuumi, ise dadebiTi wneva
gasafiltrad da filtratis
Camomsxmel mowyobilobaSi gadasata-
nad;
_ Camomsxmeli mowyobiloba;
aseTi mowyobilobiT mTliani
Ddindgelis mza preparatebi
sawarmoo cikli ar aRemateba 12-13
saaTs, miRweuli iqneba sasurveli es formebi sakmaod mraval- ricxo-
gamosavlianoba da nayenSi gadava vania: 1) eqstraqtebi, ZiriTadad
yvela saWiro samkurnalo nivTiereba. Rvinis spirtis gamoyenebiT; 2)
gadamuSavebis dros yuradReba dindgeliani malamoebi, sxvadasxva
miaqcieT sawarmoo procesebis (myar) gamxsnelze momzadebuli; 3)
dacvas: temperatura mbrunav dindgeliani pasta; 4) dindgelis
reaqtorSi ar unda iyos 420C-ze meti; emulsia, spirtSi uxsnadi naleqis
gaxsnis dasaCqareblad dindgeli wyalTan an rZesTan SereviT; 5)
unda damuSavdes aRniSnul tempera- dindgelis safenebi; 6) sxeulSi
turaze; Tu gamoiyenebT gamxsnels, dindgelis Seyvana inhalaciiT; 7) bi-
romelic oTaxis temperaturaze ologiuri Sesaxvevebi; 8) saReWi re-
myardeba, maSin siTburi reJimis zina da konfetebi, ZiriTadad stoma-
dacva unda SeZloT filtrSi, tologiaSi gamoyenebiT;
resiversa da Camomsxmel danad-
garSic. Ddindgeli gamoiyeneba sruliad
gansxvavebuli daniSnulebiT:
_ ZneladSexorcebadi Wrilobebis
dasamuSaveblad;
Ddindgelis preparatebis gamoyenebis _ zeda sasunTqi gzebis anTebiTi
formebi da masStabebi procesebis, sxeulis rogorc SigniT,
ise garegani anTebiTi kerebis da
damwvrobis samkurnalod;
_ veterinariaSi dindgelis
preparatebi gamoiyeneba analogiuri
daniSnulebiT: qirurgiuli opera-
ciebis, Sinagani daavadebebis dros,
mastitis, gamonayaris, Turqulis mxolod rZes iRebs. amasTan, sadede
gaCenis Sedegad warmoqmnili derma- rZe gansxvavebulia Sedgenilobis
tozis, curis furunkulozis, mxrivac: mSral nivTierebas da pro-
yvavilis, egzemis, mkreWavi munis, teins ufro mets Seicavs, vidre
paratifis, winakuWebis atoniis, samuSe bartyis rZe, ris gamoc
Cirqovani endometritis, vaginitis, bartyobis stadiaSi dedis masa 1700-
qaTmis witas, avitaminozebis, jer izrdeba, samuSe bartyisa _ mxo-
futkris bartyis sidampleebis lod 1400-jer. gansxvavebulia agreTve
samkurnalod; rZis Sedgeniloba vitaminebis Sem-
_ warmoebis sxvadasxva dargebSi: xisa cvelobis mxrivac. ZiZa futkari Tav-
da liTonis nakeTobaTa dekoraciuli Ria sadede bartys uxvad amaragebs
da wyalmedegi safarvlis Seqmni- Tavisi rZiT. SemdgomSic, kvercxdebis
saTvis, sapnis aromatizaciisaTvis, periodSi deda futkari mxolod
musikaluri xelsawyoebis warmoebaSi rZiT ikvebeba, rac aucilebelia mis
da sxva. organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa
cvlis uzrunvelyofisTvis: am peri-
xarisxis monitoringi. dindgelis odSi deda futkari dReRameSi imden
xarisxis SefasebisTvis gamoyenebuli mSral nivTierebas gamoyofs kvercxis
maCveneblebidan aRsaniSnavia (ГОСТ saxiT, rac misi organizmis Sem-
28886-90 ,, Прополис“ cvelobas aRemateba.
1) organoleptikuri:
gaxsovdeT, xarisxiani deda futkris
garegnuli saxe (gunda, namsxvrevebi
gamozrdisa da misi Semdgomi fun-
da sxva);
qcionirebisaTvis futkris ojaxi
feri: sxvadasxva (muqi mwvane, wabla
momaragebuli unda iyos sazrdo
an ruxi, moyviTalo)
nivTierebebiT (Saqrebi, proteinebi,
suni: damaxasiaTebeli, fisovani
cximebi, vitaminebi da mineraluri
gemo: mware, mocxaro;
nivTierebebi). SezRudul kvebaze my-
konsistencia: 20-400C-ze welvadi, 200C
ofi futkris ojaxi ver SeZlebs
qveviT - magari;
maRalproduqtiuli deda da muSa
2) bioqimiuri :
futkris gamozrdas!
Jangvadoba, wm, ara umetes-22,0
cvilis Semcveloba, % araumetes-25,0
flavonoidebisa da sxv. fenoluri
naerTebis raodenoba, aranakleb-
25,0
ioduri ricxvi, %, aranakleb-35,0
futkris rZe adamianis mxridan Ffutkris rZis fizikuri Tvisebebi.
intensiuri Seswavlis obieqtad XX
saukuneSi iqca. rZes gamoimuSavebs
muSa futkari xaxisa da zedaybis
jirkvlebis gamonayofis saxiT. kver-
cxis ganviTarebisaTvis rZe
aucilebeli sazrdoa ojaxis yvela
embrionisaTvis. samuSe da samamle
bartyi rZes iRebs mxolod pirvel
sam dRes, SemdegSi futkari mas
kvebavs Taflisa da Weos nazaviT.
rac Seexeba sadede bartys, mTeli Ffutkris rZe
embrionuli ganviTarebis periodSi is
Bbunebrivi rZe gaumWvirvale an askorbinoqsidiza, araspecifikuri
naxevradgamWvirvale blanti siTxea, qolinesTeraza, proteolizuri fer-
TeTri, moTeTro-kremisferi an mentebi, acetilqolini, nukleinis
moyviTalo, Taviseburi aromatiT da mJavebi (dnm da rnm), organuli
cxare, mJave gemoTi. wyalSi rZe mJavebidan: 10-oqsitrans-delta2 –
mTlianad ar ixsneba, 366 nm-ze axasi- decenis, 9-oqsidecenis, 10- oqsi-
aTebs fluorescencia Ria ruxidan dekanis da sxv.
lurj feramde cvale- badobiT, es produqti amJRavnebs mraval-
bartyis asakisgan damokidebulebiT, mxriv biologiur aqtivobas, rac
rac ganpirobebulia pteridinebis pirvel rigSi misi antimikrobuli
arsebobiT. xvedriTi masa 1,1 Seadgens, aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba. Gganzavebul
gamSralisa _1,4+0,05, refraqciis rZeSi (1:10) iRupeba 21 saxis
koeficienti 1,3997-1,3811, 1%-iani mikroorganizmi, gripis virusi.
xsnaris PH 3,6-3,8-is farglebSi mer- zogierTi obis soko, umartivesTa
yeobs. rZis daZvelebas mzis sxivebi zogierTi saxeoba, koxis Cxiri.
da Senaxvis maRali temperatura aC-
qarebs, ris Sedegadac igi fers Bbiologiuri aqtivoba mJRavndeba
icvlis (muqdeba) da iZens mJave suns. futkris rZis unariT, gansazRvros
Qqimiuri Sedgeniloba Schmidt-sa da deda futkris roli misi fiziolo-
giuri funqciis CamoyalibebiT.
Buchmann-is (2010) mixedviT Semdegi
Srobis procesSi rZis es Tviseba
saxiT warmogvidgeba (%): wyali - 67,
klebulobs, dabal temperaturaze
nedli proteini - 12,5, Saqrebis saer-
(20 0 C) Senaxvisas arsebiTad ar
To raodenoba - 11, fruqtoza - 6,
glukoza - 4,2, saqaroza - 0,3, cxi- icvleba.
movani mJavebi - 5, nacari - 1. cxi- sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba vlindeba
movani mJavebi warmodgenilia naxSir- futkris rZis Zlieri ganzavebisas
badis mokle 8-atomiani hidroqsilis (1:20): aumjobesebs safuara sokoebis
an dikarboqsiluri mJavebiT. ganviTarebas, Tevz gambuziasa da
Mmineralebidan ZiriTadi elementia Tavkombalebis cxovelmyofelobas,
kaliumi. igi Seicavs agreTve TuTias, axladdabadebuli virTagvebisa da
rkinas, spilenZs da manganums. Zalian wiwilebis cocxal masas 25-40%-iT
zrdis 10-100 mg/kg koncentraciiT,
maRalia masSi B jgufis vitaminebis
amasTan rZe am Tvisebas ukeTesad
Semcveloba, gansakuTrebiT
avlenda cxovelze ganviTarebis
pantoTenis mJavisa (Haydak a. Vivino,
adreul asakSi. rZis biologiuri aq-
1950), Zalian mcire raodenobiTaa
tivoba mJRavndeba agreTve organiz-
vitaminebi C, A da E, xolo vitaminebi D
mSi dagrovili cximovani qsovilisa
da K saerTod ar aris, cximxsnadi
da sisxlSi leikocitebis daSliT,
vitaminebi futkars saerTod ar
eriTrocitebisa da hemoglobinis
sWirdeba Herbert-sa da Shimanuki-s raodenobis zrdiT, rentgenis
mixedviT (1978). 24- meTilen- dasxivebisadmi mdgrado- bisa da
qolesterolis Semcveloba tipiuria sqesobrivi aqtiurobis gaZlierebiT
mcenareuli wyaroebisTvis da (sakvercxeebisa da graafis buStuke-
yvavilis mtvris msgavsad didi bis ganviTareba), bewvis ganviTarebis
raodenobiT aris rZeSi. gaumjobesebiT (bocveri, Txa), Wupris
Ffutkris rZeSi aris specifikuri xarisxisa da abreSumis gamo-
proteinebi - biopterini da savlianobiT (TuTis abreSumxvevia),
neopterini. fermentebidan masSi damwvrobisas dazianebuli qsovilis
gvxvdeba invertaza, diastaza (sava-
raudoa Taflidan moxvedra),
epiTelizaciis daCqarebiT (adamiani) _ futkris ojaxis momzadeba
da sxva. sadede bartyis aRsazrdelad (barty-
futkris rZis biologiuri aqtivoba ianobis maqsimaluri zrda sakvebis
damokidebulia aRebis vadebze. maragis - naxSirwylovani sakvebi - 12-
agreTve jiSze (Гречка, 1990): 14 kg da Weos maragi 1,5-2-CarCos ode-
nobiT);
jiSebis SedarebiTi gamocdisas _ sadede jamebis damzadebisaTvis
yvelaze maRali biologiuri aq- cvilis momzadeba (galRoba) da jame-
tivobiT qarTuli futkris rZe gam- bis damzadeba;
oirCeoda, karpatuli, ukrainuli _ CarCos momzadeba horizontalur
stepis jiSebisa da adgilobrivi, Tamasebze sadede jamebis damagrebiT;
gaurkveveli warmoSobis futkarTan _ aRmzrdeli ojaxis daobleba;
SedarebiT. Aam monacemebs adas- _ 12-18 saaTis (gamoCekidan) aRsa-
turebs agreTve iv. nikolaZe (2006), zrdeli TavRia bartyis gadatana
roca ixilavs germaneli avtorebis jamebian CarCoebze da aRmzrdel
mier aRebul masalebs futkris ojaxSi Cadgma;
rZeSi aminomJavebis Semcvelobis _ futkrisaTvis damatebiTi sakvebis
Sesaxeb. micema kandis saxiT. aRniSnuli kandi
F SemadgenlobiT gansxvavebulia, ris
gamoc masze ufro dawvrilebiT
futkris rZis warmoeba
visaubrebT.
rZis warmoebisaTvis Zalze mniS-
vnelovania, rom kandis konsis- ten-
cia iyos ufro advilad- asaTvisebe-
li, xolo produqti maRalxarisxovan
yvavilis mtvers (mag. wablisas)
Seicavdes maqsimaluri raodenobiT. i.
nikolaZe (2006) urCevs cilovani kom-
ponentebis aseTnair struqturas:
yvavilis mtveri - 60%, soios cxim-
gaclili fqvili - 20%, mSrali, inaq-
sadede ujredebi futkris rZiT tivirebuli sakvebi safuari - 20%.
amasTan, evropuli qveynebis gamo-
cdilebidan gamomdinare, upi-
ratesobas aniWebs dabal tempera-
turaze (-180C) Senaxul da ara
gamSral yvavilis mtvers.
Ffutkris rZis warmoebis erT-erTi
aucilebeli pirobaa Zlieri
aRmzrdeli ojaxis SerCeva aranakleb
7-8 CarCo bartyiT da 10 CarCo
futkriT (Туников da sxv., 2001). imave
avtorebis azriT, ojaxSi unda
iTvlebodes 45-50 aTasi muSa futkari,
procesis warmoeba dasawyisSi
rac daaxloebiT 16-18 CarCos
iseTivea, rogorc deda futkris gam-
Seadgens, Tumca qarTuli
ozrdisas bartyis gadataniT (ix. Tavi
futkrisaTvis aseTi moTxovnis way-
III ,,deda futkris gamozrda’’), kerZod:
eneba am ukanasknelis SezRuduli
kvercxmdeblobis gaTvaliswinebiT
naklebad gamarTlebulia. rogorc _ mSrali liofilizebuli (gayinul
Cans, raodenobrivi danaklisis mdgomareobaSi gaSroba) narCeni ten-
kompensireba qarTuli futkris mier iT 2%-mde: 60C 2,5 wliT (sazrdo
sxva meqanizmiT SeiZleba ganxor- nivTierebebis SenarCunebiT), an _60C–
cieldes. rZis maqsimaluri raodeno- ze biologiuri aqtivobis SenarCu-
ba sadede ujredebSi grovdeba maTi nebiT.
gadabeWdvis (Wuprobis stadiis da- Ffutkris rZis eqspertiza რusuli
sawyisi) momentSi, rZis amoReba unda ГОСТ 28888-90-is mixedviT damyare-
ganxorcieldes bartyis gadatanidan bulia Semdegi maCveneblebis gamoye-
72 saaTis Semdeg. nebaze:
Ffutkris rZis amosaRebad gad- a) organoleptikuri Tvisebebi:
aWeriT sadede ujredis Tavi rZis _ garegnuli saxe da konsistencia;
dgomis doneze. amoiyvaneT bartyi _ feri, suni, gemo;
_ mSrali nivTierebebis Semcveloba;
steriluri SpateliT da amoiReT
rZe patara kovziT an vakuumiani _ meqanikuri minarevebi.
mowyobilobis meSveobiT. Semdeg b) fizikuri maCveneblebi:
rZe gafiltreT, rom moaSoroT _ fluorescenciis unari;
ucxo nawilakebi da gadaitaneT 75- _ 1%-iani xsnaris wyalbad-ionTa kon-
centracia;
150 g tevadobis muq, neitraluri
g) qimiuri maCveneblebi
minis qilaSi, qilas winaswar
_ Jangvadoba;
gamoavleT gamdnari cvili. Qqila
_ decenis mJavaTa masuri wili, %;
rZiT SeavseT mTlianad, xufis sax-
_ nedli proteinis masuri wili,%;
uravis qveS Tavisufali sivrce ar
_ aRmdgeneli Saqrebisa da saqarozis
დაtovoT!
masuri wili, %;
Qqila rZiT unda Seivsos misi
_ antimiკrobuli aqtivoba, mg/ml;
Segrovebidan erTi saaTis ganmav-
_ arapaTogenuri mikrobebiT
lobaSi. Qqilis moxufvis Semdeg sax-
dabinZureba, aTasi/g;
uraviT unda CaeSvas gamdnar cvilSi
_ biologiuri aqtivoba, mg.
misi sruli hermetizaciisaTvis.
futkris Sxami cxoveluri warmo-
Ffutkris rZis Senaxva. ax- Sobis Sxamebs miekuTvneba, romlis
ladSegrovebuli rZe unda SeinaxoT daniSnuleba mtrebisgan futkris
macivarSi -4-60C pirobebSi ara umetes ojaxis dacvaa.
ori dRe-Ramisa (Туников da sxv 2001),
Tumca zogierTi avtori Tvlis, rom
bunebrivi saxiT futkris rZis Senaxva
SeiZleba 1 wlamde -15-200 C tempera-
turaze. zemoaRniSnuli rusuli wy-
aroebis mixedviT xangrZlivi droiT
futkris rZis Senaxvis mizanSewonili Ffutkris Sxami bunebrivi saxiT
formebia:
_ bunebrivi adsorbirebuli (laqto-

ziT an glukoziT) 4-60C tempera-
turaze – 3 Tvemde (gaSrobamde);
_ gamSrali adsorbirebuli oTaxis
temperaturaze 3 wlis ganmav-lobaSi;
Ffutkris Sxami mSrali,
liofilizebuli
Sxams gamoimuSavebs muSa da deda

futkris muclis daboloebaSi Mmkurnaloba uSualod futkrismieri
danestvriT
arsebuli saSxame aparati, romelSic
Sedis sasrialo, ორmaxviliani nes- axladgamoCekil muSa futkars Sxami
tari, sami wyvili qitinovani SeiZleba hqondes minimaluri raode-
firfita, didi da mcire saSxame nobiT, deda futkarSi piriqiT, misi
jirkvlebi. Ees ukanaskneli war- sekrecia maqsimums aRwevs pirvelsave
modgenilia didi da mcire milakebiT, dRes, rac sWirdeba metoqe dedebTan
romlebic Signidan mოfenilia sabrZolvelad. muSa futkarSi Sxamis
jirkvlovani ujredebiT. warmoqmnili dagroveba grZeldeba me-12-14 dRemde,
Sxami grovdeba saSxame buStSi, sai- ris Semdeg saSxame ujredebis degen-
danac nestris meSveobiT mtris or- eracia xdeba. A
ganizmSi xvdeba. nestari dakbilulia,
wanazardebi ganiv- zolian kunTSi amrigad, Sxamis warTmeva muSa
(ZuZumwovrebi) moxvedrisas nestris futkrisaTvis SeiZleba mxolod
amoRebas xels uSlis, ris gamoc erTxel sicocxleSi. gazafxulisa
mTeli saSxame aparati futkris or- da Semodgomis Taobebs Sxamis
ganizms wydeba, xolo saSxame buStis raodenoba da aqtivoba ufro mcire
avtonomiurad moqmedi kunTebi aqvT, vidre zafxulis (ivnisi-
ganagrZoben SekumSvas da mTeli Sxami ivlisi) futkars, Sxamis maqsima-
msxverplis sxeulSi gadadis, amis luri produqciac am periodze
Semdeg futkari mokle xanSi (1-5 dRe) modis.
kvdeba (Мусаев, 1982).
Мусаев-is (1978) dakvirvebiT, qarTul
futkars Sxamis maqsimaluri raode-
noba gamoCekvidan 25-e dRes aReniSne-
ba da igi 7_9 mg-s Seadgens,
ukrainulisa – 7,1 mg, Sua ruseTis
futkars - 7,6, am mosazrebas ar
eTanxmebian sxva avtorebi (Туников da
sxva, 2001). dasanania, rom arc erTs am
avtorTagan ar gamouqveynebia Sxamis
biologiuri aqtivoba futkris
jiSebis mixedviT, rac Zalze
sainteresoa TavisTavad.
Sxamis gamomuSaveba mWidrod aris
saSxame aparati wydeba futkars
dakavSirebuli cilovani sakvebis
(yvavilis mtveri) gaZlierebul
moxmarebasTan. amis gareSe (marto
naxSirwylovan sakvebze) futkars sawinaaRmdego saSualebaa, amuxruWebs
Sxamis gamoyofa ar aReniSneba. leikocitebis moZraobas anTebis
Ddanestvris dros futkris nestris kerisken. ZiriTadad melitini da na-
ZirSi arsebuli jirkvlebi gamoyofen wilobriv apamini ganapirobeben
sunian nivTierebebs (izoamilacetati), futkris Sxamis toqsikurobas da
romelic aRagznebs mTlianad samkurnalo Tvisebebs.
futkris gunds TavdacvisaTvis. Ffosfoliza A2 organizmSi mox-
Sxamis fizikuri Tvisebebi. B vedrisas aZlierebs SxamiT
bunebrivi Sxami blanti, gamWirvale, gamowveul anTebiT process, amcirebs
moyviTalo, mwvave, mkveTri sunis, antigenTa aqtivobas, Slis ujredebis
mware gemos siTxea, misi simkvrive samSeneblo bloks _ fosfolipidebs,
1,085-1,131 (saSualod 1,11) Seadgens, aq- melitinTan erTad zrdis Sxamis
tiuri mJavianoba (PH) 4,5-5,5. Sxami toqsikurobas.
haerze swrafad Sreba (10-15 wuTi), glukozoaminglukanhidrolazuri ko-
kristalebi higroskopulia, advilad mpleqsi iwvevs hialuronis mJavis
ixsneba wyalsa da wyal-glicerinis daSlas, ris Sedegad Zlierdeba
xsnarSi, mJavebsa da tuteebSi ad- Sxamis sxva komponentebis moxvedra
vilad iSleba, damSlelad moqmedebs, organizmSi. is agreTve xels uwyobs
agreTve, Rvinis spirti, mzis sxivebi, organizmSi warmoSobili hematomebisa
maRali temperatura, atmosferuli da Wrilobebis gawovas.
Jangbadi. gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea Ffutkris Sxamis moqmedebis
am faqtorebisadmi Sxamis fermentebi: mravalmxrivoba ganapirobebs mis gam-
glukozoaminglukanhidrolazuri oyenebas sruliad sxvadasxva dan-
kompleqsi da fosfolipaza A2. iSnulebiT. SxamiT mkurnaloben os-
futkris Sxami dabal temperaturaze teoqondrozs, nevritebs, nevral-
didxans inarCunebs aqtivobas. gias, polinevritebs, poliarTritebs,
Sxamis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. impotencias, Tirkmlis ukmarisobas,
SxamSi Sedis nivTierebaTa 4 ZiriTadi ginekologiur da qirurgiul daa-
jgufi: cilebi, peptidebi, fiziolo- vadebebs. mas aqvs radioproteq-
giurad aqtiuri aminebi da Saqrebi. toruli Tvisebebic. amis gamo,
cilebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos fermen- futkris Sxamis moqmedeba aqtiurad
tebi: fosfolipaza A2 (10-12%), Seiswavleba mraval qveyanaSi, rac
glukozoaminglukanhidrolazuri ko- zrdis misi damzadebisa da gam-
mpleqsi (1-3%), mJave fosfataza da oyenebis SesaZleblobebs.
lizofosfolipaza (TiToeuli 1%-
Ffutkris Sxamis miReba. Ees procesi
mde). Ppeptidebidan melitini Seadgens
adre sxvadasxvanairad sruldeboda:
Sxamis saerTo raodenobis 50-55%-s,
meqanikuri an qimiuri saSualebebiT,
mcire peptidebi -13 – 15 %-s.
ris Sedegadac gaRizianebuli fut-
Mmelitini aminomJavebis garda
kari Sxams tovebda mefutkris mier
Seicavs WianWvelmJavas. igi tute
gamoyenebul sagnebze (Rrubeli,
reaqciisaa, iwvevs eriTrocitebisa da
filtri qaRaldi, sinTezuri apki da
sxva ujredebis daSlas, amcirebs
sxv.), saidanac Sxami gamoirecxeboda.
sisxlis Sededebis unars, aqvs anti-
dRes yvelaze gavrcelebuli saSu-
mikrobuli unari, dasxivebisadmi
alebaa impulsuri eleqtroSokiT
winaaRmdegobis zrdis efeqti, didi
gaRizianeba.
doziT gamoyenebisas toqsikuria,
SeiniSneba sisxlis wnevis gazrda,
gulis kunTis muSaobis moSla.
melitini mcire doziT anTebis
Zabva izrdeba 30 voltamde, sixSire
1200 hc-mde, impulsis xangrZlivoba 3
wm-mde, Sualedi 4,5 wamamde.
Sxamis maqsimaluri produqciis

misaRebad futkris ojaxi moamara-
geT cilovani sakvebiT (Weo), Sxamis
aReba daiwyeT gazafxulze, roca
ojaxis siZliere 10 CarCoze
naklebi ar aris (mozamTre Taoba
mTlianad Secvlilia), xolo inten-
siur Ralianobamde 30-40 dRe rCeba.
F Sxamis aReba safutkreSi Aam periodSi moaswrebT ojaxis da-
muSavebas 3-4–jer TormetdRiani
Tavdapirvelad am konstruqciis apa-
SualedebiT. Semgroveblis firfi-
ratebi safrenTan ideboda, skaSi
tebidan Sxami afxikeT specialuri
Sesvlisas futkari Tavisi sxeulis
mowyobilobiT, an piris saparsi
SexebiT dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mux-
usafrTxo daniT, romlis piri
tebis mqone sadenebis mokle CarTvas
firfitas odnav daxrilad SeaxeT.
axdenda, ris Semdeg igi nestriT
Sxami Zlier gagiRizianebT cxviri-
Cxvletda minis firfitas da masze
sa da Tvalis lorwovan garss, Tu
tovebda Sxamis wveTs. SemdgomSi am
ar gamoiyenebT kargad morgebul
konstruqciis aparatebi ufro
saTvalesa da respirators an spe-
srulyves: sadenebiani kaseti, rome-
cialur yuTs, romelsac zeda mxare
lic minis samSrian fenas war-
minis aqvs da mierTebulia gamwov
moadgenda, skis SigniT ideboda. Kka-
ventilatorze. gamoiyeneT agreTve
setis minis an liTonis Sua furceli
specialuri xelTaTmanebi!
konstruqcias iWers, Mmas Tavsa da
boloze morgebuli aqvs xis
lartyebi, romelzec daxveulia sad-
enebi 5 mm-is SualedebiT. erT ka-
setaze mavTulis naxvevi 59-60 calia.
Mminis gareTa furclebze Sxamis
wveTebi grovdeba. Aam minebsa da mav-
Tulebs Soris manZili 2 mm unda
iyos, Tumca arsebobs sxva rek-
omendaciebic: 3 mm mavTulebs Soris
da 0,5 (+ 0,1)mm minis furclebsa da
sadenebs Soris (Туников da sxv, 2001). Sxamis asaRebi kaseti
igive avtorebi optimalurad Tvlian momdevno Taobis aparatebSi Sxamis
Semdeg reJims: eldenis Zabva 27 vol- asaRebi kasetebi xis erTian kon-
ti, impulsis xangrZlivoba 2 wm, struqciaSi Caidga, masSi Sxamis
Sualedi impulsebs Soris 3 wamia, Semgroveblebi Sedis minis erTmagi
impulsebis sixSire - 1000 herci. firfitebiT, romlebzec eleqtro-
gazrdili tenianobis pirobebSi rek- sadenebi horizontalurad aris
omendebulia Semdegi parametrebis Semoxveuli. samuSao mdgomareobaSi
dacva: Zabva 24 volti, pauzebis firfitebis viwro kide skis CarCo-
sixSire 800 hc, impulsis xangrZlivo- TaSoriss emTxveva, rac aadvilebs
ba 1 wm, Sesveneba – 1,5 wm; haeris masze futkris moxvedras. Kkon-
dabali fardobiTi tenianobis dros struqcia gaangariSebulia lang-
strot-ruTis 10-CarCoian skaze da- Ffutkris damuSavebebs Soris
sadgmelad. Tu dadanis skis korpusze Sualedi 12 dReze naklebi ar unda
daidgmeba, maSin warmoqmnili iyos (Мусаев 1982; Яковлев 1990). Sxamis
RriWoebi safari tiloTi an xis aReba sasurveli ar aris intensiuri
ficrebiT ifareba, xolo zemodan Ralianobis dros, radgan es amcirebs
skis saxuravi edeba. saTafle da sacvile prodqtiulobas.
skis korpusze dasadgmeli ka- Sxamis aReba amcirebs futkris or-
setebis ZiriTadi upiratesoba imaSia, ganizmSi azotisa da cximis Semcvelo-
rom bevrad izrdeba Sxamis asaRebi bas, futkris aqtiuroba klebulobs
firfitebis farTobi, xolo futkris ori dRis ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg ki
masis gadaadgileba budis Suaguli- Cveulebriv ritmSi muSaobs.
dan ganapira CarCoebisken saWiro aR- Sxami unda Camoifxikos TeTr, pri-
ar aris. Ees bevrad aCqarebs ojaxis ala qaRaldze, Semdeg Sreba karadaSi
damuSavebis process. Tu skaSi ori mudmiv masamde 35-400C temperaturaze
kasetis Cadebisas damuSavebis da icreba sacerSi, romlis ujredis
xangrZlivoba sam saaTze naklebi ar zoma 0,3-0,5 mm-s Seadgens. gamSrali
aris (Мусаев, 1982), am konstruqciis mtveri iyreba muq, hermetulad dax-
kasetebis gamoyenebisas igive urul WurWelSi. Mmisi zoma ise unda
maCvenebeli 40 wuTamde mcirdeba, rac SeirCes, rom erT damuSavebaze
Zalze arsebiTia Sromis nayofierebis mTlianad ivsebodes. Cayris dros
gadidebis TvalsazrisiT. Sxamis WurWeli drodadro unda SeinjRres,
aRebis dro ise unda SeirCes, rom rom haeri masSi minimaluri odenobiT
futkars CiCaxvSi sakvebis minimaluri darCes. WurWeli inaxeba macivris say-
maragi hqondes. inuleSi, polieTilenis parkSi
gaxveuli, raTa macivris SesaZlo
Cveulebrivad futkris damuSaveba
gamorTvisas Sxami ar danestiandes.
RamiT xdeba. Aamindis cvalebadobam
specializebul laboratoriaSi
procesi rom ar Seaferxos, umjobe-
Sxamis Semowmebis Semdeg ivseba ser-
sia, kaseti sakuWnaos korpusSi
Tifikati, WurWels ukeTdeba etiketi
Caidgas. mefutkres unda ecvas
da Sxami mzad aris gasayidad.
mWidro qsovilis kombinezoni pir-
xarisxis eqspertiza. dsT qveynebis
badiT, Ceqmebi da hqondes wiTel-
saxelmwifoTaSorisi standartis
Suqfiltriani farani. Cveulebriv
faranze SeiZleba wiTeli qsovilis ГОСТ 30426-97 “Sxami futkris-nedli”
gadakvrac, es futkars ufro mixedviT Sesafaseblad gamoყenebulia
naklebad aRizianebs. maCveneblebi:
_ organoleptikuri, garegnuli saxe,
Ffutkris damuSaveba daiwyeT Ramis feri, konsistencia;
2 saaTidan, damuSavebis Sewyvetis _ wyalSi uxsnadi minarevebi, %
Semdeg kaseti kidev 1-1,5 saaTs araumetes _ 5;
skaze datoveT futkris da- _ narCeni teni, % araumetes _ 8
samSvideblad, kasetis moxsnis _ nedli nacრis masuri wili, %
Semdeg darCenili futkari skaSi araumetes _ 2;
CacocxeT rbili jagrisiT da ka- _ fosfoliპაza A2–is aqtiuroba 1 mg-
setebi dauyovnebliv Sxamis asaReb Si, mSral nivTierebebze gadaanga-
SenobaSi SeitaneT (sibneleSi). riSebiT, s.e. aranakleb _ 100;
gaxsovdeT, rac ufro metxans iqne- _ glukozoaminglukanhidrolazuri
ba kaseti dRis sinaTleze, miT kompleqsis (gagh), mg, mSral
uaresia Segrovebuli Sxamis
xarisxi.
nivTierebaზe gadaangariSebiT, m.s.e. bas?
aranakleb _ 90; 2. ras warmoadgens mtvris
_ hemolizis dro, wm, araumetes _ 300; Semgrovebeli? aRwereT misi
_ melitinis masuri wili, %, konstruqciebi!
aranakleb _ 50; 3. rodis არ unda davayenoT skaze
_ apaminis masuri wili, %, aranakleb yvavilis mtvris Semgrovebeli?
- 2 4. rogor xdeba yvavilis mtvris
Ffutkris Sxamis gamoyenebis gaSroba?
formebi. Sxamis gamoyenebis yvelaze 5. ra parametrebia gamoyenebuli
uZvelesi formaa futkris mier yvavilis mtvris Sesafaseblad?
pacientis uSualo danestvra. აq 6. ras warmoadgens dindgeli da
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, misi funqciebi futkris ojaxSi
rom Sxamis siTburi damuSavebis 7. raSi moixmars adamiani dind-
dros misi aqtiuroba klebulobs. gels?
pacientisaTvis cocxali futkris 8. Ddindgelis Segroveba da gada-
gamoyeneba yovelTvis xelmisawvdomi muSaveba: a) saojaxo pirobebSi,
ar aris, amitom SemuSavebulia Sxamis Bb) sawarmoSi;
preparatebi sxvadasxva ფორმiT: 9. ra maCvenebliT afaseben
kanqveS, kanSi, kunTSi, saxsrebSi, dindgelis nedl produqcias?
garegani damuSavebisas iyeneben 10. Ofutkris ojaxis romeli wevri
ionoforezs, Cazelvas, fonoforezs. da risTvis gamoimuSavebs fut-
garda amisa, futkris Sxams iyeneben kris rZes?
parfiumeriaSi – sunamoebis 11. romeli sakvebi sWirdeba ufro
stabilizaciisTvis. Sxamis gamoyeneba metad futkars rZis sekre-
ar SeiZleba zogierTi daavadebis ciisaTvis ?
SemTxvevaSi, amitom SxamiT 12. ra principiT xdeba futkris
mkurnaloba unda warimarTos eqimis rZis gadamuSaveba?
meTvalyureobiT. 13. ფutkris rZis asaRebi da
Ddaxmareba futkris SxamiT Sesanaxi mowyobilobis aRwera;
mowamvlisas. zogierTi organos 14. rogor SevinaxoT futkris rZe,
danestvrisas (ena, xaxa, sasa, xorxi, yvavilis მტვერი da ra
yelis gverdiTa mxare) viTardeba maCveneblebs mivaqcioT yuradRe-
mZime mowamvla, romelsac SeiZleba ba?
sikvdili mohyves. amitom danes- 15. risTvis sWirdeba futkars Sxami
tvrisაs upirvelesad amoaZreT da misi producenti organo;
nestari saSxame aparatis gasresis 16. ramdenjer xdeba aqtiur sezonze
gareSe (daniT, astmiT an ფrCxiliT). Sxamis aReba da romel peri-
mobaneT danestrili adgili, daamu- odebSi?
SaveT TafliT, nivris wveniT, 17. ra fizikuri Tvisebebi aqvs
niSaduriT, iodis nayeniT an yinu- futkris Sxams?
liT. Aაvadmyofs mieciT Tafli, Rvi- 18. romelia ZiriTadi nivTierebebi
nis spirti, axali rZe, mawoni. Zlie- futkris SxamSi?
ri mowamvlisas avadmyofi eqvemde- 19. rogor xdeba futkris Sxamis
bareba stacionarul mkurnalobas. miReba, gadamuSaveba?
20. ra pirobebSi vinaxavT Sxams?
sakontrolo SekiTxvebi
1. ra faqtorebi aferxeben futkris Ggamoyenebuli literatura:

mier yvavilis mtvris Segrove-
1. Туников и др. Технология произволства и 1) infeqciur-mcenareuli warmoSobis
переработки продукции пчеловодства, mikroorganizmebiT da virusebiT
М., 2001 gamowveuli;
2) cxoveluri organizmebiT gamowve-
2. g. maZRaraSvili futkris
uli invaziuri daavadebebi;
produqtebi da aratradiciuli
3) aragadamdebi daavadebebi, romel-
sakvebi, 2002
sac qmnis futkris movla-Senaxvis
3. Пыльца цветочная (обножка)-сырец. ТУ 46
arasrulyofili pirobebi;
Латв.ССР 02-76,1977
infeqciur daavadebebSi gamoiyofa
4. Мусаев Ф.Научные труды НИИ
ramdenime qvejgufi: a) baqterio-
пчеловодства. Рязань, 1978: 157-172;1982: zebi, b) virusebi; g) mikozebi.
102-108
5. Яковлев и др. Отбор яда на пасеках. Ж. 1) futkris infeqciuri daavadebebi
Пчеловодство,1990, 36-37
am qveTavSi Tqven gaecnobiT
6. ГОСТ 30426-97 ,,Яд-сырец пчелиный”
futkris daavadebebs, romlebsac
7. iv. nikolaZe futkris rZe, misi war- iwvevs baqteriebi, virusebi da
moeba da gamoyeneba sokoebi, aseve daavadebebis gamom-
8. ГОСТ 28886-90 ,,Прополис” wvevi mikroorganizmebis daxasi-
9. H. Schmidt a. S. Buchmann Other Products of aTebas, maTi ganviTarebis pirobebs,
the Hive. The Hive and the Honey Bee.2010. daavadebaTa klinikur niSnebs, di-
p. 928-977 agnozis meTodebs, profilaqtikisa
10. А.Гречка Производство качественного da mkurnalobis xerxebs. AqveTavSi
маточного молочка... в условиях aRwerilia saqarTvelos teritori-
Украинской ССР Ж.Пчеловодство,1990: aze met-naklebad gavrcelebuli
12,54-56 daavadebebi.
11, ГОСТ 28888-90 ,,Молочко маточное
пчелиное” baqteriozebi. evropuli (TavRia
bartyis) sidample 3-4 dRis asakis
bartyis daavadebaa. daavadebuli
ojaxebi 20-80%-iT nakleb Tafls da
orjer nakleb cvils iZlevian, xo-
lo bartyis farTobi mcirdeba 34-
45%-iT.
aRmZvreli: erTi an ramdenime saxis
mikrobi: plutoni da apisi (strep-
tokoki), alvei (bacila) da sxva. isini
garemoSi cxovelmyofelobas
didxans inarCuneben, rac
damokidebulia aRmZvrelis saxeobaze,
Tavi VI formaze (vegetatiuri, sporovani),
Ffutkris daavadebebi temperaturaze, tenianobasa da sxva
faqtorebze. sxvadasxva formebi 600C-
Ddaavadebebis klasifikacia eti- ze da zeviT male iRupebian. cvilSi
ologiis (gamomwvevi mizezebis) 1200C-ze alveis bacila iRupeba 2
MmixedviT saaTSi.
paTogenuroba: aRmZvrelebis sxva-
Ffutkris daavadebebSi sami ZiriTadi
dasxva formebi erTimeoris paToge-
jgufi gamoiyofa:
nurobas aZliereben (sinergizmi).
epizootiuri monacemebi: daavadebis vilad viTardeba sustsa da moSim-
wyaro xdeba daRupuli bartyi. budis Sile, SxamqimikatebiT mowam- lul,
SigniT mas avrceleben ZiZa futkrebi, dauTbunebel ojaxebSi. daavadeba
gareT ki moxetiale futkrebi, mam- maqsimalurad viTardeba intensiuri
lebi da krazanebi. daavadeba vrcel- Ralianobis dasawyisSi, Tumca Semdeg
deba daavadebulidan jansaR ojaxSi sustdeba, magram SemdgomSi (susti
fiWebis gadadgmiT, gausterilebeli Rala an uRaloba) xelaxla iCens
skis gamoyenebiT, daavadebuli Tavs da arsebobs bartyis gaqrobamde.
ojaxebidan warmoebuli dedebisa da daavadebuli ojaxebis zamTroba
nayrebis gavrcelebiT. cudad mimdinareobs. ojaxi adre
paTogenezi: daavadebis aRmZvreli gazafxulze nela viTardeba, Tumca
mravldeba Sua nawlavSi, arRvevs klinikurad daavadeba SeiZleba arc
peritroful membranas (Shimanuki, et al., SeiniSnebodes.
2010). sakvebTan erTad nawlavSi mox-
vedrisas gadadis hemolimfaSi da
iwvevs septicemias. ufrosi Taobis bartyis daavadeba
klinikurad SeiZleba parkuWa
bartyisaSi avurioT. SeiZleba
evropuli sidample am daava-
debebTan Sereuli formiTac mim-
dinareobdes. mozrdil futkar- Si
daavadebis gamo SeniSnavT saerTo
modunebas, muSaobis daqveiTebul
unars, ojaxis daucvelobas,
futkris naadrev cveTas.
Bbacila alvei
daavadebis niSnebi: daavadeba vlinde-

ba adre gazafxulsa da zafxulSi.
igi mimdinareobs bartyis daRupviT,
rasac advilad davadgenT ojaxis
daRupvis Semdeg sxeuli rbili

konsistenciisaa, advilad ixeva
da ujredidan mTlianad gamotana Eevropuli sidampliT daavadebuli
bartyi
SeuZlebelia. gamoSrobisas war-
moiqmneba muqi yavisferi fufxi, bartyis daavadebis pirveli niSnebia:
romelsac sapreparacio nemsiT an gazrdili moZraoba da ujredSi
pincetiT advilad gamoiRebT. da- bunebrivi mdgomareobis cvlilebebi,
sawyisSi suns ver igrZnobT, bzinvarebisa da moqnilobis dakargva,
Semdeg igi simJavis suns iZens, gayviTleba. am dros kani gamWvirvale
rac dampali vaSlis suns gva- xdeba, sxeulis SigniT Cans Sua
gonebs. daavadebuli bartyi nawlavi, romelic moruxo-TeTri an
aWrelebulia, ujredis saxuravi yviTel-TeTri SigTavsiTaa savse, kar-
muqdeba da ixvriteba. gad Cans traqeebi.
daTvalierebisas. misi intensivoba
meryeobs 10-50%-ze meti daRupuli
bartyis raodenobiT erT fiWaze, ad-
Aamerikuli sidample zrdasruli durglo webos suniT. ujredis sax-
bartyis infeqciuri daavadebaa, Cnde- uravi Cavardnilia, muqi da ixvriteba.
ba zafxulSi, ufro iSviaTad gazaf- 20-30 dRis Semdeg gaxrwnili bartyi
xulze. Sreba mkvriv fufxad da magrad
ekvris ujredis qveda kedels. fut-
kari aseT ujreds ver asufTavebs,
axal bartys gverdiT ujredebSi
zrdis, amitom bartyi aWrelebulia.
futkari dune xdeba, naadrevad cvde-
ba. futkris ukmarisobis gamo
B larves bacila ojaxebi xSirad iRupeba zafxulSi,
nawili ki - zamTarSi,.
aRmZvrelia sporis warmomSobi,
gramdadebiTi Cxiri, larves bacila. winaswari diagnozi xdeba klinikuri
misi sporebi gamZlea fizikuri da niSnebis safuZvelze, sabolood:
qimiuri zemoqmedebisadmi, gansakuT- klinikuri niSnebiT, aseve mikros-
rebiT cvilSi. miwis gamSral fenaSi kopuli, baqteriologiuri da se-
spora sicocxlisunariania 228 dRe, rologiuri gamokvlevebiT.
TaflSi - weliwadze met xans. Mmzis
brZolis RonisZiebebi: karantini 5-7
sxivebi mSral, Tavisufal sporas
km_is radiusiT, adreul stadiaze
klavs 28-41 saaTSi. spora 900C-ze wy-
daavadebuli ojaxebis mospobiT (SO2
alSi iRupeba 3 saaTis Semdeg, 950C-ze
an formalini), inventaris dezin-
- 1 saaTSi, 1270C -ze 2,5 atm orTqlis
feqciiT.
wnevis pirobebSi. (avtoklavi)-2
saaTSi.
paTogenuroba: davaddeba futkris

samuSe bartyi, sadede da samamle_ ki
Zalze iSviaTad. bartyisTvis paTo-
genuria mxolod sporebi. Bbartyi
avaddeba inficirebuli TafliT da
WeoTi. sainkubacio periodi 2-7 dRes
grZeldeba, amitom daavadeba Tavs
iCens mxolod gadabeWdil bartySi. amerikuli sidampliT daavadebuli
bartyiani fiWa
Eepizootiuri monacemebi: daavadeba
RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi inventaris
gadadis mkvdari bartyidan skis Sig-
sadezinfeqciod: dezinfeqciis
niT momuSave futkrebis mier. Zi-
Catareba 10%-iani wyalbadis zeJangiT
riTadad vrceldeba inficirebuli
da 3%-iani formaldehidiT an
skebisa da inventaris gamoyenebiT, 2
ZmarmJaviT (1 l 1 m farTobze, sam-
agreTve inficirebuli cvilidan
jeradad, 1 saaTis SualediT).
damzadebuli xelovnuri fiWiT,
futkris mavnebeli mwerebis mier, ama- daavadebul CarCoebs da fiWebs
naTnayrebis gavrcelebiT da sxv. gaukeTeT dezinfeqcia (5%-iani JCL-
daavadebis niSnebi: maT SeniSnavT bu- iT an 3%-iani wyalbadis zeJangiT
dis xilvisas. daRupuli bartyi + 3%-iani WianWvelmJavaTi).
ixrwneba, dadebulia ujredis Ziris dezinfeqcia CautareT wvril
siaxloves, qveda kedelze, SigTavsi safutkre inventars (3%-iani wyal-
blantia, welvadi, xdeba yavisferi da badis zeJangi, xarSva 3%-ian
bolos muqi wabla, gamdnari sa- kalcinirebul sodaSi 30 wuTiT),
agreTve safutkris teritorias. Tafli, maRali tenianoba. misi ganvi-
daavadebuli ojaxebis mkurnaloba Tarebis optimaluri temperaturaa 25-
CaatareT 50%-iani samkurnalo si- 300C.
rofiT: 1 l-ze 1-2 g natriumis
norsulfazolis damatebiT; 400
aTasi erTeuli neomicini, an
eriTromicini, an oqsitetra- ci-
klini da sxv. daavadebuli
ojaxebidan miRebuli Tafli
mWidrod Tavdaxufuli SeinaxeT
da mxolod saWmelad gamoiyeneT.
aSS-Si sidampleebis winaaRmdeg
mxolod marilmJava oqsitetra- ci-
klini (teramicini) aris mkurna-
lobisa da profilaq- tikisaTvis. am
mizniT natriumis norsulfazoli aR-
ar aris nebadarTuli. safutkre in-
ventaris dasamuSaveblad iyeneben ko-
balt-60-iT dasxivebas (Studier, 1958) an
eTilenis JangiT (Michael,1964; Shimanuki
et al.,1967), agreTve aCqarebuli
eleqtronebiT damuSavebas (Shimanuki et
al.,1984).
Fgarda amisa, am qveyanaSi sidamp-
Pparatifis aRmZvrelebi
leebis winaaRmdeg futkris damuSave-
ba xdeba Saqris fqvilisa da terami- paTogenezi. Fgamomwvevi futkris or-
cinis narevis SefrqveviT (CarCos ganizmSi xvdeba binZur wyalTan er-
xeda Tamasebze), romelsac futkari Tad. gamoyofili toqsinebi wamlavs
swrafad iTvisebs. Ees meTodi Zalze futkars, zogjer hemolimfaSi gadad-
martivia da swrafi. preparatis CarT- is da septicemiis ganviTarebas
va xdeba comisebur nazavSi: Saqris uwyobs xels. inkubaciuri periodi
fqvili +teramicini +myari mcenareu-
moicavs 8-14 dRes (Полтев. 1948). sxva
li cximi, romelSic teramicini
avtorebs gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba
didxans inarCunebs aqtivobas, xolo
aqvT (3-5-dRe, cit. v. stefaniSvilis
Taflis dabinZurebis safrTxe mini-
mixedviT 2012).
maluria (Jilliam a. Argauer, 1975, cit. H. daavadebis niSnebi: igi gamovlindeba
Shimanuki et, al., 2010 mixedviT). zamTrobis bolos da gazafxulze.
Hhafniozi (paratifi). zrdasruli daavadebuli futkari mousvenrobs,
futkris infeqciuri daavadeba. igi xmaurobs, frTebi ukankalebs, muceli
zamTrobis bolos da gazafxulze gaberili aqvs, gamoyofs myral,
futkris daRupviT mimdinareobs. webovan, gaTxelebul yavisfer ga-
Mmisi gamomwvevi Bact. Hafnia Alvei navals. nawlavebi gaberilia da aRe-
gavrcelebulia mecxoveleobis fer- niSneba faRaraTi.
mebTan axlos datboril wylebSi, diagnozi dgeba daavadebuli an
sadac Caedineba daavadebul cxovel- momakvdavi futkris SigTavsis an
Ta Sardsa da ganavals gamoyolili hemolimfis baqteriologiuri ana-
mikroorganizmebi. isini Tavs iCenen liziT, amasTan unda gamoiTiSos
wvimian da cvalebad amindebSi, an Tu msgavsi klinikuri niSnebis mqone sxva
budeSi aRiniSneba manana da TavRia
daavadebebi: septicemia, nozematozi,
mananaTi da pesticidebiT mowamvla.
profilaqtika da brZolis Ro-
nisZiebebi. dauSvebelia safutkris
ganTavseba mecxoveleobisa da me-
frinveleobis fermebTan 1 km-ze ax-
los, agreTve saZovarze cxovelTa
sadgomis siaxloves; moamarageT fut-
kari mtknari da maril- damatebuli
wyliT, aseve xarisxiani sakvebiT. parkuWa bartyi
daavadebul ojaxebs sakvebi unda
mieces antibiotikebis (strepto-
micini, levomicetini, neomicini)
CamatebiT, Semdegi sqemis mixedviT:
mkurnalobis I kursi _ streptomicini
100 aTasi erTeuli, neomicini 100
aTasi erTeuli, levomicetini 0,1 g;
II kursi _ streptomicini 150 aTasi
erTeuli, neomicini 150 aTasi er-
Teuli, levomicetini 0,2 g. TiToeuli
doza ixsneba 100 ml anaduRar, 250C-
mde gacivebul wyalSi, gulmodgined fiWa parkuWa bartyiT
aireva axalmomzadebul Saqris si- aRmZvrelia virusi, romelic itans
rofSi da TiToeul ojaxs eZleva 0,5 gamoSrobas, eTerisa da qloro-
litris odenobiT. samkurnalo kveba formis moqmedebas. igi iRupeba
unda Catardes 3-jer 3_dRiani wylian suspenziaSi 590C-ze 10 wuTis
SualedebiT. cvili unda damuSavdes Semdeg, mzeze _ 4-7 saaTis Semdeg.
im reJimiT, rac rekomendebulia epizootiuri monacemebi. Ggavrce-
amerikuli sidamplis dros. daa- lebulia yvelgan. avaddeba futkris
vadebuli ojaxebidan miRebuli Taf- ojaxis yvela wevri matlobis stadi-
lis gayidva SeiZleba 3-Tviani aSi, yvelaze metad ki 2-3 dRis asakis
Senaxvis Semdeg. skebi da sxva inven- bartyi. yvelaze xSirad daavadeba
tari meqanikuri gawmendis Semdeg un- Cndeba gazafxulsa da zafxulis I
da damuSavdes (doza 1 l/m2) CamoT- naxevarSi (ivnisi). ufro Zlierad
vlili preparatebidan erT-erTiT: avaddebian saSualo da susti
mwvave natriumis 3%-iani, 700-iani ojaxebi. Ralianobis dawyebasTan er-
xsnariT (xangrZlivoba 2 saaTi); for- Tad daavadeba qreba, Tavs iCens xe-
maldehidis tutis Tbili (300C) laxla Semodgomasa da gazafxulze.
xsnariT, romelic Seicavs 3% for- daavadebis gadadeba xdeba daa-
maldehids da 3% mwvave natriums vadebuli mozrdili futkridan an
(xangrZlivoba 3 saaTi). damuSavebis ojaxidan jansaR ojaxSi fiWebis
Semdeg safutkre inventars recxaven gadadgmiT. daavadebul ojaxSi deda
wyliT da aSroben. futkris SecvliT daavadeba xSirad
parkuWa bartyi aris embrionis qreba.
Wuprobiswina daavadeba. daavadebis niSnebi: bartyi fiWaze
araTanabaria, aWrelebuli, Wupriani,
ujredis saxuravi xSirad
mocilebuli, an cotaTi Cazneqilia
erTi-ori naxvretiT, SigniT gawel-
ili mkvdari bartyia, romelic zurg- samuSe TavRia bartyisa da Wupris
ze wevs mTeli ujredis sigrZeze. daavadebaa.
ujredidan gamoRebis dros bartyis aRmZvrelia soko askosfera. is ufro
sxeuli tomrisebria, gavsebulia xSirad aavadebs 3-4-dRian bartys, ro-
marcvlovani, mRvrie-TeTri siTxiT. melic mumificirebis Semdeg carcis
SemdgomSi bartyis Tavi muqdeba, misi an kiris marcvals mogvagonebs. in-
segmentacia qreba, siTxis moculoba ventarsa da produqtebSi 4-wliani
diddeba, bartyi yavisferi xdeba, Senaxvis Semdegac ki soko mdgradia
sxeulis SigTavsi webovani da garemo pirobebisadmi. daavadeba
uformoa. bartyi muqi-yavisferia, an SeiZleba iyos bartyis gamozrdis
Savi, xmeba da fufxi iRebs naxe- mTel periodSi. mozrdilebi am so-
varmTvarisebr formas, igi zurgiT koTi ar avaddebian, magram misi gad-
wevs ujredis kedelze, romelsac ad- amtanebi arian. daavadeba Cndeba anti-
vilad movacilebT. mkvdari TavRia bioti- kebis ukontrolo xmarebis da
bartyis farTobi TandaTan izrdeba, futkris Senaxvis wesebis darRvevi-
ojaxi sustdeba. neqtris Semotanas- sas, agreTve haeris temperaturis
Tan erTad ojaxis daavadebis niSnebi mkveTri ryevis, gazrdili tenianobis,
qreba. sakvebSi cilis deficitis dros.
daavadeba xSirad mimdinareobs daavadeba ganapirobebs bartyis
evropul sidamplesTan erTad, magram raodenobis Semcirebas da ojaxis
sulfanilamiduri preparatebiT da produqtiulobis daqveiTebas.
antibiotikebiT mkurnalobisas
futkris ojaxSi Zlierdeba parkuWa
bartyis gaCena.
paTologiuri masalis aReba: fiWis
naWeri 20-30 ujrediT, romelSic
daRupuli bartyia, igzavneba labor-
atoriuli diagnostikisaTvis.
askosferoziT daavadebuli bartyi
brZolis RonisZiebebi:
ojaxebs bude SeumWidroveT da

dauTbuneT, uzrunvelyaviT srul-
fasovani naxSirwylovani da ci-
lovani sakvebis maragi, dedebi
SecvaleT, skebs, tixrebs da fi-
Webs dezinfeqcia CautareT (0,5 l
xsnari 1 m2 farTobze): 4%-iani wy- fiWa askosferoziani bartyiT
albadis zeJangiT; 5%-iani ni-
epizootiuri monacemebi. daavadeba
traniT; 1%-iani formaldehidiT 3-
ufro xSirad iCens Tavs teniani
saaTiani eqspoziciiT. fiWebi gada-
klimatis qveynebSi. misi
adneT wylis abazanaSi 700C-ze 70
gavrcelebis wyaroa: daavadebuli
wuTis ganmavlobaSi, an gaaster-
da mkvdari bartyi, dainficirebuli
ileT 1110C-ze (0,5 atm 30 wuTis inventari da sakvebi, agreTve daa-
ganmavlobaSi). vadebuli deda futkrebi da ama-
askosferozi (pericistomikozi, naTnayrebi.
Cakiruli bartyi) samamle, sadede da
paTogenozi. daavadebis aRmZvreli da gaaSreT. carieli fiWebi daamuSa-
sakvebsa da wyalTan erTad xvdeba veT SesxurebiT zemoT- motanili
nawlavebSi. miceliumi viTardeba pirveli da meore xsnariT, imave
mTel sxeulSi da gareT, faravs bar- eqspoziciiT, Semdeg garecxeT da
tys TeTrad. bartyi ibereba da mTel gaaSreT. danarCeni fiWebi gadaadneT,
ujreds avsebs. ujredis gadabeWdvis gamonadnobi da cuxi dawviT. li-
Semdeg soko saxuravze amodis. Tonis inventari daamuSaveT formal-
bartyi gamoSreba da moTeTro, car- dehidis tute xsnariT (10%-iani for-
cisebr masad gadaiqceva. maldehidi + 5%-iani mwvave natri),
Semdeg garecxeT da gaaSreT.
daavadebis niSnebi. askosferozi
ufro xSirad viTardeba gazafxul- askosferozis sawinaaRmdegod
zafxulis periodSi, roca bartyi SeiZleba gamoiyenoT Semdegi
aris budeSi (susti ojaxebi). bartyis preparatebi: nistatinis fxvnili
boloze warmoiqmneba sokos an abi, nitrofungini, askocini,
miceliumi ruxi safarvlis saxiT. dikobini, asko, askozoli, larvas-
ani, mikosani da sxv. TandarTuli
bartyi ujredis kedels ar ekvris.
instruqciis Sesaba- misad.
profilaqtika. safutkreSi unda iy-
olioT Zlieri ojaxebi, budeebis A aspergilozi (gaqvavebuli bartyi)
kargad daTbunebiT, ventilirebis infeqciuri daavadebaa, romlis gam-
saSualebiT, xarisxiani kvebiT, jan- omwvevi mizezi sokoa (Aspergillus flavus,
saR ojaxebs antibiotikebs ar aspergillus niger, aspergillus fumigatus,
aZleven. Полтев, 1948, Гробов 1987, cit.
brZolis RonisZiebebi. askoferozis v.stefaniSvilis mixedviT), mravldeba
mkurnalobis ZiriTadi saSualebaa mkvdar substratze, mtvrianebSi, sai-
veterinarul-sanitaruli RonisZi- danac futkars is skaSi Seaqvs.
ebebis mkacri dacva. fiWebi daa- Ddainficireba xdeba neqtridan da
vadebuli bartyiT da WeoTi amoiReT yvavilis mtvridan, agreTve in-
budidan da gadaadneT. gamowurul ficirebul futkarTan kontaqtis
Tafls futkars nu miscemT. daa- pirobebSi. soko aqtiurad viTardeba
vadebul ojaxebSi carieli skebi da 20-450C da 95-100% fardobiTi teniano-
inventari Cveulebrivad gaasterileT, bis pirobebSi. xelSemwyobi pirobebia
budeebi futkars daukompleqteT agreTve: skebis dalageba daCrdilul
dezinfi- cirebuli skebiT da fi- adgilas, niadagis siaxloves. soko
WebiT, daavadebuli ojaxebi gadai- gavrcelebulia yvelgan, daavadeba
yvaneT axal budeze. gvxvdeba dasavleT saqarTvelos
daavadebuli futkris ojaxebis skebi, raionebSi adre gazafxulze, zafx-
CarCoebi da sxv. xis inventari meqani- ulis periodSi _ xangrZlivi wvimis
kuri gasufTavebis Semdeg unda da- dros.
muSavdes erT-erTi sadezinfeqcio
saSualebiT, orjerad, 1-saaTiani
SualediT: wyalbadis zeJangis 10%-
iani xsnari + 0,5%-iani WianWvelmJava
(eqspozicia 4 saaTi, pirveli da-
muSavebidan); iodis qloridis 10%-
iani xsnari (5 saaTi); formaldehidis
tute xsnari (15% formaldehidi +5%
mwvave natri, 6 saaTi). Ddezinfi-
cirebis Semdeg inventari garecxeT
asp. flavus-s moyviTalo-momwvano ko-
lonia (miceliumi).
brZolis RonisZiebebi
daavadebuli masala skidan amoi-

ReT frTxilad ise, rom miceliumi
ar gavrceldes sxva ojaxebze.
Mmeqanikuri gawmendis Semdeg skebi
gamowviT sarCilavi lampiT, ni-
adagi skis garSemo dabareT 10-15
sm-is siRrmeze da daamuSaveT 4%-
iani formaliniT (10 l/m2). susti
daavadebis dros bartyiani fiWebi
Aaspergilozis aRmZvreli
da saTbunebeli masala dawviT.
fiWebi gadaitaneT sufTa, mSral,
dezinficirebul skebSi da
moamarageT futkari xarisxiani
sakvebiT. sxva futkris sakvebad nu
gamoiyenebT daavadebuli
ojaxebidan miRebul Taflsa da
Weos.
A
aspergilozis dros futkris mkur-
naloba unda Catardes sokovani daa-
vadebebis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli
Ggaqvavebuli bartyi preparatebiT (askosani, unisani, miko-
sani da sxva), instruqciebis Sesabami-
klinikuri niSnebi. am daavadebis sad.
dros xSirad iRupeba bartyi, zogjer
ki zrdasruli futkaric. mkvdari em- sakontrolo SekiTxvebi
brionebi iWmuWneba, magrdeba, ekargeba
1. romeli mikrobi iwvevs
segmentacia, moyviTalo xdeba, sxeuli
amerikuli sidamplis gaCenas
ifareba moruxo moyviTalo mwvane
da ra simptomebi axlavs mas?
nadebiT, gaqvavebulia da ujredidan
2. Bbartyis evropuli sidamplis
Tavisuflad amoiReba. futkari jer
aRmZvreli mikrobi da misi
mousvenrobs, Semdeg sustdeba,
gamravlebis xelSemwyobi
muceli mkvrivi, gamagrebuli aqvs,
pirobebi
cocavs skis siaxloves, sokosgan
3. sidampleTa ganviTarebis mim-
gamoyofili toqsiniT ixoceba in-
dinareoba futkris ojaxSi
ficirebidan me-2-4 dRes.
4. mkurnalobis meTodebi qarTul
diagnozi dgindeba klinikuri
praqtikaSi da aSS-Si;
niSnebiT, mikroskopuli da mikolo-
5. inventaris dezinfeqciis
giuri gamokvleviT (mkvdari bartyis
meTodebi sidampleebis dros;
sxeulidan afxekili masalis 100-500-
6. saidan xvdeba futkris or-
jer gadidebiT mikroskopSi). sufTa
ganizmSi Hafnia alvei da rogor
kultura miiReba Capekis agarze peni-
viTardeba iq?
cilinis an strep- tomicinis
7. riT mkurnaloben hafniozs da
damatebiT. 25-300C temperaturaze,
rogori reJimiT?
kultivaciidan 3 dRis Semdeg Cndeba
8. ra iwvevs futkris ojaxSi
parkuWa bartyis gaCenas? meurneobaSi.
9. romeli preparati iwvevs
parkuWa bartyis daavadebis
I.Nnozematozi zrdasruli futk-
gaZlierebas?
ris daavadebaa.Mmisi gamomwvevia er-
10. romeli organizmi iwvevs
Tujrediani paraziti Nosema apis
askosferozs, aspergilozs?
Zander. Aam saxis daavadebebSi nozema
11. daaxasiaTeT am daavadebebis
gavrcelebis masStabiT bevrad us-
klinikuri niSnebi!
wrebs danarCenebs (Nixon, 1982).
12. ra preparatebiT mkurnaloben
aRmZvrelis Nosema apis Zander
futkris sokovan daavadebebs?
parazitis axali zrdasruli sporebi
Ggamoyenebuli literatura: ovaluri, kvercxisebri formisaa.
0
futkari avaddeba 10_37 C tempera-
1. v.stefaniSvili futkris biologia turaze, nozemis ganviTarebis opti-
da movla-patronoba, 2012 mumia + 310C.
2. H.Shimanuki et al. Diseases and Pests of
Honey Bees. The Hive and the Honey Bee,
2010
3. K. Delaplane First Lessons in Beekeeping,
2007
4. О.Гробов, А.Смирнов, E.Попов Болезни и
вредители медоносных пчел.,М,1987
2) futkris invaziuri daavadebebi
gasuli saukunis meore naxevridan

mefutkris farTod gavrcelda Zalze
saSiSi daavadebebi, romlebmac
sakmaod daazarala es dargi. imis mi-
uxedavad, rom ganvlil periodSi
SemuSavebul iqna maT winaaRmdeg
sakmaod efeqturi samkurnalo saSu- erTujrediani paraziti Nozema apis
alebebi, mefutkris saqmianobaSi am
daavadebaTa kontrols da droulad futkris mier gadaylapuli spora
mkurnalobas erT-erTi umTavresi naxevar saaTSi nawlavSia, sadac mis-
adgili ukavia. gan warmoqmnili sporoplazma
nawlavis epiTeliumis ujredSi xvde-
am qveTavSi Tqven gaecnobiT ba da iq amTavrebs Tavis ganviTare-
yvelaze gavrcelebul invaziur bas. am sporebis sicocxlisunariano-
daavadebebs, maTi aRmZvrelebis ba fiWebze 3 Tvidan 2 wlamde mer-
biologias, klinikurad daavade- yeobs, gamowurul TaflSi _ 30 dRi-
baTa dadgenis meTodebs, labora- dan 10 wlamde. isini iRupebian 57-650C
toriaSi gasagzavni nimu- Sebis 10-15-wuTiani gacxelebiT. daavadeba
momzadebis wesebs, Catarebuli an- Tavs iCens gazafxulze, ufro iSvi-
alizis safuZvelze pro- aTad _ Semodgomaze. futkris maso-
filaqtikuri da samkurnalo Ro- briv daxocvas paraziti iwvevs 3-5
nisZiebebis gatarebas safutkre weliwadSi erTxel. misi ganviTarebis
xelSemwyobi pirobebia: haeris tem-
peraturis zrda da misi mkveTri mer-
yeoba, zamTarSi futkris mousven-
roba, dagvianebuli gazafxuli,
civi, xangrZlivi, wvimiani an qariani
amindi, skis SigniT gazrdili teni-
anoba, cilovani sakvebis ukmarisoba
zamTrobis win, amave periodSi Saqris
didi raodenobis micema futkrisTvis,
mananisa da pesticidebis (sub-
toqsikuri dozebi) Semcveloba
sazamTre sakvebSi, futkris organiz-
mis mdgradobis daqveiTeba (mowamvla,
sxva daavadebis arseboba da sxv.).
invaziis wyaroa daavadebuli fut- jansaRi da daavadebuli futkris Sua
kari. sporebi aris futkris sxeulze, nawlavi
skis kedlebze, fiWebze, TaflSi, skis wina mxare, safreni da fiWebi
WeoSi, wyalSi, niadagsa da mcena- dabinZurebulia fekaliT, futkari
reulobaze. mis gavrcelebas xels modunebulia, frena ki araaqtiuri,
uwyobs futkris moZraoba safutkre- saTafle produqtiuloba mcirdeba
Si, fiWebis gadadgma daavadebulidan (36-50%), ojaxi cudad viTardeba,
jansaR ojaxSi, ojaxebis gaerTianeba, bartyi Semcirebulia 4-8-jer,
bevri futkris Tavmoyra erT sa- dadebuli kvercxis 10-20% iRupeba,
futkreSi. futkris sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 2-
paTogenezi. Tavdapirvelad avaddeba jer mcirdeba. futkari xSirad
Sua nawlavis epiTeliumis sekre- masobrivad iRupeba, SeimCneva sxva
toruli ujredebi, Semdeg regenera- daavadebebis gaCenac.
ciuli epiTeliumi. am dros mcirdeba
sekrecia fermentebis, romlebiTac
xdeba naxSirwylebis daSla, mkveTrad
klebulobs cximovani sxeulis zoma
da masSi azotis Semcveloba, xaxis
jirkvlebi da kunTebi atrofirdeba
(Wang a. Meller, 1971), iSleba
peritrofuli membrana, hemolimfaSi
iWreba paTogenuri mikroflora, vi-
Tardeba septicemia.
daavadebis niSnebi. zamTrobaSi my- Nnozematozis Sedegi
ofi daavadebuli futkari
mousvenradaa, xmaurobs, skidan gam- diagnozi. daavadeba zustad dgindeba
odis da iRupeba; izrdeba laboratoriulad, sadac gzavniT
moxmarebuli sakvebis (Weo da Tafli) aranakleb 30 mkvdar da cocxal fut-
raodenoba, rasac mosdevs uneblie kars. mikroskopulad isazRvreba no-
defekacia (faRaraTi); pirveli saga- zemis sporebis raodenoba.
zafxulo gamomRera ar aris or-
ganizebuli. futkari dacocavs skis profilaqtika
garSemo. upirvelesad gaaumjobeseT
movla_Senaxvis pirobebi, kerZod:
daTbuneba, sufTa skebi, inventari,
fiWebi, sakvebis xarisxi, gazafx-  Termulad damuSavdes Senoba 480-ze
ulze sakvebis micema cilovani 24 saaTs, an 42-450C da 40-60% far-
danamatebiT (safuari, Zroxis rZe), dobiTi tenianobiT 4-8 dRis peri-
zamTris maragSi gazardeT Taf- odSi. tansacmeli, pirbade, safari
lisa da Weos Semcveloba. sa- tilo da sxva inventari ixarSeba
futkreSi iyolieT daavadebisadmi 20-30 wuTs.
gamZle futkari, axali deda
futkrebiT daakompleqteT mkurnaloba.
ojaxebi.
futkris samkurnalod gamoiyeneT
brZolis RonisZiebebi. fumagilini ДЦГ an fumidil B, 20
Aamerikel mkvlevarTa azriT (Shi- g preparati 5 ojaxze. 25 l 50%-
manuki et al, 2010) nozematozis mkur- ian sirofSi gaxseniT, TiToeul
nalobisas mefutkrem unda ganax- ojaxs yoveldRiurad mieciT 250
orcielos oTxi ZiriTadi opera- ml sirofi. Zlieri invaziis dros
cia: movla-patronobis doza gaaormageT. saerTo jamSi
gaumjobeseba, qimioTerapia, safutkris ojaxs mieciT 13 g fum-
futkre inventaris damuSaveba agilini saSualod.
preparatis fumigaciiT, agreTve
sirofSi CarTuli preparati ufro
misi Termuli sterilizacia.
efeqturia, vidre Saqris fqvilSi an
daicaviT futkris Senaxvis higien-
kandSi Sereuli. aSS-Si miaCniaT, rom
is wesebi, ar dauSvaT futkris
nozematozis winaaRmdeg mxolod
qurdoba, sustidan Zlier ojaxSi
fumagilini an fumidil B aris yur-
fiWebis gadadgma, gamoavlineT
adsaRebi (Shimanuki et al,2010).
daavadebuli ojaxebi, nimuSebi
nozematozis winaaRmdeg samkur-
gagzavneT veterinarul labora-
nalod aseve rekomendebulia:
toriaSi Sesamowmeblad.
_ sulfadimezini-2 1 g/1 l sirofze,
brZolis RonisZiebebis Tanmim- TiToeul ojaxze 0,5 l 3-4-jer 4-5
devroba: dRis SualediT an Saqris fqvilTan
Sereuli, CarCoebze SefrqveviT;
 gaukeTeT skebs yovelwliurad _ nozematoli, CarCoebs Soris
dezinfeqcia (200 g 80%-iani yinu- aerozolis nakadis CasxurebiT 1,5
lovani ZmarmJava 12_CarCoian skaze wamis ganmavlobaSi, 3-jer, 3-4 dRis
3 dRis ganmavlobaSi, 16-180C temper- SualediT, garemoSi 160C tempera-
aturaze); turaze (v. stefaniSvili, 2012).
 ganaxorcieleT carieli an sak- 2. varoatozi (varoozi) mozrdili
vebiani fiWebis dezinfeqcia 33%- futkrisa da misi bartyis invaziuri
iani ZmarmJaviT mTeli zamTris daavadebaa, romelsac tkipi varoa
ganmavlobaSi, maTi aeracia 20-48 iakobsoni iwvevs. tkipi meTafle
saaTis ganmavlobaSi. SeiZleba futkarze gadavida induri giganturi
agreTve gamoiyenoT: eTilenis Jangi futkridan da kargad Seegua axal
(1000 mg/l, 48 saaTs, 430C), an eTile- garemos, gavrcelda mTel
nis Jangisa da bromiani meTilis msoflioSi, avstraliis garda.
narevi SefardebiT 1:25, daavadebaSi yuradRebas ZiriTadad
3
1500_2000g/m , eqspozicia 72 saaTi iqcevs dedali tkipi, romelsac
10-280C da fardobiTi tenianoba 36- arseboba da gavrceleba SeuZlia
89%; futkris gareSe, agreTve zamTrobis
dros mozrdil futkarzec.
Ddaavadebis gamomwvevi dedali paTogenozi. tkipi intensiurad
tkipi yavisferi an muqi yavisferia, mravldeba bartySi, ikvebeba misi
kargad Cans SeuiaraRebeli Tvali- hemolimfiT, riTac fitavs am
Tac. ukanasknels.
daavadebis niSnebi. aRiniSneba

bartyis daRupva, zrdasruli
futkris damaxinjeba, safrenis win
SeiniSneba fiWidan gamoyrili bartyi.
daavadebuli futkari ver frens, Zirs
dacocavs, frTebi gamrudebuli aqvs,
mamali futkari ver uwyvildeba
dedas, maTi ricxvi mkveTrad
mcirdeba, maTgan 40%-is sxeuli
damaxinjebulia, dedis kvercxdeba
araTanabaria da fiWebze gafantuli.
futkris segmentTaSoris naz

qsovilze paraziti wina fexebiT
akeTebs Wrilobas da hemolimfas
iRebs mCxvletav_mwuwnavi piris
aparatiT, rac iwvevs futkris tkipisagan damaxinjebuli embrioni
hemolimfis paTologiur cvlilebebs
misi formiani elementebis naadrevi invazirebuli futkari didxans ver
daberebiT. am dros mcirdeba saerTo cocxlobs, cudad frens, wuxs,
cilis Semcveloba, izrdeba narCeni parazitisgan ver Tavisufldeba da
azotis raodenoba, xaxis jirkvlebisa bolos kvdeba. am dros ojaxi cudad
da cximovani sxeulis ganviTareba viTardeba, sakvebs ver agrovebs,
mcirdeba, rac Sesabamisad amoklebs iZarcveba Zlieri ojaxebis mxridan.
futkris sicocxlisunarianobas. futkari Ralianobis damTavrebis
tkipis raodenoba gazafxulze Semdeg xSirad tovebs skas. tkipi
minimaluria, izrdeba zafxulis gazafxulidan Semodgomamde parazi-
periodSi da maqsimums aRwevs tobs samuSe bartyze, zafxulSi - sa-
Semodgomaze (Shimanuki et al,2010), mamleze, zamTrobis dros ki -
daavadebuli Wuprebis raodenoba am mozrdil futkarze. daRupuli
dros 80%-s aRwevs. bartyi ixrwneba da ujredidan
Tavisuflad gamoiReba. datkipianebis
epizooturi monacemebi. tkipi
20-30%-is SemTxvevaSi futkris ojaxSi
meTafle futkarze parazitobisas
aSkarad vlindeba daavadeba. aseT
ufro intensiurad mravldeba samamle
SemTxvevaSi igi swrafad ixoceba.
bartyze. misi gavrcelebis ZiriTadi
Saqris sirofiT gviani kvebis dros
wyaroa daavadebuli ojaxi.
(Semodgomaze) susti invaziis Sem-
TxvevaSic ki futkari ixoceba.
diagnozi. yuradReba miaqcieT  saWiroa brZola bunebrivi
futkris budes, skis Zirsa da saf- nayrianobis winaaRmdeg;
rens, agreTve samamle da samuSe bar-  safutkreSi saTanado wesrigi
tys. unda damyardes.
nu iyoliebT sust ojaxebs, nu
daavadebul ojaxebSi aRmoaCenT
gadaanacvlebT fiWebs daava-
rogorc mkvdar, ise cocxal
debuli ojaxebidan sxva skebSi,
tkipebs. am mizniT gamoiyeneT
skebi daalageT qvesadgamze ara-
preparatebi: varoatini, mJaunis
nakleb 30 sm simaRliT, adre
da WianWvelis mJavebi, folbeqsi,
gazafxulze farTod gamoiyeneT
apistani da sxva. damuSavebis win
damatebiTi cilovani sakvebi: Weo
CarCoebs qvemoT dadeT vazel-
da misi Semcvlelebi, indivi-
inwasmuli TeTri qaRaldi. da-
dualuri sakveburebi, sarwyu-
muSavebidan 30 wuTis Semdeg aq
leblebi mtknari da maril-
aRmoaCenT tkipebs. diagnostikis
damatebuli wyliT. samkurnalod
gasaadvileblad TiToeul ojaxSi
gamoiyeneT Tanamedrove maRal-
budis CarCoebidan aiReT 50-100
efeqturi preparatebi: varokomi,
futkari. WurWelSi CaasxiT 700-
folbeqsi, folbeqsi ВА, fumisani,
iani wyali, daamateT 1-2 g sarecxi
apifiti, apistani, bipini, mitaki,
fxvnili da CayareT gamosakvlevi
romlebic sxvadasxva saxiT
futkrebi. intensiurad mourieT
arseboben bazarze, amasTan
kovziT. 1-2 wuTis Semdeg WurWeli
sasurvelia, gamoyenebuli saSua-
dadgiT TeTr fonze da SeamowmeT
lebebi yovelwliurad Seicvalos,
tkipebis raodenoba.
raTa ar moxdes tkipis organizmis
profilaqtika. futkris axali Segueba da gamZle formebis
ojaxebi iqmneba keTilsaimedo Camoyalibeba. gamoyenebuli prepa-
safutkreebSi. sxva adgilebidan ratebi erTmaneTisagan Semadgen-
miRebuli ojaxebi, nayrebi da deda lobiT unda gansxvavdebodes.
futkrebi unda Semowmdes daavadebis tkipTan sabrZolvelad preparatebi
xarisxze. axal ojaxebs asaxleben unda gamoiyenoT: gazafxulze,
qarisagan dacul, mzian adgilze, zafxulis II naxevarSi (ZiriTadi
sistematurad atareben skis dezin- Ralis damTavrebisa da sasaqonlo
feqcias, dezakarizacias, xarisxiani Taflis gamowurvisTanave), Semod-
naxSirwylovani da cilovani sakvebis gomaze - ubartyo periodSi, roca
momaragebiT. daavadebis gamovle- tkipi gadasulia ukve zrdasrul
nasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebuli futkarze da preparatebis moqmedeba
yuradReba unda daeTmos momTabare maqsimalu-ria. amasTan erTad
safut-kreebs. gamoiyeneT brZolis fizikuri
meTodic: tkipis mizidva futkris
brZolis RonisZiebebi. varoatozis mier CamoSenebul bunebriv fiWaSi
winaaRmdeg tardeba kompleqsuri mozard samamle bartySi, romelsac
RonisZiebebi: gadabeWdvisTanave aaTliT nabeWds da
gayinavT macivarSi, rac misi
 unda ganisazRvros arakeTil-
ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
saimedo safutkreebi, romlebsac
futkris sasicocxlo energias
SeeZlebaT mxolod jansaRi
dazogavs. yvela samkurnalo
safutkreebidan sanaSene masalis
preparati gamoiyeneT zustad maTze
miReba, magram TviTon ver gascemen
moqmedi instruqciis Sesabamisad.
aseT masalas;
amasTan, yuradRebiT moekideT sxva
daavadebaTa gamovlenas da maT
winaaRmdeg RonisZiebaTa gatarebas,
radgan bevri maTgani varoatozis
fonze viTardeba.
3. akarapidozi futkris sasunTqi

sistemis invaziuri daavadebaa,
romelsac tkipi acarapis woodi iwvevs.
gavrcelebulia yvela kontinentze,
avstraliis garda (Shimanuki et al, 2010),
tkipebi traqeaSi
braziliaSi registrirebul iqna 1974,
teqsasSi-1984w. varoatozTan erTad
zamTris periodSi tkipi parazitobs
igi Zalze saSiS daavadebebs
futkris frTis fuZesTan. traqeis
ekuTvnis, saqarTveloSi pirvelad
garda igi iWreba patronis sahaero
iqna registrirebuli 1971 wels (v.
tomrebSi.
stefaniSvili, 2012). akarapidoziT
avaddeba futkris ojaxis yvela akarapidozis gavrcelebis wyaroa
jgufis warmomadgeneli, tkipi daavadebuli futkari. tkips SeuZlia
parazitobs mkerdis pirvel wyvil daavadebuli futkridan janmrTelze
traqeaSi, sadac igi Sedis sasunTqi gadasvla (moxetiale futkrebi, xe-
stigmebidan, piris saCxvlet_sawuwni lovnurad Sedgenili nayrebi,
aparatiT arRvevs traqeis kedels da futkris Tavdasxma-qurdoba, Seumow-
hemolimfiT ikvebeba. hemolimfis mebeli nayrebisa da deda futkrebis
gardaqmniT warmoqmnili melaninis SeZena, ukontrolo mTabaroba da
dagrovebas traqeaSi mosdevs sxva).
futkris asfiqsia (mogudva). tkipebi
cocxali patronis organizmSi paTogenezi. daavadeba viTardeba
gamoyofen momwamlav nivTierebebs, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, mis
rac futkris intoqsikacias iwvevs. gavrcelebas xels uwyobs xangrZlivi
tkipebis raodenoba maqsimums aRwevs zamTari (futkrebis mWidro ur-
Semodgomasa da zamTarSi (Shimanuki et TierTSorisi kontaqti), uamindoba
al,2010). gazafxulze, safutkris ganlageba
nestian, Waobian adgilze. erT fut-
karze SeiZleba parazitobdes 150-mde
tkipi. mkvdar futkars tovebs
tkipebis 10%, danarCeni iRupeba.
epizooturi monacemebi. tkipi

swrafad mravldeba dablob, nestian
adgilebSi mobinadre futkarSi. maR-
al adgilebSi (800 m-ze maRla) fut-
kari SeiZleba gajansaRdes TviTon.
yvelaze advilad avaddeba susti
ojaxis futkari, sadac rezistentoba
daqveiTebulia. Ffutk- ris ojaxSi
tkipi akarapis vudi
tkipis srul ganviTarebas sWirdeba 3-
5 weli.
daavadebis niSnebi. daavadebis
aSkara niSnebi SeiniSneba, roca daa-
vadebulia futkris 30-50%, produ-
qtiuloba mcirdeba, limfaSi doba, udedo ojaxebis arseboba,
klebulobs Tavisufali aminomJavebis ucnobi warmoSobis nayrebi.
Semcveloba, futkari mousvenaria, sanaSene masalis SeZenisas Seamow-
zamTrobis dros gareT gamodis da meT 50 muSa futkari, deda futkris
iRupeba, muceli gadidebulia, skebSi SemTxvevaSi ki ramdenime Tanmxlebi
SeiniSneba fekaluri dabinZureba, futkari. igive unda gaakeToT sa-
skaSi xangrZlivad yofnis Semdeg ga- futkreSi myofi saeWvo ojaxebis
reT gamosuli futkari miwaze da- mimarT adre gazafxulsa da Semod-
cocavs, ver frens, zogierTs frTebi gomaze, yovelwliurad.
arasworad aqvs ganwyobili, futkris gazafxulze arakeTilsaimedo
daRupva SesamCnevia ufro zamTarSi ojaxebs eZleva Saqris sirofi. igi
da gazafxulze. traqeebSi SeiniSneba daaCqarebs mozamTre futkris cveTas,
yviTeli, yavisferi an Savi laqebi, rac gamoiwvevs daavadebuli futkris
traqeis sadinari Savdeba da raodenobis Semcirebas.
mtvrevadi xdeba. mkurnaloba tardeba Cvens qveyanaSi
daavadeba xSirad mimdinareobs no- gavrcelebuli Semdegi dasaxelebis
zematozsa da varoatozTan erTad, preparatebiT:
traqeebSi aRiniSneba daavadebaTa 1) folbeqsi, romelic gamoiyeneba
gamomwvevi makroorganizmebi. muyaos firfitebis saxiT gazafx-
prognozi. daavadebis susti formis ulze;
dros ojaxebis gajansaReba SeiZleba. 2) folbeqs BA-s firfitebi gam-
Zlier dainvazirebuli (80-100%) oiyeneba aqtiuri sezonis ganmav-
futkris gankurneba ar xerxdeba. lobaSi, futkarze uaryo- fiTad
Ddiagnozi dgindeba laborato- riu- ar moqmedebs;
lad da damyarebulia axlad 3) Tedioni rogorc fxvnilis, ise
daRupuli an cocxali futkris mbolavi firfitebisa da Termuli
traqeebis mikroskopul gamokvlevaze. abebis saxiT gazafxulsa da zafx-
laboratoriaSi gamosakvlev masa- ulis periodSi, magram ara mTavari
las agzavniT 50-100 futkris Ralianobis dros, radgan Tafls
raodenobiT, zamTrobis Semdeg an arasasiamovno suns sZens.
Semodgomaze. daavadebis ZiriTadi aSS-Si garemos dacvis saagentos
klinikuri niSania futkris frenis mier rekomendebulia akarapidozTan
unaris daqveiTeba, frTebis asime- sabrZolvelad menToli, romelic
tria. zamTarsa da adre gazafx- pirvelad gamoicada italiaSi (Giava-
ulze skidan gamosuli futkari rini a Giordani, 1966) da dadginda
mowyvetiT ecema Zirs, afrenas veR- agreTve, rom futkrisaTvis usafr-
ar axerxebs. zamTrobaSi myof Txoa da ar abinZurebs produqcias.
futkars muceli gadidebuli aqvs dadginda agreTve, rom futkris
sakvebis Warbad moxmarebis Ggamo, zogierTi ojaxi advilad egueba an
Zlieri daava- debisas traqeis rezistentulia akarapidozis mimarT
kedlebze naxuloben moyviTalo an (Gari a. Page, 1988). futkaris damuSaveba
Savi feris laqebs. menToliT xdeba susti Ralianobis
dros, gazafxulze, roca tempera-
tura aRwevs 600F, an Semodgomaze,
profilaqtika da brZolis Ro-
Tbil amindSi. 50 g kristaluri men-
nisZiebebi. safutkre moaTavseT
Toli ideba plastikur tomaraSi an
qarisagan dacul, mSral, mzian
sxva forovan masalaSi da miecema
adgilze, iyolieT skebSi axali deda
futkris ojaxs 20-25 dRis ganmav-
futkrebi, ar dauSvaT futkris qur-
lobaSi (temperatura ara umetes
800F). sicxeSi mas deben skis Zirze.
skaze ar unda iyos zeda korpusebi,
preparats aclian futkars Taflis
wurvamde erTi TviT adre. mkurna-
loba mimdinareobs TiToeul
preparatze TandarTuli instruqciis
Sesabamisad.
4. braulozi deda da muSa futkris

invaziuri daavadebaa maTze mobinadre
braulebis saxiT. braula ufrTo
mweria, mowiTalo_wabla feriT da
jagriT dafaruli sxeuliT. maTi braula
SemCneva SeiZleba deda da muSa
futkris mkerdis zeda nawilze.
braula kvercxebs debs Tafliani
ujredis saxuravis qveS. gamoCekili
matli ikvebeba cviliT da yvavilis
mtvris marcvlebiT. igi cvilis sax-
uravis qveS akeTebs xvrelebs _
gasasvlels. braula ikvebeba deda da
muSa futkris sakvebiT. isini daa-
vadebuli ojaxidan jansaRze gadadi-
an dainvazirebuli dedisa da muSa braulaTi dainvazirebuli futkari
futkris gadasxmisas (CarCoebis gada-
adgileba), ucnobi warmoSobis diagnozi emyareba braulas vi-
bunebrivi nayris dasaxlebiT. Ppara- zualurad dadgenas futkris sxeul-
ziti intensiurad mravldeba ze da misi matlebis mier fiWis uj-
xanmokle, Tbili zamTris pirobebSi, redebSi gakeTebuli xvrelebis aRmo-
Zvel fiWebze. Cenas, rac xdeba ujredebis nabeWdis
moTavsebiT wylian TefSSi.
daavadebis niSnebi. futkris ojaxi
mousvenradaa, cdilobs paraziti profilaqtika. aRkveTeT braulaTi
sxeulidan moiSoros, gazafxulze dainvazireba sxva safutkreebidan
sustad viTardeba, sakvebis miRebuli masalis gamoyenebiT. saqmes
ukmarisobis gamo bartys cotas gagiadvilebT varoatozisa da
zrdis, deda amcirebs, an wyvets akarapidozis winaaRmdeg gatarebuli
kvercxdebas, mcirdeba futkris RonisZiebebi, romelTa meSveobiT
frenis aqtiuroba da Sesabamisad mkveTrad mcirdeba braulaTi dain-
produqtiuloba. Zlieri dainva- vazirebac.
zirebis dros ojaxma SeiZleba ska
brZolis RonisZiebebi kompleqsuria:
miatovos. mousvenari zamTrobis gamo
futkari bevr sakvebs moixmars da unda SeamciroT budeSi Zveli
SeiZleba uneblie defekacia moxdes, fiWebis maragi. gazafxulze yovel
riTac fiWebi isvreba. izrdeba muSa 10_14 dReSi erTxel gawmindeT
futkris sikvdilianoba, SeiZleba skis Zirebi, Segrovebuli nagavi
daiRupos deda futkaric. dawviT. braulas winaaRmdeg
Tqvens mier gamoyenebuli anti-
varoatozuli preparatebi sruli-
ad vargisia.
sakontrolo SekiTxvebi: 3)Ffutkris aragadamdebi daavadebebi
1. ras warmoadgens nozematozi
da saidan vrceldeba misi gam- futkris aragadamdeb daavadebebSi
omwvevi paraziti? konkretulad ganixileba:
2. sad parazitobs nozema da ro- arasrulfasovani kvebis Sedegebi,
mel periodSi iCens Tavs? arasrulyofili movla_Senaxva da
3. nozematozis ganviTarebis futkris gamravlebis procesSi
xelSemwyobi pirobebi da daSvebuli Secdomebi, SeZlebis-
klinikuri niSnebi; dagvarad miTiTebulia am
4. ra preparatebiT da darRvevebis gamosworebis saSua-
RonisZiebebiT mkurnaloben lebebi.
nozematozs?
5. romelia varoatozis gamomwve- arasrulfasovani kvebiT gamowveuli
vi cxoveluri organizmi da
daavadebebi
misi warmoSoba?
6. raze parazitobs varoas tkipi naxSirwylebis nakleboba. futkris
da ra SedegebiT? ojaxisaTvis mTeli wlis ganmav-
7. riTi vnebs tkipi futkris lobaSi saWiro sakvebis maragidan
ojaxs? 90% ixarjeba aqtiur sezonze, 10% _
8. ra uwyobs xels varoatozis zamTris periodSi. amasTan, zamTarSi
ganviTarebas da gavrcelebas? Zlier ojaxSi 1 kg futkris masaze
9. ra daavadebaa akarapidozi da ixarjeba 3,8 kg-iT naklebi sakvebi,
saidan gaCnda igi? vidre sustSi. sakvebis ukmarisoba
10. futkris sxeulis romel na- SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos fiWaSi
wilze parazitobs akarapisi da samarago sakvebis dakristalebiT,
ra klinikuri niSnebiT? misi amJavebiT an maragis saerTo
11. akarapidozis ganviTarebis mim- simciriT. dakristaleba xdeba
dinareoba da Sedegebi zogierTi saxis TaflSi (suro,
12. ras iyeneben akarapidozis manana, jvaryvavilovani mcenareebi,
winaaRmdeg? rafsi, oqrowkepla da sxv.) glukozis
13. ra aris braulozis gamomwvevi siWarbiT, an damatebiT micemul sak-
organizmi? vebSi inversiis dabali xarisxiT.
14. rogor parazitobs braula
futkris organizmze?
15. riTi mkurnaloben braulozs?
1. H.Shimanuki et al. Diseases and Pests of

Honey Bees. The Hive and the Honey Bees,
2010, p 1083-1136, 2010
2. v. stefaniSvili futkris biologia

da movla-patronoba, 2012 fiWaSi dakristalebuli Tafli
3. О.Гробов, А.Смирнов, Е.Попов Болезни и budeSi Tafli amJavdeba gazrdili

вредители медоносных пчел.,М,1987 fardobiTi tenianobis pirobebSi,
roca safutkre imyofeba tenian,
Waobian adgilze, an zamTrobis dros sazRvriT (Txelfenovani qromato-
bude cudad ventilirdeba (sazamTre- grafiis meTodi), xolo glukozis
Si). sakvebis saerTo nakleboba Semcveloba orjer da metad
SeiniSneba, roca Semodgomaze misi mcirdeba jansaRTan SedarebiT.
maragi cotaa, an bude gaiqurda sxva
futkrisa da mwerebis mier. aseT Sem- profilaqtika. Semodgomaze futkris
TxvevaSi, futkari rogorc skaSi, ise ojaxs amarageben xarisxiani sakvebiT
mis gareT SeiZleba SimSiliT (Tafli an inversiuli Saqari), Ti-
daiRupos. Toeul CarCoze aranakleb 2 kg-is
odenobiT.
diagnozi dgindeba futkris ojax-
is garedan mosmeniT da budis Tu Tqven gsurT samarago Taflis
daTvalierebiT. zamTarSi moSim- nawilis Secvla iafi sirofiT,
Sile ojaxisagan ismis xmeli CaatareT misi inversia glikoli-
foTlebis Srialis msgavsi xma. zuri fermentebiT, xolo Secvlis
sakvebis dakristalebis SemTxve- procesi ar gadaaciloT agvistos
vaSi SeniSnavT kristalebs skis bolos. adre gazafxulze samarago
Zirsa da safrenze. Tu skaze sakvebi gansazRvreT 8-12 kg-is ode-
msubuqi dakakunebisas futkars nobiT saSualod 1 ojaxze.
reaqcia ara aqvs, unda igulixmoT,
rom ojaxi daRupulia.
brZolis RonisZiebebi. futkars

SimSiliT daRupuli ojaxis muSa SimSilobis SemTxvevaSi mieciT in-
futkari TaviT Casulia fiWis uj- versiuli Saqris sirofi 1-1,2 kg
redebSi, saidanac veRar amovida. raodenobiT polieTilenis tomsikiT,
Taflis dakristaleba advili Ses- saidanac narCen haers gamodevniT da
amCnevia TvaliT, xolo Taflis am- ganaskvavT tomsikis dasawyisSive, rom
Javebisas fiWidan Camodis aqafebuli sirofi mTeli gundis Tavze
siTxe, damaxasiaTebeli mJave suniT. gaiSalos. inversiuli sirofis
sasurveli koncentracia unda iyos
76-78%. Tu SesaZlebelia, budeSi my-
ofi mozamTre gundi adre gazafxul-
ze uzrunvelyaviT cilovani
danamatebiT gamdidrebuli kandiT,
romelsac CarCoebis zeda Tamasebze
dadebT.
cilovani distrofia
erTi muSa futkris gamosazrdelad

saWiroa 25-27 mg cila, romelic
Sedis 125-185 mg WeoSi. Tu ojaxi ci-
lis naklebobas ganicdis, Sesabamisad
Ddakristalebul Taflze SimSiliT dax- gamozrdili muSa futkris organizmi
ocili futkari nakleb cilas Seicavs, ufro
msubuqia, naklebad gamosadegia
laboratoriuli meTodiT futkris bartyis aRsazrdelad, ver gadaamu-
SimSilobis dadgena xdeba hemolim- Savebs motanil neqtars. am dros
faSi Saqrebis raodenobis gan- Tafli umwifaria, futkari mas ar
gadabeWdavs ujredSi da mosalod- mas moabnieT Saqris fqvili
nelia fiWaSi misi dakristaleba; CrCilisagan dasacavad da Seinax-
ukmarisi kvebis piro- bebSi gamo- eT gril adgilas.
zrdili muSa futkari nakleb cvils brZolis RonisZiebebi. Tu
gamoyofs, sakvebis momnelebeli da mefutkres ar aqvs yvavilis mtvris an
sasqeso jirkvlebi ar fun- Weos saWiro maragi, gamoiyeneT
qcionireben, mcirdeba organizmSi yvavilis mtvris Semcvlelebi: soiis
lizocimis Semcveloba da Sesabami- cximgaclili fqvili. mSrali inaqti-
sad mdgradoba daavade- bebisadmi. virebuli safuari, mSrali moxdili
cilovan ukmarisobas ganapirobebs rZe, xorcis da kvercxis fqvili, sxva
agreTve dagrovili uxarisxo Weos maRalcilovani nivTi- erebebi. am
maragi (gayinuli, didi xniT Senax- komponentebis gamoyeneba umjobesia
uli, daobebuli). kandSi CarTviT. amasTan mxedvelobaSi
daavadebis niSnebi. futkari mo- misaRebia, rom es Semcvlelebi
dunebulia, deda mcire raodenobiT naklebefeqtiania, maTi mimzidvelobis
kvercxs debs. Tu Saqris sirofiT gasaumjobeseblad unda gamoiyenoT
xangrZlivad kvebavT, bartyi da- 25%_mde odenobiT yvavilis mtveri
sustebulia, dawvrilebuli, gada- (Semcvle-lis masis mixedviT).
beWdili bartyi cotaa, aWrelebuli, 3. manana toqsikozi SeimCneva manana
gamoCekvidan male iRupeba. ojaxebi Taflze mozamTre futkarSi sakvebis
sustdeba. monelebis aSlilobis saxiT. manana
cilovani ukmarisoba kanibalizmis Tafli grovdeba mcenareebze mobina-
mizezi xdeba (bartyisa zrdasruli dre bugris eqskrementebidan.
futkris mier). budis daTva-
lierebisas SeniSnavT Weos simcires
an ararsebobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi
ojaxi SeiZleba saerTod daiRupos.
mdgomareobas arTulebs nozematozis
an varoatozis arseboba ojaxSi,
romlis drosac futkars meti cila
sWirdeba.
diagnozi damyarebulia Weos
raodenobis gansazRvraze. 1 kg Weos Ffutkris mier mananas Segroveba
mosaTavseblad saWiroa 1700 sm2
farTobi. Zlier ojaxSi Weos maragi
manana Taflis mosamzadeblad fut-
unda Seadgendes 1,5_1,8 kg-s. yuradRe-
karma unda moagrovos es nivTiereba
ba miaqcieT futkris mier yvavilis
garemoSi konkurenti Taflovanebis
mtvris motanis intensivobas.
ararsebobis dros. es procesi ufro
profilaqtika. safutkreSi uzrun-
xSiria tyis zonaSi, cxel, mSral
velyaviT Weos saWiro maragis Se-
amindSi, zafxulis II naxevarSi. mci-
qmna, risTvisac is ganalageT
rea masSi martivi Saqrebisa da saqa-
mtverovani mcenareebis masivis si-
rozis Semcveloba, aRiniSneba masSi
axloves. Tu mtvers SeagrovebT
toqsikuri Saqrebis arseboba (melic-
SemdgomSi misi deficitis Sesa-
itoza, rafinoza, galaqtoza). xan-
vsebad, SeurieT Saqris fqvils
daxan manana Seicavs toqsinebs,
SefardebiT 2:1, moaTavseT balon-
futkrisaTvis mavne sxva nivTierebebs.
Si, kargad datkepneT da SeinaxeT
paTogenezi. zamTrobis dros
gril adgilas. Tu gsurT Weos
melicitozis gazrdili raodenoba
maragis Senaxva fiWebTan erTad,
ganapirobebs Taflis dakristalebas
fiWaSi. sokoebis maRali Semcveloba, moyviTalo_TeTr fers, bolos Savde-
inversiis maRali xarisxi da tenis ba. am dros mefutkre SeigrZnobs
Warbi raodenoba iwvevs Taflis gogirdwyalbadis an simJavis suns.
Senaxvis unaris gauaresebas. Tu is gadabeWdili bartyis saxuravi tal-
didi raodenobiT moixmareba, Riseburia, mkerdze emCneva muqi an
SeiniSneba futkris ukana nawlavis yavisferi laqebi, Tvalebi uSavdeba,
gadavseba mounelebeli nivTierebebiT bartyi eSveba ujredis Zirze. mumia
(deqstrinebi, mineraluri marilebi, muqi yavisferia.
mTrimlavi nivTierebebi). amis Sedegad
gamowveuli faRaraTi zrdis budeSi
daavadebaTa gaCenis safrTxes, kali-
um_natriumis Sefardebis darR- veva
iwvevs wylis moxmarebis gaZlierebas,
nozematozis gaCenas, mcirdeba
futkris sicocxlis xangrZlivoba.
daavadebis niSnebi. futkari
mousvenrad zamTrobs, safrenTan da
skis Zirze SeniSnavT didi raodeno-
biT daRupul futkars, skis Siga da
wina gareTa kedlebi dasvrilia Ggacivebuli bartyi
fekaliT, igrZnoba usiamovno suni.
futkars muceli gaberili aqvs, Sua
nawlavi _ TonTlo, muqi yavisferi,
advilad ixeva. futkris bevri ojaxi
iRupeba.
diagnozi ismeba epizootologiuri
monacemebiT, daavadebis klinikuri
niSnebiT, fiWaSi arsebuli Taflis
gamokvleviT mananas Semcvelobaze.
brZolis RonisZiebebi. ar unda
dauSvaT mananas moxvedra futkris
zamTris sakvebSi. droulad gam- fiWaSi Camkvdari gacivebuli bartyi
oikvlieT misi Semcveloba da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SecvaleT diagnozs dasvamT zemoaRwerili
xarisxiani TafliT, an inversiuli niSnebis mixedviT.
sirofiT. zamTrobis dros futkars profilaqtika. siciveSi futkari
mieciT wyali. iyolieT SemWidroebul da kargad
gacivebuli bartyi Cndeba budeSi daTbunebul budeSi, nu moindo-
daRupuli an maxinji individebis mebT am dros budis daTvali-
saxiT, rasac iwvevs ojaxis gaciveba. erebas, nu daiWerT bartyian fiWas
bartyis gamozrdis areSi tempera- budis gareSe didi xniT.
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeavseT
tura Seadgens 33,5_35,40C. zamTarSi
sakvebis maragi.
budis siTbur centrSi igi udris
24_280C. bartyis gacivebisaTvis sakma-
risia budeSi temperaturis daqve- futkris mavnebeli mwerebi.
iTeba 290_mde, ris Sedegad iRupeba daaxloebiT 13 saxeobis mweri aris
bartyis 95%. daRupuli bartyi zomiT futkrisaTvis mavnebeli. isini an
diddeba, an ucvlelad rCeba, iRebs cxovroben futkarTan erTad, an
klaven futkars, moixmaren Tafls, risia. matlobis periodi 350C-ze
yvavilis mtvers, bartys, fiWas an daaxloebiT 18 dRes grZeldeba (Beck,
skis nagavs. 1960). CrCili kargad viTardeba sub-
tropikul da tropikul zonaSi. yo-
1) WianWvela ufrTo mwerebs ekuTvnis,
velwliurad aSS-is mefutkre-
arsebobs TiTqmis yvela safutkreSi,
obisTvis CrCilisagan miyenebuli
ibudebs daTbunebul skebSi. Wi-
zarali 4-8 mln dolaris farglebSi
anWvela parazitobs Taflze, SeiZle-
meryeobs.
ba daesxas Tavs futkris bartys,
kvercxs, Seitanos futkris ojaxSi brZolis RonisZiebebi. iyolieT
sxvadasxva daavadebaTa (sidampleebi safutkreSi mxolod Zlieri oja-
da sxva) aRmZvrelebi. amasTan, Wi- xebi, romelTac SeeZlebaT Tav-
anWvela saerTo jamSi sasargeblo dacva CrCilisagan. wesrigSi
mwerad iTvleba, radgan anadgurebs iqonieT safutkre da fiWis saca-
mavne fexsaxsrianebs, mkvdar vi, yovelwliurad fiWis maragis
futkrebs. 1/3 mainc SecvaleT ax-
ladaSenebuli fiWiT, romelSic
CrCili ver viTardeba inten-
siurad. gamowunebuli fiWa maSin-
ve gadaadneT. garda amisa, gam-
oiyeneT specialurad CrCilis
sawinaaRmdego preparatebi
(futkrisaTvis aramavnebeli)
TandarTuli instruqciis zusti
dacviT. aSenebuli fiWis maragis
dasacavad gamoiyeneT dafqvili
Ffutkris sakveburiT WianWvelac SaqriT damuSaveba (Sefrqveva).
sargeblobs
profilaqtika. safutkre moawyeT
iseT adgilze, sadac WianWvela ar
budobs, nu daungrevT maT budeebs,
radgan es mavnebelia mcenareTa
samyarosTvis, e.i. futkrisaTvisac.
pomidvris dargva safutkreSi
afrTxobs WianWvelas. repelentebia
agreTve Cveulebrivi qrizanTema, Savi
kaklis nedli foToli, meTilisa da CrCilis didi pepela
eTilis spirtebi, gogirdis fxvnili,
sufris marili. skis qvesadgamis
fexebi daamuSaveT navTobpro du-
qtebiT, futkari iyolieT Zlier, kar-
gad Sekrul skebSi.
2) CrCilis didi pepela gavrcelebu-
lia TiTqmis yvelgan, garda mkacri
klimaturi zonebisa da maRalmTiani
raionebisa. futkris ojaxis dasuste-
bas an daRupvas cvilis didi CrCilis
(matlebi) swrafi gamravleba mosdevs,
risTvisac 2-3 kvira sruliad sakma-
Wuprebs, pepela gaurbis mas. CrCilis
damuSavebis (-150C) dros fiWas aT-
avseben sayinule karadaSi, sadac iR-
upeba CrCili ganviTarebis yvela
stadiaze (Cantwell a. Smith, 1970). gayinva
fiWian Tafls icavs rogorc dakris-
talebis, ise CrCilisagan (Norse, 1978;
Taylor, 1988). fumigacia ar tovebs
produqtSi preparatis narCenebs, ma-
gram ZviradRirebuli meTodia da did
dros iTxovs.
CrCilisagan ganadgurebuli fiWa
3) kvirioni mwvane feris, yelTan
kvercxis dasadebad pepela irCevs JRal_moyviTalo frinvelia, budobs
Zlier ojaxs. kvercxebs debs fiWis sxvadasxva adgilze, ufro xSirad
zeda nawilSi, futkris ZiriTadi gaSlil adgilebSi. mravalricx-
gundis zemoT, Weoian ujredebSi, na- ovnobis wyalobiT futkrisaTvis
wilobriv gadabeWdil fiWebSi, Zalze saSiSia. mis sakvebSi meTafle
futkrisaTvis Znelad SesaRwev futkris wili zogjer 95%_mde
WuWrutanebSi. gamoCekili matli aRwevs. wvimian amindSi safrenze da-
ikvebeba TafliT, WeoTi, bolos kakunebiT futkars gareT ityuebs da
iwyebs fiWis Wamas, romelsac inelebs Wams. erT frTas dReSi SeuZlia
ferment lipazis meSveobiT. igi fiWis 1000_mde futkris SeWma. yvelaze
Sua kedlis siaxloves akeTebs metad kvirioni futkars anadgurebs
gvirabs, romlis gavliT moZraobs da ivlis_agvistoSi.
qsovs TavdacvisaTvis ablabudas. aq-
tiurad mravldeba sust ojaxebSi,
fiWis maragSi. CrCilis 3 Taobas (er-
Ti sezoni) SeuZlia 500 kg sacvile
nedleulis ganadgureba. moyviTalo
parkSi gaxveuli matli gadis
Wuprobis stadias. futkars aqvs
unari, ebrZolos CrCilis matlebsa
da ukve gamoCekil peplebs. amis gamo
Zlier ojaxSi CrCilis matli vi-
Tardeba mxolod iq, sadac futkari kvirioni
ver aRwevs (mWidrod ganwyobil fi-
Webs Soris, WuWrutanebSi).
aSS-is garemos dacvis saagentos
rekomendaciiT cvilis CrCilis
sawinaaRmdegod gamoyenebulia: para-
diqlorbenzeni, naxSirmJava gazis
Sefrqveva da dabali temperatura
(gayinva). Tafliani fiWis dasamu-
Saveblad misaRebi aRmoCnda
naxSirmJava gazis fumigacia (Sefr-
SavSubla RaJo
qveva) da gayinva. paradiqlorbenzeniT
amuSaveben korpusebSi Cawyobil fi-
Webs. preparati klavs matlebs da
brZolis RonisZiebebi. ar unda
sawyobSi Senaxuli fiWis dasacavad
iyolioT futkari kvirionis gun-
CaawyeT CarCoebi skis korpusebSi.
dis budobis siaxloves, daafr-
daalageT korpusebi qvesadgamze,
TxeT igi masze monadire miminos
garSemo qvesadgams daulageT
xmis CanaweriT.
qaRaldis furclebi da daasxiT spe-
4) Tagvi futkris ojaxs did zarals cialuri pastisebri nivTiereba
ayenebs, gansakuTrebiT zamTrobis pe- (sawamlavi), romelsac Tagvi ver
riodSi, roca futkari gundadaa gadalaxavs (Sig efloba da kvdeba).
Sekruli da aqtiurad ver ebrZvis. 5) daTvebi. maTi Semoseva sa-
Tagvebi saxldebian skebSi, Wamen futkreze gamanadgurebelia: Wamen
rogorc cocxal, ise mkvdar fut- futkars, bartys. mefutkreebi amis
kars, fiWebs, Weos, Tafls, eqskremen- sawinaaRmdegod awyoben eleqtro-
tebiTa da SardiT abinZureben skebs. sadens, an misabmelebs, aRWurvils
futkari Zalze sustdeba da misi mavTulbadiT, an ayeneben eleqtrul
sunis gamo zogjer budes tovebs. signalizacias, miwaze yrian gogirds
didi zarali SeiZleba miayenos da sxva. praqtikulad ufro gamo-
Tagvma fiWis sacavs. sadegi aRmoCnda xafangebi da sro-
liT dafrTxoba.
sakontrolo SekiTxvebi:
1) risTvis sWirdeba futkars
naxSirwylovani sakvebi?
2) romelia naxSirwylovani sak-
vebis optimaluri saxeobani
zamTris periodSi?
3) ra dros da ra komponentebi
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT cilis
deficitis Sesavsebad?
4) ras iwvevs cilis deficiti
Tagvi futkris budeSi futkris organizmSi?
5) rodis da ra saxiT xdeba sak-
brZolis RonisZiebebi. gamoiyeneT vebis amJaveba fiWebSi?
saerTod gavrcelebuli xerxebi 6) ra dros da ra SedegebiT vi-
TagvTan brZolisaTvis; safrenis Tardeba CrCili skaSi?
saketebi, mRrRnelebTan sabrZolveli 7) futkris romel jgufs
Sxamebi (zookumarini, ratindani, anadgurebs kvirioni da rogor
TuTiis fosfidi da sxva). misatyue- ebrZvian mas?
blad SeiZleba gamoiyenoT fiWis na- 8) ras ukeTebs moklul Tagvs
Wrebi Weos SemcvelobiT, romelsac futkari?
Tagvi xalisiT Wams.
daqucmacebuli Weoiani fiWa Seur- gamoyenebuli literatura:
ieT daRerRil marcvleuls, ro- .1. H.Shimanuki et al. Diseases and Pests of
melsac Tagvis sawamlavi aqvs Honey Bees,Chapt. 25. The Hive and the
damatebuli. Sxamebi gamoiyeneT Honey Bees, p.1083-1151
zustad instruqciis Sesabamisad, 2. О.Гробов, А.Смирнов, Е.Попов Болезни и
maTi gazrdili raodenobis Sem- вредители медоносных пчел.,М,1987
TxvevaSi misatyuebels Tagvi Tavs 3. v. stefaniSvili futkris
aridebs. biologia da movla-patronoba, 2012
VII Tavi. F
futkris sakvebi baza da

mTabaroba
1) saqarTvelos ZiriTadi
Taflovani flora da misi
gaumjobesebis xerxebi
futkris sakvebi baza is
faqtoria, romlis gareSe
mefutkreoba ar arsebobs. safut-
kris mowyobis dros, pirvel rigSi
unda gaiTvaliswinoT, ra saxis
Taflovani mcenareebi arsebobs
Mmzesumzira
siaxloves, rodis SeuZlia
futkars maTgan neqtrisa da
yvavilis mtvris mopoveba da
aqedan gamomdinare, gansazRvroT
Tqveni saqmianobis xasiaTi
futkris movla-moSenebis saki-
TxebSi. am qveTavSi ganixileba
qveynis Taflovani da mtverovani
mcenareebis daxasiaTeba da
futkris sakvebi bazis gaumjo-
besebis amocanebi.
Mmzesumziras mtvris marcvlebi
mindvris sasoflo-sameurneo da
esparceti umniSvnelovanesi sakvebi
sakvebi Taflovani mcenareebi
da Taflovani mcenarea parkosnebi-
mzesumzira gavrcelebuli teqnikuri
dan, gamoirCeva gvalva- gamZleobiT,
(zeTovani) kulturaa, mohyavT
yvavilebi TavTunebadaa Sekruli.
ZiriTadad kaxeTSi. igi
yvaviloba iwyeba maisSi da grZeldeba
rTulyvavilovania, kalaTis garSemo
ivnisSi. literaturaSi cnobilia,
arsebuli wagrZelebuli yvavilebi
rogorc kargi Taflovani (90-400 kg
mwerebis misazidadaa gankuTvnili,
Tafli 1 ha-ze). saqarTveloSi misi
orsqesiani yvavilebis raodenoba 600-
saTafle produqtiuloba meryeobda -
1200 cals Seadgens, gvalvagamZle,
28-172 kg-mde. Tafli Ria qarvisferia,
siTbosmoyvaruli mcenarea, yvaviloba
gemoTi sasiamovno, nazi aromatiT,
iwyeba ivnisis bolos da misi
sakmaod swrafad kristaldeba.
xangrZlivoba 30 dRes udris.
futkari 1 ha-ze 40 kg-mde Tafls
agrovebs. Tafli Ria oqrosferia,
gemoTi nazi, sasiamovno, naklebad
aromatuli, swrafad kristaldeba,
aRniSnulia fiWaSi dakristalebis
SemTxvevebi.
Eesparceti
rogorc Taflovani (300 kg/ha) kul-
tura.
Eesparcetis mtvris marcvali
samyura, rogorc Taflovani, cno-

bilia sami saxis: vardisferi, Te- ZiZo da misi mtveri
Tri da wiTeli. Zalze mniSvnelo-
vani Taflovania, romlis produ- wiwibura mniSvnelovani sasursaTo
qtiuloba 100-120 kg/ha-s Seadgens. da Taflovani kulturaa, romelic
wiTel samyuras agroteqnikaSi saqarTveloSi XX saukunis bolos
grZelxorTumiani qarTuli gavrcelda. misi yvaviloba 25-30 dRes
futkris monawileoba yvela sxva grZeldeba, saqarTveloSi igi 2-3-jer
futkarze ufro efeqtiania. samyura iTeseba, gvalvian, cxel da civ
momTxovnia niadagSi kiris Sem- amindSi neqtars TiTqmis ar gamoyofs.
cvelobis mimarT. vardisferi karg amindSi saneqtre produq-
samyura TiTqmis mTel zafxuls tiuloba 70-90 kg-s Seadgens. Tafli
yvavilobs. igi ufro gamZlea mJave SedarebiT muqia, Taviseburi aroma-
niadagebis mimarT; Tafli TeTri tiT da kargad gamoxatuli gemoTi,
feris, gamWvirvalea, sakmaod riTac is gamoirCeva Taflis sxva
swrafad kristaldeba, axasiaTebs saxeobaTagan.
SedarebiT susti aromati.
TeTri samyura da misi mtveri
ZiZo maRalmosavliani sakvebi kul-

turaa da maRali saneqtre produ-
qtiulobiT gamoirCeva, gansakuTrebiT
tenian weliwads. yvelaze
gavrcelebulia TeTri da yviTeli
orwliani ZiZo. igi itans gvalvas da
sakmaod zamTargamZlea, kargad egueba
damlaSebul niadagebs, yvavilobs
ivnisidan Semodgomamde. kargia,
wiwibura da misi mtvris marcvlebi
ionja Zalze mniSvnelovani sakvebi
kulturaa, magram rogorc Taflovani
mcenare, urwyav niadagebze
Soroqnis cocxi
futkrisaTvis saintereso ar aris.
oqrowkepla ukanasknel periodSi
sarwyav miwebze misi produqtiuloba
gamoCenili Taflovani da mtverovani
250-300 kg-s Seadgens. arsebobs cno-
mcenarea, romelic xarobs, rogorc
bebi, rom ionjis yvavilis mtveri
sarevela (migdebul Cais planta-
meTafle futkrisTvis toqsikur
ciebSi). literaturaSi cnobilia,
nivTierebebs Seicavs.
rogorc kargi Taflovani da mtvero-
vani mcenare. am mcenaris saTafle
produqtiuloba saqarTve- loSi ar
Seswavlila. arsebobs cnobebi, rom
misi Tafli swrafadkristalebadia,
rac sakmaod sagangaSoa, radgan
oqrowkepla yvavilobs Semodgomaze
da misi Tafli SeiZleba sazamTre
maragSi moxvdes.
ionja
ionjis yvavilis mtveri

7) Soroqnis cocxi, rogorc Taflo-
vani mcenare, iZleva sakmaod maRal
sagviano (seqtemberi) saneqtre produ-
qcias da bartyianobis ga-
naxlebisaTvis sakmaod kargi saSu-
alebaa, amtania damlaSebuli ni-
adagebis mimarT. Ooqrowkepla da misi mtveri
mdelos balaxebidan rogorc

Taflovanebi, aRsaniSnavia: salbi,
Savbalaxa, WinWrisdeda da sxva, rebisas misi xvedriTi wili 10%-s ar
romlebic futkars sakmaod kargad unda aRematebodes;
izidaven da uzrunvelyofen neqtriT.
es mcenareebi saqarTveloSi Taflo-
van masivebs ar qmnian, maTi saneqtre
produqtiuloba ar aris Seswavlili
da Sesabamisad literaturaSi maT
Sesaxeb cnobebi naklebadaa.
TeTrekala, tyis cocxi da
fuWfuWa sainteresoa ara marto
rogorc Taflovani mcenareebi, ara-
med eroziis sawinaaRmdegodac, rom-
lebsac niadagis safaris gasama- wabli
greblad iyeneben.
mdelos buCqovani mcenareebidan
aRsaniSnavia ZeZvi, mayvali da sxva,
romlebic aqtiur sezonze (maisis
bolo-ivnisi) futkars uzrun-
velyofen sakmaod intensiuri RaliT,
Tumca maTi roli futkris saerTo
produqtiulobaSi bolomde garkve-
uli ar aris. imis gamo, rom am
mcenareTa erTiani masivebi ar
arsebobs, maTgan miRebuli Taflic wablis yvavilis mtveri
Cveulebrivad warmoebuli polif-
loruli Taflis Semadgeneli kompo- cacxvi erT-erTi yvelaze sayur-
nentia. adRebo Taflovani mcenarea tyis
tyis Taflovani mcenareebi: zonaSi. garda zemoT CamoTvlili
wabli, romelic farTod aris raionebisa, SedarebiT mcire raode-
gavrcelebuli dasavleT saqarTve- nobiT gvxvdeba fSavis xeobaSi. cno-
loSi da tyis mcenareulobaSi bili literaturuli wyaroebis
sakmaod didi xvedriTi wili ukavia mixedviT saTafle produqtiuloba
(20-25%). aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 1000 kg/ha-s aRwevs, sakontrolo skis
igi gvxvdeba yvarlisa da nawilobriv dRiuri wonamati ki 10 kg-s.
lagodexis, agreTve xaSuris saqarTveloSi es maCvenebeli 3-4 kg-s
raionebSi. yvavilobas iwyebs ivnisSi ar aRemateba, rac imiTac aris
da vertikaluri zonalobis mixedviT ganpirobebuli, rom misi xvedriTi
grZeldeba daaxloebiT 3 kviras. wili tyis TaflovnebSi Zalian didi
sakmaod uxvi Taflovania (230-260 ar aris. vertikaluri zonalobis
kg/ha), misi yvavilobis periodi na- gaTvaliswinebiT yvavilobs 3
wilobriv emTxveva cacxvisas da kviramde. misi Tafli gamWvirvale,
orive erTad tyis ZiriTad Taflovan Zlieri, sasiamovno aromatis mqonea,
mcenares warmoadgens. Tafli muqi Ria feris, warmoqmnili kristalebi
aqvs, Zlieri aromatiT, momwaro ge- sxvadasxva zomisaa, kristaldeba 2-3
moTi (Sereuli Tafli), sufTa saxiT TveSi.
sakmaod mwarea, TiTqmis ar kristal-
deba, Seicavs alkaloidebs, aRniSnu-
lia, rogorc kargi saSualeba gul-
sisxlZarRvTa mkurnalobaSi, kupaJi-
velobiT. masSi saqarozis dasaSvebi
raodenoba 10%-s Seadgens, diastaz-
uri aqtivoba_ 5 erTeuls (gote).
TeTriAkacia
Aakaciis yvavilis mtveri
suro, rogorc Taflovani, gan-

sakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia: yvav-
cacxvi da misi ilobs dablob zonaSi seqtembris
yvavilis mtveri Sua ricxvebidan da es grZeldeba 12-
15 dRes. igi uzrunvelyofs futkris
akacia farTod gavrcelebuli ojaxSi bartyis raodenobis zrdas
Taflovania parkosnebis ojaxidan. da sagviano Ralas, magram zamTris
igi pirveli mniSvnelovani Taflo- sakveb maragSi misi moxvedra saxi-
vani mcenarea gazafxulis periodSi. faToa swrafi dakristalebis unaris
dablob zonaSi yvavilobas iwyebs 20 gamo, ramac SeiZleba futkris Sim-
aprilidan, misi xangrZlivoba 10 dRes Siloba da daRupva gamoiwvios.
ar aRemateba. Sesaferisi amindebis Tafli muqi mowiTalo ferisaa,
(mziani, uqaro, notio) pirobebSi Zalian blantia, damwifebuli produ-
neqtars uxvad gamoyofs, magram yvav- qtis gamowurva fiWebidan Zalian
ilobis periodi TiTqmis yovelTvis Znelia, ris gamoc mefutkreebi um-
uamindobiT aRiniSneba da Sesabamisad wifar Tafls wuraven, romelic
sasaqonlo Tafls mcire raodenobiT SemdgomSi Tu ar Sesqeldeba xelov-
iZleva (skis dRiuri wonamati ara nurad, sakmaod Cqara mJavdeba. gamlR-
umetes 2,5 kg-sa). Tafli gamWvirvale, vali Tafli isev swrafad kristal-
susti aromatis mqonea, fruqtozis deba da organoleptikurad mim-
maRali SemcvelobiT, ris gamoc zidvelia.
Znelad kristaldeba, an SeiZleba
sulac ar dakristaldes. igi maRalx-
arisxovan Taflad iTvleba, Tumca ar
gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli mimzid-
Sqeri
suro
ieli
suros mtveri
Sqeri da ieli dasavleT

saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli
mcenareebia. yvaviloben ivnisSi,
futkrisaTvis naklebad mimzidvelia ielis yvavilis mtveri
vegetatiuri nawilebis toqsikurobis
gamo, magram konkurenti Taflo-
vanebis ararsebobidan gamomdinare
futkari maTgan sasaqonlo Tafls
agrovebs, romelic zogierT wels
momwamvlelia (e.w. maTrobela). Tafli
muqia, mowiTalo feris, aqvs damaxa-
siaTebeli simwklarte, momwamvlel
Tvisebebs didxans (wlobiT) inarCu-
nebs, gauvneblebis Semdeg sakmaod
mimzidvelia.
Sqeris yvavilis mtveri
tyis Taflovani mcenareebidan

aRsaniSnavia nekerCxali, zRmartli,
wyavi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi), ma-
gram es mcenareebi mniSvnelovan ma-
sivebs ar qmnian da Sesabamisad
sasaqonlo Tafls ar iZlevian.
baRis Taflovani mcenareebidan

aRsaniSnavia:
1) Teslovnebi:
_ vaSli, msxali, komSi.
2) kurkovani mcenareebi:
_ qliavi, atami, nuSi; alubali, bali.
3) kenkrovani Taflovnebi:
nekerCxlis yvavilis mtveri
_ Jolo, Savi mocxari, xurtkmeli;
am Taflovnebidan forToxali
4) bostneuli kulturebi:
yvelaze mniSvnelovania, garda amisa,
_ kitri, nesvi, gogra, sazamTro.
misgan miRebuli Tafli xarisxiT
am mcenareTa saerTo damaxa-
yvelaze ukeTesia.
siaTebeli niSania dabali saTa-
Cveni qveynis pirobebSi citrusovani
fle produqtiuloba (20-100 kg/ha),
mcenareebi maRali saneqtre produ-
rac nawilobriv imiT aixsneba,
qtiulobiT ar gamoirCevian. metic,
rom maTi yvavilobis periodi
futkris mier damtvervis Sedegad,
gazafxulze modis, roca amindis
forToxalSi gazrdili raodenobiT
aramdgradoba uaryofiT gavlenas
warmoiqmneba kurkebi, rac sareal-
axdens saneqtre jirkvlebis
izacio nayofisaTvis sasurveli ar
funqcionirebaze. amitom maTgan
aris. miuxedavad amisa, futkrisTvis
miRebuli neqtrisa da yvavilis
am mcenareTa saarsebo Rala neqtris
mtvris mosavali futkris ojaxis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa
ganviTarebas xmardeba (saarsebo
gazafxulze.
Rala). piriqiT, Tqveni mcdeloba
mcenaris saneqtre produqtiuloba da
iqiT unda iyos mimarTuli, rom am
masze moqmedi faqtorebi. Taflis
periodSi uzrunvelvyoT CamoT-
warmoebisaTvis floris mxridan
vlil mcenareTa futkrismieri
mTavaria ori faqtori: Saqrebis
damtverva.
saerTo raodenoba neqtarSi (%-ulad)
5) subtropikuli Taflovani da yvavilebis raodenoba mcenareze.
mcenareebidan mefutkreobisaTvis Tavis mxriv es maCveneblebi
sainteresoa: damokidebulia mraval garemoebaze,
a) mandarini; b) forToxali; g) limo- romelTa roli sakmaod kargad aris
ni. Seswavlili (Shuel,2010):
_ amindi da niadagis Sedgeniloba;
_ mzis insolaciis intensivoba;
_ haeris temperatura;
_ niadagis fizikuri mdgomareoba da
nayofiereba.
am ukanasknelSi motanili maCvene-
blebi (fizikuri mdgomareoba, wylis
Semcveloba, temperatura da aeracia)
iTvleba umniSvnelovanes elementad
mcenaris mier neqtris gamoyo-
fisaTvis. calkeul mcenareTa
Seswavlis Sedegebi miuTiTebs Zalze
nekerCxali
farTo cvalebadobaze (kg/ha);
facelia-183-1130; cacxvi-125-500; ZiZo- garda amisa, Taflovan mcenareTa
400-mde; oqrowkepla-56-294; rZiana- saneqtre produqtiuloba arapir-
sebrni-187-576; wiTeli samyura-880; dapir SeiZleba dadgindes sakon-
babuawvera-5-72; trolo skis monacemebiT: airCeven
Nneqtris gamoyofisaTvis yvelaze safutkreSi Zlier ojaxs, moawyoben
xelSemwyobia Semdegi faqtorebi: farduls da dadgamen 150 kg-mde
haeris temperatura +16-250C; tvirTamweobis brtyel saswors.
fardobiTi tenianoba 60-80%; JurnalSi Canawerebi wonamatis
Tbili, uqaro, mziani amindi, Sesaxeb keTdeba yoveldRiurad, an
romelsac xanmოkle wvimebi ukidures SemTxvevaSi, yovel 5 dReSi
axlavs (gansakuTrebiT, RamiT). erTxel, romlis SualedebSi xdeba
niadagis mimarT moTxovnebi fenologiuri dakvirveba moyvavile
sxvadasxva Taflovan mcenares Taflovan mcenareebze. amasTan erTad,
sruliad gansxvavebuli aqvs. maTi monawileoba Taflis maragis
warmoqmnaSi SeiZleba miaxloebiT
saneqtre produqciis gazrdisaTvis ganisazRvros Taflis mtvruli
amerikel avtorebs ori faqtori analiziT, romelic keT-deba
miaCniaT yvelaze mniSvnelovnad: 1) laboratoriul pirobebSi.
Taflovan mcenareTa seleqcionireba
am mimarTulebiT; 2) maTi gaSeneba
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisaTvis
gamousadegar miwebze.
Taflovan mcenareTa saneqtre
produqtiulobis gansazRvra
am maCveneblis gansazRvra ori
meTodiT SeiZleba:
a) yvavilidan neqtris CamorecxviT,
risTvisac yvavilebs dolbandis
izolatorebs Semoavleben gazomva-
mde 1 dRe-RamiT adre. gazomvis win
izolatorebi moixsneba da aRebuli sakontrolo saswori
yvavilebi daifareba wyliT, Sein-
jRreva neqtris srul gaxsnamde, mtverovani mcenareebi
romlis xangrZlivoba mcenaris axali yvavilis mtveri futkris
saxeobis mixedviT meryeobs 5-15 wuTis ojaxis saadreo ganviTarebisaTvis
farglebSi. aRebul neqtars Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
0
akonserveben 96 -iani spirtiT, ris mcenareebi am produqtis Sedge-
Semdeg laboratoriaSi gansazRvraven nilobis mxriv erTimeorisagan
masSi Saqrebis Semcvelobas. gansxvavdebian. kerZod, yvavilis
b) neqtris raodenobas gansazRvraven mtverSi cilis Semcveloba meryeobs
minis kapilarebiT, an mikropipetebiT, 7-35%-is farglebSi. produqti,
maTi awonviT aRebamde da aRebis romelic futkars Semoaqvs skaSi,
Semdeg, xolo Saqris Semcvelobas _ Zalze nairgvaria, fiWaSi mas
refraqtometrulad.Y yvavilis saneqt- akonservebs gansxvavebuli Sedgeni-
re produqtiulobis gansazRvrisas lobiT, rac saboloo jamSi Weos
daculi unda iyos neqtris metnaklebad gamoaTanabrebs. im
raodenobisa da koncentraciis mcenareebidan, romlebic yvavilis
gansazRvris vadebi, yvavilis asakis mtvers adre gazafxulidan iZleva,
gaTvaliswinebiT (Shuel,2010). aRsaniSnavia: Txili, nuSi, Svindi,
baRis kurkovani mcenareebi da sxv.
erT dReSi Segrovebuli yvavilis

mtveri gansxvavebulia warmoSobiT NnuSi
da SedgenilobiT
NnuSis mtveri
Txilis yvaviledi
Svindi
Txilis yvavilis mtveri futkris sakvebi bazis gaumjobesebis

futkrisTvis umjobesia axali xerxebi
yvavilis mtveri, Tundac sazrdo am xerxebidan aRsaniSnavia:
nivTierebebis saSualo SemcvelobiT, 1) aqtiur sezonze futkris intensi-
vidre zamTargamovlili Weo, romlis uri mTabaroba. es RonisZieba saSu-
sazrdooba da biologiuri aqtivoba alebas mogcemT, maqsimalurad aiTvi-
sagrZnoblad daqveiTebulia. Taflisa soT neqtris arsebuli maragi, riTac
Tu yvavilis mtvris warmoSobisa da uzrunvelyofT rogorc safutkris
sazrdoobis gansazRvrisas SeiZleba, moTxovnilebis dakmayo- filebas sak-
vimsjeloT misi aRnagobiT, romelic vebze, ise Taflis sasaqonlo produ-
yoveli saxeobis mcenares Taviseburi qciis miRebas. mTabarobis dros gam-
aqvs da sxva mcenares ar emsgavseba. oiyeneT rogorc sakuTari gamo-
cdileba, ise mkvlevarTa mier lebuli saqarTveloSi
dagrovili codna Tqvens regionSi mindvrad, tyeSi, mTis zonaSi?
Taflovani floris resursebis 4. ra organoleptikuri maCve-
Sesaxeb. nu dauSvebT erT adgilze neblebiT gansxvavdeba erTma-
futkris didi masis Tavmoyras, rasac neTisgan sxvadasxva war-
Semosavlis Semcirebis garda, in- moSobis Tafli da yvavilis
feqciuri da invaziuri sneulebebis mtveri?
gavrceleba mohyveba. mTabarobis 5. rogor da rodis izomeba
ganxorci- elebisaTvis transportTan mcenaris saneqtre produq-
erTad farTod gamoiyeneT skebis tiuloba. aRwereT saWiro la-
datvirTva-CamotvirTvis samuSaoTa boratoriuli teqnika da
meqanizaciis saSualebebi. meTodebi
2) Tqveni safutkris siaxloves, 6. praqtikulad rogor adgenen
agreTve sasoflo-sameurneo warmoe- adgilmdebareobis saneqtre
bisaTvis gamousadegar miwebze produqtiulobas da ras
gaaSeneT Taflovani, mtverovani iyeneben amisaTvis?
mcenareebi da buCqnari, romelic 7. saidan moipoveba manana Tafli
Tqvens futkars nawilobriv mainc da ra axasiaTebs mas?
Seuvsebs uRalo periods. am mizniT 8. romeli mcenareebi iZlevian
farTod gamoiyeneT cacxvis, wablis, toqsikur (maTrobela) Tafls
akaciis, wyavis, evodias, Taflovani da rogor unda gavajansaRoT
buCqnaris Tesli da sargavi masala, igi?
xolo erozirebul niadagebze tyis 9. ra safrTxes Seicavs umwifari
cocxis, TeTrekalasa da fuWfuWas Tafli, romeli mcenareebidan
Tesleuli. viRebT mas da rogor gada-
3) xexilis baRebis rigTaSua Tesvi- vamuSaoT igi?
saTvis gamoiyeneT samyuras, 10. saqarTveloSi ra xerxebiT
kudRlisfrCxilas, sxva mcenareTa unda moxdes futkris sakvebi
Tesva, romlebic erTi mxriT, neqtris bazis gaumjobeseba?
maragis Seqmnis garda gaaumjobeseben
niadagSi azotis Semcvelobas da Ggamoyenebuli literatura:
meore mxriv, warmoadgenen karg sid-
1. R. Shuel The Production of Nectar and Pol-
eratebs niadagSi Casaxvnelad.
len. Chapt.10. The Hive and the Honey Bee.
4) sakvebi kulturebis Tesvis dros
P. 401-436
SeadgineT marcvleulisa da parkos-
2. В.Пельменев. Медоносные
nebis Teslebisgan balaxna- revebi,
растения.М.,1985
romlebic saneqtre produqciis garda
3. Г. Таранов и др. Учебник
cxovels Seuqmnian srulfasovani
пчеловода.М.,1972
wvniani sakvebis miRebis SesaZle-
blobas produqti-ulobis Sesabamisi
mefutkris saswavlo elementebi,
zrdiT.
2008.
sakontrolo SekiTxvebi
1. ra sazrdo nivTierebebs
moipovebs futkari Taflisa 2) futkris mTabaroba da
da yvavilis mtvris saxiT?
samTabaro marSrutebi
2. ra nivTierebebi esaWiroeba
mas saarsebod da ra raode- mTabaroba is organizaciuli
nobiT? RonisZiebaa, romelic xels uwyobs
3. romeli Taflovanebia gavrce- futkars, maqsimalurad gamoiyenos
Taflis Segrovebis unari. mTabarobis romliTac Seivseba bude srul
gareSe SeuZlebelia futkris maRali moculobamde. es saSualebas iZleva,
produqtiulobis miRweva, amitom aRar moxdes gamyofi tixaris
aqtiur sezonze Tqven unda damagreba lursmnebis daWedebiT, rac
gamoiyenoT futkris mravaljeradi sakmaod aRizianebs futkars;
mTabaroba. _ rogorc mTabarobis periodisaTvis,
ise futkris movlis yoveldRiur
am qveTavSi aRwerilia organi- praqtikaSi gamoviyenoT skis
zaciuli RonisZiebebi, mTabaro- qvesadgamis erT-erTi kon-struqcia.
bis warmatebiT Casatareblad. es, erTi mxriv, aadvilebs muSaobas,
samTabaro mowyobiloba msxvili meore mxriv, zrdis safutkreSi
da saSualo safutkreebisaTvis skebis eqspluataciis xangrZlivobas:
(bade, sadgamebi, Semkravi Rvedebi
da CarCoebi, mowyobiloba da
manqanebi skebis datvirTva-
_CamotvirTvisa da transpor-
tirebisaTvis, samuSaoebi samTaba-
rod futkris ojaxebis mosamza-
deblad, transportirebisa da
adgilze safutkris mosawyobad,
samTabaro adgilebis SerCeva
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aqtiu-
ri sezonis sxvadasxva periodSi,
Taflovani da mtverovani
mcenareebis yvavilobisagan damo- es konusuri qvesadgami Semu-
kidebulebiT. Savebulia ruseTis mefutkreobis
institutSi da gaTvaliswinebulia
aqtiur sezonze futkris
swor adgilze skebis ganTav-
mTabarobisaTvis mefutkre unda
sebisaTvis. mTabarobis dros is
emzados zamTrobidanve, raSic Sedis:
calke ikribeba da Tavsdeba
_ skebis saventilacio satransporto Zaraze, adgilze
mowyobilobis momzadeba. igi mitanisas saWiroebs niadagis
warmoadgens brezentis naWers zomiT mosworebas.
60X60sm, romelsac erT mxareze
gakeTebul oTxkuTxa WrilSi
Cakerebuli aqvs mavTulbade 3X3mm
zomis ujredebiT.
_ im ojaxebisaTvis, romlebic
mTabarobis periodSi budes mTlianad
ver avseben, unda gamzaddes tixrebi
faneris furclisagan, romelsac
zeda mxareze miWedebuli aqvs
liTonis asakeci sadgam-saxeluri
Cveulebrivi CarCos zeda Tamasa da
skisaTvis
damagrdes tixari skis korpusze,
igi saSualebas iZleva, ska ganTav-
uSualod futkrian CarCoebTan
sdes usworo, mkveTrad daqanebul
mWidrod midgmiT;
adgilze, horizontaluri mdgoma-
_ amave miznisaTvis SeiZleba
reobis SenarCunebiT.
gamoviyenoT Cveulebrivi awyobili
CarCoebi, Sig GgaWimuli mavTuliT,
skebis datvirTva hidroamweTi
avtomanqanis Zaraze
am sadgamis gamoyenebiT mefutkres _ mTabarobis win mefutkrem unda
SeuZlia, damxmaris gareSe ska samu- SearCios samTabaro adgili, Seu-
Sao mdgomareobaSi daayenos. Tanxmdes mis mflobels safutkris
sadgamis es asakeci konstruqcia mowyobaze da moawesrigos futkris
SemuSavda saqarTvelos mefutkreobis samTabaro teritoria. Aamave mizniT
institutSi. igi mudmivad mimagrebu- saWiroa veterinaruli samsaxuridan
lia skis Ziris gaswvriv Zelebze, cnobis aReba safutkris sijansaRis
mTabarobis dros asrulebs skis Sesaxeb;
asawevi saxeluris movaleobas, ar _ skebis samTabarod momzadebis
saWiroebs daferdebuli niadagebis dros SeiZleba mizanSewonili iyos
mosworebas, gamoricxavs skis korpusebis Sekvra gamZle Rvede-
gadayiravebis SesaZleblobas; bisagan gakeTebuli TasmebiT.
_ didi safutkris mflobelebi
iyeneben movlis Tanamedrove teqno-
logias, skebs aTavseben saerTo kon-
teinerebze (3-4 cali TiToeulSi),
romelsac aqvs qveda (sadgamianad) da
zeda CarCoebi da maTi Semkrebi
jaWvebi, rac gamoricxavs konteinerSi
skebis moZraobas.
_ satransporto saSualebebze skebis

datvirTva-CamotvirTvisTvis mcire
moculobis (100-200 ojaxi) safutkre-
ebSi iyeneben mobilur orTvalebs da
asakec baqnebs:
aseTi konteinerebis gamoyeneba

gulisxmobs skebis datvirTva-
CamotvirTvis samuSaoTa srul
meqanizacias.
reJimSi!
moZravi baqani skebis mudmivad da-

salageblad
orTvala skebis gadaadgilebisaTvis _ mTabarobis dros safutkris
_ didi moculobis datvirTva- momsaxurebisaTvis iyeneben mefutkris
CamotvirTvis samuSaoebs asruleben samTabaro asawyob qoxs, an moZrav
skebis gadazidvis zemoaRweril kon- pavilions, momsaxurebisaTvis saWiro
teineruli sistemis meSveobiT, an yvela samuSaos gaTvaliswinebiT.
skebis ganlageba xdeba mudmivad (aq- _ uSualod satransporto saSu-
tiuri sezonis ganmavlobaSi) moZrav alebaze skebis datvirTvis win, saRa-
baqanze, romlis gadasaadgileblad mo xans (futkris frenis damTavreba)
avtotransports an traqtors safreni iketeba xis TamasiT, ro-
iyeneben; melsac skis wina kedels miaWedeben
lursmnebiT.
_ samTabarod gamzadebul skas exdeba
saxuravi, iReben baliSs, safari
tilo gadaikeceba sanaxevrod zomi-
eri temperaturis (22-230-mde) pirobeb-
Si. Tu ufro cxela, safari tilo
mTlianad ecleba;
_ skaSi futkris bude Seivseba
mTlianad: aSenebuli fiWebiT, an
gaxsovdeT! safutkris mowyobi- carieli CarCoebiT, daefareba samTa-
lobis SerCevisas unda gaiT- baro bade, Semdeg skis saxuravi da
valiswinoT: 1) safutkris sidide korpusebi ikvreba RvedebiT, an edeba
(ojaxebis raodenoba), e.i. Tqveni konteineris zeda CarCo damWimavi
finansuri SesaZleblobani Zi- mowyobilobiT;
riTadi saSualebebis SesaZenad; 2) _ saRamo xans safrenebi iketeba xis
ramdenad mosaxerxebelia TamasiT (lursmnis miWedebiT). skebi
mowyobiloba: a) ugzoobis piro- gadaaqvT orTvalaTi avtomanqanis an
bebisaTvis, rac Cveulebrivi misabmelis Zaraze; skebi (erTkor-
movlenaa futkris mTabarobis pusiani) lagdeba Zaraze sam iarusad,
dros; b) SezRudul farTobze xolo sakuWnaoebiani skebi_or
samuSaod (mTis pirobebSi). sanam iarusad.
SeiZenT Tanamedrove maRal- futkris transportireba
mwarmoeblur mowyobilobas, _ es operacia sruldeba Ramis peri-
gaiangariSeT, SeZlebT Tu ara am odSi, raTa Tavidan aicilon futkris
mowyobilobis amuSavebas saWiro Caxureba (daRupva). cxel amindSi skis
saventilacio Wrilebi ixsneba mefutkris astmis, an brtyeltuCas
mTlianad; gamoyenebiT, pirvelad wina rigSi da
_ gadaadgilebis dros mefutkrem TandaTan gadainacvleben ukan,
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mi- momdevno rigebSi;
aqcios, xom ar gamodis romelime _ wylis resursebiT SezRudul
skidan futkari. naxvretebis Sem- adgilze idgmeba xis kasri onkaniT,
CnevisTanave isini unda amoiqolos mis qveS-ficari zigzagisebri
dasvelebuli TixiT, an bambiT; WriliT; Seivseba kasri wyliT da on-
kani iReba imdenad, rom wyali
wveTavdes ficarze;
skis korpusebi satransporto

saSualebebze moaTavseT wina
kedliT moZraobis mimarTulebiT.
Zara SeavseT skebiT da sa-
Tadarigo korpusebiT mTlianad, futkris sarwyulebeli da
rom ar iyos masze skebis moZ- ficari zigzagiseburi WriliT
raobis saSualeba; skebis rigebs _ safutkris mowyobidan erTi dRis
Soris moaTavseT xis Zelebi Semdeg futkris ojaxebis mdgoma-
zomiT 40X40mm (saventilaciod); reobas amowmeben da asruleben yvela
Zaris gaswvriv da gardigardmo saWiro samuSaos.
gadauWireT Tokebi uswormasworo
gzebze skis korpusebis gada- samTabaro marSrutebi saqarTveloSi
adgilebis aRsak- veTad. skebis am marSrutebis Camoyalibebis
transportireba daamTavreT procesSi tradiciulad gaTvalis-
gaTenebamde, an ukidures Sem- inebuli iyo Semdegi mosazrebebi:
TxvevaSi dRis cxeli periodis _ futkris adresagazafxulo
dadgomamde; ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa misi
movla-Senaxvis, kvebisa da tempe-
raturuli faqtoris gaTvalis-
safutkris ganlageba samTabaro winebiT, Tundac sakvebi bazis
adgilze SedarebiTi zomierebis (simwiris)
_ adgilze futkris miyvanis Semdeg pirobebSi;
iwyeba satransporto saSualebis _ sagazafxulo periodis dasasruls
gadmotvirTva, risTvisac winaswar futkris gadaadgileba gardamaval
SerCeul adgilebze Tavsdeba indi- zonaSi, sadac uzrunvelyofilia
vidualuri sadgamebi, skebs ga- futkris Semdgomi ganviTareba da
nalageben sadgamebze; sasaqonlo Taflis dagroveba;
_ safutkris mowyobis Semdeg, _ zafxulis periodSi futkris
futkris damSvidebis kvalad, skebs gadaadgileba subalpur (tyis zona)
exdeba saxuravebi da budeebs da alpur mdeloebze;
daafareben safar tiloebs da _ safutkreebis dabruneba
baliSebs; safrenis gaxsna iwyeba saSemodgomo Taflovnebze Ralis
asaRebad da bartyianobis stimuli- wesi, futkris saadreo ganviTareba
rebisaTvis. unda daiwyoT kolxeTis dablobze
(Savi zRvis sanapiroebze). SemdgomSi
samTabaro marSrutebi aRmosavleT misi gadaadgileba mizanSewonilia
saqarTveloSi Semdegnairad:
zemoaRniSnul TaviseburebaTa gaTva- _ imereTis dablobi raionebidan
liswinebiT Tqven SegiZliaT futkris (zestafoni, baRdaTi, samtredia,
mTabaroba adre gazafxulze: wyaltubo) sairmis xeobaSi da
_ gardabnis zonaSi da alaznis raWa_leCxumSi (ambrolauri, oni,
velze, sadac arsebuli Taflovani cageri);
da mtverovani flora sxva _ zugdid-walenjixis raionebidan:
(temperaturul da kvebis) faqto- enguris xeobaSi;
rebTan erTad uzrunvelyofs fut- _ afxazeTis Savi zRvis sanapirodan
kris ojaxebis saadreo ganviTa- (gulrifSi-gudauTa): kodorisa da
rebas; bzifis xeobebSi;
_ momdevno periodSi (maisis Sua _ qobuleT-xelvaCauris raionebidan
ricxvebidan) futkris mTabaroba xulos mimarTulebiT;
gardamaval zonaSi, sadac saga- aRniSnul zonaSi tyis Taflovanebis
zafxulo Taflovani mcenareebis (cacxvi, wabli, wyavi da sxva) garda,
yvaviloba ufro gvian iwyeba; TqvenTvis xelmisawvdomi iqneba al-
_ ivnisidan futkris mTabaroba puri mdeloebic. Taflovani floris
yvarlis, TianeTis, walkis, borjom- srulad aTvisebaSi dReisaTvis
axalcixis, aspinZa-adigenis mimarTu- SemzRudveli faqtoria zogierT xeo-
lebiT, xolo ivlisis bolos- baSi misasvleli gzebis arasaxarbie-
agvistoSi futkris mTaba-roba lo mdgomareoba, risi gaTvaliswine-
maRalmTian raionebSi (axalqalaqi- bac mogixdebaT futkris mTabarobis
ninowminda, yazbegi, ambrolauri- dros.
oni);
_ seqtembridan futkris gadayvana
saSemodgomo Taflovnebze (Soroq-
nis cocxi, suro da sxva) gardabnis
nakrZalTan da alaznis (Soroqani)
velze.
am kanonzomierebidan Tavisebur
gamonakliss warmoadgens futkris
mTabaroba mzesumziris naTesebze
kaxeTis zonaSi, sadac es procesi
iwyeba ivnisis Sua ricxvebidan da 3-
4 kviras grZeldeba, Tesvis
gansxvavebuli vadebis gaTvalis- sakontrolo SekiTxvebi:
winebiT, ris Semdeg Tqven SegiZliaT 1. ras vaRwevT futkris mTabaro-
futkris mTabarobis gagrZeleba mTis biT da ra saSualebebiT?
zonaSi. 2. ra mowyobiloba sWirdeba fut-
samTabaro marSrutebi dasavleT kars saventilaciod da budis
saqarTveloSi mTlianobis Sesanar- Cuneblad?
am zonaSi ufro uxvi Taflovani 3. ra konstruqciis qvesadgamebi
floris wyalobiT Tqven ar arsebobs da ra pirobebisaTvis?
mogixdebaT samTabarod futkris 4. ras warmoadgens skis konte-
gadaadgileba did manZilze. rogorc ineri da ra daniSnuleba aqvs?
5. ra meqanizmebia saWiro samTaba- damtvervo saqmis Sesasru- le-
ro safutkris datvirTva- blad, Ffutkrismieri damtvervis
_CamotvirTvisaTvis? efeqtianobis zrdis xerxebi,
6. rogori TanmimdevrobiT srul- futkris momzadeba sadamtvervo
deba mTabarobis adgilze saqmianobisaTvis da am procesis
safutkris mowyoba? samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa.
7. ra principiT xorcieldeba
futkris mTabaroba aqtiur mcenareTa jvaredini damtvervis bi-
sezonze saqarTveloSi? ologiuri mniSvneloba
8. daasaxeleT futkris mraval- miRebuli Teslisa da nayofis
jeradi mTabarobis SemzRu- xarisxis mixedviT mcenareTa
dveli faqtorebi! jvaredini damtverva TviTdamtver-
vasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro
efeqturi saSualebaa. garda amisa,
Ggamoyenebuli literatura: najvar Taobas axasiaTebs maRali
1. R. Hoopingarner ,, Crop Pollination”. The cxovelmyofeloba, garemosadmi Se-
Hive and the Honey Bee, Chapt. 24, p. guebis gazrdili unari. mcenareTa
1042-1080, 2010 evoluciis procesSi mwerebis mier
2. Г. Туников и др. Технология jvaredini damtvervis ganxorcielebam
производства и переработки продукции
gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa bunebis
пчеловодства.М.,2001
mTeli nairsaxeobis warmoqmnaSi. ga-
3. d. andRulaZe mefutkreoba da
nayofierebis es xerxi yvelaze saim-
misi ganviTarebis rezervebi
edo da ekonomiuri aRmoCnda sxva
saqarTveloSi.1968
xerxebTan (hidrofilia, zoofilia,
anemofilia, orniTofilia) Sedare-
mefutkreobis saswavlo elemen-
biT. mwerebs mcenareuli mamrobiTi
tebi. El. versia. 2008
sasqeso ujredebi (spermatozoidebi)
5. В. Лукоянов, В.Павленко Пчеловодный
Tavisi sxeuliT uSualod gadaaqvT
инвентарь, насечное
mdedrobiT sasqeso organoebze
оборудование,М.,1988
(butko). mcenareebs, Tavis mxriv gam-
oumuSavdaT mwerebis misazidi saSu-
alebebi: tkbili wvenis (neqtari) gam-
Tavi VIII omyofi jirkvlebi, neqtarSi aromat-
uli nivTierebebis Semcveloba,
Eentomofilur mcenareTa futkrismi- yvavilebis Sesabamisi ferebi. amasTan
eri damtverva erTad, mwerebi neqtris garda
sargebloben mcenareTa yvavilis
1) mcenareTa jvaredini damtverva da mtvriT, rogorc ZiriTadi sazrdo
moTxovnebi sadamtvervo sa- nivTierebebis wyaroTi. meTafle
futkris mimarT futkrisaTvis ki es nivTierebebi
(neqtari da yvavilis mtveri) erTa-
am qveTavSi mkiTxveli gaecnoba derTi bunebrivi sakvebia.
Semdeg sakiTxebs: mcenareTa
jvaredini damtvervis biologiuri
mniSvneloba, futkris roli am
saqmeSi da misi ojaxis wliuri
moTxovnileba mcenareul (neqtari,
yvavilis mtveri) sakvebze, moTxov-
nileba futkris ojaxebze sa-
wesi aiZulebs, es produqtebi Seud-
areblad meti raodenobiT Seagrovos.
Mmefutkres SeuZlia, areguliros
futkris ojaxSi individebis raode-
noba, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-
vania adre gazafxulze moyvavile
mcenareebis dasamtverad, roca ve-
luri dammtveravi mwerebi bunebaSi
Zalze cotaa. miwaTmoqmedebis inten-
Ffutkari xaxvis yvavilze sifi- kacia (niadagis xvna da Sesabam-
isad velur mwerTa budeebis dan-
futkris ojaxis wliuri moTx- greva, pesticidebis gamoyeneba da
ovnileba neqtarsa da yvavilis sxva) Zalze amcirebs am ukanasknelTa
mtverze raodenobas, xolo futkris dacvis
SemuSavebuli RonisZiebebi saSua-
unda icodeT:
lebas iZleva, Sxamqimikatebis gam-
futkris ojaxis wliuri moTxov-
oyenebasTan erTad futkris roli
nileba naxSirwylovan sakvebze
mcenareTa damtvervis saqmeSi ar
(Tafli) Seadgens 90-120 kg-s, xolo
Sesustdes.
yvavilis mtverze - 20-35 kg-s. aqve un-
damtvervisaTvis futkris ojaxebze
da iangariSoT sakvebis is raodenoba,
moTxovnileba
rasac adamiani iRebs futkrisgan
Taflis saxiT. Tanamedrove moTxovnileba unda gaiangariSoT er-
mefutkreobaSi es maCvenebeli 20-90kg- Teul farTobze erTdroulad momu-
s Seadgens. muSa futkari yovel Save muSa futkris raodenobiT, sai-
gafrenaze moinaxulebs 100-150 danac dgeba damtvervisaTvis saWiro
yvavils, xolo Tavisi sxeuliT mas futkris ojaxebis raodenoba.
gadaaqvs 3-5 mln mtvris marcvali. calkeul entomofilur mcenareTa
futkris Zlieri ojaxi 50-60 masivebisaTvis es maCvenebeli
aTasi individiT yoveldRiurad motanilia cxrilSi.
naxulobs 50-60 mln yvavils. am
uzarmazari samuSaos SesrulebaSi
mas badali ar hyavs. mcenareTa
damtvervaSi meTafle futkari
dasamtveravi mcenaris 1 ha-ze saWiro
asrulebs am samuSaos 80-90%-s,
futkris ojaxebis raodenoba
danarCens _ veluri dammtveravi
mwerebi. Mmcenaris dasaxeleba Ffutkris
futkris mniSvneloba entomofluri ojaxebis
mcenareebis jvaredini damtvervis raodenoba
vaSli, msxali, qliavi 2,0
procesSi
Jolo, xurtkmelis 0,5-2,0
mcenareTa damtvervaSi monawi- le- msxvilnayofa jiSebi
oben Tripsebi, xoWoebi, peplebi, mocxari 4
buzebi, martoxela futkrebi, kela. am xendro 0,5-1
mwerTa monawileoba ZiriTadad wiwibura 2
Semoifargleba SimSilis dakmayo- mzesumzira 0,5-1
filebis grZnobiT, bevri maTgani aq- vazi, xaxvi, kitri 1
tiur sezonze mxolod 1 Taobas kvalsaTburSi (1000 Car-
zrdis. futkars Tavisi ojaxis ganvi- Coze)
Tarebuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
kitri saTburSi (1000m2), 1 melic uzrunvelyofs saWiro sazrdo
rafsi, bostneulis nivTierebebiT (sasuqebi), efeqtian
saTesle nakveTebi dacvas mavneblebisa da daavadebebis-
kitri da baRCeuli 0,3-0,5 gan, wylis reJimis SenarCunebas ni-
kulturebi
adagSi;
sakvebi parkosnebi 1
esparceti 3-4 _ futkris ojaxebis drouli
bamba 5-6 momzadeba sadamtvervo samuSaos
mdelos samyura 4-6 Sesasruleblad, romelic SeiZleba
(wiTeli) daiwyos adre gazafxulidanve
ionja 8-10 (magaliTad, nuSis plantaciis
mdogvi 0,5 damtverva): proteinovani da naxSir-
ZiZo 3-4 wylovani sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa,
qinZi 2 budeSi sxvadasxva asakis muSa
futkrisa da bartyis arseboba
saWiro raodenobiT, siTburi reJimis
Seqmna, axalgazrda, kargi kver-
cxmdebeli deda futkris arseboba,
daavadebebis winaaRmdeg efeqtiani
RonisZiebis gatareba;
_ safutkris mitana dasamtveravi

kulturis masivTan. rac ufro axlos
ganewyoba futkris ojaxi am masivTan,
miT ukeTesia. yovel SemTxvevaSi es
manZili 0,5 km-ze meti ar unda iyos.
mdogvi safutkre dasamtveravi mcenaris ma-
sivTan unda ganTavsdes im periodSi,
safutkreSi ojaxebis raodenoba roca mcenare iwyebs yvavilobas
unda ganisazRvros erTi an (araumetes 10%-sa), winaaRmdeg Sem-
erTdroulad moyvavile Taflovani TxvevaSi, futkris moqmedeba srul
kulturebis saerTo farTobiT, efeqts ar iZleva.
normis mixedviT futkris ojaxebis
maqsimaluri raodenobidan gamomdi-
nare. Tu futkris ojaxebi SedarebiT
sustia, maSin maTi raodenoba Sesa-
bamisad unda gaizardos im angariSiT,
rom erTi Zlieri ojaxis (12 CarCo
futkari da 8-9 bartyiani CarCo)
magivrad iyos 2 saSualo siZlieris
ojaxi.
Tu Tqvenma safutkrem esparcetis

mcenareTa futkrismieri jvaredini naTesi farTobis 100 ha unda
damtveros, maSin am safutkreSi
damtvervis efeqtianobis zrdis
Tqven unda iyolioT 100X4=400 Zli-
xerxebia: eri ojaxi, romelsac yvavilobis
_ dasamtveravi mcenaris moyvanis dasawyisSi gadaitanT aRniSnul ma-
Tanamedrove, maRali agroteqnika, ro- sivze.
Ffutkari vaSlis baRSi
- futkris dageSva gamoiyeneba im
_ safutkris naadrevad mitanisas ma- SemTxvevaSi, roca mcenaris masivi
sivTan, an dagvianebis SemTxvevaSi, gamoyofili neqtris simciris an misi
futkari ufro xalisiT SeiZleba dabali koncentraciis gamo
amuSavdes sxva konkurent Taflovan futkrisTvis naklebad mimzidvelia.
mcenareebze. dageSva iwyeba aRniSnuli mcenaris
safutkris samTabarod unda yvavilobis dasawyisSive, risTvisac
Sesruldes Semdegi operaciebi: skas mzaddeba sirofi Saqrisa da wylis
moexdeba saxuravi da dasaTbunebeli SefardebiT 1:1, Tbil sirofSi Cayri-
baliSebi, amoecleba TafliT savse, an am mcenaris yvavilebs. 5-6 saaTis
mZime fiWebi carieli fiWebis Cadg- Semdeg sirofi miiRebs sasurvel
miT, gadaikeceba safari tilo suns, Semdeg mas gadawuraven da
sanaxevrod, daefareba samTabaro umateben 1-2 wveT anisulis zeTs an
bade (ventilaciis uzrunvel- pitnis nayens. diliT adre, futkris
yofisaTvis), daiketeba safrenebi da frenis dawyebamde, eZleva sirofi
dalagdeba skebi avtotransportze an TiToeul ojaxs 150-200 g-is raodeno-
misabmelze. saRamo xans gadaitaneba biT. aseTnairi kveba grZeldeba aR-
isini dasamtveravi mcenaris masivze niSnul mcenaris yvavilobis
Ramis ganmavlobaSi. diliT adre dasrulebamde. es xerxi kargia im
skebs exsneba safrenebi wina rigebi- SemTxvevaSi, roca safutkre uSualod
dan. isini unda ganTavsdes da- dasamtverav masivze dgas.
samtverav farTobze im angariSiT,
futkris dageSva SeiZleba garkveul
rom mTeli masivi erTnairad iyos
teritoriazec. amisaTvis im masivze,
futkriT uzrunvelyofili. Aar
romelzec safutkris mier da-
SeiZleba erT adgilze 30-40 skaze
samtveravi mcenare aris (magaliTad,
metis dawyoba _ momdevno jgufi unda
wiTeli samyura), zolebad Tesaven
ganlagdes ara umetes 300 metrze
(100-150 m-is daSorebiT) ufro
naklebad mimzidveli kulturis Sem-
uxvneqtrian meore mcenares (magaliT-
TxvevaSi da ara umetes 500 metrze im
ad, vardisferi samyura). es
kulturebis masividan, romelzec
ukanaskneli 1-2 kviriT adre daiwyebs
futkari ufro xalisiT muSaobs.
yvavilobas. roca futkari am teri-
Tu masivis konturi iseTia, rom
torias mieCveva, daiwyebs wiTeli
misi sigane aRemateba futkris aqti-
samyuras yvavilebis monaxulebasac.
uri frenis radiuss, maSin skebi ma-
dasamtverav farTobze futkris
sivze unda daewyos Semdegnairad
moqmedebis gaZlierebis mizniT gam-
(Semxvedri damtverva):
oiyeneba Semdegi xerxi: futkris Zli-
er ojaxs, romelsac budeSi sakmaod
bevri TavRia bartyi hyavs, unda wa-
erTvas Weoiani fiWebi, vTqvaT, kg-mde, risTvisac aZlevs mas 50%-ian
wiTeli samyuras moyvavile masivze, Saqris sirofs 2-3_dRiani Suale-
rac aiZulebs, Seagrovos yvavilis debiT, TiToeul jerze 1,5-2 kg-is
mtveri gazrdili raodenobiT, rac raodenobiT. Tbili sirofi eZleva
gaaZlierebs wiTeli samyuras futkars individualuri sakveburiT
futkrismier damtvervas. saRamo xans;
yuradReba! _ bude futkars unda dauTbundes
ecadeT, naTeli gaxadoT rogorc zevidan, ise gverdidan
sxvebisTvis sakvebi mcenareebis damatebiTi baliSiT, romelsac skaSi
futkriT damtvervis upiratesoba. Cadeben budis ganapiras arsebuli
Tqveni safutkridan sxvadasxva tixaris miRma.
daSorebiT (50, 250, 500, 1000 da
2000 m) airCieT farTobebi, Ti- futkris daqiraveba
Toeuli 1m2-is odenobiT, roca fermers dasamtveravi
SemozRudeT isini. yvavilobis pe- mcenaris SezRuduli farTobi aqvs,
ri-odSi daiTvaleT SerCeul misTvis ufro momgebiania, futkari
adgilebze futkris frenis inten- iqiravos am mcenaris yvavilobis da-
sivoba 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. mom- sawyisidan mis bolomde. aseT Sem-
wifebuli mcenaris Teslis mo- TxvevaSi fermerTan ideba
savlis aRricxviT Tqven daa- xelSekruleba, romelSic aRiniSneba:
naxvebT teritoriis mflobel _ gasaqiravebeli ojaxebis raodenoba
fermers futkrismieri damtvervis da siZliere (futkris raodenoba
upiratesobas. CarCoebis mixedviT);
am teritorias sxva safutkre ar _ dasamtverav farTobze futkris
unda moemsaxuros. futkrismieri ojaxebis ganlagebis gegma;
damtvervis Sedegebis ufro zustad _ mcenaris masivTan futkris
dasadgenad SeiZleba, aRvricxoT ojaxebis miyvanis dro da damtvervis
miRebuli mosavali damtveril periodis xangrZlivoba;
farTobze imasTan SedarebiT, sadac _ mcenareTa damtvervis periodSi
es samuSao futkris mier ar futkris ojaxebis momsaxurebis wesi;
Sesrulebula. sxvaoba maT Soris _ SxamqimikatebiT mcenareTa damu-
naTelyofs futkris gavlenas mcenar- Savebis gegma-grafiki da futkris
is mosavlianobaze damtvervis dacvis RonisZiebebi;
Sedegad. _ sadamtvervo samsaxuris Sesru-
futkris momzadeba mcenareTa lebisaTvis gadasaxadis odenoba.
xelSekrulebaSi SeiZleba Caiweros
jvaredini damtvervisaTvis. am samu-
Saos Sesasruleblad futkris ojaxi futkris transportirebaze saWiro
unda iyos Zlieri, budeSi bartyis danaxarjebis anazRaurebis wesi.
sakmao raodenobiT. gansakuTrebuli xelSekrulebiT nakisr ormxriv
yuradReba eTmoba TavRia bartyis valdebulebebSi, agreTve aRniS-
raodenobas, romelsac gamosakvebad nulia, rom miwis mflobeli
Weo gaZlierebiT eZleva (rZesTan er- valdebulebas kisrulobs, ar
Tad) ZiZa futkrebis mier. futkris ixmaros sadamtvervo samuSaos
ojaxis saadreo ganviTarebisaTvis periodSi toqsikuri pesticidebi,
mefutkre asrulebs Semdeg samuSa- xolo mezoblebis mxriv maTi
oebs: gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi gaafrTxi-
los mefutkre amis Sesaxeb
_ sakveb marags gazafxulze
(damtvervis dawyebamde) Seuvsebs 8-12 (Hoopingarner a. Waller, 2010). calke
punqtad mieTiTeba sufTa wyliT 2. Г. Аветисян Пчеловодство.М.,1982
momaragebis sakiTxi (miwis mflo- 3. Н.Буренин, Г. Котова Справочник по
belis mxriv). пчеловодству. М.,1988
sakontrolo SekiTxvebi: 4. М. Шеметков и др. Советы пчеловоду,
Мн.,1983
1. ras aZlevs mcenareul samyaros
jvaredini damtverva?
2. ra upiratesoba aqvs futkars
damtvervaSi sxva mwerebTan
SedarebiT?
3. ras Rebulobs futkari
damtvervis procesSi da
risTvis sWirdeba mas es?
4. ra maCveneblebisagan iangari-
Seba dammtveravi safutkris su-
ladoba?
5. ras warmoadgens Semxvedri
damtverva da rodis awyoben
mas?
6. axseniT futkris dageSvis
xerxebi
7. ra xerxebiT izrdeba
futkrismieri jvaredini
damtvervis efeqtianoba?
8. aRwereT futkris ojaxis
momzadeba samTabarod da ras
akeTebs mefutkre transporti-
rebis Semdeg!
9. rogor unda davarwmunoT miwis
mflobeli futkris muSaobis
efeqtianobaSi?
10. futkris ojaxis momzadebis
dro da xerxebi mcenareTa
jvaredini damtvervisaTvis;
11. rodis xdeba safutkris 2) sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenareTa
daqiraveba? damtvervis Taviseburebani da
12. ra punqtebisgan Sedgeba
efeqtianoba
xelSekruleba safutkris da-
saqiraveblad da ra evaleba Aam qveTavis gacnobis Semdeg stu-
miwis mflobelsa da mefutk- dents ecodineba sxvadasxva ento-
res? mofilur mcenareTa damtvervis
13. rodis SeiZleba xelSek- aucilebloba, futkris movlisa
rulebis vadis gagrZeleba? da sadamtvervo samuSa- oebis
Sesasruleblad. xil-kenkrovani,
citrusovani, sakvebi, bostneuli,
Ggamoyenebuli literatura: baRCeuli, samarcvle da sasaTbure
kulturebis dam-tvervis Catarebis
1. R. Hoopingarner a. G.Waller Crop Pollina- teqnika da miRebuli Sedegebis
tion. The Hive and the Honey Bee. Chapt. 24, (mosavlis raodenoba da xarisxi)
p. 1043-1081
mixedviT damtvervis efeqtianobis rigi. Tu es SeuZlebelia, maSin Zi-
gansaz-Rvra. riTadi jiSis mcenaris varjSi
Taflovani floris is warmomad- arsebuli totebidan 1-2-Si dammtvera-
genlebi, romlebic saWiroeben vi mcenaris kvirtebs an kalmebs
futkrismier damtvervas, mkveTrad Caamynoben; futkari am mcenareebidan
gansxvavdebian rogorc saneqtre Taflis SezRudul raodenobas (25-50
produqtiulobiT da Sesabamisad kg/ha) iRebs, magram es Zalze
futkrisaTvis mimzidvelobis unariT, arsebiTia ojaxis ganviTarebisaTvis.
ise damtvervis gamoyenebuli
Ffutkris momzadeba sadamtvervo saq-
xerxebiT da erTeul farTobze
mianobisaTvis.
dammtveravi futkris savaldebulo
raodenobiT. xilkenkrovan mcenareTa umetesoba
adre gazafxulze yvavilobs, roca
I. xilkenkrovani mcenareebis da-
bunebaSi veluri dammtveravi mwerebi
samtverad futkris gamoyeneba.
Zalze cotaa. efeqtiani futkrismieri
mcenareTa am jgufSi kulturuli damtvervisaTvis mefutkrem momzadeba
floris yvelaze gavrcelebuli war- unda daiwyos wina wels, aqtiuri se-
momadgenlebia: vaSli, msxali, qliavi, zonis bolos, roca mTavrdeba Zi-
Jolo, mocxari, xurtkmeli, xendro, riTadi Taflovani da mtvrovani
citrusovani kulturebi, yurZeni da mcenareebis yvaviloba, unda gaZli-
sxva. TviTdamtvervad saxeobebSic ki erdes deda futkris kvercxmdebloba
jvaredini damtverva futkris an sxva da Sesabamisad axalgazrda muSa
mwerebis mier TvalsaCinod zrdis futkris mozamTre Taobis miReba
Teslisa da nayofis mosavals; Semdegi xerxebiT:
unda icodeT: a) Taflis sasaqonlo produqciis

gamowurvisTanave, mefutkre amzadebs
am jgufis bevr warmomadgenels ax- Saqris sirofs an inversiul Saqars
asiaTebs proteroginia _ yvavilis wyalTan SefardebiT 1:1, agrZelebs
dingisa da mtvrianebis momwifeba futkris damatebiT kvebas naxSir-
sxvadasxva periodSi, rac gamoric- wylovani sakvebiT: dRegamoSvebiT,
xavs vaSlis damtvervisas unda saRamo xans 250-300 g sirofi Ti-
TviT gaiTvaliswinoT, rom yvelaze Toeul ojaxze;
damt ukeTesi xarisxis nayofi miiReba b) saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aZlevs
verva pirveli yvavilebidan, Sesabamisad futkris ojaxebs kands, yvavilis
s. unda SeizRudos momdevno dReebSi mtvriT gamdidrebuls, yovel 10
calk gamonaskvuli yvavilebis damtver- dReSi erTxel, 1 kg-is raodenobiT
eul va. amitom 1 ha farTobze dasam- TiToeul ojaxze. es procesi
saxeo tveravad SehyavT futkris 2 ojaxi grZeldeba 1 Tvis ganmavlobaSi;
baTa
SigniT aris SeTavsebadi jiSebi
(jiSis SigniT damtvervis moxdena sa- g) sasaqonlo Taflis gamowurvis
kuTari mtvriT) da SeuTavsebadi Semdeg futkris ojaxebs amuSavebs
jiSebi (damtverva unda moxdes gan- maRalefeqtiani akariciduli prepa-
sxvavebuli jiSis mcenaris mtvriT); ratebi tkipovani daavadebebis
am jgufis SeuTavsebadi jiSebis winaaRmdeg, erT-erTi cnobili
efeqturi damtvervisaTvis plant- samkurnalo saSualebiT (varokomi,
aciaSi gaSenebuli ZiriTadi jiSis 3-4 bipini, varostopi da sxva) preparatze
rigs enacvleba dammtveravi jiSis 1-2 TandarTuli instruqciis Sesaba-
misad. mkurnaloba unda Catardes gamofrenisas futkari Sexvdes
orjer, sanam budeSi aris dammtveravi jiSis mcenaris rigebs,
gadabeWdili bartyi. igive procesi saidanac aRebul mtvers dasamtverav
unda gameordes futkris budeSi mcenareze gadaitans (Hoopingarner a.
bartyis sruli gamoCekis Semdeg Waller, 2010). Tu futkari cotaa, an
(seqtembris bolo-oqtomberi); dammtveravi jiSis mcenareebia
d) dazamTrebis dros (noembris I naklebi, maSin mosavlis raodenoba
naxevari), futkris bude unda da xarisxi aradamakmayofilebelia.
SemWidrovdes zedmeti da mcire- msxlis, alublis, gargrisa da
Tafliani fiWebis amoRebiT am dros atmis damtvervisas iTvaliswineben,
xdeba budes zemodan da gverdebidan rom es mcenareebi kargad reagireben
aTbuneben saTbunebeli masalis jvaredin damtvervaze, amitom baRSi
(baliSebi da sxva) SemowyobiT. ZiriTad kulturasTan erTad
adre gazafxulze, xilkenkrovan gaSenebuli unda iyos dammtveravi
mcenareebze pirveli yvavilebis jiSebic. 1 ha farTobze am mcenareTa
gaCenisTanave, safutkre unda jvaredinad dasamtverad SehyavT
gadaitanoT baRSi, TiToeul ha-ze 2-3 futkris 2 ojaxi;
futkris ojaxis raodenobiT. amasTan
dammtveravi safutkris gadatanis
vadebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos
qimiuri saSualebebiT mcenareTa
dacvis RonisZiebaTa Catarebis
gegmasTan. erT adgilze unda daewyos
futkris 45-50 ojaxi. Nnakleb-
mimzidveli kulturebis damtvervi-
sas manZili jgufebs Soris unda
Seadgendes 400-500m-s. Tu dasamtve-
ravi kulturebi futkrisaTvis
mimzidvelia, e.i. neqtris raodenoba nuSi yvavilobisas
da masSi Saqris Semcveloba kargia,
es manZili izrdeba 500 m-mde. blis damtvervaSi futkris
mcenaris uxvi yvavilobis dros 2-3 monawileoba iseve aucilebelia,
dRis ganmavlobaSi unda ganxor- rogorc alublis SemTxvevaSi. yovel
cieldes futkrismieri damtverva, 1 ha dasamtverav farTobze norma
ris Semdeg safutkres gamoitanen. es Seadgens futkris 2 ojaxs.
RonisZieba Tavidan agvacilebs
Jolo, mocxari, xurtkmeli da na-
xexilis mewleurobas da zedmeti
wilobriv xendro saWiroeben
naskvebis gaCenas, rac Semdgom mainc
futkrismier damtvervas. jvaredini
unda Camocvivdes. zomieri yvavilobis
damtvervis maRali efeqtianobisaTvis
SemTxvevaSi baRSi safutkre datoveT
ZiriTad kulturebTan erTad iyeneben
yvavilobis mTel periodSi.
SeTavsebadi dammtveravi mcenareebis
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi (Tu futkari
gaSenebas.
gadavida konkurent Taflovan
mcenareebze), safutkre gamoaqvT
baRidan da SeaqvT sxva safutkre,
romelic ar aris SeCveuli baRs.
damtverva efeqtiania, Tu safutkre
ewyoba qarisgan dacul, mzian
adgilze, im angariSiT, rom
miRebuli Tafli gansakuTrebiT
maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva (Hoop-
ingarner a. Waller, 2010).
bostneuli da baRCeuli kultu-rebis

damtvervisas unda icodeT:
es mcenareebi tipiuri entomo-
filebi arian da saWiroeben fu-
tkrismier damtvervas. baRCeuli
kulturebis (sazamTro, nesvi, gogra
da sxva) efeqtiani damtvervisTvis
futkarma TiToeuli yvavili 30-jer
mainc unda moinaxulos. amis Sedegad
miRebuli Tesli ufro msxvilia,
xendro gaRivebisa da aRmocenebis unari ki
ufro maRali.
am kulturebis jvaredini bostneuli da baRCeuli
damtvervisaTvis futkris planta- kulturebis damtvervisaTvis TiTo-
ciaSi SehyavT 2-4 futkris ojaxi eul ha naTesze futkris norma 1-2
yovel ha farTobze. ojaxia.
citrusovani kulturebis damtve- 2. sakvebi da marcvleuli
rvisas gaxsovdeT: kulturebis damtverva. es kultu-
am mcenareebis jvaredini damtve- rebi TviTdamtvervadia, magram jva-
rva uzrunvelyofs nayofis mo- redini damtvervis dros maTi Teslis
savlis mniSvnelovan zrdas da mosavali mkveTrad matulobs.
misi xarisxis gaumjobesebas, gar- wiTel samyuras axasiaTebs
da forToxlis zogierTi jiSisa, yvavilis gvirgvinis grZeli milaki,
romelTac nayofSi kurkis gaCena ris gamoc misi jvaredini damtverva
aReniSneba. yvelaze efeqtianad (kelas garda)
grZelxorTumian qarTul futkars
SeuZlia. zogierTi mkvlevaris mtki-
ceba (Губин, Аветисян, 1982), rom
gvirgvinis milakis siRrme (8-10 mm)
miuwvdomelia am futkrisaTvis, sima-
rTles ar Seesabameba, radgan am
jiSis cocxal futkars SeuZlia
ufro met siRrmes Cawvdes (e. i.
neqtari amoiRos), rasac a. ruTis
(1982) mier motanili masala mowmobs
da rac sxva mkvlevarebis mierac
dasturdeba (Шеметков и др., 1983).
forToxali yvavilobisas
citrusebis damtvervisaTvis plan-

taciaSi futkris 2-3 ojaxi unda
iqnas Seyvanili. citrusebisagan
saTesi ionjisa da esparcetis
damtvervisas futkris frenis
gasaZliereblad iyeneben zemo-
aRweril meTodebs. cnobili jiSebi-
dan amierkavkasiuri 2-3-jer met
Tesls iZleva (14-15 c/ha, Аветисян,
1982). TiToeul ha ionjis naTesis
dasamtverad SeaqvT 8-10 futkris
wiTeli samyura Zlieri ojaxi, esparcetis naTesze _
3-4 ojaxi;
wiTeli samyuras damtverviswina pe-
riodSi gamoyenebuli RonisZie- beb- _ wiwiburas naTesze futkris gam-
idan aRsaniSnavia: oyenebisas Teslis mosavali 60-70%-iT
_ deda futkris kvercxdebis matulobs (35 c-mde heqtarze, Аветисян,
gaZliereba futkris damatebiTi 1982). misi yvavilobis dasawyisSi
kvebiT, risTvisac amzadeben Saqris dgamen yovel 1 ha farTobze 2 Zlier
sirofs wylisa da Saqris masuri Se- ojaxs. Tu naTesi farTobi didia,
fardebiT 1:1 da dRegamoSvebiT iyeneben Semxvedri damtvervis wesebs:
futkris ojaxebs aZleven 350-400 g-is futkris ojaxebs ganalageben
raodenobiT; jgufurad; jgufebs Soris manZili
_ futkris dageSvis meTodis gam- 500-600 m-s Seadgens;
oyeneba wiTeli samyuras naTesebze
frenis gasaaqtiureblad: Saqris 50%-
ian sirofSi wiTeli samyuras
yvavilebis CamatebiT sirofis aroma-
tizeba. diliT adre, frenis daw-
yebamde, aseTi sirofi miecema erT
ojaxze 150-200 g-is raodenobiT;
_ wiTeli samyuras damtvervaze momu-
Save futkris ojaxebs unda waerTvas
Weoiani fiWebi, rom maT gauZlierdeT
yvavilis mtvris Segrovebis in-
stinqti. garda amisa, am naklebadmim- safutkre moyvavile mzesumzirasTan
zidveli mcenaris masivze futkris
frenis gasaZliereblad, zolebad
iTeseba ufro Zlieri Taflovnebi
(vardisferi samyura, ZiZo, facelia),
rac sabolood zrdis samyuras
Teslis mosavlianobas 25-30%-iT
(Шеметков и др., 1983).
_ safutkreebi wiTeli samyuras na-
Tesebze unda ganlagdes jgufurad
Mmoyvavile wiwibura
(50-60 ojaxi TiToeulSi) im an-
gariSiT, rom manZili maT Soris ar
aRematebodes 500-600 m-s, yovel 1 ha yvelaze sayuradReboa Semdegi mona-
farTobze 4-6 Zlieri ojaxis odeno- cemebi: mcenaris futkrismieri
biT. jvaredini damtvervisas 1 ha naTesi
farTobidan grovdeba 20-25 kg Tafli,
TeslSi matulobs cximis Semcveloba,
ganviTarebuli Teslis masa (20-25%)
da misi aRmocenebis unari (9-10%,
Hoopingarner a. Waller, 2010; Шеметков и др.,
1983). mzesumziras efeqtiani
damtvervisaTvis, yovel erT akr
naTes farTobze ganTavsdeba erTi
Zlieri ojaxi.
saTburis mcenareTa futkrismieri

damtverva
_ yovel 100 m2 sasaTbure farTobze
unda gaiTvaliswinoT futkris 1 Zli-
eri ojaxi:
_ saTburSi arsebuli mcenareebisagan
miRebuli mtveri da neqtari aSkarad
arasakmarisia futkrisaTvis, amitom
yovel 1 sasaTbure ojaxze iyolieT 1
damxmare (gareT myofi) futkris
ojaxi, saidanac sasaTbure ojaxs
Ffutkari kitris yvavilze
gadaedgmeba fiWebi WeoTi da naxSir-
wylovani sakvebiT. kvalsaT- burSi
mcenareTa jvaredini damtvervisaTvis, saTburSi arsebul mcenareTa da-
yovel 1000 CarCoze gaiTvaliswineT 1 samtverad, dabali temperaturis
ojaxi, romelsac miitanT uSualod dros, futkari unda SeiyvanoT saT-
kvalsaTburTan; frenis gasaaqtiure- burSi da ganalagoT Sesasvlelis
blad Sesasv-lelTan (aweuli Car- mopirdapire mxares, sadac diliT ga-
Coebi) dadgiT sakveburi Saqris si- naTeba yvelaze intensiuria;
rofiT. haeris temperaturis matebasTan da-
kavSirebiT, futkari unda ganlagdes
sasaTbure kedlis gareTa mxares, im
angariSiT, rom futkari safrenidan
mxolod saTburSi xvdebodes (gvira-
bis gakeTebiT), xolo saTburis sax-
uravSi gakeTdes viwro fanjara
futkris safrenad (saTburidan).
sasaTbure ojaxis sakvebi maragi
periodulad unda Seivsos damxmare
ojaxidan, raTa naxSirwylovani sak-
vebi iyos 8-10-kg-is farglebSi. Weos
deficitis Sesavsebad, damxmare ojax-
idan eZleva Weoiani fiWebi an kandi,
romelic Seicavs: a) yvavilis mtvers
20-25%-is odenobiT, an b) yvavilis
mtvris Semcvlelebs, romlebic
mzaddeba Semdegi recep-turiT (yovel
100 kg sakvebze): inversiuli sirofi –
30 kg, cximgaclili soiis fqvili -
9kg, inaqtivirebuli safuari – 3 kg, 9. ratom sWirdeba futkars dama-
moxdili rZis fxvnili - 3 kg, Saqris tebiTi sakvebi saTburSi yof-
fqvili – 55 kg. moizileba aRniSnuli nisas da ris xarjze ivseba
narevi, momzaddeba 1 kg-iani gundebi, igi?
romelsac gaaxveven polieTilenis 10. ra stresuli faqtorebi
apkSi da sakvebi miecema sasaTbure moqmedeben futkarze saTburSi
ojaxs CarCos zeda Tamasebze garda maTi amridi RonisZiebebi.
digardmo dadebiT. G
_ Sxamqimikatebi, romelTac saTbur-
Si iyeneben mavneblebisgan mcenareTa gamoyenebuli literatura:
dasacavad, futkris dacvis mizniT
gamoiyeneba saTburSi mxolod dRis II 1. R. Hoopingarner a. G.Waller Crop Pollina-
naxevarSi, roca saTburSi futkris tion. The Hive and the Honey Bee. Chapt.
frena TiTqmis Sewyvetilia. 24, p. 1044-1081
_ sasaTbure kulturebze futkris 2. Н.Буренин, Г. Котова Справочник по
frenis gasaaqtiureblad gamoiyeneba пчеловодству.М.,1988
aromatizebuli Saqris sirofi, ro- 3. М. Шеметков и др. Советы
melsac amzadeben: Saqari+wyali 1:1-ze пчеловоду,Мн.,1983
masuri SefardebiT, cxel sirofs 4. Г. Аветисян Пчеловодство.М.,1982
amateben sasaTbure mcenaris 5. А.Ковалев и др. Учебник
yvavilebs, diliT adre, futkris пчеловода.М.,1972
frenis dawyebamde gadawuruli si- 6. g. maZRaraSvili, e. kobaxiZe.
rofi miecema sasaTbure futkris mefutkris saswavlo elementebi.
ojaxs 100-150 g-is odenobiT. Eeleqtruli versia. 2008
sakontrolo, SekiTxvebi
1. ra aris proteroginia da ra
sameurneo efeqti axlavs mas?
2. ra maCveneblebiT xorcieldeba
jvaredini damtverva mcenareTa
jiSebs Soris?
3. ra upiratesoba aqvs meTafle
futkars velur dammtverav
mwerebs Soris?
4. rogor xdeba futkris saadreo
gaZliereba da ra
maCveneblebis mixedviT?
5. romelia radikalurad gansxva-
vebuli jiSebi dammtverav
futkarze moTxovnilebis
Tavi IX
mixedviT?
6. riT gamoirCeva wiTeli
safutkre meurneobis mowyoba, spe-
samyura sxva dasamtveri kul-
cializacia da ekonomika
turebisagan?
7. ramdenad axlo dgas CaxarSu- 1) safutkris mowyobis ganmsazRv-
li futkris xorTumis sigrZe reli faqtorebi, meurneobis spe-
realurTan? cializacia da kadrebiT uzrun-
8. ra maCveneblebi gamoiyeneba velyofa
xilisa da mzesumziras mo- safutkre meurneobis mowyoba
savlis Sesafaseblad? rTuli da sapasuxismgeblo saqmi-
anobaa, romlis drosac iT- Tuleba; mxedvelobaSi iqonieT,
valiswineben faqtorTa mTeli kom- rom dRis garkveul periodSi
pleqss. igi pirveli nabijia, ro- futkris ojaxebs mze unda
melic SemdgomSi gansazRvravs anaTebdes, gansakuTrebiT zamTro-
sawarmoo procesebis warmarTvas, bis dros. safutkremde gza ad-
meurneobis rentabelobas da mis vilad misasvleli unda iyos.
perspeqtivas. am qveTavSi studenti skebi daalageT safreniT aR-
gaecnoba safutkre meurneobis mosavleTiT an samxreTiT, magram ara
mowyobis ZiriTad faqtorebs CrdiloeTiT.
produqciis warmoebis Tvalsaz- sxva faqtorebTan erTad unda gaiT-
risiT da kvalificiuri muSaxeliT valiswinoT: kvalificiuri muSa-
dakompleqtebis sakiTxebs. xeliT meurneobis dakompleqtebis
safutkris mowyoba da adgilis amor- SesaZlebloba an perspeqtiuli adami-
Ceva safutkrisTvis unda moxdes anebis mizidva, risTvisac safutkre
Semdegi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT; meurneoba unda moewyos dasaxlebuli
a) Taflovani floris arseboba. es punqtebis siaxloves; futkris mTaba-
moTxovna umTavresia, radgan maszea robisaTvis vargisi gzebis arseboba;
damokidebuli safutkris sidide, xolo meurneobis centralur kar-
mTabarobis jeradoba, produq- midamosTan erTad damatebiTi ubnebis
tiuloba da sxva ekonomikuri amorCevis saSualeba im angariSiT,
maCveneblebi. rom SesaZlebeli iyos meurneobis
sasurvelia, safutkre ZiriTadi marTvis ganxorcieleba.
Taflovani mcenareebis masivTan
axlos iyos, uamisod saTafle
produqtiuloba Zlier mcirdeba.
safutkres nu moawyobT sxva sa-
futkreebTan axlos, miT umetes
sxva futkris frenis xazze, mecx-
oveleobis fermebis siax-loves.
Tu safutkres dasaxlebul adgilze

awyobT, SemoRobeT maRali (2 m-mde) a) safutkresTan moxerxebulad
meseriT. mowyobili mosasvleli
safutkris zoma gansazRvreT
mis siaxloves arsebuli Taflovani safutkris garSemo dargeT
floris resursebiT, agreTve da- Taflovani mcenareebi yvavilobis
samtveri mcenareebis farTobiT. gansxvavebuli vadebiT. umjobesia,
Taflovani mcenareebis siuxvis piro- Tu safutkris garSemo tanmaRal
bebSi SeiZleba erT adgilze iyo- xeebTan erTad dairgveba Taflo-
lioT futkris 130-150 ojaxi. Tu es vani buCqnari, rac mniSvnelovnad
pirobebi ufro mwiria, safutkre ga- amcirebs qaris siZlieres.
nalageT 4-5 adgilze, erTimeo- risa- sasurvelia, Tu safutkris SigniTac
gan 3-4 km-is daSorebiT. arsebuli teritoria dabali Taflo-
safutkris mosawyobad gaiTva- vani xeebiT an buCqnariT daifareba,
liswineT adgilis zoohigienuri raTa dRis yvelaze cxel periodSi
pirobebi. nu moawyobT safutkres skebs hqondeT saCrdilobeli. amas
maRali tenianobis mqone, daWao- garda, aseTi mcenareebi futkars
bebul adgilas; gaiTvaliswineT exmareba, daimaxsovros Tavisi ska. es
gabatonebuli qarebis mimar- gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania deda
futkrisaTvis misi saqorwino gamof- Aastami skis korpusebisa
renis dros. da CarCoebis gan-
calkeveba da ga-
wmenda
sabolebeli futkris da-
sawynareblad
pirbade danestvrisagan
kombinezoni dacva
,,
sadede galia an Ddeda futkris an
xufi sadede ujredis
droebiTi izola-
cia
gamyofi cxauri deda futkris
safutkris dacva Taflovani
kvercxdebis
qarsafari mcenareebiT
SezRudva
b) futkrisa da inventaris SeZena. 2. deda futkris xelovnuri gamozrdi-
safutkris mowyobas rom gadawyvetT, saTvis
Tqveni Semdgomi nabiji iqneba Sabloni sacvile jamebis
futkris SeZena, risTvisac gasakeTeblad
daukavSirdiT romelime safutkre Spateli ujredidan sadede
meurneobas (yofili sajiSeebi mux- bartyis amo-
sayvanad
urSi, samtrediaSi da sxva), an
CarCo-izolatori erTasakovani sade-
mefutkreTa gaerTianebebs (profesi-
de bartyis misaRe-
onal mefutkreTa asociacia, bad
mefutkreTa kavSiri da sxva), sadac sanukleuse ska deda futkris ga-
dagexmarebian saWiro sanaSene ma- nayofiereba
salis SerCevaSi. uSualod SeZenis saamanaTnayre yuTi fiWiani an ufiWo
procesSi daixmareT mefutkreobis nayris
dargis veterinari, rom daadginoT gadasagzavnad
SeZenili sanaSene masalis sijansaRe. saCarCoe mavTuli skis CarCoSi xe-
futkris SeZenasTan erTad moagvareT lovnuri fiWis
Casamagreblad
safutkre inventaris SeZena. am dan-
mavTulkoWas dam-
iSnulebiT rogorc dedaqalaqSi, ise
Weri
municipalitetebis maRaziebSi CarCos saxvreteli CarCos gverdiTi
SearCieT saWiro mowyobiloba Tamasebis gas-
qvemoTCamoTvlili nusxis mixedviT. axvretad (mavTu-
safutkre inventari da mowyobiloba lisaTvis)
eleqtroCasamynobi CarCoSi xelovnuri
dasaxeleba daniSnuleba fiWis Casama-
1.Ffutkris ojaxis xilvisaTvis greblad
Ralianobis inten-
saswori sa- sivobis dasadgenad
kontrolo skis Sekvra trans-
skis Sesakravi portirebis dros
kakvi futkris
izolaciisaTvis
samTabaro bade transportirebis
dros
3. sacvile nedleulis gadasamu-
Saveblad mosamzadebeli
mzis cvilsadnobi nedleulis mcire cilindruli qvabi
partiis gadasad- amreviTa da
nobad gamacxelebliT
orTqlis cvil- sacvile nedleu- 8. saerTo daniSnulebis
sadnobi lis gadamuSaveba,
skebi sxvadasxva
inventaris steri-
konstruqciis
lizeba
WurWlis sarecxi
CaxarSuli nedleu-
abazana
sacvile wnexi lidan cvilis
saswori cifer-
gamosawurad
blatiani
4. fiWis aTla da Taflis wurva garda aRniSnulisa, safutkre meu-
fiWis asaTleli fiWis aTla rneobaSi unda iqonioT sawarmoo Se-
magida
fiWis asaTleli ,, noba Semdegi nakveTurebiT:
dana _ Taflis Sesanaxi, misi damuSavebisa
,, da Camosxma-SefuTvisaTvis, sakvebis
Taflis Camosasx- mosamzadebeli;
meli magida
orTqlis dana _ fiWis Sesanaxi da sacvile
vibrodana fiWis aTla nedleulis gadasamuSavebeli;
cibruti qorduli ,, _ sadurglo saxelosno;
Taflis wurva
_ farduli;
samoyvarulo sa-
cibruti radi- futkreSi _ mefutkris oTaxi;
aluri igive daniSnulebiT _ saabazano tualetTan erTad.
did safutkreSi sawarmos SenobaSi unda moewyos wy-
Taflis
alsadeni da gaTboba zamTris peri-
gasalRobi avzi
Taflis filtri odisaTvis.
Taflis Sesanaxi safutkris sawarmoo mimarTulebis
WurWeli gansazRvra
WurWlis steri-
lizatori
sworad gansazRvruli sawarmoo
mimarTuleba safutkris aRmavlobisa
5. meqanizmebi skebis datvirTva- da mflobelis materialuri keTil-
CamotvirTvisa da gadasatanad dReobis safuZvelia. am mizniT:
orTvala skebis a) unda ganisazRvros safutkris
gadasaadgileblad
gasaSleli baqani satransporto moqmedebis arealSi Taflovani
Zaraze skebis mcenareebis saxeobani da maTi yvavi-
asatanad lobis kalendaruli vadebi;
hidroamwe satransporto b) aRiricxos mTeli aqtiuri sezonis
Zaraze skebis
dasawyobad ganmavlobaSi sakontrolo skis
konteinerebi saerTo sadgamze maCveneblebi wonamatis saxiT;
skebis g) sakontrolo skis monacemebis
dasamontaJeblad
mixedviT dadgindes gazafxulidan
skis sadgami samoyvarulo sa-
individualuri futkreSi skis da- Semodgomamde Raliani da uRalo
sadgmelad periodebi;
6.Mmowyobiloba Taflis damuSaveba- d) ganisazRvros momsaxure person-
CamosxmisaTvis. alis samuSao kvalifikacia, ra saxis
vakuum- Taflis kon-
samuSaoebis Sesruleba SeuZlia
amaorTqlebeli dicirebisaTvis
tumboTi futkris produqciis warmoebis saxiT:
Taflis Camosasx- Taflis, sanaSene masalis (deda
meli naxev- futkrebi da amanaTnayrebi), ento-
radavtomati
mofiluri mcenareebis sadamt-vervo
7. Saqris an inversiuli sirofis
saqmianoba, sxva produqtebis
(yvavilis mtveri, dindgeli, futkris g) miRebuli produqciis damuSavebas
rZe da Sxami) warmoeba da pirveladi dabal temperaturaze (sterili-
damuSaveba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi zacia) cvilis CrCilis sawinaaR-
samuSao Cvevebis aTvisebis unari. mdegod;
am monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT gan- _ aiTviseT yvavilis mtvris Segrove-
sazRvreT Tqveni safutkris ZiriTadi bis xerxi mtverdamWeriT:
sawarmoo mimarTuleba: a) miRebuli mtvris produqciis
gaSroba savele pirobebSi Txevad
Tu safutkris siaxloves sawvavze momuSave saSrobiT;
bunebrivad mzardi Taflovani b) mtvris produqciis dabaltempe-
mcenareebis masivebi sakmaod uxvia raturuli sterilizacia sayinule
da maTi Ralianoba 2-3 Tves karadaSi;
grZeldeba, maSin Tqveni saqmianobis _ aiTviseT futkris rZis warmoebis
ZiriTadi obieqti sasaqonlo Taf- teqnologia:
lis warmoeba iqneba; a) sadede masalis gamozrdiT
2) Tu piriqiT, safutkris moqmedebis daWuprebamde, cvilisagan gakeTebul
zonaSi gazafxuli adre iwyeba, jamebSi bartyis gadataniT;
Taflovani mcenareebi SedarebiT b) futkris rZis aRebiT sadede uj-
naklebia da maTi Ralianoba um- redebidan;
Tavresad futkris arsebobas uzrun- g) futkris rZis SenaxviT 0+20C pirobeb-
velyofs, maSin Tqveni sawarmoo Si, Senaxvis rekomendebuli xerxebis
mimarTuleba sanaSene (ga- dacviT.
nayofierebuli deda futkrebi, ama- _ aiTviseT futkris Sxamis warmoebis
naTnayrebi sxvadasxva saxis) produ- teqnologia:
qciis warmoeba iqneba. a) Sxamis asaRebi aparatis gam-
oyenebiT;
3) Tqvens samoqmedo areSi, an sa- b) Sxamis afxekiT kasetebidan;
futkridan SedarebiT axlo manZilze g) Sxamis pirveladi damuSaveba rek-
Tu arsebobs samrewvelo mexileobis omendebuli xerxebiT(gaSroba, ga-
baRebis, parkosani da marcvlovani cra, saTanado WurWelSi moTavse-
Taflovan mcenareTa saTesle nak- ba);
veTebis mniSvnelovani farTobebi, d) Sxamis Senaxvis pirobebis dacviT
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens sa- (realizebamde).
futkres paralelurad unda mieces 5) uzrunvelyaviT futkris produ-
sadamtvervo mimarTuleba da sabo- qtebis Semsyidvel organi-zaciebTan
loo jamSi iqneba saTafle- kontraqtebis gaformeba da mza
sadamtvervo an sanaSene-sadamtvervo produqciis gadacema;
mimarTulebis meurneoba. 6) Tqvens mier warmoebuli Taf-
4) safutkris Semosavlis mniSvnelo- lisaTvis saboloo (sasaqonlo) saxis
vani wyaro SeiZleba gaxdes futkris misacemad moawyeT misi damuSavebis
produqtebis: dindgelis, yvavilis teqnologiuri xazi;
mtvris, futkris rZisa da Sxamis _ galRoba;
damzadeba da gadamuSaveba, risTvisac: _ gawmenda uxsnadi minarevebisagan;
_ aiTviseT dindgelis Segrovebis _ kondicireba (zedmeti wylis
progresuli xerxi, romelic moicavs: mocileba);
a) specialuri lartyebiani ficar- _ Camosxma;
nagis gakeTebas; _ markireba;
b) dindgelis Segrovebas partiebad - _ Sevsebuli WurWlis blokebad
aprilidan agvistos CaTvliT; Sekvra;
_ rekomendebuli teqnologiiT mza odSi, iTvisebdes maTi Sesrulebis
produqciis gadacema sawyobSi da xerxebs: futkris movlis, kvebis, sak-
Senaxva; vebi saSualebebis momzadebis, klin-
_ realizacia. ikuri niSnebiT daavadebebis gan-
adaminuri resursebi safutkre meur- sazRvris, mkurnalobis, futkris
neobaSi, maTi momzadeba da produqtebis pirveladi damuSavebis,
diferencireba futkris mTabarobisa da sxva samuSa-
oebis CatarebisaTvis;
safutkre meurneobis gamarTuli
muSaobisaTvis saWiro adamianuri b) saSualo kvalifikaciis mefutkre
resursebis momzadeba moicavs: a) (III safexuri) srulyofilad unda
kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebi (2- flobdes futkris movla-Senaxvis
10 Tviani xangrZlivobiT), swavleba yvela process, rasac futkris
profesiul kolejsa da umaRles movlis teqnologia iTvaliswinebs,
saswavlebelSi. Uukanasknel periodSi SeeZlos safutkreSi maCveneblebis
am sqemas daemata uaxlesi sainfor- Segroveba da sistematizireba,
macio saSualebebi inter-netis saxiT, xelmZRvanelobdes damwyebi mefut-
sadac SesaZlebelia saWiro infor- kreebisa da damxmare personalis
maciis moZieba, Tumca is yovelTvis efeqtian muSaobas, pasuxs agebdes
srulyofili (yovlis-momcveli) ar Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculobasa
aris. da xarisxze, agreTve safutkreSi
sawarmoo specializaciis an sim- warmoebuli produqciis vargisi-
Zlavris mixedviT safutkre meurne- anobaze momxmareblis (damkveTis)
obaSi SeiZleba iyos Semdegi person- winaSe;
ali: damwyebi mefutkre, saSu-alo
kvalifikaciis an kvalificiuri g) kvalificiuri mefutkre (IV_V
mefutkre, menejeri (mmarTveli). spe- safexuri) srulyofilad unda
cializaciis gaTvaliswinebiT sa- flobdes futkris movla_Senaxvis,
futkre meurneobaSi SeiZleba ai- daavadebebTan brZolis, produqtebis
yvanon mefutkre_seleqcioneri warmoebis, maTi pirveladi damuSa-
(sanaSene meurneoba), droebiT samu- vebisa da saboloo (sasaqonlo) saxis
Saoze - futkris rZis an Sxamis micemis xerxebs, pasuxs agebdes sa-
Segrovebisa da gadamuSavebis spe- futkris saqmianobis yvela operaci-
cialisti, an agronomi (sadamt-vervo aze, rac gaTvaliswinebulia meurne-
samuSaoebis Camtarebeli). rogorc obaSi arsebuli teqnologiiT,
wesi, safutkris gamajan-saRebeli SeeZlos srulyofili informaciis
RonisZiebebi uSualod mefutkris miwodeba rogorc meurneobis
mier sruldeba, vete-rinaris xelmZRvanelobis, ise momxmareblis-
zedamxedvelobiT, Tumca es damkveTisaTvis;
ukanaskneli meurneobaSi sistema- d) seleqcionerma unda icodes
turad dasaqmebuli ar aris. qvemoT futkris movla_Senaxvis savalde-
motanilia samuSaoTa is CamonaTvali, bulo wesebi, romlebic gavlenas
rasac meurneobaSi momuSave perso- axdens futkris produqtiulobaze,
nali asrulebs: pasuxs agebs meurneobis xelmZRva-
a) damwyebi mefutkre (II safexuri) nelis (menejeri) winaSe aRricxvi-
valdebulia: hqondes aucilebeli anobaze safutkre meurneobaSi, uz-
codna futkris biologiaSi. ecno- runvelyofs saWiro monacemebis
bodes safutkreSi Sesasrulebel gagzavnas sanaSene centrSi, iRebs
samuSaoebs wlis sxvadasxva peri-
saTanado informacias centridan da sawarmoo SenobaSi?
axorcielebs: 6. ra aris safutkre meurneobis
a) safutkreSi ojaxebis dayofas sawarmoo specializaciis gan-
jgufebad maTi saproduqto da msazRvreli faqtorebi?
sanaSene Rirsebis mixedviT; 7. ra procesebi sruldeba Taf-
b) safutkris dakompleqtebas lis, cvilis, yvavilis mtvris,
maRalproduqtiuli sanaSene masa- dindgelis, futkris rZisa da
liT (dedebi, nayrebi da sxva); Sxamis warmoebisa da gadamuSave-
g) monacemebis Segrovebas sanaSene bis dros?
jgufis produqtiulobasa da sxva 8. ra moeTxoveba mefutkres misi
maCveneblebze am jgufis sanaSene kvalifikaciis Sesabamisad: II, III
Rirsebis Sesafaseblad; da IV-V safexurebze?
d) angariSgebas Sesrulebuli samu- 9. raze agebs pasuxs safutkre
Saos moculobaze, xarisxsa da meurneobis menejeri? seleqci-
warmoebuli sanaSene produqciis oneri?
Rirsebaze; 10. visTan da ra sakiTxebze uxdeba
e) ecnoba uaxles miRwevebs futkris mefutkreobis specialists urTi-
moSenebisa da seleqciis sferoSi, erToba, magaliTad veterinars,
marketingul monacemebs sanaSene menejers, IV-V safexuris
produqciis realizaciis Sesaxeb mefutkres?
rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise 11. ra aris seleqcioneris saqmi-
sazRvargareT, pasuxs agebs sa- anobis ZiriTadi elementebi?
futkre meurneobaSi futkris
seleqciis xaziT arCeul mimar-
Tulebaze; gamoyenebuli literatura:
v) menejeri xelmZRvanelobs safutkre
1. Г.Аветисян Пчеловодство, М ,1982;
meurneobis personalis gamarTul
muSaobas futkris movlis, mTaba- 2. П. Тименский Организация труда в
robis, daavadebebTan brZo-lis, пчеловодстве. М.,1982
produqciis warmoebis, pirveladi 3. Г.Туников и др., Технология производства
damuSavebisa da saboloo и переработки продукции пчеловодства.
(sasaqonlo) saxis micemis mimar- М.,2001
TulebiT, pasuxs agebs meurneobis 4. М.Шеметков и др. Советы пчеловодству
ekonomikur mdgoma-reobaze, produ- 5. Н.Буренин, Г.Котова Справочник по
qciis vargisi-anobasa da realiza- пчеловодству,М, 1988
ciis mdgomareobaze. 6. g. maZRaraSvili futkris produ-
sakontrolo kiTxvebi; qtebi da aratradiciuli sakvebi,
1. ra safrTxes Seicavs Taflovani 2002w
floris gauTvaliswinebloba sa- 7. g.maZRaraSvili, e.kobaxiZe
futkris mowyobisas? mefutkris saswavlo elementebi, 2008.
2. ra aris safutkre meurneobis
ZiriTadi struqturuli erTeu- 2) Sromis organizacia, saqmianobis
lebi? ekonomikuri analizi, dagegmva da
3. rogor unda gamoiyurebodes sa- warmoebis gafarToeba
futkre? safutkre meurneobaSi maRalxaris-
4. ra procesebisaTvis sWirdeba xovani, konkurentunariani produq–
safutkre meurneobas inventari da ciis sawarmoeblad bevri ram aris
mowyobiloba? damokidebuli muSakTa Sromis
5. ra procesebi unda Sesruldes gamarTul organizaciaze. am
qveTavSi msmeneli gaecnoba _ sakvebis darigebis meqanizacia da
Tanamedrove pirobebSi samuSao misi micemis SesaZlebloba dRe-Ramis
drois efeqtiani gamoyenebis nebismier periodSi;
xerxebs, Catarebuli saqmianobis _ Taflis wurvis procesSi
ekonomikuri analizis meTodebs, maRalmwarmoebluri amTlelebisa da
meurneobis rentabelobis miRwevis radialuri cibrutebis gamoyeneba;
saSualebebs, agreTve perspeq– _ futkris ojaxebis movlis
tiuli dagegmvisa da warmoebis procesSi mxolod aucilebeli
gafarToebis SesaZleblobis gam- operaciebis Sesruleba, erT xilvaze
oyenebas. ramdenime samuSaos Sesruleba;
futkris ojaxebis SezRuduli _ safutkreSi mxolod Zlieri
raodenobis pirobebSi, sadac sxva ojaxebis yola, susti ojaxebis
muSaxelis gamoyeneba atarebs mxo- wundeba;
lod sezonur xasiaTs (magaliTad, _ sanaSene saqmianobaSi masobrivi
Taflis wurva, mTabaroba da sxva) gadarCevis meTodis danergva,
saqmianoba SeiZleba dafuZnebuli populaciaTaSorisi an xazTaSorisi
iyos erT, individualur mewarmeze,. hibriduli deda futkrebis gamo–
am SemTxvevaSi mefutkreoba samoyvar- yeneba;
ulo xasiaTs atarebs, SeuZlebelia _ bunebrivi nayrobis aRkveTa skebze
Sromis Tanamedrove, mowinave damatebiTi korpusebis drouli
xerxebis gamoyeneba, futkris movlisa dadgmiT da sxva RonisZiebebiT;
da mTabarobis intensiuri teqnolo- _ aqtiur sezonze futkris
giebis danergva, rac ganapirobebs sistematuri mTabaroba, erT ubanze
safutkreSi warmoebuli sasaqonlo dalagebuli skebis raodenobis
produqciisa da rentabelobis dabal SezRudva 25-30 ojaxamde.
maCveneblebs.
Mmefutkreobis gaZRolis Tanamed–
rove teqnologia emyareba pirvel
rigSi futkris movlis (erT pirovne-
baze mimagrebuli ojaxebis raodeno-
ba) intensifikacias, rac TavisTavad
warmoSobs organizaciul uni-
ficirebas, roca erTdroulad
Sesasrulebeli operaciebi futkris
ojaxSi sruldeba gansazRvruli
Semadgenlobis jgufis mier (sa-
futkris rgoluri momsaxureba).
Aam organizaciul RonisZiebebSi,
rac intensiuri teqnologiiT aris
rgols manipulireba uxdeba korpusebiT
nakarnaxevi, aRsaniSnavia:
_ erTi tipis skebis gamoyeneba sa-
futkris ojaxebis rgoluri
futkreSi, sadac rgols manipulireba
momsaxureba dReisaTvis Sromis
uxdeba korpusebTan da ara calkeul
yvelaze mowinave sistemaa
CarCoebTan;
_ Tanamedrove samTabaro teqnikis mefutkreobaSi. rgolSi xelmZRva–
gamoyeneba: 3,4 da meti skis ganTavseba nelis garda unda CaerTos ori
erT konteinerSi, amwe meqanizmebis mudmivi mefutkre, an erTi mefutkre
gamoyeneba satransporto saSualebaze da erTi sezonuri muSaki. am ZalebiT
skebis datvirTva_CamotvirTvisaTvis; rgoli moemsaxureba 350-500 futkris
ojaxs. Tu rgolSi 4 muSaki aris, es rgolis wevrebs Soris
maCvenebeli SeiZleba 800 ojaxamde xelmZRvaneli anawilebs damatebiT
gaizardos. rgols ekisreba samuSaoebs imis garda, rac
pasuxismgebloba mTeli qonebaze, dakavSirebulia safutkris momsaxu-
sawarmoo nagebobebsa da transport– rebasTan (avtotransportis marTva,
ze. rgolis xelmZRvanelad SearCeven sadurglo saqme da a.S.).
mis wevrebs Soris yvelaze gamocdil
muSaxelis efeqturi gamoyenebis misa-
da mcodne pirovnebas. rgolis
Rwevad, rgoli minimumamde amcirebs
xelmZRvanelma unda gaanawilos
futkris ojaxebis daTvalierebaTa
rgolis wevrebze samuSaoebi,
jeradobas, risTvisac erT xilvaze
magaliTad:
atarebs ramdenime operacias,
_ rgolis wevrebi asruleben
magaliTad:
futkris ojaxebSi budis
gafarToebis samuSaoebs Semdegi
sqemiT:
1. xelmZRvanelis erT-erTi damxmare
xsnis skas da iRebs budidan
saTbunebels;
2. xelmZRvanels miaqvs skasTan
korpusi, romelic Sevsebulia
aSenebuli da xelovnuri fiWebiT da
adgams am korpuss skis ZiriTad
korpusze;
3. meore damxmare damatebiT micemul
korpusze adebs saTbunebels da skis
saxuravs.
am sqemiT sruldeba yvela Ffutkris damuSaveba sakvebSi gareuli
samuSao safutkreSi (nayrebis
samkurnalo preparatiT
warmoeba, Tafliani korpusebis
moxsna da gadatana sawarmoo _ pirvel sagazafxulo daT-
korpusSi, daavadebebze futkris valierebaze sruldeba: a) zamTrobis
damuSaveba, Txevadi sakvebis micema Sedegebis aRricxva, futkris ojaxSi
futkrisaTvis polieTilenis parke- sakvebis maragis miaxloebiTi gan-
biT da sxva). erT safutkreSi rom sazRvra, budis SemWidroeba da
mTavrdeba samuSao, imave wesiT damatebiTi daTbuneba; b) tkipovan
grZeldeba sxva safutkreebSi, daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg samkurnalo
mcocavi grafikiT. saSualebebis gamoyeneba (Sesxureba an
samkurnalo firfitebis Cakideba); g)
Txevadi inversiuli sirofis micema
tomsikiT an kandis kvereulis dadeba
mozamTre gundis Tavze;
Mmomdevno daTvalierebis dros:
a) udedo ojaxebis gamovlena da maTi
gaerTianeba dedian ojaxebTan; b)
samkurnalo RonisZiebis Catareba
(saWiroebisamebr); g) sakvebis (Saqris
an inversiuli sirofis) micema, budis
Ffutkris xilva daavadebebze gafarToeba damatebiTi CarCoebiT an
korpusebiT (SesaZleblobis SemTxve– _ daexmaros cudad mozamTre
vaSi) da a.S. futkris ojaxebs, gamoasworos maTi
Ddadanis konstruqciis erTkorpusian mdgomareoba;
skaSi samuSaoebis Sesruleba bevrad - zamTrobis periodSi moamzados skis
advili xdeba rgolisaTvis, roca korpusebi CarCoebiT da fiWebiT,
korpusi da saxuravi erTmaneTs gaaremontos skebi da sxva safutkre
ukavSirdeba wina mxares nair- gver- inventari;
diani anjamebiT da maTi _ Seasrulos safutkreSi sawarmoo
SemaerTebeli sarWiT; da sameurneo aRricxva, aimaRlos
rgolis wevrebs Soris atareben kvalifikacia.
treinings calkeuli samuSao pro-
cesebis imitaciiT, rom isini Semdgom 6. safutkris momsaxurebis drois
Sesruldes samuSao droisa da normativebi wlis calkeul peri-
Zalebis minimaluri danaxarjebiT. odebSi
4. safutkreebis brigaduli momsax-
ureba warmoebs did safutkre meur- unda gaxsovdeT!
neobaSi, sadac arsebobs ramdenime es normativebi SemuSavebulia
rgoli, an individualuri mefutkree- sxva qveynis pirobebisaTvis, Tanac
bi ricxovnobiT aranakleb 10-sa. sakmaod didi xnis win. es gare-
5. safutkris momsaxure rgolis mier moeba aRniSnul normativebs xdis
Sesasrulebeli ZiriTadi valdebu– saorientacio maCveneblad. gaiT-
lebebia: valiswineT, rom samecniero-
_ Seasrulos biznes-gegmiT gaT- teqnikuri progresis wyalobiT
valiswinebuli davalebebi Taflisa calkeuli operaciebis xangrZli-
da sxva produqciis warmoebis, voba mniSvnelovnad icvleba (Sem-
futkris axali ojaxebis Seqmnis cirebis tendenciiT). Tu Tqven
gziT; xedavT, rom normativebi ar
_ awarmoos sanaSene muSaoba sa- Seesabameba Tqvens samuSao piro-
futkreSi deda futkrebis xelovnuri bebs, CaatareT Sesrulebuli samu-
gamozrdiT da Zveli deda futkrebis Saos qronometraJi,
SecvliT;
_ Seagrovos da gadaamuSavos
radgan normativebi uSualo kavSir-
sacvile nedleuli;
Sia mefutkris datvirTvasTan (mima-
_ Caataros futkris ojaxebis
grebuli futkris ojaxebis raodeno-
mTabaroba aqtiur sezonze da
ba), rac saboloo jamSi gansazRvravs
Seasrulos mcenareTa jvaredini
damtvervis samuSaoebi; muSakis Sromis anazRaurebas.
_ Seagrovos da gamowuros Tafliani samuSao drois normativebi
CarCoebi, sazamTre maragis
calkeul operaciebze
Sesavsebad, xelovnuri sakvebi
daamzados da budeebi daakompleqtos;
samuSao operaciebi saoperacio
_ daicvas safutkreSi sanitarul-
da maTi Sinaarsi dro
higienuri wesebi, vetsamsaxuris
muSakis xelmZRvanelobiT gamoavli- futkris
nos daavadebebi da umkurnalos ZiriTad
futkars, mospos futkris mavneblebi ojaxze, wT
da mtrebi;
1) dakvirveba futkris 1,3
frenaze JurnalSi
Sedegebis CaweriT 9) futkris kvebis
Catareba xuTjer:
2) cudad gazamTrebuli 1,2 a) kandiT 2-jer (1 3,00
ojaxebis daTvaliereba
gamokvebaze - 1,30 wT)
(saorientaciod sa-
b) Saqris sirofis
futkris 20%, erTi 5,90
momzadeba (erTi
ojaxis daTvalierebaze -
gamokvebisaTvis - 1,97wT)
6 wT)
g) gverdiTi sakveburis 22,95
3) daoblebuli ojax- 0,74 Cadgma da sirofis
isaTvis saTadarigo Casxma (1 jerze - 7,65
dedis micema (savarau- wT erT ojaxze)
dod safutkris 10%,
10) 10 xelovnuri fiWis
erTi dedis micemaze-7,40
Cakvra CarCoebSi: 26,40
wT)
a) deziT da sagoraviT 3,50
4) futkris zerele daT- (1 CarCoze - 2,64 wT);
valiereba: 1,90 b) eleqtroCasamynobiT
a) saTbuneblis nawilis (erT CarCoze - 0,35 wT
gadaxda, budis daT-
11) futkris budis
valiereba da ojaxis
gafarToeba aqtiur se-
siZlieris gansazRvra
3,00 zonze 3-jer:
b) SemCneuli
a) fiWiani korpusiT
naklovanebebis gam- 23,90
(erT gafarToebaze -
osworeba 0,60
7,97 wT)
g) safrenis daviwroeba 4,30
b) fiWiani CarCoebiT
d) budis daTbuneba
(erT gafarToebaze - 26,20
5) udedo ojaxis dedi- 0,82 8,73 wT)
anTan SeerTeba (sava-
12) deda futkris gamo- 8,20
raudod 10% sa-
zrda
futkrisa, erT udedo
13) deda futkris 9,30
ojaxze-8,20 wT)
Secvla (Semdgomi 3-
6) budis SemWidroeba 3,50 jeradi SemowmebiT
naxevar safutkreSi,
7) skis Ziris 8,90 TiToeul ojaxze-18,60
gasufTaveba Signidan
wT)
8) mTavari sagazafxulo
14) xelovnuri nayrebis 13,60
daTvalierebis Caatare- 8,00 Sedgena naxevari sa-
ba:
futkris ojaxebidan
a) saTadarigo skis
3,00 (erT nayarze, skis
momzadeba ojaxis
momzadebiT - 27,20 wT)
gadasayvanad
15) nayris momsaxureba 4,60
b) orTvalaTi skis
9,40 (safutkris naxevari
mitana damuSavebis ad-
ojaxebidan, erT nayar-
gilze da ukan
ze - 9,29 wT)
dabruneba 7,30
16) deda futkris micema 6,00
g) sufTa skaSi futkris
da misi miRebis
gadasxma 4,40 Semowmeba (safutkris 50%,
d) Zveli skis gasu-
erT dedaze-12,0 wT)
fTaveba da dezin-
17) nayris naklovani 0,70
feqciis Catareba
mxareebis gamosworeba
e) fiWebis gasufTaveba,
(safutkris 10%, erT
dezinfeqciis Catareba
nayarze-7,00 wT)
da Zveli fiWebis gamo-
18) bunebrivi nayrebis 6,95
wuneba
moZebna, daWera da
dabinaveba safutkris g) sacvile nedleulis
ojaxebis 20%-dan (erT CatvirTva cvilsadnobSi
0,37
bunebriv nayarze-34,77 d) cecxlis gaCaReba da
wT) sacvile nedleulis Caor-
II. sazafxulo samuSaoebi Tqlva 1,36
e) cvilsadnobis gantvir-
Tva 5,00
19) futkris ojaxebis
mTabaroba da sadamtvervo III. mzis cvilsadnobze:
a) sacvile nedleulis 1,70
samsaxuri
a) mTabarobisaTvis adgi- 44,10 daxarisxeba
lis amorCeva; 1,80
b) cvilsadnobis Sevseba
b) adgilis momzadeba da
gasufTaveba; 13,10 sacvile nedleuliT
g) samTabarod skebis g) cvilsadnobis gantvirTva 1,50
2,00
momzadeba; 23)cvilsadnobis gamoSroba 1,00
d) skebis datvirTva 8,10
transportze; 24) mtvrisdamWeriT 14,00
3.90
e) skebis damagreba Zaraze yvavilis mtvris Segroveba
TokiT da gadatana (50km- 25) futkris Sxamis 47,00
mde manZilze); 12,00
Segroveba
v) satransporto saSu-
alebidan skebis Camotvir- 26) Taflis amoReba skidan
Tva; 3,40 da gamowurva (erTjerad):
z) skebis dawyoba da a) Tafliani fiWebis ski- 5,80
safrenebis gaxsna 1,60
dan amoReba da carieli
20) safutkris dabruneba 29,00 fiWebis Cadgma
stacionarze b) Tafliani fiWebis aTla 4,50
g) Taflis gamowurva da
21) ganmeorebiTi mTabaroba 73,10
CarCoebis Cawyoba 8,00
da ukan dabruneba gadasatan yuTSi
22) sacvile nedleulis d) TafliT WurWlis 1,00
gadamuSaveba Sevseba
I. cvilsawnexze winaswari e) fiWebis dabruneba 1,10
1,00
CaxarSviT: safutkreSi
4,00 2,00
a) cecxlis danTeba v) sawyobSi Taflis
b) sacvile nedleulis Cabareba
daxarisxeba 3,50 27) cibrutis dadgma da 1,80
g) WurWlis momzadeba da damagreba
sacvile nedleulis Cat-
28) skebis dezinficireba 11,00
virTva 3,54
d) sacvile nedleulis
7,64 29) fiWebis dezinfeqciis 3,74
CaxarSva
e) moduRebuli nedleulis Catareba
CatvirTva cvilsawnexSi, a) sadezinfeqcio xsnaris 0,15
gamowurva da gasufTaveba 3,00 momzadeba
b) Semasxureblis Sevseba 0,03
cvilsawnexSi
v) cvilis gafiltvra da 4,00 g) fiWebis ganawileba
sadezinfeqciod
0,25
yalibebSi Camosxma
II. orTqlis cvilsadnobSi: d) sadezinfeqcio snariT
1,34
a) sacvile nedleulis fiWebis Sevseba
0,40 e) sadezinfeqcio xsnaris
momzadeba da daxarisxeba 0,30
b) cvilsadnobis kedel- fiWebidan moSoreba
TaSorisis Sevseba wyliT 1,36 v) fiWebis garecxva de- 1,67
zinfeqciis Semdeg
30) fiWebis dezinfeqcia 0,43 dindgelisagan gasufTaveba 7,00
gazebiT: b) skis korpusSi fiWebis
a) fiWebis CatvirTva 5 m3 0,12 Cawyoba 5,00
moculobis sakanSi g) fiWebis wundeba 4,60
b) sadezinfeqcio danad- 0,11 37) futkris ojaxebis 30,00
garis damontaJeba zamTrobisaTvis momzadeba
g) gazis SeSveba 0,05
sakanSi
d) sadezinfeqcio danad- 0,06
garis SekeTeba
IV. zamTris samuSaoebi
e) saknis gantvirTva 0,08 38) futkris ojaxebSi
31) sidampliT daavadebuli 113,00 zamTrobis mimdinareobis 6,00
futkris ojaxis gansazRvra
gankurnebisaTvis: 39) CarCoebis SeWedva erT
ojaxze 10 calis raodeno- 73,10
a) futkris ojaxis diag- 12,00
biT (TiToeulze7, 31wT)
nostireba 40) CarCos gverdiT Tamasebze
b) skebis dezinfeqcia 11,00 naxvretebis gakeTeba mavTu- 1,60
g) fiWebis dezinfeqcia 30,00 lis gasayrelad (TiToeul
d) futkris gadasxma 15,00 CarCoze - 0,16 wT)
sufTa skaSi 41) CarCoebSi mavTulis 36,00
e) erTjeradi samkurnalo 13,00 gaWimva (TiToeulze - 3,69)
42) saTbunebeli baliSebis
kvebis Catareba
damzadeba (erT baliSze - 30 30,00
v) damatebiTi samuSaoebi 32,00 wT)
32) futkris varoatozze 43) sadgamebis skis Zirze
damuSaveba: damagreba (TiToeul skaze-10 1,00
a) varokomiT, 5-jeradi 30,00 wT, skebis raodenobis 10%-
damuSavebiT (erT jerze ze)
6 wT) 30,00 44) skebis mimdinare remonti 7,50
b) bipiniT, 5-jeradi 45) sawvavis Segroveba sab- 9,40
oleblisaTvis
damuSavebiT (erT jerze 30,00
46) gegmis,davalebebisa da
6 wT) samuSaoTa grafikis Sedge- 25,00
na momdevno wlisaTvis
47) safari tiloebis 3,40
momzadeba
III. saSemodgomo samuSaoebi
33) futkris saSemodgomo

sxva samuSaoebi
daTvalierebis Catareba kargad organizebuli aRricxvis meS-
a) futkris ojaxis gasinjva veobiT SesaZlebelia safutkreSi
da sakvebi maragis gan- 23,91 samuSaoebis sworad warmarTva. aR-
sazRvra ricxvis formebia: safutkris aR-
b) budis SemWidroeba da 9,71
ricxvis Jurnali, sakontrolo skisa
sakveburis Cadgma
da fenologiuri dakvirvebis dRiuri,
g) inversiuli sirofis 6,30
momzadeba da sakvebis safutkris sagazafxulo da saSemod-
maragis Sevseba 10,00 gomo Semowmebis uwyisebi da aqtebi.
d) sazamTred budis Sedgena 7,90
34) safrenis daviwroeba 1,30
35) budis daTbuneba 4,50
36) fiWebis daxarisxeba

sawyobSi da skis korpusSi 16,60
Cawyoba
a) CarCoebis cvilisa da
48)safutkris daTvaliereba 12,00
daTva- Ffutk darCa skaSi Mmiec sxva
49) safutkre Jurnalis
va- ris daTvalierebis a maCveneb
Sevseba daTvalierebis 14,00
lierebiraoba, Semdeg fiWa lebi
Semdeg
s sul m.S. Tafl
50) wylis motana 12,00
dro CarCo CarCobarty i, kg
51) fardulis mowyoba sa- 2,40 iani
kontrolo skisaTvis
52) sarwyuleblis dadgma 1,10
es monacemebi SeaqvT qvemoTmotanil
sadgamze
formaSi:
53) amanaTnayaris miReba da 20,00
safutkris aRicxvis Jurnali
dabinaveba skaSi
54) sakveburis momzadeba 1,00
futkris ojaxi #
deda futkris gamozrdis weli:
55) futkris miCveva 2,80 dedis warmoSoba:
Taflovani mcenaris ma- ojaxis produqtiuloba wina wels:
sivze Taflis saerTo raodenoba, kg:
56) samuSao gegmis Sedgena 11,44 cvili, kg:
mimdinare wlisaTvis miRebulia-----------------------nayari:
57) saboleblis anTeba 42,00 zamTargamZleoba:
58) sakontrolo skis Tu aRricxvisaTvis iyeneben mona-
maCveneblebis JurnalSi 3,00 cemebis Caweras magnitofonze
Cawera Semdgom kompiuterSi SetaniT, es bev-
rad aadvilebs safutkreSi aRricxvis
safutkreSi gamoyenebuli aRricxvis mowesrigebas.
formebi:
sakontrolo skisa da fenologiuri
safutkris ZiriTadi dokumentia dakvirvebis dRiurSi monacemebi
aRricxvis Jurnali, romelic asaxavs SeaqvT SeZlebisdagvarad regula-
momsaxure personalis muSaobas sa- rulad qvemoTmotanili formis saxiT
futkreSi. individualurad TiTo-eul Semdeg maCveneblebze: skis masa,
futkris ojaxze igi Sedgeba wonamati, amindis mdgomareoba da
calkeuli saaRricxvo furclebisgan. haeris temperatura, futkris frenis
yoveli daTvalierebis dros fur- aqtivoba, Taflovani mcenareebis
clis Sesavsebad unda gaixsnas ska yvaviloba. am monacemebis gamoyenebiT,
da Caiweros futkris ojaxis daxasi- ganisazRvreba Ralianobis intensi-
aTebisaTvis Semdegi maCve-neblebi: voba da masTan dakavSirebuli samu-
a) futkris raodenoba; Saoebi rogorc mimdinare wels, ise
b) CarCoebis saerTo raodenoba; Semdgom wlebSi.
g) bartyiani CarCoebi; am formaSi sanam monacemebis
d) Taflis raodenoba; Setana daiwyeba, ska unda aiwonos
e) mieca xelovnuri fiWa; saRamo xans, dauSvebelia amis
v) sxva maCveneblebi (sadedeebis gakeTeba dRis sxva periodSi.
CamoSeneba, bartyis arseboba, daa-
vadebis niSnebi, korpusis an sakuWna- safutkris sagazafxulo daTvali-
os dadgma, kveba, axal skaSi gadasxma erebis aqts adgenen im periodSi, ro-
da sxv.). ca SesaZlebeli xdeba futkris ojax-
is gasinjva detalurad. uwyisSi
Sesatania Semdegi monacemebi:
futkris ojaxis #, CarCoebis saerTo
raodenoba, bartyiani fiWebis raode-
noba, sakvebis maragi (kg), ojaxis ojaxSi, futkris siZlieres
siZliere (futkari CarCoze), dedis (CarCoebze misi raodenoba), deda
asaki. monacemebis safuZvelze Sedgeba futkris arsebobas da sxva.
sagazafxulo daTvalierebis aqti. saSemodgomo daTvalierebis aqtSi
unda aisaxos futkris ojaxebis
dinamika wlis ganmavlobaSi,
safutkris sagazafxulo damzadebuli Taflis, cvilisa da
daTvalierebis aqti sxva produqtebis moculoba, fiWe-
“ 200 w. bisa da skebis raodenoba, daava-
debuli ojaxebis raodenoba da sxva.
komisiam SemadgenlobiT: ---------------------
------------------------------------------------------------ safutkris saSemodgomo
da TavmjdomareobiT--------------------------- daTvalierebis aqti
# brZanebis safuZvelze moaxdina “ “ 2000 w.
safutkris sagazafxulo aRwera, ris komisiam SemadgenlobiT 1.-----------------
Sedegadac daadgina: 2.-----------------------3.---------------------------da
1) zamTrobis win futkris ojaxebis TavmjdomareobiT
saerTo raodenoba iyo----------------------- # brZanebis safuZvelze
2) zamTrobis periodSi daiRupa---------- moaxdina safutkris saSemodgomo
ojaxi; daTvaliereba, ris safuZvelzec
3) gazafxulze gaerTianda ------------------ daadgina:
-------------------------------------- ojaxi (miuT- 1) futkris ojaxebis dinamika
iTeT daRupvisa da SeerTebis mizeze- iyo wlis dasawyisSi ----------------------------
bi); ----------------futkris ojaxi
4) aRweris dRes futkris ojaxebis iyo Ralianobis dasawyisSi------------------
raodenoba iyo----------------------------------- -----------------futkris ojaxi
m.S. 8 da meti CarCos (futkriani) Sedga----------------futkris axali ojaxi
mqone--------------------------------------------------- gaiyida mTel sezonze
5) saTadarigo deda futkrebis ------------------futkris ojaxi-----------------
raodenoba------------------------------------------ deda futkari
6) sakvebis saerTo maragi skebSi da Sesyidulia-----------------futkris ojaxi
gareT, kg-------------------------------------- futkris ojaxebis raodenoba
igive maCvenebeli futkris erT Semowmebis dRisaTvis:
ojaxze, saSualod, kg sul-----------, maT Soris 9 da meti
7) saTadarigo skebis raodenoba, ca- futkriani CarCoTi--------
li--------------------------------------------------- aris --------saTadarigo deda futkari;
8) xelovnuri fiWa, kg--------------------------- 2) damzadebulia Tafli aRebulia
--------------------------------------------------------- SemosavalSi sul----------kg Tafli
9) cvili, kg------------------------------ saSualod futkris erT ojaxze----------
10) cuxi da gamonadnobi, kg------------- ---------kg
datovebulia sakveb maragad-------kg da
komisiis daskvna: skebis gareSe------kg
xelmowerebi: sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa saSualod
futkris 1 ojaxze-----------kg
safutkris saSemodgomo daTva- Semodgomaze futkars mieca -----------kg
lierebis aqti dgeba daTvalierebis Saqari (sakvebi)
Sedegebis uwyisSi Setanis warmoebulia Tafli mTlianad se-
safuZvelze, romelSic aRniSnaven: zonze----------kg
sakvebis raodenobas TiToeul
saSualod futkris erT ojaxze-------- ojaxebSi maragad datovebuli
kg Tafli (futkris saSemodgomo aRweris masa-
3) fiWebi da cvilis maragi lebidan) da is raodenoba, rac sa-
wlis dasawyisSi iyo budis CarCoze Tadarigo fiWebSia datovebuli;
fiWa (sakuWnaos 2 naxevarCarCo udris sasaqonlo TaflSi Sedis safutkreSi
erT budis CarCos)----------cali gamowuruli da sawyobSi Cabarebuli
Semowmebis periodSi vargisi fiWebis produqcia, agreTve is Tafli, rome-
arsebuli raodenoba, sul-------------c lic fiWebSi Catovebuli mefutkrem
saSualod futkris erT ojaxze------c sawyobs Caabara;
miRebulia gadamdnari cvili mTel 2) cvilis saerTo raodenobaSi ian-
sezonze---------kg gariSeba is produqcia, romelic
daxarjulia xelovnuri fiWa---------kg futkarma wlis aqtiur sezonze gam-
Semowmebis dros aRmoCnda, kg oyo. mis dasadgenad daiTvleba mimdi-
cvili kvereulobiT------------------- nare wels futkris mier aSenebuli
cuxi da gamonadnobi-------------------- xelovnuri fiWis raodenoba. Ti-
xelovnuri fiWa---------------------------- Toeul aseT fiWaSi cvili unda iyos:
4) gayvanili iyo samTabarod, da- 435X300mm-is zomis CarCoze-140g,
samtverad--------------------futkris ojaxi 435X230mm-ian CarCoze -110 g, 430X145mm
5) futkris daavadebebi: sidample-------- zomis (sakuWnaos) CarCoze - 70g.
------------------------------ ojaxSi cvilis saerTo raodenoba gaian-
akarozuli----------------------- ojaxSi gariSeba formuliT:
gankurnebulia-----------futkris ojaxi B=(P-p)X0,140+C-U, sadac
skebi B aris cvilis saerTo raodenoba;
Semowmebis dros aRmoCnda: P aris fiWebis saerTo raodenoba sa-
mravalkorpusian skebSi------------------------ futkreSi (saSemodgomo wundebis
futkris ojaxi Semdeg), budis srul CarCoze gadaan-
aris vargisi Tavisufali ska-----------c gariSebiT;
orkorpusian skebSi --------------------------- p- fiWebis saerTo raodenoba saga-
futkris ojaxi zafxulo aRweramde (sagazaf-xulo
wolela skebSi-------------------------------------- wundebamde);
futkris ojaxi 0,140-cvilis masa erT fiWaze (kg).
sxva sistemis skebSi----------------------------- mravalkorpusian skaSi 0,140-is
futkris ojaxi nacvlad Caismeba 0,110;
C-cvilisa da sacvile nedleulis
komisiis daskvna: raodenoba (kg), sufTa cvilze gad-
xelmowerebi: aangariSebiT, miRebuli mTel se-
zonze. sacvile nedleulSi arsebuli
safutkreSi amasTan erTad Seivseba
cvilis dasadgenad mxedvelobaSi
Semotanili an gatanili sasaqonlo-
miiReba: cuxSi mis Semcvelobas an-
materialuri faseulobis (xelovnuri
gariSoben 25%-is raodenobiT, III
fiWa, Tafli, skebi da sxv.) aRricxvis
xarisxis sacvile nedleulSi_50%, II
rveuli, romelSic aisaxeba maTi moZ-
xarisxis nedle-ulSi-70%, xolo I
raoba.
xarisxis nedle-ulSi-90%;
ZiriTadi produqciis gamosavlis U-xelovnuri fiWis raodenoba (kg),
gaangariSeba romelic mefutkrem daxarja aqtiur
1) Taflis saerTo raodenobis sezonze axali fiWebis asaSeneblad.
misaRebad aiReba misi sasaqonlo
raodenoba (sawyobSi Cabarebuli an 3) axali futkris ojaxebis raodeno-
gayiduli), miemateba futkris bas adgenen sxvaobiT futkris
ojaxebis mixedviT wina wlis saSe- _ skebis, safutkre mowyobilobisa
modgomo daTvalierebis aqtsa da da nagebobebis mimdinare remontis
mimdinare wlis analogiur maCvene- Rirebuleba;
bels Soris. _ futkris gadayvanasa da
4)deda futkrebis raodenoba ianga- transportis Senaxvaze gaweuli
riSeba im maCvenebliT, romelic danaxarjebi;
Seicavs mefutkris mier gayidul an _ gaTbobaze, eleqtro da wyal-
amave meurneobis sxva safutkreze momaragebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi;
gadacemul produqcias; _ safutkrisaTvis specialurad
5)dindgeli da sxv. danarCeni produ- darguli Taflovani mcenareebis
qcia iangariSeba imis mixedviT, rac Rirebuleba;
mefutkrem gayida, an gaamzada _ sxva fuladi danaxarjebi, rac
gasayidad mimdinare sezonze. saWiro iyo futkris produqciis
warmoebisaTvis.
futkris produqciis TviTRire- arapirdapir danaxarjebSi SeaqvT:
bulebis gaangariSeba a) saerTo-sameurneo danaxarjebi:
produqciis TviTRirebulebaSi aisa- saerTo daniSnulebis Senobebis
xeba fuladi formis danaxarjebi, amortizaciaze, Senaxvasa da
romlebic ganxorcielda misi war- mimdinare remontze, saerTo
moebisaTvis. es maCvenebeli daniSnulebis transportis Senaxvasa
damokidebulia mefutkris Sromis da administraciul-sammarTvelo
warmadobaze da Seicavs safutkre aparatis xelfasze;
meurneobis muSaobis Sedegebs. b) saerTo-sawarmoo danaxarjebi, rac
TviTRirebuleba iangariSeba produq- dakavSirebulia dargTan (specialis-
ciis erTeulze. masSi unda Seitanon tebis, xelmZRvaneli muSakebis
pirdapiri da arapirdapiri danaxar- xelfasi), agreTve warmoebis
jebi. pirdapir danaxarjebs saSualebaTa Senaxvaze gaweuli
miekuTvneba: danaxarjebi.
_ ZiriTadi da damatebiTi xelfasi arapirdapiri danaxarjebi Sedis
(danaricxebiT), romelic gaica TviTRirebulebaSi xelfasis, saamo-
mefutkreebze, damxmare muSebsa da rtizacio anaricxebisa da mimdinare
darajebze; remontze gaweuli danaxarjebis
_ sxvadasxva masalebis, xelovnuri proporciulad.
fiWis, mcirefasiani inventaris, futkris produqciis nair-
sadezinfeqcio xsnarebisa da saxeobaTa erT maCvenebelze
vetpreparatebis Rirebuleba, rome- dasayvanad gamoiyeneba Tafl-
lic safutkres dasWirda mTeli erTeulebis gaangariSebis meTodi
wlis ganmavlobaSi; dadgenili koeficientebis meSveobiT:
_safutkre inventaris, mowyobi- produqcia
lobisa da nagebobebis saamorti- pirobiTi TaflerTeuli, kg
zacio anaricxebi; 1 kg Tafli _1,0
_ sakvebis Rirebuleba, romelic 1 kg cvili _ 2,5
futkars dautoves sazamTred wina 1 axali ojaxi (nayari)_ 5.0
wels; 1 ganayofierebuli deda futkari,
_ sakvebis Rirebuleba, romelic gasayidi _ 2,0
mefutkrem daxarja futkarze mimdi- 1 xalasjiSiani deda futkari,
nare wels; gasayidi _ 2,5
1 gaunayofierebeli deda futkari,
gasayidi _ 0,5
1 kg futkari, gasayidi_ 5,0 meurneobis moqmedebis specifikidan
1 cali fiWiani CarCo_ 0,5 gamomdinare unda aisaxos:
1kg futkris rZe_ 440,00 a) saTafle mimarTulebis safutkreSi:
am koeficientebis gamoyenebiT samoqmedo zonaSi Taflis arsebuli
gaiangariSeba mTeli miRebuli maragi, Taflovani mcenareebis
produqcia TaflerTeulebSi gadayva- naTesebis gafarToeba, futkris
niT. mTabarobis SesaZlebloba. am dros
1 TaflerTeulis TviTRirebulebis iTvaliswineben ukanasknel 3-5 we-
dasadgenad zemoaRwerili wesiT liwadSi Taflisa da cvilis
gaangariSebuli danaxarjebi gaiyofa warmoebis tendencias da am
mTeli produqciis TaflerTeulebis monacemebis safuZvelze igegmeba
maCvenebelze. futkris ojaxebis mateba;
b) sadamtvervo mimarTulebis safut-
Tu erTi TaflerTeulis kris dagegmvisas iTvaliswineben im
TviTRirebuleba 5 lars Seadgens, kulturaTa arsebul farTobebs,
maSin 1 kg cvilis TviTRirebulebis romlebic mwerebiT imtvereba,
dasadgenad erTi TaflerTeulis agreTve aRniSnuli farTobebis
Rirebuleba (5,0 lari) unda gamrav- mosalodnel matebas. futkris
ldes cvilis gadasayvan koefi- ojaxebis mateba ganisazRvreba am
cientze 2,5X5=12,5 lars. analogiuri farTobebis srulad damtvervis
wesiT SeiZleba sxva produqtebis normebidan gamomdinare.
analogiuri maCveneblis gaangariSeba. g) samomSeneblo safutkris dageg-
safutkre meurneobis rentabelobis mvisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba nayrebze
gaangariSeba da ganayofierebul deda futkrebze
es maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba moTxovnilebis zrda, agreTve saTaf-
formuliT: le da sadamtvervo mimarTulebis
P=(ПX100):С, sadac safutkreebis gafarToebis tendencia.
P aris rentabelobis maCvenebeli, %- 2) mimdinare dagegmvis dros biznes-
ulad gamoxatuli, gegmaSi mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon:
П aris mogeba, _ futkris ojaxebis dinamika (brunva)
С _ TviTRirebuleba, wlis ganmavlobaSi;
П= Rirebulebas – TviTRirebuleba. _ maTi raodenoba momdevno wlis da-
Tu futkris uSualo produqciis sawyisSi;
garda Semosavali miRebulia sa- _ futkris produqtebis warmoeba da
soflo-sameurneo entomifiluri realizacia;
mcenareebis futkrismieri damtver- _ SromiTi danaxarjebi;
viTac, maSin danaxarjebis nawili, _ Semosavali fuladi gamosaxulebiT;
romelic gaswies futkris Senaxvaze, _futkris produqtebis TviTRire-
daifareba am Semosavlidan, rac buleba;
Seamcirebs erTeul produqciaze _ safutkre meurneobaSi NnagebobaTa
warmoebul danaxarjebs da Sesabami- kapitaluri remonti da mSenebloba;
sad gazrdis meurneobis rentabelo- _ kadrebis momzadeba.
bis maCvenebels. futkris ojaxebis brunvis
meurneobis ganviTarebis dagegmva gansazRvrisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba
igi ori saxisaa: perspeqtiuli da maTi monawileoba mcenareTa dam-
mimdinare tvervis samsaxurSi.
1) perspeqtiuli dagegmva gaTva- Taflisa da sxva produqtebis
liswinebulia drois xangrZlivi warmoebis dagegmvisas unda gaiTva-
periodisaTvis. masSi safutkre liswinon:
_ukanasknel 3-5 weliwadSi maTi 4. riT gansxvavdeba individualuri
warmoebis maCveneblebi; safutkre samrewvelo safutkri-
_safutkris mTabarobis SesaZ- sagan mTabarobis procesSi?
lebloba; 5. ras emsaxureba dRisiT futkris
_saTadarigo fiWebiT uzrunvel-yofa; kveba da rogor sruldeba igi?
_safutkris teqnikuri aRWurviloba; 6. ramdennairi samuSao SeiZleba
_axali skebis, xelovnuri fiWis, Sesruldes adresagazafxulo da-
safutkre inventarisa da sxva Tvalierebisas?
masalebis SeZenis saWiroeba; 7. ra samuSaoebs asrulebs
mefutkre zamTrobis periodSi da
mimdinare wlis aqtiuri sezonis ratom?
dawyebamde safutkres miRebuli unda 8. ras warmoadgens safutkris
hqondes wliuri sawarmoo davaleba, aRricxvis Jurnali?
romelSic aisaxeba: 9. rogor SeiZleba nairgvari pro-
_ futkris ojaxebis raodenoba; duqciis dayvana erT maCvenebelze?
_ wlis ganmavlobaSi gasayidi an 10. romel danaxarjebSi Seva
SesaZeni ojaxebis raodenoba; momsaxure rgolis wevrTa xelfasi?
_ ramdeni deda futkari unda Aadministraciis xarjebi?
gamoizardos Zveli dedebis Sesac- 11. ra maCvenebliT dgindeba sa-
vlelad da gasayidad; futkre meurneobis rentabeloba?
_ nukleusebis Sedgena; 12. ra gansazRvravs safutkre meur-
_saTadarigo fiWebiT uzrunvelyofa neobis sawarmoo mimarTulebas?
da wlis ganmavlobaSi axlis Seneba; 13. rodis virCevT meurneobaSi
_ fiWis raodenoba wlis bolos; sanaSene produqciis warmoebas da
_Taflis saerTo da sasaqonlo ra maCveneblebis mixedviT?
raodenoba; 14. ra periodzea gaTvlili sa-
_samarago Tafli da misi Secvla futkre meurneobis perspeqtiuli
xelovnuri sakvebiT; dagegmva da ras iTvaliswinebs is?
_futkris mTabaroba da misi gam-
G
oyeneba mcenareTa damtvervisaTvis,
mTabarobis vadebi, momTabare
futkris ojaxebis raodenoba;
_Taflovan mcenareTa saxeobebi, maTi
farTobebi;
_ Sromis anazRaureba;
_ damatebiTi droebiTi muSaxeli sa- gamoyenebuli literatura:
futkris dasacavad da xanmokle Sro-
matevadi procesebisaTvis; 1. Г.Аветисян Пчеловодство,М,1982;
_ saerTo sawarmoo danaxarjebi. 2. П. Тименский Организация труда в
пчеловодстве. М.,1982
sakontrolo kiTxvebi: 3. Н.Буренин, Г.котова Справочник по
1. konkretulad romeli procesebi пчеловодству,М, 1988
ganapirobeben intensiuri mefutk- 4. Ch. Dadant Beekeeping Equipment. The Hive
reobis warmarTvas? and the Honey Bee. Chapt. 12. P. 539, 2010
2. ra aris safutkris rgoluri 5. g. maZRaraSvili da sxv. futkris
momsaxurebis mizani? universaluri sakvebi wlis yvela
3. ra sawarmoo procesebi ar Sedis droisaTvis. J. saqarTvelos
intensiuri mefutkreobis teqno- mefutkreoba, #3 2011w
logiaSi?
6. g. maZRaraSvili, e.kobaxiZe navTobproduqtebiT dasvrili
mefutkris saswavlo elementebi, 2008 tansacmlis gamoyeneba;
w. _ar Caicvas safutkreSi samuSaod
muqi feris Salisa da sinTezuri
qsovilis tansacmeli, SearCios igi
bambeuli qsovilisgan, Ria ferebiT;
_safutkreSi samuSaod SearCios pe-
Tavi X riodi, roca xnieri moRale futkari
Sromis usafrTxoeba, gasulia skidan mondorSi da
futkrisa da garemos dacva awarmoebs sakvebis (neqtari, yvavilis
1) usafrTxoeba futkarTan mtveri), wylisa da sxva nivTierebebis
muSaobisas, produqtebis warmoebisa motanas;
da damuSavebis procesSi futkarTan samuSaod gamoiyenos:
_bambis qsovilis kombinizoni dax-
safutkrisa da futkris uruli gulispiriT, majebTan da
produqtebis gadamamuSavebel sa- koWebTan Sesakravebi;
warmoSi gamarTuli muSaobisTvis _ pirbade;
daculi unda iqnas usafrTxoebis _ daxuruli fexsacmeli, sasurvelia
dadgenili wesebi. winaaRmdeg tyavisagan;
SemTxvevaSi mosalodnelia mZime _ anTebuli sabolebeli;
garTulebebi, momsaxure persona- _gansakuTrebiT unda moeridos
lis dasaxiCreba da sikvdilic ki. futkrisgan danestvras piris lor-
am qveTavSi mkiTxveli gaecnoba wovan garsSi, Tvalis rqovanaSi.
Sromis usafrTxoebis wesebs
futkarTan muSaobis dros (movla, danestvris SemTxvevaSi raime
mTabaroba, damuSaveba daavadebebis Txelpiriani sagniT (dana, pinceti,
winaaRmdeg, produqtebis warmoeba frCxili) amoaZros sanestre
da pirveladi damuSaveba). aparati kanidan; ar gasrisos
saSxame jirkvali kanze, radgan
Sromis usafrTxoeba futkarTan mTeli Sxami rezervuaridan kanSi
muSaobisas gadadis da warmoqmnili simsivne
_ futkars Zalian aRizianebs didxans aRar gaqreba.
mkveTri sunis mqone nivTierebebi:
kosmetikuri malamoebi, sunamo, ode- _danestril adgilze Sezilos niSa-
koloni, ofli, alkoholi, Tambaqo, duris spirti an gulyviTelas (Calen-
navTobproduqtebi da sxva; dula) spirtiani nayeni, daidos yinuli.
_ futkari gansakuTrebiT agresiuli _futkris SxamiT Zlieri mowamv-
xdeba, Tu mis dasaTvaliereblad skas lisas svas bevri wyali, miiRos wam-
gaxsniT saRamos, qarisa da lebi (dimedroli, efedrini) da
uamindobis pirobebSi; sagule wveTebi (valokordini).
_gansakuTrebul siaves iCens futkari saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mimarTos
Tavisi Sxamis sunze; eqims.
futkarTan muSaobisas mefutkrem
yuradReba unda miaqcios:
_samuSaos dawyebamde ar gamoiyenos
mkveTri sunis mqone nivTierebebi;
_daicvas piradi higiena (sxeulis
sisufTave), ar mivides futkarTan
nasvam mdgomareobaSi, ar dauSvas
ar SeiZleba 18 wlamde asakis
mozardebis dasaqmeba. am asakis bi-
WebisaTvis dasaSvebia simZimeebis
gadazidva araumetes 16 kg-sa,
gogonebisaTvis araumetes 10 kg-sa; 18
welze uxnesi qalebisaTvis _ arau-
metes 20 kg-sa;
_ skebis gadatanis dros misi moZravi
nawilebi (Ziri, korpusi, sakuWnao,
sab-
saxuravi da sxv.) saimedod unda
olebeli Sekras specialuri kakviani RvediT,
an SeiWedos xis TamasebiT, skis saf-
renebi Caiketos liTonis badiT, an
yrud mieWedos xis Tamasa;
- satransporto Zaras skebis azidvis
Semdeg gadaefineba Txeli, gamZle
qsovili (magaliTad neiloni),
gadaeWireba Tokebi gaswvriv da gar-
digardmo imisaTvis, rom trans-
portirebis dros skebma ar imoZraos.
Tu mefutkre SeniSnavs, rom safreni
gaiRo, an gaCnda RriWo skis nawilebs
Soris, dauyovnebliv unda moawesri-
gos warmoqmnili defeqti.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamosulma
futkarma SeiZleba mZRoli danest-
ros.
aseTi spectansacmeli icavs
futkris ojaxebis mTabarobis dros
mefutkres danestvrisagan Tan mefutkrem unda iqonios saafTi-
aqo yuTi samkurnalo masalebiT
(dolbandi, iodi, niSaduris spirti,
sagule wveTebi da sxv.), agreTve sab-
olebeli, sawvavi masala, pirbade,
mozelili Tixa xvrelebis amo-
saqolad.
usafrTxoeba safutkreSi samkurna-
lo_profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebis
ganxorcielebisas
_safutkreSi samkurnalo prepara-

tebis, sadezinfeqcio saSualebebisa
da qimikatebis gamoyenebis dros unda
pirbade daicvaT maqsimaluri sifrTxile. Se-
usafrTxoebis teqnika futkris mTa- noba-nagebobebis, fiWebisa da sxv. in-
barobisas ventaris dezinfeqcia (gazacia)
_ entomofilur mcenareTa dasamt- Catardes sacxovrebeli nagebobebidan
verad da neqtris aTvisebisTvis aranakleb 200 metris daSorebiT,
futkris gadazidvis dros Sesas- sawarmoo Senobebidan _ aranakleb 100
rulebeli samuSaoebis Casatareblad m manZilze. Senobebis gazacia
Sesruldes haerSi 250C temperaturaze. sxeuls, igi rac SeiZleba swrafad
qaris siZliere ar unda aRematebodes unda Camoirecxos, Zlieri sidamwvris
7 m/wm, gazaciis Camtarebel brigadaSi SemTxvevaSi mJavis Camorecxvis Semdeg
unda iyos 3 adamiani mainc, romelTac maSinve mimarTaven eqims.
gavlili aqvT swavlebis specialuri _ varoatozis winaaRmdeg folbeqsis
kursi. kategoriulad ikrZaleba am an fenotiazinis gamoyenebis Sem-
samuSaos Sesruleba 1 adamianis mier. TxvevaSi ikeTeben niRabs.
ar SeiZleba SenobaSi, sadac gazacia usafrTxoeba mefutkreobaSi gam-
xdeba, sasmeli wylis, saWmlisa da oyenebuli manqana-danadgarebis
Tambaqos Setana; momsaxurebisas
_ SenobaSi gazaciis win mWidrod un- mxedvelobaSi iqonieT:

da Caketon yvela fanjara, saventi-
_ am danadgarebs emsaxureba is per-
lacio xvrelebi, gaikeTon niRbebi da
sonali, visac ukve Seusrulda 16
Caicvan kombinezonebi qsovilisagan,
weli, icis maTi momsaxurebis wesebi
romelsac gadakruli aqvs apkovani
da gavlili aqvs usafrTxoebis te-
qlorvinili.
qnikis instruqtaJi;
_ roca SenobaSi SeuSveben fumigan-
tis saWiro raodenobas, amis semdeg cibruti, vibrodana da sxva
Caketaven gaziani balonis urduls, mowyobiloba unda damagrdes myar
miaxraxnian damxSobs da urduls Ca- safuZvelze. 50-CarCoiani radia-
moacvamen Cafxuts. Semdeg Senobidan luri cibrutis dasamagrebeli
gamohyavT muSebi, mWidrod xuraven xraxnebi 1-2 xviiT maRla unda
kars da ixsnian niRbebs. Senobis iyos WanWikebze, hqondes
gazaciis Semdeg muSebi ikeTeben kontrxraxnebi. am mowyobilobis
niRbebs, Sedian SenobaSi da iwyeben gamarTulobas amowmeben jer dat-
mis degazacias, risTvisac aReben virTvis gareSe, Semdeg datvir-
yvela fanjaras, sarkmels, saventi- Tvis pirobebSi.
lacio xvrelsa da kars. maTi brunvaTa ricxvi unda iyos
_sarCilavi lampiT skebis damu- instruqciebSi rekomendebulis
Savebis dros, mefutkre Tavda- farglebSi. CarTuli meqanizmebis
pirvelad ecnoba misi xmarebis wess. umeTvalyureod datoveba dauSve-
Tu igi iyenebs tute sadezinfeqcio belia;
xsnars, unda moeridos kansa da
tansacmelze misi wveTebis moxvedras. _ xangrZlivi droiT muSaobis
_ mowamluli satyuaris damzadebis Sewyvetis Semdeg maTi xelaxali
adgili (SxamqimikatebTan Sereva) CarTva unda moxdes inJiner-
samuSaos Semdeg kargad unda da- _meqanikosis an usafrTxoebis
muSavdes (gauvnebleba). misatyuars teqnikis inJinris meTvalyureobiT;
daalageben sxvadasxva adgilze spe- _ samarTavi pultebi, saxelurebi da
cialuri mowyobilobiT. Ggamoye-nebis gamomrTvelebi unda damontaJdes ise,
vadis gasvlis Semdeg narCenebs rom advili iyos maTi gamoyeneba, ar
agroveben da wvaven. moxdes maTi uneblie CarTva;
_varoatozis winaaRmdeg koncentri- remontis dros an daTvalierebisas
rebuli WianWvelmJavas gamoyenebis danadgarebi unda gamoirTos,
SemTxvevaSi, icvamen rezinis Ceqmebs, moixsnas amZravi Rvedebi; korpusebi
xelTaTmanebs da darezinebul winsa- saimedod damiwdes; eleqtro–
fars. Tu WianWvelmJavas wveTebi mox- danadgarebs momsaxureba unda
vda tansacmels, fexsacmels an gauwios eleqtroteqnikis mcodne
personalma, romelsac aqvs damcavi mSral adgilas da moargeben
saSualebebi, teqnikuri dokumentacia specialur damcav SaliTas;
da saeqspluatacio instruqcia; eleqtrosadeni, romelic aerTebs
380/220 V-ze momuSave danadgarebs qvabs elgamSvebTan, moTavsdeba
gaukeTeT yru damiweba eleqtro- liTonis garsacmSi; TviTnakeTi
qselis nulovan xazTan SeerTebiT, gamac- xeleblis gamoyeneba, cxeli
amis gareSe dauSvebelia maTi wylis milze ventilis an sxva
muSaoba; muSaobis dros cibruts Camketi mowyobilobis dayeneba
afareben saxuravs, CarTuli dauSvebelia.
rotoris dros saxuravis moxda, usafrTxoeba futkris Sxamis
fiWebis amoReba an Cadgma damzadebisa da aRebis procesSi
kategoriulad ikrZaleba. _futkris Sxamis aRebisas eleqtro-
denis wyarod iyeneben avtomanqanis
usafrTxoeba sacvile nedleulis akumulators an damadablebel
gadamuSavebis dros transformators, romliTac eldenis
_ sacvile nedleulis CarCoebidan Zabva mcirdeba 12V-mde;
amoWrisas danis moZraobis mimar- _eleqtroimpulsatoriT futkris
Tuleba unda iyos operatorisagan; damuSavebisas skis gaxsna an mis
orTqlis cvilsadnobis Camosasxmel siaxloves siaruli ar SeiZleba;
onkans ar ketaven, radgan Seqmnilma kasetebs iReben procesis damTav-
wnevam SeiZleba qvabi aafeTqos; rebidan 1,5-2 saaTis Semdeg;
sacvile wnexSi cxeli wyali unda kasetebis minebidan Sxamis aRebis
Caisxas da nedleuli gamoiwuros win operatori moirgebs damcav
frTxilad; gamdnar cvils, romelic saTvales, pirze da cxvirze niRabs
ukve yalibSia Casxmuli, toveben _ Sxamisagan dasacavad; kasetis
adgilze gamyarebamde, rom ar minis furclebidan Sxams fxiken
moixvedron Sxefebi sxeulze. specialurad gakeTebul karadaSi
usafrTxoeba futkris produqtebis gamwovi ventilaciiT, xelze icvamen
gadammuSavebel sawarmoSi darezinebuli qsovilis an tyavis
_ sawarmoo korpusSi damontaJebuli xelTaTmans;
wyalgamacxelebeli mowyobilobisa _ kasetebi Sxamis afxekamde inaxeba
da orTqlis qvabebis momsaxu- calke oTaxSi, sadac mowyobilia
rebisaTvis, unda iyos aranakleb 18 saventilacio sistema;
wlis asakis personali, romelmac _ Sxamisagan damcavi saSualebebi
ukve gaiara swavlebis specialuri gamoiyeneba agreTve futkris Sxamis
programa da Semowmebulia medicinis gasufTavebis (gacra), kondicirebisa
muSakTa mier. qvabebis muSaobis (gamoSroba) da SefuTvis procesSi.
procesSi maTi sxva samuSaoTi xanZarsawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi
dasaqmeba dauSvebelia. safutkreSi
_saqvabe unda aRiWurvos saventi-
lacio mowyobilobiT; qvabsa da safutkris sawarmoo korpusSi
Camket mowyobilobas Soris milze amontaJeben xanZarsawinaaRmdego mo-
amontaJeben manometrs, amave milze an wyobilobas (cecxlmqrobi, niCabi,
qvabis zeda nawilze _ wylis vedro, kauWiani Zalayini da sxva),
Sesamowmebel onkans; gamacxelebel amasTan erTad detalurad ecnobian
qvabs ukeTdeba Termoizolacia da maTi gamoyenebis wesebs;
Termoregulatorebi. misi korpusi
unda damiwdes; samarTavi fari _safutkris yvela nagebobaSi mox-
elgamSvebiT da damcveliT ayeneben vedra unda xdebodes Tavisuflad,
xanZarsawinaaRmdego Tavisufali
farTobebi ar unda Caixergos (skebi, gamoyenebuli damatebiTi mowyo-
masalebi, Tiva da a.S.); aseTi biloba;
farTobebi (derefnebi, kibeebi, 6. ra nivTierebebs viyenebT sa-
gasasvlelebi) unda iyos gamarTuli. futkreSi inventaris dezinfeq-
aq Ria cecxlis an saboleblis anTe- ciisaTvis da romeli daavadebebis
ba dauSvebelia, Tambaqos moweva ne- winaaRmdeg?
badarTulia mxolod specialurad 7. rogor ebrZvian safutkreSi da
gamoyofil adgilas, sadac dgas sawyobSi Tagvisa da WianWvelis
wyliani kasri da tabureti; gaCenas?
_gayinuli wyalsadenisa da sakanali- 8. rogor montaJdeba radialuri
zacio milebis damuSaveba (gacxeleba) cibruti Taflis wurvisaTvis?
sarCilavi lampiT an CiraRdniT 9. aRwereT futkris Sxamis
dauSvebelia, maTi galRoba SeiZleba Segrovebis procesi safutkreSi
gacxelebuli qviSiT, cxeli wyliT an da gamoyenebuli mowyobiloba.
orTqliT; 10. rogor viRebT futkris Sxams
_zamTris periodSi kariswina moedani kasetidan da ra pirobebis dac-
unda gasufTavdes Tovlisgan, rom viT?
kari mTlianad iRebodes. sawarmoo 11. aRwereT xanZarsawinaaRmdego
SenobaSi droebiTi Rumelebis dadg- RonisZiebebi safutkreSi.
ma ikrZaleba; Ggamoyenebuli literatura:
_saboleblis asanTebad navTs an
benzins ar iyeneben, masSi Zalian 1. Ch. Dadant Beekeeping Equipment. The Hive
gamxmari sawvavi masala ar unda Cai- and the Honey Bee.Chapt.12, p. 539. 2010
yaros. Tu mainc gaCnda naperwklebi, 2. Г. Аветисян Пчеловодство,М.,1982
sawvav masalas cota wyals mi- 3. Н. Буренин,Г.Котова. Справочник по
asxureben. saboleblis anTebis пчеловодству.М.,1984
adgilze niadagi unda iyos fxvieri. 4. В.Лукоянов, В.Павленко Пчеловодный
aqve unda iyos WurWeli wyliT. samu- инвентарь,пасечное оборудование.М.,1988
Saos damTavrebis Semdeg sabolebels 5. g. maZRaraSvili, e. kobaxiZe
aqroben wylis dasxmiT, darCenil mefutkris saswavlo elementebi.
sawvavs wamoyrian da qviSiT faraven. el.versia, 2008
_safutkreSi gaCenili xanZris
Casaqrobad saxanZro manqanas iZaxeben,
mis mosvlamde yvela saSualeba gam-
oiyeneba xanZris Casaqrobad da mate-
rialuri faseulobis gadasar-Cenad.
1. ra nivTierebebi aRizianebs meT-
afle futkars?
2. dRis romel periods irCevs
mefutkre futkris xilvisaTvis da
ratom?
3. romeli ferebi aris gamoye- neb-
uli tansacmelze futkarTan
samuSaod?
4. ratom gaurbis futkari sabole-
blis kvamls?
5. rogori unda iyos saTavsi (ska)
futkris samTabarod? aRwereT
2. Sxamqimikatebisa da garemos pesticidi. amasTan erTad, arsebobs
arasasurveli faqtorebisgan futkris sasunTq sistemaSi pesticidis mox-
dacva vedris (SesunTquli haeri) saSiSroe-
bac.
sasoflo_sameurneo warmoebaSi
pesticidebis gamoyeneba mcenarisa pesticidebis gamoyenebis ukiduresi
da cxovelis daavadebebis aucileblobis gamo mecnierTa
winaaRmdeg iseve aucilebeli da kvlevisa da soflis meurneobis
mniSvnelovania, rogorc sxva mmarTveli organoebis saqmiano-
agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi (rwyva, bisadmi erT-erTi aucilebeli
niadagSi sasuqebis Setana, kulti- moTxovna is aris, rom axladSeq-
vacia da sxva). amasTan erTad pes- mnili perspeqtiuli preparatis
ticidebis gamoyenebas Tan axlavs toqsikuroba maqsimalurad usafr-
sasargeblo entomo-faunis Sem- Txo iyos. aSS-Si gavrcelebuli 302
cireba an mospoba, produqtebis pesticididan futkrisTvis maRal-
dabinZureba janmrTe-lobisaTvis toqsikuri aRmoCnda 29% (Atkins et
mavne produqtebiT. Aam qveTavSi al.,1981), 10% iyo zomieri toqsiku-
mkiTxveli gaecnoba pesticidebis robis mqone; 61% ar iyo toqsikuri,
gamoyenebis sxvadas-xva formebs, an iyo umniSvnelo- toqsikurobis
futkarze maTi moqmedebis Sesa- matarebeli. Aam periodisaTvis
Zlo Sedegebs da am nivTierebeb- preparatebis 25% ufro naklebad
isagan futkris dacvis Ro- toqsikuri aRmoCnda, vidre 15 wliT
nisZiebebs, agreTve sxva, bunebrivi adre.
toqsinebis gavlenas. mowamvlis niSnebi. skaze SeiniSneba
futkris mowamvla pesticidebis dabinZureba futkris fekaliT, mis
gamoyenebiT umTavresad xdeba am siaxloves _ mkvdari an skidan gam-
ukanasknelTa gamoyenebis wesebis ux- omavali momakvdavi futkrebi. ojaxebi
eSi darRvevis Sedegad: Zlier sustdeba, neqtarsa da
a) mefutkre informirebuli ar aris yvavilis mtvers veRar agroveben.
pesticidebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb; Zlieri mowamvlisas futkari ZiriTa-
b) pesticidebi gamoiyeneba dRisiT, dad mindorSive an gzaSi iRupeba. Tu
futkris frenis periodSi; moaswro skaSi sakvebisa da wylis
g) pesticidebiT sasoflo-sameurneo motana, aq daiRupeba ZiZa futkari,
mcenareebs amuSaveben maTi yvavi- agreTve deda futkari da bartyi. Tu
lobis periodSi. futkarma mowamluli yvavilis mtveri
arsebobs gamonaklisi SemTxve- maragad Seinaxa, aRiniSneba mowamvlis
vebic. Tu safutkris siaxloves qarma niSnebi momdevno gazafxulzec, pes-
aramoyvavile mcenareTa farTobidan ticidebiT mcenareTa damuSavebamde.
pesticidi gadaitana Taflovan diagnozi garegnuli niSnebis
mcenareTa masivze, an pesticidiT da- mixedviT: futkris masobrivi daRupva,
muSaveba ganxorcielda aviaciis meS- romelic grovad devs skasTan, Sua
veobiT, an roca Znelia preparatis nawlavis Semcireba sigrZeSi, gamWvir-
Sekaveba zustad dasamuSavebel vale siTxe SigniT da feris Secvla.
farTobze.
futkrisTvis yvelaze saSiSia sak-
vebTan da wyalTan erTad sxeulSi
moxvedrili (alimentaruli mowamv-
la), an sxeulis zedapirze
Sefrqveuli (kontaqturi mowamvla)
daadastura, futkris ojaxebs budes
SeumWidroveben da daaTbuneben. fi-
Webs, romelSic axalmotanili
neqtaria Casxmuli, amoaclian. Tu
bartyis mowamvlasac SeniSnaven, fi-
Webi axalmotanili WeoTi amoecleba.
futkars eZleva Saqris Tbili si-
rofi wylisa da Saqris SefardebiT
2:1 an 3:1 3-4-jer, TiToeul micemaze
500_600 g. ramdenime dRis Semdeg
budes kidev SeumWidroveben. Tu
ojaxSi futkris 70-80% daiRupa, maT
Soris deda futkaric, ojaxs auqmeben
muSa futkris nawlavebi: zeda_Sua sxvasTan SeerTebiT. skidan amoRebu-
nawlavi, SuaSi_wvrili, qveda_ukana li Taflis gamoyeneba maSin SeiZle-
nawlavi muclis bolo segmentiT da ba, Tu masSi vetlaboratoriis das-
nestriT: 1_jansaRi futkris nawlavebi;
kvniT pestici-dis naSTebi ar aRmoC-
2_qimiuri nivTierebiT mowamvlis
nda.
Semdeg_Sua nawlavi damoklebulia,
mkvdari, TiTqmis carieli; 3_mtvruli
toqsikozis dros nawlavebi yvi-
Tel_stafilosferia; 4_manana TafliT
mowamluli_nawlavebi molurjo_Savia.
pesticidiT Ddaxocili futkari
gamoTavisuflebul skebs wmenden,

mowamvliT daRupuli futkari recxaven 2%-iani tutis xsnariT,
Semdeg wyliT, gamowvaven sarCilavi
zusti diagnozisaTvis futkris, lampis aliT msubuq Serujvamde.
Taflisa da Weos nimuSebi igzavneba pesticidebisgan futkris dacvis
vetlaboratoriaSi: futkari axalda- RonisZiebebi. dadgenili wesiT pesti-
Rupuli an momakvdavi_400_500 cali, cidebiT mcenareTa damuSaveba unda
Ria Tafli_200 g, Weo_50 g, safutkris moxdes winaswar SemuSavebuli grafi-
siaxloves mzardi mcenareebis mwvane kiT, romlis gacnoba mefutkri-saTvis
masa _100_200 g. nimuSebs Tan atanen aucilebelia aqtiuri sezonis daw-
werils, romelSic aRiniSneba: gam- yebamde, kerZod:
oyenebuli iyo Tu ara am periodSi dauSvebelia Taflovani mcenareebis
safutkris siaxloves pesticidi da damuSaveba pesticidebiT yvavilobis
misi saxeoba. periodSi. Tu mainc Seiqmna amis
saWiroeba, gamoiyeneba yvelaze
daxmareba mowamluli futkrisadmi. naklebad toqsikuri preparatebi.
Tu diagnozma futkris mowamvla qaris siCqare damuSavebis saxeobaTa
mixedviT ar unda aRematebodes 2-4 kedeli da misafreni ficari irecxeba
m/wm. mcenareTa qimiuri damuSavebis wyliT. cxel amindSi futkars eZleva
Sesaxeb mefutkrem werilobiTi wyali (1,5 l-mde dRe-RameSi), samTa-
Setyobineba unda miiRos aranakleb 3 baro badesa da skis saxuravs Soris
dRiT adre. masSi mieTiTeba: da- xis Tamasebs (1-2 sm sisqiT) deben
muSavebis zusti dro, teritoria, da- ventilaciis gasaZliereblad. RamiT
samuSavebeli mcenaris saxeoba, safrenebi SeiZleba gaiRos. skas ze-
preparatis saxeoba, misi gamoyenebis modan ayrian balaxs an xis totebs,
forma da meTodi, agreTve vada, rom- rom ar gadaxurdes.
lis ganmavlobaSi safutkre SeiZleba _ skis Ziridan usinaTlo venti-
sxvagan gadaitanon, an futkari Caike- laciiT (v. stefaniSvilis meTodi):
tos. skis Zirze iWreba xvreli, romelsac
M Tavis mxriv mefutkre afrTxilebs qveda mxridan ukeTdeba yru saxuravi
adgilobriv xelisuflebas da nak- anjamebze. es ukanaskneli damuSavebis
veTis mflobels safutkris dros qvemoT Camoiweva da mis
adgilmdebareobis Taobaze. nacvlad specialurad gakeTebul
mavTul-badian CarCos moargeben
futkris dacvis specialuri RonisZi- xvrels. izolaciis damTavrebis
ebebi: Semdeg am CarCos amoaclian da isev
safutkris gadatana aucilebelia, xis saxuravs gamoiyeneben.
Tu gamoyenebuli pesticidis
moqmedebis xangrZlivoba didia, an
SeuZlebelia futkris izolireba
saWiro mowyobilobis arqonis gamo.
safutkres aseT SemTxvevaSi gadai-
tanen aranakleb 5 km manZilze.
b) futkris izolireba SeiZleba, Tu
pesticidis detoqsikaciisaTvis dro
didi ar aris. aseT SemTxvevaSi fut-
kari uzrunvelyofili unda iyos:
1) sakvebis (naxSirwylovani da skis Ziridan usinaTlo ventilacia
yvavilis mtveri) maragiT;
2) budeSi ventilaciis saSualebiT; es meTodi saSualebas iZleva,
3) darwyulebis SesaZleblobiT. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, futkris
futkris izolireba SeiZleba: izolireba ufro xangrZlivi vadiT
_ samTabaro badiT, romelsac skas moxdes. amas xels uwyobs budeSi
adeben zemodan. igi warmoadgens xis sinaTlis SeuRwevadoba. izolirebis
CarCos zemodan gadakruli mavTul- dros futkarma sakvebis garda wyali
badiT (ujredebis zoma 2,5X2,5 sm). unda miiRos samTabaro badidan,
CarCos aqvs Siga narimandi, riTac igi patruqis meSveobiT. amave periodSi
skis korpuss mWidrod exureba. futkars zemodan saTbunebel masalas
mcenareTa damuSavebidan 1 dRiT adre aclian.
samTabaro bade daedeba skis korpuss pesticidebiT mowamluli yvavilis
an sakuWnaos. damuSavebis dRes (adre mtvris motanis SezRudva SeiZleba
dilidan) safreni iketeba xis Tama- mtverdamWeris gamoyenebiT. igi Tavi-
siT, samTabaro bades daafareben dan gvacilebs ZiZa futkrebisa da
tilos, misafren ficars daayrian bartyis daRupvas. mtverdamWers
balaxs, rom pesticidi masze ar mox- ayeneben misafren ficarze. mtverdam-
vdes. damuSavebis Semdeg skis wina Wer firfitas unda hqondes 5 mm dia-
metris naxvretebi. Tu safutkris
samoqmedo zonaSi mcenareTa da-
muSaveba pesticidebiT xSiria,
mtverdamWeri skaze SeiZleba mud-
mivad iyos.
pesticidebis detoqsikaciis vadebi.
Cvens qveyanaSi es sakiTxi sakmaod
detaluradaa Seswavlili v.stefani-
Svilis (2010) mier, romelmac Semog-
vTavaza futkris izolaciis
xangrZlivobis (dReebi) normebi gam-
oyenebuli pesticidis saxeobis Ffutkrebi moyvavile mcenareebze:
mixedviT. maTi dacva savaldebuloa
safutkris usafrTxoebisaTvis. a) ieli
saqarTveloSi pesticidebis
detoqsikaciis vadebi (dReebi) daavadeba Cndeba futkris ojaxSi
v.stefani-Svilis mixedviT: didi raodenobiT TavRia bartyis
inseqticidebisa da akaricidebisa: arsebobis pirobebSi da wylis
aqtelikisa_2; anTiosi_5; decisisa_2; balansis darRvevisas (v. stefa-
karatesi_2-3; karbofosisa_3; lebai– niSvili, 2012). Atkins-s(2010) miaCnia,
cidisa_4; rovikurtisa_3-4; sumial- rom Sxamiani mcenareebidan miRebuli
fasi- 6; sumicidinisa_2-3; fozalonisa Tafli toqsikuri ar aris, magram
(benzofosfati)_2; fosfamidisa_(bi- iqve aRniSnavs, rom karaka mcenaridan
58)_3-4; cianoksisa_3-4; neqtari Zalian toqsikuria
specifikuri akaricidebis: mavrikis, futkrisaTvis da es Tviseba qreba 9-
mitakisa da nisoranis gamoyenebisas dan 26 kviramde Taflis Senaxvis
futkris izolireba saWiro ar aris. Semdeg. Taflovani mcenareebis
fungicidebisa: benomilis SemTxve- mraval saxeobaTagan mxolod
vaSi_1 dRe, bordos siTxisa_4-5 saaTi; zogierTi gamoyofs toqsikur neqtars
euparenisa da tofsinis gamoyenebisas da yvavilis mtvers:
futkris izolireba saWiro ar aris.
herbicidebisa: atrazinis, betanalis,
treflanis gamoyenebisas_2 dRe,
reglonis, dialen_2,4 D aminis
marilisa da 2,4_D-buTilis eTeris
SemTxvevaSi _ 4-5 saaTi. bazagrani,
zenkori, raundapi, nabu futkrisaTvis
saSiSni ar arian.
futkris mowamvla yvavilis mtvriT
xdeba Sxamiani mcenareebidan futkris
mier Segrovebuli yvavilis mtvriT.
saqarTveloSi aseT mcenareebia:
Sqeri, ieli, tilWiri, buera, baia,
b) toqsikuri suro
wylis ieli, Sxama da sxva.
aSS-Si - cxeniswabli, Savi
ZaRlyurZena, abreSuma, astragali,
mTis dafna, dasavleTis cru Sxama,
yviTeli iasamani,Aasfurcela, rodo
dendronebi; ruseTSi - Sxama, lenco- diagnostikis meTodi SemuSavebuli
fa, romelic Seicavs Zlier toqsins ar aris.
(Шагинян,1956); ungreTSi - brZolis meTodi. futkars eZleva
ZaRlyurZena, daniaSi _ cxeniswabli; Saqris Txeli sirofi wylisa da
axal zelandiaSi _ mcenare tutus Saqris urTierTSefardebiT 2:1 da
mier gamoyofili manana da a.S. am safutkre gadaaqvT sxva Taflovan
mcenareTagan gamoyofili toqsi– mcenareTa masivze.
nebidan aRsaniSnavia: mizerotoqsini, futkris mowamvla manana TafliT
skopოlamini, gelsemini, graiano– SeiniSneba zamTrobis periodSi,
sakvebi Taflis maragSi mananas
toqsini, andromedotoqsini. Ppiroli–
mniSvnelovani Semcvelobis dros.
zidinis alkaloidi, tutini da sxv.
daavadebis niSnebi. safutkreSi
naSromis avtoris gamocdi– Cndeba faRaraTis niSnebi; dasvrilia
lebidan gamomdinare, zogierTi skis kedlebi, fiWebi, misafreni
toqsikuri (maTrobela) Taflis ficari, bevria daxocili futkari
saxeoba (tilWiris, Sqeris) skis Zirsa da safrenis siaxloves;
Cveulebriv pirobebSi Senaxvisas futkris Sua nawlavi molurjo-Savia
myarad inarCunebs toqsikurobas da advilad ixeva.
(ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi). diagnozisaTvis laboratoriaSi
igzavneba 50-100 g Taflis nimuSi
fiWis sxvadasxva nawilebidan da
mkvdari futkris nimuSebi
nozematozze gamosakvlevad, romelic
xSirad Tan axlavs manana toqsikozs.
profilaqtika da brZolis meTodi.
Semodgomaze gamoikvleven samarago
TaflSi mananas Semcvelobas erT-
erTi qvemoT dasaxelebuli meTodiT:
spirtiani reaqcia, kirwylis
gamoyeneba, reaqcia ZmarmJava tyviaze.
gamosakvlev areSi Cndeba naleqi
deqstrinebis daleqvis Sedegad, rac
miuTiTebs TaflSi mananas
Semcvelobaze. samarago Tafli
Ffutkris mowamvla toqsikuri yvavilis
icvleba inversiuli sirofiT,
mtvriT romelsac amzadeben Saqris 66%-ian
wyalxsnarze ferment invertazas
Aam toqsinebis saerTo Tvisebaa damatebiT. zamTrobis win safutkre
TviTdaSla garkveul periodSi an ewyoba Tbil, mzian adgilas, rom
aqroladoba (wylis) orTqlTan futkars SeeZlos periodulad gareT
erTad, razec damyarebulia aseTi gamofrena da nawlavebis gasufTaveba.
Taflis gauvneblebis xerxi. nozematozis winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba
daavadebis niSnebi. SeiniSneba muSa preparatebi fumagilini, an fumidil
futkarze gadidebuli muceli,
B TandarTuli instruqciis Sesaba-
futkars frena ar SeuZlia, nawlavebi
misad.
gadavsebulia yvavilis mtvriT. ukana
nawlavi mkveTrad diddeba, yviTel- futkarze eleqtromagnituri velis
stafilosferia (ix. sur). futkari uaryofiTi zegavlena SeiniSneba
iRupeba skis siaxloves. maRali Zabvis gadamcem xazebTan
safutkris ganlagebis dros (110-765 Ggamoyenebuli literatura:
V/m).
1. L. Atkins Injury to Honey Bees by Poison-
klinikuri niSnebi. bartyis gazrdi- ing. The Hive and the Honey Bee, Chapt.
li sikvdilianoba, futkari agresi- 26.p.1153, 2010
uli xdeba, Tavs esxmis rogorc 2. v, stefaniSvili, futkris biolo-
erTmaneTs, ise adamians da gia da movla_Senaxva. Tbilisi, 2012
cxovelebs, mcirdeba skaSi sakvebis 3.Г. Аветисян. Пчеловодство.ь.,1982
motana, zogjer skaSi iRupeba deda 4. g.maZRaraSvili, futkris produq
futkari, magram sadedeebis CamoSeneba tebi da aratradiciuli sakvebi.
ar xdeba, izrdeba sakvebis moxmareba. Tbilisi. 2002
calkeuli ojaxebi safrens 5.g. maZRaraSvili, e. kobaxiZe
dindgeliT avseben da iRupebian. mefutkris saswavlo elementebi. el.
profilaqtika. safutkre unda versia, 2008
moewyos maRali Zabvis eleqtro- 6. g. maZRaraSvili maTrobela
gadamcem xazTan ara uaxloes 200 m- (toqsikuri) Taflis gauvneblebis
sa. SemuSavebuli xerxis efeqtianobis
sakontrolo SekiTxvebi: Semowmebis Sedegebi. saq.
1. aRwereT pesticidebis mefutkreobis samecn. centris Sroma-
gamoyenebis Sedegebi (dadebiTi da Ta krebuli, t. IV, gv.185, 1999
uaryofiTi)
2. ra formiT gamoiyeneba pesti-
cidebi?
3. maRaltoqsikuri pesticidebis
gamoyenebis Sedegebi da klinikuri
niSnebi, mowamvlis formebi
futkris ojaxSi.
4. daxmareba futkris ojaxisadmi
pesticidebiT mowamvlis dros;
5. rogor xdeba futkris izoli-
reba pesticidebisagan?
6. yvavilis mtvriT futkris
mowamvla, toqsikuri mtvris wy-
aroebi saqarTvelosa da msofli-
oSi;
7. manana TafliT futkris
mowamvla, misi paTogenezi da
toqsikuri sawyisi;
8. manana Taflis gaanalizebis
meTodebi;
9. daxmareba futkris ojaxisadmi
manana TafliT mowamvlisas;
10. eleqtromagnituri velis
gavlena futkris ojaxze;
XI Tavi neba, futkris kveba, Tafliani fi-
Webis an korpusebis aReba gamo-
intensiuri teqnologiebi sawurad, Taflis wurva, sacvile
nedleulis daxarisxeba, gadadnoba
XX saukunis II naxevridan da sxva.
gaZlierda kvleva mefutkreobaSi
samuSao procesebis intensi- samuSaoebis gegmas rgolis xel-
fikaciisaTvis, ramac gamoiwvia mZRvaneli adgens yvela safutkri-
futkris movla-Senaxvisa da saTvis da rgolis daxmarebiT axor-
produqtebis warmoebis tradi- cielebs mas mcocavi grafikiT.
ciuli wesebis nacvlad axali, 1.2. safutkris samuSaoTa Sesruleba
maRalefeqtiani xerxebis SemuSa- gamartivebuli sqemiT
veba da praqtikul mefutkreobaSi
danergva. Aam TavSi warmodgenil mefutkreobis intensiuri gaZRolis
masalaSi mkiTxveli ipovis inten- pirobebSi SeuZlebelia ojaxebis
siur teqnologiebs ori mimar- momsaxureba movlis individualuri
TulebiT: a) movla-Senaxvisa da sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli deta-
gamravlebis sakiTxebSi da b) lebiT. mTeli samuSao procesi iyofa
futkris produqtebis warmoebisa jgufebad, erTimeoresTan met-
da pirveladi damuSavebis mimar- naklebad dakavSirebuli elementebiT,
TulebiT magaliTad:
1. intensiuri teqnologiebi futkris a) futkris adresagazafxulo daT-

movla-moSenebasa da kvebaSi valierebisas, erT jgufSi eqceva
futkris zerele daTvaliereba da
1.1 futkris ojaxebis movlis rgo- ojaxis mdgomareobis Sefaseba, budis
luri meTodi. Aaxal teqnologiaSi, SemWidroeba-daTbuneba, sakvebis
movlis individu-aluri meTodisgan micema, udedo ojaxebis gamosworeba
gansxvavebiT, samuSao jgufi, rome- da daavadebebis sawinaaRmdego Ro-
lic 3 kacisgan Sedgeba, samuSaos nisZiebebis ganxorcieleba;
asrulebs jgufurad, calkeuli
b) futkris sagazafxulo ZiriTadi
operaciebis Sesrulebis zustad gan-
samuSaoebi (budeebis gawmenda-
sazRvruli sqemiT. magaliTad,
gafarToeba, sakveburebis Cadgma da
futkris ojaxis gafarToebis dros
kveba damatebiTi korpusebis micemiT,
operaciebi rgoluri momsaxurebis
daavadebebis sawinaaRmdego Ronis
meTodiT aRwerilia IX Tavis II
Ziebebis gatareba da sxv.) SeiZleba
qveTavSi.
moeqces erT, rigiT meore jgufSi da
a.S.
aseTi wesiT calkeul jgufebad
samuSaoebis ganawilebisas arsebiTad
mcirdeba futkris ojaxebis daTvali-
erebaTa jeradoba da es maCvenebeli
mTel aqtiur sezonze 6-7 operaciamde
izRudeba.
samuSaoTa zemoaRniSnul jgufebSi
ar Seva futkris mTabaroba, romlis
aseTi sqemiT sruldeba safutkreSi jeradoba damokidebulia Taflovani
sxva samuSaoebic: daavadebebis floris resursebsa da amindis piro-
sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis gamoye- bebze.
1.3. wlis ganmavlobaSi samuSaoebis nayre yuTis mitana, ufiWo nayris
Sesrulebis gegmas adgenen im an- Sesadgenad sasworze misi dadgma;
gariSiT, rom aqtiur sezonze rgols deda futkris moZebna skaSi da misi
uxdebodes mxolod futkris droebiTi izolacia; es operacia
ojaxebis momsaxureba, am mizniT: bevrad advili xdeba, Tu deda fut-
kari niSandebulia:
_ zamTrobis periodSi unda ganxor-
cieldes skebis garemonteba, SeRebva,
CarCoebis SeWedva, mavTulis gabma,
xelovnuri fiWis Cakvra da kor-
pusebSi Calageba aSenebul fiWebTan
erTad, amave periodSi mzaddeba sak-
vebi futkris adresa-gazafxulo
stimulirebisa da samkurnalo
kvebisaTvis, Taflovani floris
gaSeneba, safutkris teritoriis
keTilmowyoba da sxva.
1.4. futkris mTabarobis intensiuri
teqnologia
niSandebuli deda
saqarTvelos dRevandel pirobebSi
angariSi unda gaewios mefutkris budis centraluri fiWebidan rutis
ekonomikur mdgomareobas, rac Seu- ZabriT muSa futkris Cabertyva sa-
Zlebels xdis didi moculobis fi- nayre yuTSi, rom masSi Segrovdes 1,0-
nansuri saxsrebis dabandebas maRal- 1,2kg futkris masa;
mwarmoebluri teqnikis SeZenaze. aR-
niSnulis gamo mTabarobis intensi-
fikacia xdeba:
_ SedarebiT mcire safutkreebSi
(sxva qveynebis analogiurad! Hoop-
ingarner a. Waller, 2010) meqanizaciis
martivi, iafi mowyobilobis gam-
oyenebiT (iafi muSaxelis pirobebSi).
msxvil safutkreebSi mTabaroba xor-
cieldeba im teqnikuri saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT, rac aRwerilia VII Tavis
2-e qveTavSi.
1.5 ufiWo xelovnuri nayrebis war-

moeba da gamoyeneba rutis Zabris meSveobiT sanayre
yuTSi futkris moTavseba
es RonisZieba Tavisi simartiviT
advili gansaxorcielebelia, radgan sanayre yuTSi Tavdayira, po-
moiTxovs drois minimalur periods lieTilenis saxuraviT (organ-
SesrulebisaTvis. amasTan saWiro ar gaxvretili) daxuruli 1-litriani
aris deda futkris micemis Sromat- minis qilis Cadgma 60%-iani Saqris
evadi da sarisko operaciis (miRebis sirofiT, an 76%-iani inversiuli si-
Semowmeba) Sesruleba, radgan ufiWo rofiT; aqve ganayofierebuli sa-
amanaTnayars deda unda mieces sadede Tadarigo deda futkris micema
galiiT. amisTvis saWiroa: skasTan sa-
gadasagzavni sadede galiiT da sax- yebis Semdeg ZiriTadi ojaxidan
uravis yuTze daWedeba. iwyeben mwifebartyiani fiWebis
periodul gadatanas, amasTan
mxedvelobaSi iqonieT! ufiWo rogorc ZiriTad, ise damxmare na-
nayris SeZena TqvenTvis yars aSenebuli CarCoebiT uzrun-
xelsayrelia, Tu ukve gaqvT gam- velyofen.
zadebuli ska da fiWebis kom-
pleqti (3-4 cali mainc). aseT Sem- neqtris mniSvnelovani Ralis
TxvevaSi Tqven dagrCebaT marto dawyebis win damxmare nayars Zi-
CarCoebis micema xelovnuri fiWiT riTad ojaxTan gaaerTianeben,
da nayris waxaliseba damatebiTi warmoiqmneba erTi Zlieri ojaxi,
xelovnuri sakvebiT. sxva danar- romelSic gamoyenebulia ori
Ceni samuSaoebi, nayris ganviTare- deda futkris kvercxdebis po-
ba-gaZlierebisaTvis saWi-ro, tenciali. sanam Ralianobis mim-
Cveulebrivia. dinareoba intensiuria, dedebi
erTimeores xels ar uSlian.
1.6 RalianobisaTvis futkris Ralianobis dasasruls ojaxSi
gaZliereba ori dediT da damxmare rCeba erTi deda futkari, Cveu
nayriT lebrivad, ufro axalgazrda.
Zlieri futkris yola Ralianobis damxmare nayris gamoyeneba
dasawyisSi ojaxis maRali produ- gazrdili produqtiulobis gar-
qtiulobis sawindaria. es futkris da Tavidan gvacilebs nayrobas.
movla-Senaxvis sistemis cen-
traluri sakiTxia. dRes futkris
1.7. deda futkris gamozrda intensi-
saadreo gaZlierebas ojaxSi ori
uri teqnologiiT. procesis da-
dedisa da damxmare nayris saSu-
sawyisi iseTivea, rogorc
alebiT mecnierebisa da
Cveulebrivi teqnologiiT: a) sadede
praqtikosebis mxridan didi yur-
masalis aReba im ojaxidan, ro-
adReba eTmoba.
melsac aqvs maRali sanaSene
Ddamxmare nayris Sedgenas win uZR- Tvisebebi produqtiulobisa da
vis deda futkrebis xelovnuri gam- cxovelmyofelobis TvalsazrisiT
ozrda aRmzrdel ojaxSi. procesis da rac ojaxSi deda futkris pira-
damamTavrebel etapze xdeba sadede di monacemebiTac dasturdeba; b)
bartyis gadatana sadede galiebSi, aRmzrdelad maRalproduqtiuli,
specialurad Sedgenil nukleusebSi naxSirwylovani da proteinovani
(2-3 CarCo futkarze) misacemad. (Weo) sakvebis uxvi maragis mqone
nukleuss adgenen im skidan, sai- ojaxis SerCeva; g) erTasakovani
danac damxmare nayris Sedgenas bartyis gadanergva CarCoSi, ro-
apireben. am droisaTvis ojaxis Zala melsac aqvs horizontalur Tama-
9-10 CarCo futkari mainc unda iyos. sebze damagrebuli sadede jamebi
Ddamxmare nayris Sedgena warmoebs saerTo raodenobiT 30-35 cali.
neqtris mniSvnelovani Ralis daw- sadede bartyis ganviTareba aRmzr-
yebamde 30-40 dRiT adre. amisTvis del ojaxSi grZeldeba Wuprobis
ska gaiyofa or araTanabar nawilad, dawyebamde.
yru tixriT. skis II nawilSi mo- sadede ujredebis gadabeWdvis
Tavsebul nukleuss safreni sxva Semdeg, roca mTavrdeba bartyisTvis
mxares unda hqondes miqceuli. masSi ZiZa futkrebis mxriv rZis miwodeba
axalgazrda deda futkris ga- (embrionuli ganviTarebis me-9 dRe),
nayofierebisa da kvercxdebis daw- sadede ujredebs aTavseben galiebSi
da gadaaqvT klimatur karadaSi, tivobasTan_korelaciis koefi-cienti
romelzec Termoregulatoris meSve- r=+0,91 (wiTliZe, 1988). amave avtoris
obiT dayenebulia temperatura 34- monacemebiT, muSa futkris ukana
35,50C-is farglebSi, xolo fardo- (reqtaluri) nawlavis katalazuri
biTi tenianoba 70-80%-s Seadgens. aqtivoba aseve mWidro (uaryofiT)
B bartyis gamoCekis Semdeg (6-13 korelaciur kavSirSia mis zamTar-
dRis SualedSi) xdeba deda gamZleobasTan (zamTarSi sakvebis
futkris xelovnuri daTesvla la- xarjva): r=-0,61. aRniSnulis gamo es
boratoriaSi, aranakleb 250C temper- niSan-Tvisebebi SeiZleba gaxdes
aturis pirobebSi. spermis aReba futkris perspeqtiul saseleqcio
mamlebidan iwyeba aranakleb 14 dRis maCveneblebad.
asakidan. yovel jerze deda fut-
kars daTeslaven 4X10-3 ml mocu- muSa futkris xaxis jirkvlis in-
lobis spermiT. ganmeorebiT vertazuli aqtivobis gansazRvra.
daTesvla xdeba 1-2 dRis Semdeg, seleqciuri ojaxidan aRebuli muSa
SualedSi klimatis imave reJimSi futkris nimuSSi (20-30 cali)
yofniT. meore daTesvlis Semdeg gaanalizdeba invertazuli aqtivoba
deda futkars amyofeben klimatur bioqimiur laboratoriaSi. meTodi
karadaSi kidev 5-7 dRes, romlis dafuZnebulia xaxis jirkvlis homog-
drosac sperma gadadis saSodan enizatidan gamoyofili eqstraq-tis
spermaTekaSi. Aamis Semdeg igi zemoqmedebaze, riTac xdeba saqa-
gadahyavT nukleusSi, sadac xdeba rozis 50%-iani xsnaris hidrolizi
kvercxdebis dawyeba, xolo (t=360C, xangrZlivoba-1 saaTi) da
Semdgom_nayarSi an ZiriTad ojaxSi. sareaqcio areSi bertranis meTodiT
aRmdgeneli (martivi) Saqrebis raode-
Ddeda futkris gamozrdisa da nobis gansazRvra.
ganayofierebis intensiuri teq- qarTuli futkris xaxis jirkvlis
nologiis gamoyenebiT TiTqmis invertazas aqtivobis xarisxi gamo-
erTiorad izrdeba erTeuli saxulia erT futkarze glukozis mg-
aRmzrdeli ojaxidan sadede ma- ebis raodenobiT, sadac 40 erTeulze
salis gamosavlianoba, mcir-deba naklebi iTvleba dabal (indeqsi 3),
danaxarjebi aRmzrdeli ojaxis xolo 61-ze meti _ maRal maCveneblad
Senaxvaze da saboloo jamSi (indeqsi _ 7). Cveuleb-rivad, sanaSene
gamozrdili da ganayo-fierebuli masalas (kvercxi, 1-dRiani bartyi)
deda futkrebis TviTRirebuleba iReben im ojaxidan, romlis invert-
azuli aqtivoba 61 erTeulze metia.
Semodgomis Taobis muSa futkris
1.8 futkris ojaxis saTafle produ- ukana (reqtalur) jirkvalSi kata-
qtiulobisa da zamTar-gamZleobis lazuri aqtivobis gansazRvra.
saadreo prognozireba mniSvnelovani muSa futkris ukana nawlavis kedlis
genetikuri niSan-Tvisebebia, romelic wyliani gamonawvliliT zemoqmedeben
ZiriTadad gansazRvravs warmoebuli wyalbadis zeJangze, romlis daSlis
produqciis TviTRirebulebas. unda Semdeg gansazRvraven gamoyofili
aRiniSnos, rom Catarebuli kvleviTi Jangbadis moculobas reaqciis daw-
samuSaoebis mixedviT futkris ojax- yebidan 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. am
is saTafle produqtiuloba Zalian fermentis aqtivobis xarisxi gam-
mWidro korelaciur kavSirSia muSa oisaxeba warmoqmnili Jangbadis
futkris zafxulis (ivnisi) Taobis moculobiT (ml 10 futkarze): dabali
xaxis jirkvlebis invertazul aq- maCvenebeli 4-ze naklebia (indeqsi 1),
xolo maRali_7-ze meti (indeqsi3). zadebisaTvis ZiriTadi nedle-ulia:
aRniSnulis gamo, Tu mefutkres mi- sasursaTo Saqari; ferment inverta-
zanSewonilad miaCnia maRali zam- zas wyaro, warmodgenili mikrobuli
TargamZleobis miRweva, sanaSene ma- warmoSobis produqtebiT saxel-
sala unda aiRos ojaxebidan, sadac wodebiT “hidroliz-agenti” da
katalazuri aqtivoba 7-s aRemateba. sasmeli wyali;
ojaxis muSa futkris maRali in- _inversiuli sirofis dasamzadeblad
vertazuli da katalazuri aqtivobis aiReba Saqari da wyali masuri Se-
gamoyenebiT saTafle produ- fardebiT 2:1. wyali Caisxmeba rome-
qtiulobisa da zamTar-gamZleobis lime WurWelSi, gacxeldeba
(sakvebis ekonomikuri xarjva zamTar- aduRebamde da daemateba Saqari ga-
Si) saadreo prognozireba saSu- nuwyveteli morevis pirobebSi, srul
alebas iZleva, seleqciuri ojaxebi- gaxsnamde. Saqris damatebis procesSi
dan sanaSene masalis aRebis SesaZle- xsnarSi 600C-s zemoT SeaqvT hi-
bloba drois mixedviT gaizardos droliz-agenti. xsnari cxeldeba
aranakleb 1,5-jer, radgan am pirobeb- 650C-mde (+20).
Si sanaSene masala SeiZleba aRebul _ Saqris srulad gaxsnis Semdeg nar-
iqnas dedis Secvlidan 1 Tvis Semdeg evi gadaaqvT sxva WurWelSi, ro-
(axali Taobis gaCena), rac zrdis melsac gverdze, Ziris siaxloves
futkris seleqciis efeqtianobas. CamontaJebuli aqvs eleqtroga-
1.9. samarago Taflis Semcvlelis macxelebeli Termoregulatori;
warmoebis intensiuri teqnologia. WurWels arCeven im varaudiT, rom
masSi siTxis dgomis simaRlis Se-
bunebrivi Taflisa da yvavilis
fardeba Siga diametrTan Seadgendes
mtvris sasaqonlo produqciis war-
1:1,3. magaliTad, Tu WurWlis Siga di-
moebis zrda mefutkreobis rent-
ametri aris 130 sm, maSin siTxis dgo-
abelobisa da produqtebis konku-
mis simaRle unda Seadgendes 100 sm-s;
rentunarianobis amaRlebis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani wyaroa. futkris kvebis
procesSi bunebrivi produqtebis
nacvlad maRali sazrdoobis mqone,
iafi Semcvle-lebis Seqmna da war-
moebaSi danergva mecnierebisa da
praqtikisa-Tvis dRemde metad sayur-
adRebo sakiTxad rCeba.
samarago Taflis srulfasovani

Semcvlelis misaRebad saWiroa:
Qqvabi eleqtrogamacxelebliT
a) sazrdo novTierebebis, kerZod, WurWeli inversiuli sirofis
martivi Saqrebis iseTive Semcveloba, mosamzadeblad. Ziris siaxloves Cans
rogorc TaflisaTvis aris damaxa- eleqtrogamacxelebeli (SigniT) da Ter-
siaTebeli; b) SemcvlelSi wylis moregulatori (gareT).
raodenoba daaxloebiT gaTanab-
rebuli unda iyos Taflis analogi- Termoregulators ayeneben 650C+20
ur maCvenebelTan. niSnulze da CarTaven eleqtro-
qselSi. WurWels exureba saxuravi da
samarago Taflis Semcvlelis dam- hidrolizi mimdinareobs aRniSnul
zadeba_gamoyeneba inversiuli si- temperaturaze 24 saaTs. am drois
rofis saxiT. am produqtis dam- gasvlis Semdeg qvabs exdeba saxuravi
da rCeba TavRia kidev 24 saaTs, aRar uxdeba sirofis gadamuSaveba,
micemuli temperaturuli reJimis koncentracia (75-77%) maqsimalurad
dacviT, amis Semdeg momzadebuli si- aris miaxloebuli Taflis analogi-
rofis koncentracia refraqto-metris ur maCveneblamde, xolo inversiuli
mixedviT iqneba 75-77%-is farglebSi, sirofis dabinavebaze daxarjuli
rac optimaluria sakveburSi Casxmisa sakvebis raodenoba ar aRemateba misi
da sazamTre maragis Sevsebis saerTo masis 10%-s.
TvalsazrisiT, xolo martivi inversiuli sirofis micema gazrdili
Saqrebis Semcveloba sirofs ram- erTjeradi doziT xdeba sifrTxilis
denime Tves SeunarCunebs agregatul gavrcelebuli wesebis dacviT: saRa-
mdgomareobas; am sirofiT futkris mo xans, sirofis daRvris SesaZle-
ojaxs ucvlian zamTris maragi Taf- blobis gamoricxviT. amasTan Zalze
lis 50-60%-s (agvisto). zogierTi mokle periodSi budis sakvebiT
saxeobis adviladkristalebadi Taf- dakompleqteba praqtikulad ar
lis (mag. suro, oqrowkepla, manana da aisaxeba futkris kvercx-mdeblobaze.
sxva) Sesacvlelad inversiuli si-
rofi gamoiyeneT seqtemberSi, roca
aRiniSneba am Taflis dagroveba
futkris ojaxis budeSi. Mmefutkre
ar unda daelodos advilad-
kristalebadi Taflis kondicirebas,
rac gaaZnelebs mis gamowurvas
cibrutSi. igi unda gamoiwuros ufro
dabali koncentraciis mqone (75_77%
refraqtometris mixedviT, xvedriTi
zeda sakveburi
masa 1,35-1,38 g/sm3.), misi Semdgomi kon-
dicirebiT Tbil oTaxSi an spe-
cialuri teqnologiiT (ix. II qveTavis
me-2 punqti).
1.10 futkris sakvebis sazamTre

maragis Sevsebis intensiuri teqno-
logia. zafxulis II naxevarSi (agvis-
to) futkris sakvebi maragis Sevseba
xdeba dabali koncentraciis (60%)
Saqris sirofiT, rom futkarma mo-
aswros misi kondicireba, SedarebiT gverdiTi sakveburi
dabali dozebiT (2-2,5 kg) erTjerad,
sirofis micemis meore xerxia
rac iwvevs futkris naadrev cveTas,
erTjeradi parkebiT micema masiT 1,5
xolo micemuli Saqris 20-23% ixar-
l-mde. Mmisi upiratesobis maCve-
jeba aramwar-moeblurad (futkris
nebelia:
energetikuli moTxovnilebis da-
sakmayofileblad). Amisgan gansxvave- sirofis micema SeiZleba dRe-
biT, intensiuri teqnologia in- Ramisa da wlis nebismier dros,
versiuli sirofis gamoyenebiT gu- ar xdeba futkris Tavdasxma, xo-
lisxmobs sakvebis erTjeradi dozis lo aTvisebis zomieri tempi iwvevs
gadidebas 3-4 l-mde masiT 4-5 kg, ga- kvercxdebis gaaqtiurebas. Aam
didebuli sakveburis gamoyenebiT, xerxiT momzadebuli sirofi
rac miRweulia imiT, rom futkars TviTRirebulebiT TiTqmis erTi-
orad naklebia comisebr sakvebze radganac yvavilis mtveri wyalSi
(kandi), gamoricxavs futkris gaxsnisas sakmaod didi raodenobiT
gaaqtiurebas aTvisebis dros, rac warmoqmnis uxsnad naleqs, masac
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa zam- dafqvis Semdeg soiis fqvilTan er-
Trobis periodSi, xolo dRisiT Tad amuSaveben analogiuri xerxiT.
misi micemis SesaZlebloba rac Seexeba sakveb safuars da Zroxis
miesadageba futkris movlis in- cximgaclil rZes, isini wyalSi
tensifikaciis moTxovnebs srulad ixsnebian da hidrolizs ar
(aumjobesebs mefutkris Sromis saWiroeben. Aam komponentebis narevi
pirobebs). masuri SefardebiT 45:20:20:15 (soiis
fqvili+Zroxis+rZe+safuari+ yvavi-
lis mtveri) SeaqvT inversiul si-
rofSi. hidrolizis Semdeg narevi
1.12 yvavilis mtvris Semcvlelis
sirofSi srulad ixsneba, aTvisebis
momzadebis intensiuri teqnologia
procesSi ar gamocalkevdeba. Sedegad
F futkris kvebaSi dRemde rekomen- futkari aZlierebs bartyis gamozr-
debuli sakvebi saSualebebidan soiis das: mefutkreobis institutSi
cximgaclili fqvili Znelad oqroyanis teritoriaze Catarebuli
monelebadia futkrisaTvis, xolo cdebiT dadginda, rom bartyis
amasTan erTad gamoyenebuli sakvebi farTobis mateba sakontrolo vari-
safuari da Zroxis rZe naklebmim- antTan (sufTa inversiuli Saqari)
zidvelia. garda amisa, es ukanaskneli SedarebiT TiTqmis samjer gaizarda.
Seicavs futkrisaTvis toqsikur
laqtozas. aRniSnulis gamo, es pro-
teinovani sakvebi danamatebi yvavilis gaiTvaliswineT: nawilobriv hi-
drolizebul proteinovan
mtverTan SedarebiT naklebefeqturia.
maTi mimzidvelobis danamatebs futkars aZleven
yvavilis mtvris (Weos) deficitis
gasaumjobeseblad yvavilis mtvers
pirobebSi, maTi xvedriTi wili nar-
umateben (saerTo raodenobis 20%-
evSi (inversiul sirofTan erTad)
mde). Ddanamatebis monelebadobis
ar unda aRematebodes 17%-s. Nnar-
gasaumjobeseblad gamoiyeneba maTi
evis micema xdeba polieTilenis
kvebiswina damuSaveba, rac gulixmobs
erTjeradi parkiT, saerTo masiT 1-
sazrdo nivTierebebis, kerZod pro-
teinis, nawilobriv hidrolizs da 1,2 kg (8-9 CarCo futkarze).
wyalxsnadi formiT naxSirwylovan
sakvebSi Setanas. 1.12 kandis mosazelad inversiuli
Hhidrolizis procesi Semdegnairad sirofis momzadebis teqnologia. in-
xdeba: soiis cximgaclil fqvils versiul sirofs iyeneben, rogorc
gaxsnian wyalSi 30 mas. % koncen- Semwebav masalas, tradiciulad gam-
traciiT, SeaTboben 46-500C-mde, aqti- oyenebuli Taflis sanacvlod kandSi.
uri mJavianoba (PH) ayavT 8-mde (na- Taflis gamoyenebas Tan axlavs
triumis hidroqsidis damatebiT), futkris infeqciur daavadebaTa
Semdeg umateben romelime proteo- gavrcelebis saSiSroeba, Tu Tafli
lizur fermentul preparats. hi- maT aRmZvrelebs Seicavs (daava-
drolizi mimdinareobs 3,5-4 saaTs, debuli ojaxebidan gamowuruli).
Semdeg iwyeben suspenziis Sesqelebas aseTi Taflis gasterileba misi
sqeli fafis konsistenciamde (70-75 Tvisebebis gauaresebis gareSe ver
mas.%). xerxdeba. amasTan, kandis dasam-
zadeblad Taflis gamoyeneba mkveT-
rad zrdis mis Rirebulebas (sava- Sesruleba safutkreSi rgoluri
raudod 1,42 lariT yovel kg mza movlis dros?
produqtze). kandis dasamzadeblad 2. futkrisaTvis ramdenad optima-
aiReba sasursaTo Saqari da wyali 1:1 luria daTvalierebaTa jeradobis
masuri SefardebiT. hidroliz-agenti Semcireba?
emateba momzadebul sirofs 3. ra samuSaoebs asrulebs samu-
gazrdili koncentraciiT, sarea- Sao rgoli zamTarSi?
lizacio WurWelze Sesabamisi 4. ra uSlis xels saqarTveloSi
warweriT: `gamoiyeneT kandis mo- mTabarobis intensiuri te-
sazeli sirofis dasamzadeblad”, si- qnologiis gamoyenebas?
rofSi Saqris fermentaciis Catarebis 5. ra aris saWiro futkris
Semdeg (I dReRame) sirofi Sesqeldeba mravaljeradi mTabarobisaTvis,
mosamzadebel WurWelSi asaor- rodis xdeba is?
Tqlebeli zedapiris farTobis 6. ra upiratesoba aqvs ufiWo ama-
gazrdiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs naTnayrebis warmoebas da ra
sirofidan zedmeti wylis mocilebas pirobebia misTvis saWiro?
15-17% saaTSi intensivobiT. 7. aris Tu ara daavadebaTa
sirofs Seasqeleben 80-81%-mde re- gavrcelebis safrTxe nayrebis
fraqtometris mixedviT (xvedriTi ma- meSveobiT da rogor aicileben
sa areometris mixedviT 1,40-1,42 g/sm3), mas?
65-700C temperaturiT asaorTqlebel 8. gadaecema Tu ara genetikurad
masaSi; 45-470-mde SemTbari Ses- Semdgom Taobebs maRali produ-
qelebuli sirofi CaitvirTeba comis qtiuloba da zamTar-gamZleoba da
mosazel danadgarSi yovel 100 kg ra pirobebSi?
saboloo produqtze, 30-31 kg-is 9. ra pirobebs unda akmayo–
raodenobiT, daemateba sirofs Saqris filebdes samarago Taflis Sem-
fqvili: Tavdapirvelad 40 kg-is ode- cvleli futkrisaTvis?
nobiT, mozelis procesis Sesabamisad 10. ra saxis substrati SeiZleba
danarCeni 29-30 kg, erTgvarovani masis gamoviyenoT futkrisaTvis sama-
miRebamde, mosazel masaSi 35-400 tem- rago Taflis Semcvlelad?
peraturis SenarCunebiT. 11. ratom ar SeiZleba zamTrobaSi
mozelil masas gadaitanen kandis suros, oqrowkeplas da manana
SesafuT danadgarze da SefuTaven Taflis datoveba futkrisaTvis?
polieTilenis erTjerad parkebSi 12. ra upiratesoba aqvs soiis
1_1,1 kg gundebis saxiT. gundebi fqvilis hidrolizis Catarebas
daewyoba magidaze erTmaneTTan (ara sakvebTa narevSi Setanis
erTimeoreze!) mWidrod im angariSiT, TvalsazrisiT?
rom uzrunvelyofil iyos 2-3 sm 13. risTvis xdeba Saqris gan-
sisqis gundis warmoqmna; sxvavebuli hidrolizi kandis
kargad gacivebuli kandis gundebs mosamzadeblad da rogor xor-
gadaitanen yuTebSi, gverdebsa da cieldeba is? aRwereT teqnologi-
Zirze RriWoebis gareSe. inaxaven uri mowyobiloba!
mSral, gril adgilas, gamzadebuli
kandi futkars SeiZleba mieces
nebismier dros. Ggamoyenebuli literatura:
sakontrolo SekiTxvebi: 1. Н. Буренин, Г.Котова. Справочник по

пчеловодству.М.,1984.
1. ra principiT xdeba samuSaoebs
2. Ch. Dadant Beekeeping Equipment. The Hive gamosavalianobis zrda), biolo-
and the Honey Bee.Chapt.12,p. 539. 2010 giuri da sasaqonlo Tvisebebis ukeT
3. N. Ambrose. Management for Honey Produc- SenarCuneba siTburi damuSavebisa da
tion. Ch.14. The Hive and the Honey Bee. P. 601, Senaxvis procesSi, m.S. mcenareuli
2010 warmoSobis mavne nivTierebebisagan
4. Г. Аветисян. Пчеловодство.ь.,1982 gawmenda da axali sasursaTo
5. Б. Цитлидзе. Биологические и produqciis miRebis teqnologiuri
хозяйственные особенности популяций серой xerxebi.
горной грузинской пчелы. Автореферат 11.13. Taflis gawmenda minare–
диссертации.Тбилиси,1988 vebisagan vakuumis gamoyenebiT
6. Г.Туников и др., Технология производства metnaklebad yovelTvis xdeba, magram
и переработки продукции intensiur procesebSi TviTdawmendis
пчеловодства.М.,2001 unari, rasac rigiTi mefutkre iyenebs
7. Г. Мадзгарашвили и др. Приготовление yoveldRiur praqtikaSi, sakmarisi ar
инвертного сахара в домашних условиях. Ж. aris. evropuli standartis mixedviT
Пчеловодство,№10. 2007 (19792-87) TaflSi dasaSvebia 0,03%
8. g. maZRaraSvili, e. kobaxiZe ucxo minarevebi (ZiriTadad cvilis
mefutkris saswavlo elementebi. el. nawilakebi). naSromis avtoris
versia. 2008 monacemebiT, qarTul sawarmoo
TaflSi (mefutkrisgan miRebuli
TviTdawmendis gziT) es maCvenebeli
saSualod 0,06%-ze naklebi ar aris.
2) intensiuri teqnologiebi futkris
mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad
produqtebis warmoebisa da
rekomendebulia teqnologiuri Roni-
damuSavebisaTbis
sZieba, romelSic Taflis gawmenda
Aam qveTavSi mkiTxveli gaecnoba
damyarebulia filtraciis ufro
axal teqnologiebs, romelic
srulyofil xerxze vakuumis
Seiqmna ganvlili 20-30 wlis
gamoyenebiT, kerZod:
periodSi da amJamad warmoebis
400C-mde SemTbari Taflis
mxridan aTvisebis procesSia.
gasawmendad teqnologiuri xazis
NnaTqvami exeba Tafls (gafil-
Semadgenel mowyobilobaSi Sedis:
tvra, gauvnebleba, kondicireba),
_ uJangavi liTonis Zabri masSi
yvavilis mtvers (Sroba, Senaxva da
CamontaJebuli daxvretili firfi-
sasursaTo eqstraqtis miReba) da
tiT;
dindgels (intensiuri warmoeba
_ gawmendili Taflis Semkrebi ori
axali xerxebiT da gadamuSavebis
(zeda da qveda) CamketebiT;
procesi). Ffutkris sxva
_ vakuumtumbo manometriT da mil-
produqtebis (cvili, rZe da Sxami)
sadenebiT.
warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis
Aam teqnologiiT ZabrSi, romelic
teqnologia masSi ar aris Sesuli,
CamketiT uerTdeba Semkrebs, Caefineba
radgan am mimarTulebiT dRemde
mWidro qsovilis safiltracio
moqmedebs adre Seqmnili teqno-
elementi da Caisxmeba Taflis
logiebi da Zireuli cvlilebebi
gasafiltri masa, romlis gadasvla
masSi ar momxdara.
SemkrebSi xdeba am ukanasknelSi
warmodgenil masalaSi xazgas-
vakuumis SeqmniT, gawmendili Tafli
mulia Semdegi siaxleebi: pro
Semkrebidan Camoisxmeba qveS Sedgmul
duqtebis warmoebis procesSi
WurWelSi qveda Camketis gaxsnis
miRweulia TvalsaCino intensifi-
Semdeg. TaflisaTvis damaxa-
kacia (futkris erT ojaxze
siaTebeli Zlieri qafianobis gamo-
(vakuumSi) Semkrebsa da vakuumtumbos ixsneba sasmel wyalSi 50-55 masur %-
Soris Cayenebulia damWeri, romlis mde, SeTbeba 450C-mde, ifiltreba
qveda gamosasvleli Semkrebsve toqsikuri yvavilis mtvris
uerTdeba. teqnologiur xazSi mosacileblad da Sesqeldeba
Seqmnili reJimi uzrunvelyofs vakuumSi ara nakleb 80 masuri %-sa
Taflis swraf gawmendas damatebiTi mSrali nivTierebebis mixedviT.
siTburi damuSavebis gareSe, rac Cveulebriv vakuumamaorTqlebelSi es
produqtis Tvisebebis SenarCunebas procesi grZeldeba 7-8 saaTs, Tu
uwyobs xels. vakuumis siRrme –0,8 kg/sm2-ze naklebi
11.14. maTrobela Taflis gauvnebleba. ar aris, xolo damuSavebis maqsi-
cnobilia, rom sxvadasxva qveynebSi maluri temperatura+450C, miRebuli
(aSS, ruseTi, axali zelandia, produqti sauwyebaTaSoriso gamoc-
italia, espaneTi, iaponia da sxv.) dis Sedegad usafrTxo aRmoCnda,
SeiniSneba bevri sxvadasxva mcenare, TvalsaCinod gaumjobesda organo-
toqsikuri yvavilis mtvris an leptikuri Tvisebebi, xolo damuSa-
neqtris producenti (Atkins, 2010). vebis Rirebuleba savaraudod
maTgan miRebuli neqtris produqtis sabazro fasis 15%-ze
gadamuSavebiT miRebuli Tafli an naklebi iyo. organizaciuli
Cqara kargavs toqsikur Tvisebebs, an mougvareblobis gamo es RonisZieba
es Tvisebebi didxans myarad Sei- sawarmoo masStabiT aTvisebuli ar
niSneba produqtSi da damatebiTi aris, Tumca periodulad moTxov-
gadamuSavebis gareSe misi gamoyeneba nileba masze sakmaod mwvavea.
saWmelad ar SeiZleba. Ddadgenilia 11.15. umwifari Taflis komdicireba.
isic, rom Sxamiani sawyisi aseTi Tafli sakmaod didi masStabiT
(andromedotoqsini, mizerotoqsini, iwarmoeba saqarTvelos Warbtenian
skopolamini, gelsemini, graiano- raionebSi, Tumca misi damzadebis
toqsini, pirolizidinis alkaloidi, mizezi marto gazrdili fardobiTi
tutini da sxv.) aqroladi tenianoba ar aris. amas garda, aSS-sa
nivTierebaa. maTrobela (toqsikuri) da evropaSi Taflis standartebiT
Taflis gauvneblebis dRemde daSvebuli koncentraciis minimaluri
arsebuli qarTuli teqnologia zRvari sakmarisad aRar miiCneva (Tew,
gulisxmobda maRal temperaturaze 2010) misi amJavebis safrTxis gamo,
(>1000C) Taflis damuSavebas.; risTvisac dadanis firma iyenebs
moloCnim (cit. Иоириш-is mixedviT, danadgars, romlis meSveobiT wylis
1949) SemogvTavaza Taflis damuSaveba Semcveloba TaflSi 17-18%-ze meti ar
800C-ze 3 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, magram unda iyos.
rogorc cnobilia, aseTnairad naSromis avtorma SeimuSava
damuSavebuli Taflis Tvisebebze Taflis koncentrirebis axali xerxi,
laparaki, SeiZleba iTqvas, zedmetia. romelic emyareba gadasamuSavebel
naSromis avtorma yof. produqtSi aorTqlebis farTobis
mefutkreobis institutSi SeimuSava ramdenjerme gazrdas. damuSaveba
maTrobela Taflis gauvneblebis xdeboda 0
+40-45 C temperaturaze,
teqnologia vakuumSi damuSavebis seriuli warmoebis vakuumamaorTqle-
gziT. teqnologiuri xazi am belSi damatebiTi mowyobilobis
procesisaTvis warmodgenilia CamontaJebiT. Tu Taflis sawyisi
Semdegi mowyobilobiT: Ria saxarSi koncentracia 75-77%-ia, maSin mis
qvabi amreviT da gamaTbobliT, damuSavebaze ixarjeba ara umetes 1-1,5
safiltracio danadgari, vakuum– saaTisa, produqtis organoleptikuri
amaorTqlebeli tumboTi. Tafli Tvisebebis gauaresebisa da hidrome-
Tilfurfurolis damatebiTi war- masSi, CarTaven vakuumtumbos da
moqmnis gareSe. mowyobiloba am aSroben yvavilis mtvers 75-90 wuTis
procesisaTvis Seicavs: gamaTbobels ganmavlobaSi;
Taflis gaTxevadebisaTvis, safil– gaSrobis Semdeg karadidan iReben
tracio danadgars da modi- gamSral yvavilis mtvers,
ficirebul vakuumamaorTqlebels. gaagrileben da Sedgamen Taroebs
amave mowyobilobiT Taflisgan sayinule karadaSi _ 150C 6 saaTis
aqroldeba ukve warmoqmnili ganmavlobaSi. damuSavebuli yvavi-
ZmarmJava, spirtebi da amJavebis sxva lis mtvriT avseben qilebs,
produqtebi. risTvisac vakuumsaSrob karadaSi
moTavsebis win qilebs saxuravebs
11.16. yvavilis mtvris intensiuri moargeben aramWidrod, karadaSi
Sroba. vakuumis Seqmnis Semdeg SeuSveben
naxSirmJavas gazs, romelic avsebs
am produqtis intensiuri Srobis
qilebs. karadidan qilebis
winapirobaa is faqti, rom
0 gamoRebisas pirvel rigSi maT
Cveulebrivi xerxiT (45 C haermSral
saxuravebs miaxraxnian mWidrod da
TermostatSi) Srobis procesSi
inaxaven sibneleSi, SeZle-
gamTbar haerTan xangrZlivi
bisdagvarad dabal temperaturaze
kontaqtis (24-48 saaTi) gamo yvavilis
(ara umetes +150C-si). Tu sasurvelia
mtvris sazrdo da biologiurad
gamSrali mtvris Senaxva muqi
aqtiuri nivTierebebis Semcveloba
polieTilenis tomaraSi, am
ufro TvalsaCinod klebulobs,
ukanasknels unda hqondes ori
vidre vakuumSi, SedarebiT maRal (60-
Camketi: I ukeTdeba Ziris siaxloves,
650C) temperaturaze, magram DSrobis
gverdis kedelSi, II-tomris zeda
gacilebiT ufro xanmokle periodSi
mxares, kuTxeSi. tomris Sevsebis
(75-90wuTi).
Semdeg mas pirs gaukeraven uToTi da
yvavilis mtvris daCqarebuli
iwyeben masSi naxSirorJangis SeSvebas
SrobisaTvis teqnologiur xazSi
qveda Camketidan, xolo zevidan
Sedis Semdegi mowyobiloba:
atmosferuli haeri gamoidevneba,
1) vakuumsaSrobi karada reguli-
tomaraSi naxSirorJangis aris
rebadi temperaturiT da vakuum-
Seqmnas amowmeben zeda Camketidan
metriT;
gamosuli airis gaSvebiT qloriani
2) wyalWavliani (BBH markis)
bariumis xsnarSi, sadac unda gaCndes
vakuumtumbo;
simRvrie naxSirmJava bariumis saxiT.
3) baloni naxSirmJava gaziT;
amis Semdeg airis SeSvebas tomaraSi
4) wnevagamZle Slangebi;
wyveten da SefuTul mtvers inaxaven
5) minis muqi qilebi misaxraxni
zemoaRweril pirobebSi (sibnele,
saxuravebiT, an polieTilenis
dabali temperatura).
tomrebi zeda da qveda Camketi
onkanebiT. yvavilis mtvris gasa-
Srobad vakuumsaSrob karadas
ukeTdeba Taroebi uJangavi liTonis
mWidrodnaqsovi mavTulbadis ZiriT.
yvavilis mtveri iSleba mavTul-
badis Taroebze 10 mm sisqis fenad;
roca vakuumsaSrob karadaSi Siga
temperatura 60-650C-mde miaRwevs,
Taroebi yvavilis mtvriT idgmeba
Tamasebs Soris Sualedebis
dindgeliT Sevsebis Semdeg ficar-
sur 1. yvavilis mtvris Srobis nags iReben skidan, moRunaven 1800-iT
teqnologiuri mowyobiloba: da mefutkris astmiT dindgeli
1_vakuum- saSrobi karada, afxeken ficarnagis Tamasebidan;
2_vakuumtumbo, 3_baloni naxSirmJava Segrovebul dindgels nawilakebad
gaziT, 4_vakuummetri, 5_Termometri, amtvreven, zomiT 2-3 sm da Sedgamen 6-
6_Taro- ebi yvavilis mtvriT, 8 saaTis ganmavlobaSi macivris say-
7,8_sacobiani onkanebi(0,5d.). inuleSi, cvilis CrCilis steri-
lizaciisaTvis. Aamis Semdeg dind-
gels Cayrian polieTilenis tomaraSi
11.17. dindgelis warmoebisa da da inaxaven mSral, bnel adgilas,
gadamuSavebis intensiuri teqno- dabal temperaturaze;
logia gaxsovdeT! nu SeinaxavT dind-
gels Zalian didi xnis ganmav-
futkrisagan am produqtis lobaSi, radgan garda feris
intensiuri Segrovebis xerxi Secvlisa, masSi arsebuli fla-
SemuSavebulia u.belis mier (cit. vonoiduri nivTierebebi daSlas
Г.Таранов-is mixedviT, 1978), romelmac ganicdian da produqti TandaTan
Seqmna xis Tamasebisagan Semdgari kargavs samkurnalo Tvisebebs,
ficarnagi. Tamasebi damagrebulia Sesabamisad sarealizacio
rezinis zonarze lursmnebiT, Rirebulebas.
manZili Tamasebs Soris Seadgens 2,5-3
mm-s. budis zedapirze ficarnagis 11.18. yvavilis mtvris eqstraqtis war-
moTavsebis Semdeg warmoqmnili moeba sasursaTod. adamianis janmr-
gaZlierebuli aeraciis sawina- TelobisaTvis da am produqtis
aRmdegod futkari TamasebsSua sasursaTo daniSnulebiT rea-
sivrces dindgeliT avsebs. lizaciis gasafarToeblad erT-erTi
dindgelis Sesagroveblad skas perspeqtiuli mimarTulebaa misi wy-
exdeba saxuravi, baliSi da safari alxsnadi formiT miReba. naSromis
tilo, ficarnagi dindgelis avtorisa da TanamSromelTa mier Se-
Sesagroveblad Tavsdeba CarCos zeda qmnilia yvavilis mtvris eqstraqtis
Tamasebze im angariSiT, rom miRebis teqnologia, romelic iT-
CarCoTaSorisi sivrce Tanxvdes valiswinebs:
ficarnagis Tamasebs Soris sivrces
da daxuraven skas. _ yvavilis mtvris wyliani suspenziis
fermentul damuSavebas da Semdgom
mtvris marcvlebis meqanikur
daxleCvas maRali sixSiriT mbrunav
homogenizatorSi;
_ eqstraqtis suspenziis gawmendas
filtraciis gziT da koncentri-
rebas modificirebul vakuumSi;
_ yvavilis mtvris eqstraqtis Serevas
SemavseblebTan (Tafli, inversiuli
Saqari). E
sur 2. u. belis dindgelis Sesag-
eqstraqtis warmoebisaTvis gamoye-
rovebeli ficarnagi
nebuli mowyobiloba:
_CaquCebiani wisqvili;
_Ria saxarSi qvabi amreviTa da ini, lanolini, mcenareuli zeTi,
gamaTbobliT; cxoveluri cximi da sxv.) da amateben
_safiltracio danadgari; dafqvil dindgels masuri Sefardeb-
_modificirebuli vakuumamaorTqle- iT 9:1 an 4:1. dindgelis eqstraqciis
beli; optimaluri temperatura Seadgens
_ homogenizatori ara nakleb 10 0
42 C.
aTasi br/wT siCqariT.
procesis sawyisi etapi (wyliani gaxsovdeT!
suspenziis miReba da marcvlebis samedicino daniSnulebiT dindge-
garsis maceracia fermentuli lis preparatis misaRebad am-
preparatiT) aRwerilia am Tavis I zadeben 10%-ian suspenzias, xolo
qveTavSi (punqti 1.12). amis Semdeg sus- veterinariaSi gamoiyeneba dindge-
penzias daamuSaveben maRali siCqaris lis 20%-iani preparati.
homogenizatorSi, sadac xdeba uj- biologiuri reaqtoris siCqare
redis garsis meqanikuri daxleCva da sasurvelia wuTSi 60 brunis odeno-
citoplazmis gadasvla wyalxsnad biT. 8 saaTis Semdeg dindgelis sus-
formaSi. suspenziis filtraciis penzia gadmoisxmeba da maSinve
Semdeg xdeba misi koncentrireba am ifiltreba danadgarSi, romelic
qveTavis 1.15 punqtSi aRweril modi- warmodgenilia 11.14 punqtSi ,,Taflis
ficirebul vakuumamaorTqlebelSi gawmenda minarevebisagan vakuumis
ara nakleb 80 mas.%-mde, ris Semdeg gamoyenebiT.”
eqstraqti SemavseblebTan SereviT
miiRebs saboloo sasaqonlo saxes.
gadamuSavebis procesSi eqstraqtis
siTburi damuSavebis temperatura ar
unda iyos 450C-ze meti, rac uzrun-
velyofs produqtis biologiuri
aqtivobisa da sazrdoobis SenarCune-
bas, procesis xangrZlivoba ar aRe-
mateba 9 saaTs. Eenergetikuli danax-
arjebi minimaluria yvelaze mowinave
sur 4. dindgelis eqstraqtori
teqnologiuri xerxebis gamoyenebis
wyalobiT. mxedvelobaSi iqonieT:
11.19. dindgelis samrewvelo gada- Tu Tqven dindgelis preparats am-
muSavebisaTvis aTavseben mas macivar- zadebT iseT gamxsnelze, romelic
Si 0+20C temperaturaze 4-5 saaTiT, oTaxis temperaturaze myar
iReben macivridan da jer mdgomareobaSi gadadis (vazelini,
daaqucmaceben, xolo Semdeg lanolini, cxoveluri cximi da
dafqvaven CaquCebian an sxva kon- sxv.), maSin dindgelis gasafiltr
struqciis wisqvilze fqvilis danadgars (filtratis mimRebi) gau-
miRebiT. keTeT gareTa kedeli, kedelTaSoris
sivrceSi CaasxiT wyali da Caamon-
biologiur reaqtorSi, romlis
taJeT eleqtro gamacxelebeli tem-
korpusi horizontalurad aris
peraturis avtomaturi mareguli-
damagrebuli sayrdenze da
rebliT, rom preparatis gacivebam
sanaxevrod CaSvebuli brunavs wylian
gafiltvras xeli ar SeuSalos.
abazanaSi regulirebadi tempera-
dindgelis mimRebis perangSi tem-
turiT, reaqtorSi Caisxmeba romelime
peratura daicaviT 40-450C fargleb-
organuli gamxsneli (spirti, vazel-
Si.
gafiltruli preparati gadmo- isx- Ggamoyenebuli literatura:
meba polieTilenis kolofebSi an 1. Bbogdanow St. Harmonized Methods of the
minis WurWelSi, inaxeba sibneleSi, International Honey Comission. Swiss Bee Re-
gril adgilas. search Centre. 2002
sakontrolo kiTxvebi L. Atkins Injury to Honey Bees by Poisoning.
1. ra aris Taflis koncentraciis The Hive and the Honey Bee.
optimaluri zRvari da rogor mi- Chap.26,p.1153,2010
aRweven mas ? 2. g. maZRaraSvili, i. bostaSvili
2. ra mcenareebisagan miiReba qarTuli Taflisa da cvilis
saqarTveloSi da sxva qveynebSi Tvisebebis Seswavlis winaswari
toqsikuri (maTrobela ) Tafli ? Sedegebi. soflis meurneobis
3. ra teqnologiebi arsebobs mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 2006w,
maTrobela Taflis gauvneb- #18, gv.265.
lebisaTvis? ras emyareba es te- 3. g. maZRaraSvili, e. kobaxiZe
qnologiebi? mefutkris saswavlo elementebi,
4. ra pirobebSi xdeba umwifari el.versia, 2008
Taflis kondicireba? gawmenda or- 4. g. maZRaraSvili futkris produ-
ganuli mJavebisa da spirte- bisagan? qtebi da aratradiciuli sakvebi.
5. ra pirobebSi Sreba yvavilis Tbilisi. 2002
mtveri tradiciulad da 5. Г.Мадзгарашвили и др. Способ
Tanamedrove mowyobilobis gamo- обезвреживания ядовитого меда.
yenebiT? А.с.№1211907, 1/08,1983
6. yvavilis mtverSi Weos CrCilis 6. Ииориш Лечебные своиства меда и
likvidaciis xerxebi пчелиного яда, из.М.,1956
7. risTvis xdeba yvavilis mtvris
7. Г.Таранов Промышленная технология
eqstragireba da rogor moxdeba
производства и переработки продуктов
eqstraqtis gamoyeneba?
пчеловодства, М.,1978.
8. ra safuZveli udevs dindgelis
warmoebis intensiur teqnologias?
9. aRwereT dindgelis warmoebis
intensiuri teqnologiebi
10. ra pirobebia saWiro yvavilis
mtvrisa da dindgelis Senaxvis
optimizaciisaTvis?
11. ra mowyobilobaa saWiro
dindgelis gadamuSavebis intensi-
fikaciisTvis?
12.aRwereT dindgelis eqstraqtoris
zogadi monacemebi
13. aRwereT dindgelis gamxsnelebis
saxeobani da TiToeulSi dindgelis
xsnadoba
14. ratom ar aris misaRebi
produqtebis warmoebisa da
damuSavebis eqstensiuri xerxebi
Tanamedrove sawarmoSi? aRwereT
TiToeuli produqtis mixedviT

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გამოცემულია გაეროს განვითარების პროგრამის (UNDP) მიერ

შვეიცარის განვიარებისა და თანამშრომლობის სააგენტოს და გაეროს

განვითარების პროგრამის ფინანსური ხელშწყობით

Tavi I _ futkris biologia

Aam qveTavSi mocemulia futkris

Ffutkris ojaxis mdgomareobis

garegnuli daTvalierebisas yur-

Aam maCveneblebis SerCeva Kkavkasiuri (qarTuli) futkari

_ futkris frenis aqtivoba

_ CarCoTa zeda Tamasaze TiTiT

_ skis kedlebsa da fiWebze obis

Ffutkris sxva jiSebs es ar CrCilis matlebis moZraoba fiWaSi

saSualo 1201-1400 5 tipi Dqceva in-

procesis mimdinareoba: gaxsnili bu-

muSa futkris wina frTis sigrZe

ganazomis asaRebad sapreparacio

ganieri 2,50-ze meti 5 tipi Dzoma indeqsi

dabali 40 -ze naklebi 1

muSa futkris xaxis jirkvlis saSualo 41-60 3

maRali 7-ze meti 3

1. Г.Таранов Анатомия и физиология

1. Ffutkris asawonad gamoyene-

Ffutkris damatebiTi gamokveba

Ralianobis sezonis dasasruls

futkris mTabaroba. rogorc futkris

sakvebi Taflis Semcvlelebis

samarago Taflis nawilis Secvla

gaxsovdeT! Uumwifari Taflis

naSromis 11-e Tavis meore qveTavSi

4. risTvis aris saWiro futkris

5. ra periodebSi xdeba futkris

6. rogor ganvsazRvroT futkarSi

7. ra RonisZiebebs vatarebT sakveb-

Taflis wurva radialur cibrutSi

zamTrobis mimdinareobis erT-erT

Tagvi mozamTre gundSi

1. N.Gari Activities and Behaviour of Honey

H.Laidlaw Production of Queens and Package

Tqven mier xelovnurad gamozrdili

Ddedis gamozrda sadede bartyis

sadede jamebis momzadeba. jamebs am-

gaxsovdeT! Mmwife sadede uj-

bartyis gadasatanad specialur,

sinTezuri fiWa gadasatani ujredebiT

niSandebuli deda futkari

deda futkris sanaSene Rirsebis

A am qveTavis gacnobis Semdeg

saTafle produqtiuloba isazRvreba

qarTuli futkris erT-erTi Rirseba misi

Sqerisa da ielis yvavilis mtvris

Herbert-is (2010) mtkicebiT, wliurad

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mSrali

sWirdeba agreTve naxSirwylovani

tenia-nobis dacvas. bartyis

xilisa da bostneulis wvenebi.

2. inversiuli sirofis misaRebad _

Tu saWiroa inversiuli sirofis gverdiTi sakveburi gamoiyeneba

Tu inversiuli sirofi saWiroa

Aam sakveburebidan Tqven SegiZliaT,

1. ra nivTierebebs ver inelebs

Aam qveTavis gacnobisas TqvenTvis

vibrodana fiWis asaTlelad

aTlili fiWebis Casawyobi radialuri cibruti