ASME BPVC.II.D.
M-2021
MANDATORY APPENDIX 1
BASIS FOR ESTABLISHING STRESS VALUES IN TABLES 1A AND 1B
1-100 DERIVATION OF ALLOWABLE STRESS
VALUES
The values in Tables 1A and 1B are established by the
Committee only. In the determination of allowable stress
values for materials, the Committee is guided by success-
ful experience in service, insofar as evidence of satisfacto-
ry performance is available. Such evidence is considered
equivalent to test data where operating conditions are
known with reasonable certainty. In the evaluation of
new materials, the Committee is guided to a certain extent
by the comparison of test information with available data
on successful applications of similar materials.
Nomenclature:
F a v g = multiplier applied to average stress for rupture
in 100 000 h. At 815°C and below, F a v g = 0.67.
Above 815°C, it is determined from the slope
of the log time‐to‐rupture versus log stress plot
at 100 000 h such that log F a v g = 1/n , but it
may not exceed 0.67.
R T = ratio of the average temperature dependent
trend curve value of tensile strength to the
room temperature tensile strength
R Y = ratio of the average temperature dependent
trend curve value of yield strength to the room
temperature yield strength
S C = average stress to produce a creep rate of
0.01%/1 000 h
S R a v g = average stress to cause rupture at the end of
100 000 h
S R m i n = minimum stress to cause rupture at the end of
100 000 h
S T = specified minimum tensile strength at room
temperature, MPa
S Y = specified minimum yield strength at room tem-
perature, MPa
n = a negative number equal to Δ log time‐
to‐rupture divided by Δ log stress at 100 000 h
NA = not applicable
The maximum allowable stress shall be the lowest val-
ue obtained from the criteria in Table 1-100 . The me-
chanical properties considered, and the factors applied
to establish the maximum allowable stresses, are as given
below.
1266
(a) At temperatures below the range where creep and
stress rupture strength govern the selection of stresses,
the maximum allowable stress value is the lowest of the
following:
(1) the specified minimum tensile strength at room
temperature divided by 3.5
(2) the tensile strength at temperature divided by 3.5
(3) two‐thirds of the specified minimum yield
strength at room temperature
(4) two‐thirds of the yield strength at temperature
In the application of these criteria, the Committee
considers the yield strength at temperature to be S Y RY,
and the tensile strength at temperature to be 1.1S T RT.
Two sets of allowable stress values are provided in
Tables 1A and 1B for austenitic stainless steels, nickel al-
loys, copper alloys, and cobalt alloys having an S Y /S T ra-
tio less than 0.625. The higher alternative allowable
stresses are identified by a footnote to the tables. These
stresses exceed two‐thirds but do not exceed 90% of
the minimum yield strength at temperature. The higher
stress values should be used only where slightly higher
deformation is not in itself objectionable. These higher
stresses are not recommended for the design of flanges
or other strain-sensitive applications.
(b) At temperatures in the range where creep and
stress rupture strength govern the selection of stresses,
the maximum allowable stress value for all materials is
established by the Committee not to exceed the lowest
of the following:
(1) 100% of the average stress to produce a creep
rate of 0.01%/1 000 h
(2) 100F a v g % of the average stress to cause rupture
at the end of 100 000 h
(3) 80% of the minimum stress to cause rupture at
the end of 100 000 h
Stress values for high temperatures are based, when-
ever possible, on representative uniaxial properties of the
materials obtained under standard ASTM testing condi-
tions or equivalent. The stress values are based on basic
properties of the materials and no consideration is given
for corrosive environment, for abnormal temperature and
stress conditions, or for other design considerations.
 Table 1-100
Criteria for Establishing Allowable Stress Values for Tables 1A and 1B
Room Temperature and
Below Above Room Temperature
Tensile Yield
Product/Material Strength Strength Tensile Strength Yield Strength Stress Rupture Creep Rate
2 2 2
Wrought or cast /3 S Y /3 S Y /3 S Y RY or 0.9 S Y RY [Note FavgSRavg 0.8 S R m i n 1.0 S c
ferrous and (1)]
nonferrous

2 2 2
Welded pipe or tube, /3 × 0.85 S Y /3 × 0.85 S Y /3 × 0.85 S Y RY or 0.9 × (F a v g × 0.85)S R a v g (0.8 × 0.85) S R m i n 0.85 S c
ferrous and 0.85 S Y RY [Note (1)]
nonferrous

NOTE:
(1) Two sets of allowable stress values may be provided for austenitic stainless steels in Table 1A; and nickel alloys, copper alloys, and cobalt alloys in Table 1B; having an S Y /S T ratio less
than 0.625. The lower values are not specifically identified by a footnote. These lower values do not exceed two‐thirds of the yield strength at temperature. The higher alternative
allowable stresses are identified by a footnote. These higher stresses may exceed two‐thirds but do not exceed 90% of the yield strength at temperature. The higher values should
be used only where slightly higher deformation is not in itself objectionable. These higher stresses are not recommended for the design of flanges or for other strain-sensitive
applications.

1267
ASME BPVC.II.D.M-2021
 ASME BPVC.II.D.M-2021
MANDATORY APPENDIX 2
BASIS FOR ESTABLISHING DESIGN STRESS INTENSITY VALUES
FOR TABLES 2A, 2B, AND 4, AND ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES
FOR TABLE 3
2-100 DERIVATION OF STRESS INTENSITY
VALUES
The values in Tables 2A, 2B, 3, and 4 are established by
the Committee only. In the determination of allowable
stress values for nonnuclear materials in Table 3, the
Committee is guided by successful experience in service,
insofar as evidence of satisfactory experience is available.
Such evidence is considered equivalent to test data where
operating conditions are known with reasonable cer-
tainty. In the evaluation of new materials for both nuclear
and nonnuclear applications, it is sometimes necessary to
be guided to a certain extent by the comparison of test in-
formation with available data on successful applications
of similar materials.
The factors employed to determine design stress inten-
sity values are provided in Tables 2-100(a), 2-100(b),
and 2-100(c). Nomenclature for these Tables is as
follows:
F a v g = multiplier applied to average stress for rupture in
100 000 h. At 815°C and below, F a v g = 0.67.
Above 815°C, it is determined from the slope of
the log time‐to‐rupture versus log stress plot at
100 000 h such that log F a v g = 1/n , but it may
not exceed 0.67.
R T = ratio of the average temperature dependent
trend curve value of tensile strength to the room
temperature tensile strength
R Y = ratio of the average temperature dependent
trend curve value of yield strength to the room
temperature yield strength
S T = specified minimum tensile strength at room tem-
perature, MPa
S Y = specified minimum yield strength at room tem-
perature, MPa
n = a negative number equal to Δ log time‐to‐rupture
divided by Δ log stress at 100 000 h
NA = not applicable
The maximum design stress intensity shall be the low-
est value obtained from the criteria in Tables 2-100(a),
2-100(b), and 2-100(c). The mechanical properties con-
sidered, and the factors applied to establish the maximum
allowable stresses, are given in 2-110 through 2-130.
1268
2-110 CRITERIA FOR MATERIALS OTHER THAN
BOLTING: TABLES 2A AND 2B
The design stress intensity values at any temperature
are no larger than the least of the following:
(a) One‐third of the specified minimum tensile strength
at room temperature.
(b) One‐third of the tensile strength at temperature.
(c) Two‐thirds of the specified minimum yield strength
at room temperature.
(d) Two‐thirds of the yield strength at temperature, ex-
cept that for austenitic stainless steels, nickel alloys, cop-
per alloys, and cobalt alloys having an S Y /S T ratio less
than 0.625, as indicated in Tables 2A and 2B, this value
may be as large as 90% of the yield strength at tempera-
ture (but never more than two‐thirds of the specified
minimum yield strength).
In the application of these criteria, the Committee con-
siders the yield strength at temperature to be S Y RY, and
the tensile strength at temperature to be 1.1S T RT.
When, in the judgment of the Committee, values have
been in use for a sufficient period of time to have demon-
strated successful experience in service, even at tempera-
tures at which the behavior of the material is time
dependent, such values shall be retained, but shall be
identified by a different typeface (normally italics) and
a note in the tables that indicates at what temperature
the use of such values begins.
2-120 CRITERIA FOR BOLTING MATERIALS IN
TABLE 3 FOR USE WITH SECTION III
(CLASS 2 AND 3 RULES); SECTION VIII,
DIVISION 1; SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2
(PART 4.16 RULES); AND SECTION XII
(a) For materials whose strength has not been en-
hanced by heat treatment or by strain hardening, the al-
lowable stress value shown at any temperature in Table
3 is the least of the following:
(1) one‐fourth of the specified minimum tensile
strength at room temperature
(2) one‐fourth of the tensile strength at temperature
(3) two‐thirds of the specified minimum yield
strength at room temperature
(4) two‐thirds of the yield strength at temperature
 ASME BPVC.II.D.M-2021

(b) For materials whose strength has been enhanced by
heat treatment or by strain hardening, the allowable
stress value shown at any temperature in Table 3 is the
least of the following, unless these values are lower than
the annealed values, in which case the annealed values
shall be used:
(1) one‐fifth of the specified minimum tensile
strength at room temperature
(2) one‐fourth of the tensile strength at temperature
(3) one‐fourth of the specified minimum yield
strength at room temperature
(4) two‐thirds of the yield strength at temperature
(c) In the application of these criteria, the Committee
considers the yield strength at temperature to be S Y RY,
and the tensile strength at temperature to be 1.1S T RT.
(d) At temperatures in the range where creep and
stress rupture strength govern the selection of stresses,
the maximum allowable stress value for all materials is
established by the Committee not to exceed the lowest
of the following:
(1) 100% of the average stress to produce a creep
rate of 0.01%/1 000 h
(2) 100F a v g % of the average stress to cause rupture
at the end of 100 000 h
(3) 80% of the minimum stress to cause rupture at
the end of 100 000 h
Stress values for high temperatures are based, when-
ever possible, on representative uniaxial properties of the
materials obtained under standard ASTM testing condi-
tions or equivalent. The stress values are based on basic
properties of the materials and no consideration is given
for corrosive environment, for abnormal temperature and
stress conditions, or for other design considerations.
2-130 CRITERIA FOR BOLTING MATERIALS IN
TABLE 4 FOR USE WITH SECTION VIII,
DIVISION 2, PART 5 AND ANNEX 5.F; AND
WITH SECTION III, SUBSECTIONS NB AND
WB
The allowable stress or design stress intensity value
shown at any temperature in Table 4 is the least of the
following:
(a) For materials whose strength has not been en-
hanced by heat treatment or strain hardening,
(1) one-fourth of the specified minimum tensile
strength at room temperature;
(2) one fourth of the tensile strength at temperature;
(3) two-thirds of the specified minimum yield
strength at room temperature;
(4) two-thirds of the yield strength at temperature.
(b) For materials whose strength has been enhanced
by heat treatment or strain hardening,
(1) one-third of the specified minimum yield
strength at room temperature;
(2) one-third of the yield strength at temperature.
In the application of these criteria, the Committee con-
siders the yield strength at temperature to be S Y R Y , and
the tensile strength at temperature to be 1.1S T R T .

Table 2-100(a)
Criteria for Establishing Design Stress Intensity Values for Tables 2A and 2B
Room Temperature and
Below Above Room Temperature
Tensile
Product/Material Strength Yield Strength Tensile Strength Yield Strength
2 2 2
Wrought or cast, ferrous and nonferrous /3S Y /3S Y /3 S Y RY or 0.9S Y RY
[Note (1)]

2 2 2
Welded pipe or tube, ferrous and /3 × 0.85S Y /3 × 0.85S Y /3 × 0.85S Y RY or
nonferrous 0.9 × 0.85S Y RY
[Note (1)]

NOTE:
(1) For austenitic stainless steels, nickel alloys, copper alloys, and cobalt alloys having an S Y /S T ratio less than 0.625, the design stress
intensity values in Tables 2A and 2B may exceed two‐thirds and may be as high as 90% of the yield strength at temperature.

1269
 ASME BPVC.II.D.M-2021

Table 2-100(b)
Criteria for Establishing Allowable Stress Values for Table 3
Room Temperature and
Below Above Room Temperature
Tensile Yield Creep
Product/Material Strength Strength Tensile Strength Yield Strength Stress Rupture Rate
2 2 2
Bolting, annealed ferrous /3S Y /3S Y /3S Y RY FavgSRavg 0.8S R m i n 1.0S C
and nonferrous

1 1 2
Bolting, with strength /5S T /4S Y /3S Y RY FavgSRavg 0.8S R m i n 1.0S C
enhanced by heat
treatment or strain
hardening, ferrous and
nonferrous [Note (1)]

NOTE:
(1) For materials whose strength has been enhanced by heat treatment or by strain hardening, the criteria shown shall govern unless the
values are lower than for the annealed material, in which case the annealed values shall be used.

Table 2-100(c)
Criteria for Establishing Allowable Stress or Design Stress Intensity Values for Table 4
Room Temperature and Above Room
Below Temperature
Tensile Tensile
Product/Material Strength Yield Strength Strength Yield Strength
Bolting, with strength not enhanced by heat treatment or strain hardening,
1 2 1:1 2
ferrous and nonferrous /4S T /3S Y 4 STRT /3 S Y RY

Bolting, with strength enhanced by heat treatment or strain hardening,

1 1
ferrous and nonferrous [Note (1)] NA /3S Y NA /3S Y RY

NOTE:
(1) For materials whose strength has been enhanced by heat treatment or by strain hardening, the criteria shown shall
govern unless the values are lower than for material whose strength is not enhanced by heat treatment or strain hard-
ening, in which case the values for the material whose strength has not been enhanced by heat treatment or strain hard-
ening shall be used.

1270
 ASME BPVC.II.D.M-2021
MANDATORY APPENDIX 10
BASIS FOR ESTABLISHING MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS
VALUES FOR TABLES 5A AND 5B
10-100 DERIVATION OF ALLOWABLE
STRESS VALUES
The values in Tables 5A and 5B are established by the
Committee only. In the determination of allowable stress
values, the Committee is guided by successful experience
in service, insofar as evidence of satisfactory performance
is available. Such evidence is considered equivalent to test
data where operating conditions are known with reason-
able certainty. In the evaluation of new materials, it is
sometimes necessary to be guided by the comparison of
test information with available data on successful applica-
tions of similar materials.
The factors employed to determine the maximum al-
lowable stress values are provided in Table 10-100. No-
menclature for this Table is as follows:
F a v g = multiplier applied to average stress for rupture
in 100 000 h. At 815°C and below, F a v g = 0.67.
Above 815°C, it is determined from the slope of
the log time‐to‐rupture versus log stress plot at
100 000 h such that log [F a v g ] = 1/n , but F a v g
may not exceed 0.67.
NA = not applicable
n = a negative number equal to Δ log time‐
to‐rupture divided by Δ log stress at 100 000 h
R y = ratio of the average temperature dependent
trend curve value of yield strength to the room
temperature yield strength
S C a v g = average stress to produce a creep rate of
0.01%/1 000 h
S R a v g = average stress to cause rupture at the end of
100 000 h
S R m i n = minimum stress to cause rupture at the end of
100 000 h
S T = specified minimum tensile strength at room
temperature
S y = specified minimum yield strength at room
temperature
10-110 CRITERIA FOR MATERIALS OTHER THAN
BOLTING
The maximum allowable stress values at any tempera-
ture shall be the lowest value obtained from the criteria in
Table 10-100. The mechanical properties considered and
the factors applied to establish the maximum allowable
stresses are as given below.
1293
(a) At temperatures below the range where creep and
stress rupture strength govern the selection of stresses,
the maximum allowable stress value is the lowest of the
following:
(1) the specified minimum tensile strength at room
temperature divided by 2.4
(2) the specified minimum yield strength divided by
1.5
(3) the yield strength at temperature divided by 1.5,
except for austenitic stainless steels, nickel alloys, copper
alloys, and cobalt alloys
(4) for austenitic stainless steels, nickel alloys, cop-
per alloys, and cobalt alloys having an S y /S T ratio less
than 0.625, higher stress values are established at tem-
peratures where the short-time tensile properties govern,
to permit use of these alloys where slightly greater defor-
mation is acceptable. The stress values in this range ex-
ceed 66 2/3 %, but do not exceed 90%, of the yield
strength at temperature, but never exceed two-thirds of
the specified room-temperature minimum yield strength.
These higher stress values are not recommended for the
flanges of gasketed joints or other applications where
slight amounts of distortion can cause leakage or malfunc-
tion. Table Y-2 lists multiplying factors that, when applied
to the yield strength values shown in Table Y-1, will give
allowable stresses that will result in lower levels of per-
manent strain.
In the application of these criteria, the Committee
considers the yield strength at temperature to be R y Sy.
(b) At temperatures in the range where creep and
stress rupture govern the selection of stresses, the maxi-
mum allowable stress value for all materials is estab-
lished by the Committee not to exceed the lowest of the
following:
(1) 100% of the average stress to produce a creep
rate of 0.01%/1 000 h
(2) 100F a v g % of the average stress to cause rupture
at the end of 100 000 h
(3) 80% of the minimum stress to cause rupture at
the end of 100 000 h
Stress values for high temperature are based, whenever
possible, on representative uniaxial properties of the ma-
terials obtained under standard testing conditions. The
stress values are based on basic properties of the material
 ASME BPVC.II.D.M-2021

and no consideration is given for corrosive environment, 10-120 CRITERIA FOR BOLTING MATERIALS
for abnormal temperature and stress conditions, or for The criteria for bolting materials listed in Tables 3 and
other design considerations. 4 are to be found in Mandatory Appendix 2.

Table 10-100
Criteria for Establishing Allowable Stress Values for Tables 5A and 5B
Below Room Temperature Room Temperature and Above
Tensile Yield Tensile
Product/Material Strength Strength Strength Yield Strength Stress Rupture Creep Rate
All wrought or cast ferrous 1.0 S C a v g
and nonferrous product
forms except bolting, and
except for austenitic
stainless steel, nickel
alloy, copper alloy, and
cobalt alloy product
forms having an S y /S T
ratio less than 0.625

All wrought or cast 1.0 S C a v g

austenitic stainless steel,
nickel alloy, copper alloy,
and cobalt alloy product
forms except bolting,
having an S y /S T ratio
less than 0.625 [Note (1)]

GENERAL NOTE: When using this stress basis criterion to determine the allowable stresses for a specific material as a function of tempera-
ture, the derived allowable stress at a higher temperature can never be greater than the derived allowable stress at a lower temperature.
NOTE:
(1) These higher stress values were established at temperatures where the short-time tensile properties govern, to permit the use of these
materials where slightly greater deformation is acceptable. The stress values in this range exceed 662/3% but do not exceed 90% of the
yield strength at temperature. These stress values are not recommended for the flanges of gasketed joints or other applications where
slight amounts of distortion can cause leakage or malfunction. Table Y-2 lists multiplying factors that, when applied to the yield strength
values shown in Table Y-1, will give allowable stresses that will result in lower values of permanent strain.

1294
 ASME BPVC.II.D.M-2021
MANDATORY APPENDIX 6
BASIS FOR ESTABLISHING STRESS VALUES IN TABLES 6A, 6B,
6C, AND 6D
6-100 DERIVATION OF ALLOWABLE STRESS
VALUES
The values in Tables 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D are established
by the Committee only. In the determination of allowable
stress values for materials, the Committee is guided by
successful experience in service, insofar as evidence of
satisfactory performance is available. Such evidence is
considered equivalent to test data where operating condi-
tions are known with reasonable certainty. In the evalua-
tion of new materials, the Committee is guided to a
certain extent by the comparison of test information with
available data on successful applications of similar
materials.
The factors employed to determine the allowable stress
values are provided in Tables 6-100(a), 6-100(b), and
6-100(c). Nomenclature for these tables is as follows:
R T = ratio of the average temperature-dependent trend
curve value of tensile strength to the room tem-
perature tensile strength
R Y = ratio of the average temperature-dependent yield
curve value of yield strength to the room tempera-
ture yield strength
S T = specified minimum tensile strength at room tem-
perature, MPa
S Y = specified minimum yield strength at room tempera-
ture, MPa
The maximum allowable stress shall be the lowest val-
ue obtained from the criteria in Tables 6-100(a),
6-100(b), and 6-100(c). The maximum use temperature
for materials is limited to below the time-dependent re-
gime. Allowable stresses are listed for temperatures up
to 275°C. If a material reaches the time-dependent regime
below 275°C, no allowable stress values are listed for that
material above the cross-over temperature. The mechan-
ical properties considered and the factors applied to es-
tablish the maximum allowable stresses are given below.
6-110 RULES FOR ESTABLISHING STRESS
VALUES IN TABLES 6A AND 6B
(a) At any temperature below the creep range, the al-
lowable stresses are established at no higher than the
lowest of the following:
1288
(1) one-fifth of the specified minimum tensile
strength at room temperature
(2) one-fifth of the tensile strength at temperature
(3) two-thirds of the specified minimum yield
strength at room temperature
(4) two-thirds of the yield strength at temperature
(b) For bolting materials, the basis for setting stresses
is the same as for all other materials with the exception
that (1) and (2) above are replaced by
(1) one-fourth of the specified minimum tensile
strength at room temperature
(2) one-fourth of the tensile strength at temperature
The following limitation also applies to bolting materi-
als: At temperatures below the creep range, the stresses
for materials whose strength has been enhanced by heat
treatment or by strain hardening shall not exceed the les-
ser of 20% of the specified minimum tensile strength at
room temperature or 25% of the specified minimum yield
strength at room temperature unless these values are
lower than the annealed values, in which case the an-
nealed values shall be used.
In the application of these criteria, the Committee con-
siders the yield strength at temperature to be S Y R Y , and
the tensile strength at temperature to be 1.1S T R T .
6-120 RULES FOR ESTABLISHING STRESS
VALUES IN TABLES 6C AND 6D
At any temperature below the creep range, the allow-
able stresses are established at no higher than the lowest
of the following:
(a) one-fourth of the specified minimum tensile
strength at room temperature
(b) one-fourth of the tensile strength at temperature
(c) two-thirds of the specified minimum yield strength
at room temperature
(d) two-thirds of the yield strength at temperature
Two sets of allowable stress values are provided in
Table 6D for austenitic stainless steels. The higher values
should be used only where slightly greater deformation is
not in itself objectionable. The higher alternative allow-
able stresses are identified by a Note. These stresses ex-
ceed two‐thirds for austenitic stainless steel materials
 ASME BPVC.II.D.M-2021

but do not exceed 90% of the minimum yield strength at In the application of these criteria, the Committee con-
temperature. These higher stresses are not recommended siders the yield strength at temperature to be S Y R Y and
for the design of flanges and other strain-sensitive appli- the tensile strength at temperature to be 1.1S T R T .
cations.

Table 6-100(a)
Criteria for Establishing Allowable Stress Values for Tables 6A and 6B
Room Temperature and
Below Above Room Temperature
Tensile
Product/Material Strength Yield Strength Tensile Strength Yield Strength
2 2 2
Wrought or cast, ferrous and nonferrous /3S Y /3S Y /3 S Y RY

2 2 2
Welded pipe or tube, ferrous and /3 × 0.85 S Y /3 × 0.85 S Y /3 × 0.85 S Y RY
nonferrous
2 2 2
Bolting, wrought ferrous /3S Y /3S Y /3 S Y RY

Table 6-100(b)
Criteria for Establishing Allowable Stress Values for Table 6C
Room Temperature and
Below Above Room Temperature
Tensile
Product/Material Strength Yield Strength Tensile Strength Yield Strength
2 2 2
Wrought or cast, ferrous and nonferrous /3S Y /3S Y /3 S Y RY

2 2 2
Welded pipe or tube, ferrous and /3 × 0.85 S Y /3 × 0.85 S Y /3 × 0.85 S Y RY
nonferrous

Table 6-100(c)
Criteria for Establishing Allowable Stress Values for Table 6D
Room Temperature and
Below Above Room Temperature
Tensile
Product/Material Strength Yield Strength Tensile Strength Yield Strength
2 2
Wrought or cast, ferrous and nonferrous /3S Y /3S Y 0.9 S Y RY [Note (1)]

2 2
Welded pipe or tube, ferrous and /3 × 0.85 S Y /3 × 0.85 S Y 0.9 × 0.85 S Y RY
nonferrous [Note (1)]

NOTE:
(1) Two sets of allowable stress values may be provided in Table 6D for austenitic materials. The lower values are not specifically identified
by a Note; these lower values do not exceed two-thirds of the yield strength at temperature. The higher alternate allowable stresses are
identified by a Note; these higher stresses may exceed two-thirds but do not exceed 90% of the yield strength at temperature. The higher
stress values should only be used where slightly higher deformation is not in itself objectionable. These higher stresses are not recom-
mended for the design of flanges or for other strain-sensitive applications.

1289