Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Design
Methods
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
1 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Contents

• Design Philosophies
• Working Stress Design (WSD)
• Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
• Overview of API RP WSD
• Overview of API RP2A LRFD
• Comparison

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
2 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Design Philosophies

‰ Working Stress Design (WSD or ASD)

‰ Limit State Design (LSD)
ƒ Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
‰ Plastic Design (PD)

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
3 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Design Philosophy

Demand ≤ Capacity

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
4 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Working Stress Design (WSD) or

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
• Service loads are calculated as expected in service
• Linear elastic analyses are performed
• Allowable stress = Material Strength/Factor of Safety
• A design is satisfied if the
Maximum stress < Allowable stress
• Limitations
• No 100% sure the load effects will not exceed strength
• Case specific, no guarantee that the design covers all cases
• Arbitrary choice of Safety Factor?!

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
5 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR STEEL

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
6 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods
ELASTIC BEAM BENDING
W
A B

Section Stress
L (D, t) Distribution
Simply Supported beam

M σ E WL π McY
= = Mc = I= ( D 4 − ( D − 2t ) 4 ) σ=
I Y R 4 64 I
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
7 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

What is meant by
Factor of Safety?

1956-1966: ASCE Task Committee on FOS

in their final report indicated that

“ The committee has not been

successful in its effort to resolve
the ‘factor of safety’ question, it is
the belief…that the probability
approach deserves considerably
more study than it has received “
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
8 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

ASD: Applied stress ≤ Allowable stress

Theoretical
Margin applied to
Material stress

Estimated Design
≤ Adjusted
Tested
Material
Loads Loads Resistance Strength

Design Values
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
9 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Design Procedure
† Design Load stresses calculated for each effect and combined
appropriately
„ Compression
„ Tension
„ Bending
„ Shear
„ Torsion
„ Hoop
† Allowable Stresses taken as as fraction (factor of safety) of
yield including the geometric effect such as slenderness, local
and global buckling, torsional buckling etc.
† Design state defined for the worst combined case and a
decision made based on design load stresses and allowable
stresses

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
10 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Design Loads
† Design Loads taken as maximum occurring during the life.
† No variability or probability of accidence included
† At times, suitable value is taken from historical data and
may reflect true loads during life time

Allowable Stresses
† Design Yield strength assumed to be a constant
† Factor of Safety is chosen for each load effect.
† Allowable stress is taken as a fraction of yield strength
with assumed Factor of Safety

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
11 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Plastic Design
• Service loads are factored by a “load factor”
• The structure is assumed to fail under these
loads with plastic hinges formed
• The cross section is designed to resist the
plastic analysis
• Members are safe as they will only be
subjected to service loads
• Limitations
• Preclude other stability, fatigue etc. limit states
• Neglecting the uncertainty in material strength
• Arbitrary choice of total factor?!

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
12 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Limit States Design

• Limit states is a condition at which a structure
or some part of that structure ceases to
perform its intended function
• Functional requirements
• Max. deflections, drift, vibration, permanent
deformation
• Could be conceptual
• Plastic hinge or mechanism formation
• Fracture or instability, cracks

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
13 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Limit States of Strength

• Safety against extreme loads during the
intended life of the structure
• Based on safety or load-carrying capacity
• Plastic strength, buckling, fracture, fatigue
overturning

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
14 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

• LRFD is based on the limit state philosophy

• Service loads are multiplied by load factors
( γ ) and linear elastic analysis is performed
• Materials strength is reduced by multiplying
the nominal material strength by a resistance
factor (φ)

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
15 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Focus on Strength Checking in

Design Codes

• Limit states of life, limb and property of human

beings
• Public Safety of life, limb and property of human beings
• Not matters of individual judgments

• Limit states of serviceability

• Usually permit more exercise of judgment on the
part of designers

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
16 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Basis of LRFD Specification

• Probabilistic models of loads and resistance

• Calibration of LRFD criteria to the established ASD
specification for selected members
• The evaluation of the resulting criteria by
judgment and past experience aided by
comparative design office studies of
representative structures

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
17 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Safety in LRFD
• Appraise the safety of a structure in terms of
measurable probability
• Keep probability of (ultimate strength) failure
sufficiently and predictably small
• Statistical protection against failure
• In statistical terms – probability of failure, or
conversely, survival

• Factored (ultimate) loads

• Resistance based on characteristic extreme
values (e.g., 5th percentile)

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
18 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

LRFD Checking Equation

∑γ Q i i ≤ φRn
Partially Safety Factors
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
19 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Serviceability in LRFD

• Appraise the structure in terms of its

everyday usefulness

• protect against “non-performance” (building

functionality, occupant comfort, human
perception)
• may tolerate higher ‘failure’ probability than for
safety
• Real world measurable behavior

• Unfactored (service-level) loads

• Mean value of resistance

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
20 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Design Rule

∑ γ Q ≤ φR i i n
• Where Rn is the nominal strength and Qi is
the load effect
• Advantages
• Non-case specific, statistical calculations
guarantee population behavior
• Uniform factor of safety as both load and material
factors are tied by reliability analysis

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
21 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Load and Resistance Factors

• Partial safety factors depend on load and

strength statistics
• Load factors to account for
• variability (uncertainty) in loads
• Resistance factors to account for
• Geometry and material property variability
• Imperfections in analysis theory
• Consequence of failure

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
22 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods
LRFD METHOD OF DESIGN
LRFD Factored Load ≤ Factored Strength

Resistance Factor

Load Factor

Factored

≤
Factored Tested
Design Material
Estimated Design Resistance
Loads Loads Strength

Design Values
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
23 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Load Combinations

• When several loads act in combination with the

dead load, only one of these takes on its maximum
lifetime value, while the other is at its “expected”
values.
• E.g. Load Cases
Max. life time
• 1.2D + 1.6L Wind load
• 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.6W

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
24 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Limit States in Offshore

Structure Design

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
25 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

What Needs to Be Checked

• For all groups of limit states, there are sufficient

safety margins between the maximum likely loads
and the minimum resistance of the structure.

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
26 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Limit States
• ULS – Ultimate Limit States
• Ultimate strength behavior

• FLS – Fatigue Limit States

• Fatigue and fracture behavior
• SLS – Serviceability Limit States
• Displacements and deflections
• ALS – Accidental Limit States
• Collision, fire, blast, dropped object, etc

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
27 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Partial Safety Factors

• Dead Load: 1.0 – 1.2

• Variable Load: 1.3 – 1.4
• Environmental load: 1.3 – 1.4
• The material partial safety factors vary with
material type

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
28 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Ultimate Limit States Design

• ULS-A reflecting extreme permanent loads with

regular environmental conditions

• ULS-B reflecting large permanent loads with

extreme environmental conditions

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
29 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

API RP2A –WSD

(20 ed. 199321 ed. 2000)
th st

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
30 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Sections in API RP2A - WSD

1. Planning 10. Welding
2. Design Criteria and 11. Fabrication
procedures 12. Installation
3. Structural Steel Design 13. Inspection
4. Connections 14. Surveys
5. Fatigue 15. Reuse
6. Foundation Design 16. Minimum Structures
7. Other Structural 17. Assessment of Existing
Components and Systems Platforms (21st ed)
8. Materials 18. Commentary
9. Drawings and
Specifications
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
31 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Design Loading Conditions in

API RP2A - WSD
• To produce the most sever effects
• Operating environmental conditions combined
with dead loads and max/min live loads appropriate
to normal operations (typical 1-year
to 5-year storm)
• Design environmental conditions combined with
dead loads and max/min live loads
for combing with extreme conditions (typical 50-
year or 100-year storm)

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
32 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Allowable Stress in
API RP2A - WSD
• As specified in AISC ASD specification
• Where stresses are due in part to the lateral
and vertical forces imposed by design
environmental conditions, the basis AISC
allowable stresses may be increased by
one -third

1/3

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
33 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

One-third Increase in
Allowable Stresses, why?

• Can sustain higher load for a short duration

• Unlikely to have all the transient load acting
simultaneously
• Willing to take high risk
• Agree better with LRFD

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
34 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods
Section 2.4 Fabrication and
Installation Forces

• Impact factors should be used to arrive at

adequate equivalent load
• For those installation forces that are
experienced only during transportation and
launch, and which include environmental,
effects, basic allowable stresses may be
increased by one third

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
35 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Section 2.3.6 Earthquake

‰ In the calculation of member stresses, the

stresses due to earthquake induced loading
should be combined with those due to
gravity, hydroelastic pressure and buoyancy.
‰ For strength requirements, the basic AISC
allowable stress and those presented in
Section 3.2 may be increased by 70 percent.
‰ Permit minor yielding but no significant
damage to occur

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
36 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Lifting

• Dynamic load factors

Open sea: 2.0 for main members, 1.35 for others
Sheltered: 1.5 for main members, 1.15 for others

• The AISC increase in allowable stresses for short-term

loads should NOT be used.

• Safety factor for slings: 4.0

• Safety factor for shackles: 3.0

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
37 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Allowable Stresses for Cylindrical Members

Loading Type Allowable Stress

Axial tension 0.60 Fy

Axial compression <0.60 Fy

Bending
<0.75 Fy

Shear
0.4 Fy

Hoop buckling SF = 2.0

Connections
SF = 1.7

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
38 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

API RP2A – LRFD

(1st ed. 1993)
(Also BS EN ISO 13819)

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
39 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Sections in API RP2A - LRFD

A. Planning J. Drawings and
B. Design Requirement Specifications welding
C. Loads K. Fabrication
D. Cylindrical Member Design L. Installation
E. Connections M. Inspection
F. Fatigue N. Surveys
G. Foundation Design O. Platform Reuse
H. Structural Components P. Minimum Structures
and Systems Q. Commentary
I. Materials

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
40 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods
Resistance Factors in
API RP 2A – LRFD
Loading Type Resistance Factor
Axial Tension 0.95
Axial 0.85
Compression
Bending 0.95
Shear 0.95
Hoop Buckling 0.80
Connections 0.9 - 0.95
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
41 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Load Combinations in API RP2A – LRFD

• Factored gravity loads
•1.3D1 + 1.3D2 + 1.5L1 + 1.5L2
• Wind, wave and current loads
• 1.1D1 + 1.1D2 + 1.1L1 + 1.35(We + 1.25Dn)
• 0.9D1 + 0.9D2 + 0.8L1 + 1.35(We + 1.25Dn)
•1.3D1 + 1.3D2 + 1.5L1 + 1.5L2 + 1.2(Wo + 1.25Dn)
• Earthquake
•1.1D1 + 1.1D2 + 1.1L1 + 0.9E
•0.9D1 + 0.9D2 + 0.8L1 + 0.9E

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
42 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Loading Definitions
• D1 – Dead Load 1, e.g. Self weight
• D2 – Dead Load 2, e.g. equipment weight
• L1 – Live Load 1, e.g. weight of fluids
• L2 – Live Load 2, e.g. operating forces
• We – Extreme wind, wave and current loads
• Wo – Operating wind, wave and current loads
• Dn – Inertial Load correspond to Wo

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
43 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Environmental Considerations
• Normal environmental conditions
• Expected to occur frequently during the life of the
structure

• Extreme environmental conditions

• Recur with a return period of typically 100 years
• Earthquake environmental conditions
• Ground motion with a reasonable likelihood of not
being exceeded at the site during the platform’s
life (for strength check)
• Ground motion from a rare intense earthquake
(fro ductility check)

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
44 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36
Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Load Factors for Fabrication

And Installation
• Dynamic factor for lifting

• Offshore lifts: min = 1.3

• Offshore or sheltered waters: 1.15

• Load factors = 1.3

• For tow: 1.1 fro gravitational and 1.35 fro
environmental basis
• Pad eyes, spreader beams etc.: 1.33
• Other members transferring lifting forces: 1.15

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
45 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Offshore Structures – Design Methods

Increase in allowable stresses

‰ No one-third increase is used for extreme load

combinations involving environmental loads
‰ Load and resistance factors include the
adjustments for environmental loading in the
extreme condition

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
16 July 2008
46 Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36