SPEECH ERRORS ENCOUNTERED IN THE 12TH GRADE STUDENTS OF

SMAN 1 NEGARA

BY
I GUSTI PUTU SATRIA WIBAWA
NIM 1712021119

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ART
GANESHA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
SINGARAJA
2020
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents background of the study, problem identification,

limitation of problem, problem statement, purpose of the study, and significances of

the study.

1.1. Background of the study

For a long time, language became an important component in life throughout

the world. Without language, the procedures for life throughout the world would not

work as it is now. According to Sirbu (2015) language is a very important tool in

social life. The development of language from time to time is increasingly diverse.

Starting from symbols and images to letters which are now commonly used in

around the world. Life cannot run normally without language. We now live in an era

of globalization that provides a platform to explore the capabilities we have,

especially in the field of education. In the world of education, language is an

important component that students must master. In a way, language is the key to

understanding all subjects. All students must have mastered their own mother tongue

with all the important rules in it such as for example Indonesian.

Indonesian is not the only language that must be mastered to live in the

current era. There is also English which incidentally is an international language.

This language is also known as the "window to the world" because it can be used

anywhere. Most students still consider English as something that is difficult to learn.
This was realized because researchers had experienced it. The structure of English

with Indonesian certainly has differences. Starting from the pronunciation, language

order, and voice. But over time, English has become something that must be learned

from all levels of education. From its application, English is closely related to

linguistics.

Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Every human language

is a collection of knowledge and abilities that can make speakers communicate with

one another, apply ideas, desires, and many different things that must be said.

Besides that, studies relating to this knowledge system are in several aspects about

how the knowledge system can be implemented, how it can be obtained, how it can

be used through production, and how it can change over time. Thus, linguists explore

the nature of language, because the nature of language is one of the main aspects of

humans. Linguistics has intellectual relations and is complementary with several

other sciences in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Some of them

are Philosophy, Literature, Language Pedagogy, Psychology, and Sociology.

Linguistics aims to express content and interact in both social and individual

spheres. Linguistics can provide several uses for people from various circles,

especially for students and teachers. Linguistic theory provides information about the

structure and function of the language system in general to language teachers. This is

an important aspect in determining the purpose, content, and approach of a language

teaching. The linguistic theory also acts as an intermediary for a language to the

teacher. This is freedom of form such as different types of formulas in generative

transformation grammar or often called deletion formulas and transformation

formulas. This can be used by teachers when teaching languages. Directly or not,

linguistic theory greatly influences the procedures for teaching language, especially
how language can be delivered. A rule in linguistics will give the philosophy to the

teacher about the structure of language that can be taught. Thus it can improve the

quality of linguistic content in language teaching.

In fact, mistakes when learning English are still often found and are called

speech errors. According to Frisch, Stefan A. & Richard Wright (2002) as cited in

Levelt (1989), speech errors can be interpreted as psychological evidence of lack of

linguistic expertise. On the other hand, this phenomenon is also known as the slip of

the tongue. This phenomenon can indeed be said to be reasonable because everyone

(especially students) is still in the learning phase and has different abilities. A new

language that is foreign and developing in society certainly has its own difficulties.

Even more different ways of pronunciation and structure. Learning slowly is indeed a

good solution, but this phenomenon occurs too often, causing a variety of curiosity

researchers around the world. This is based on some evidence when researchers make

observations.

Based on observations made by researchers on PPL in SMAN 1 Negara, there

were many phenomena of speech errors (pronunciation) experienced by 12th grade

students while reading texts or dialoguing using simple words. One example when

saying the word "determine". Most students read it with "determain" where it is the

wrong pronunciation. While some students can say "determin" where it is the correct

pronunciation. Although there are students who say it the right way, but still most

students keep repeating the pronunciation of the word "determine". In other words,

this phenomenon becomes a mystery that must be immediately solved. It would be

better if this phenomenon could be eliminated. Reflecting from the fact that there has

always been research on this phenomenon there is still no concrete solution.

All of researchers have been wanting to solve this problem for a long time
with all the mysteries. The cause is not known with certainty. This phenomenon is

certainly influenced by several factors that must be further investigated. According to

Zhu, Qi & Binhe Liu (2018), this phenomenon can be caused by speech dysfunction

in which a person's physiological condition affects speech errors. Certain sound

pronunciation problems can be discussed in terms of how they are made by mouth,

for example by spelling. But most students make mistakes in the pronunciation

process. Teachers can teach students to spell sentences slowly. This aims to practice

the pronunciation or more perfect. This method will make students aware of the

differences between language phonemes and their relationship to English phonemes.

One of the difficulties of researchers in finding solutions to speech errors in the

number of cases that occur in students is the difficulty of predicting when errors

occur when pronunciation due to unconsciousness.

The purpose of this study is to examine the cause of the phenomena of speech

errors, especially in the pronunciation of simple words and sentences in English in

12th grade students at SMAN 1 Negara. This phenomenon is very interesting because

it cannot be predicted its appearance. Even more confusing, when the teacher

exemplifies the correct pronunciation of the word, there are still those who still make

mistakes. Initially researchers thought the phenomenon of speech errors occurred

because of differences in cultural backgrounds (dialect). The estimate was finally

reviewed because it realized that most students who made speech errors did not come

from just one culture. This research has not been completed until now. This is caused

by the absence of exact data as to why this phenomenon can occur. This research has

to do with education, especially in learning English. This research is useful for

teachers to implement more effective ways to eliminate or at least minimize the

phenomenon of speech errors.

1.2. Problem Identification

Based on the background of the study, the researcher identifies the problem

as follow:

1) Students find it difficult to pronounce simple words

2) Most students always repeat pronunciation mistakes even though it has

been exemplified by the teacher.

3) The cause of this phenomena cannot be accurately identified.

1.3. Limitation of Problem

This study aims to analyze what are the wrong words in English

spoken by 12th grade students of SMAN 1 Negara and look for the causes

through observation and interview methods. Of course researchers will carry

out these procedures in accordance with the rules in coordination with the

school so that they are more structured.

1.4. Statement of Problem

Based on the background of study above, the statement of the problems in

this research were:

1) What are the wrong words pronounce by 12th grade students in SMAN 1

NEGARA?

2) What is the cause of speech errors errors experienced by 12th grade students
 of SMAN 1 Negara?

1.5. Purpose of the study

Based on the statement of problem above, the purposes of study were:

1) To identify any words that are difficult for students to say.

2) To identify the cause of the phenomenon of speech errors and make a

solution.

1.6. Significances of the study

This study would be beneficial in the study of English especially in the

implementation of linguistics in the classroom. This study is also significant for

students and teachers.

1. For Teachers

The results of this study provide information for teachers about the fact that

teaching English using the correct phonological method, does not always

reduce total speech errors because it is can be influenced by dialect factors

and habits. Therefore training in a structured and slow manner is one way to

motivate students to improve their language quality.

2. For Students

This research is expected to be a reference for increasing students' motivation

in reducing speech errors in learning. If students can improve the quality of

language, it will certainly improve achievement in the class.

3. For Other Researchers (Students)

This study aims to provide information for other researchers about the causes

of the occurrence of speech errors as well as being able to obtain a solution

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents some theories and previous studies related to this

study.

2.1. Theoretical Review

1. Phonology

According to Bird (2002), studies that study sound, word composition, and

phrases systematically are called phonology. When talking about phonology, surely

the aspects discussed can be very broad. In phonology, the number of sounds made

by vocal instruments possessed by humans is unlimited. This unlimited number of

votes is classified as a phoneme. Phonology has many aspects to learn. According to

Mahmud (2018), phonology is the study or means of developing sound. In its

application, phonology presents various types of symbol transcripts that symbolize

sound. So, phonology is the study of the form of human speech with a variety of

symbol order in it.

2. Speech Errors

According to Frisch, Stefan A. & Richard Wright (2002) as cited in Levelt

(1989), speech errors can be interpreted as psychological evidence of lack of

linguistic expertise. According to Zhu & Binhe Liu (2018), the phenomenon of

speech errors has become an interesting container to study. That is why most

researchers have gone through the error of talking with convergent actions and

making structured analysis of accidental errors that occur unintentionally .

Researchers have also formed theories that might be linked to speech errors.

However, many major difficulties in simplifying it. In expressing the rules of

language and extensively studying the process of making language and its relation to

mindset, it is important to investigate speech errors that often occur in the daily

communication process. In the case of speech errors, this kind of talk is expected to

be a reference for many people to gain a logical understanding of speech. That way,

people can increase communication power and minimize these errors.

3. Tongue Slip

One of the most effective research methods for researchers is by using the

tongue slip theory. Most linguists concluded that they experienced tremendous

difficulties when collecting tongue slips. According to Zhu & Binhe Liu (2018) as

cited Zhang Ning (1990), this tongue slip theory often appears in everyday

communication and is rarely recorded or repeated by the speaker because of

accidental pronunciation. Because the difficulties are very difficult, then this theory

will be developed in an easier way. This theory also seems too heavy if it must be

understood by teachers and especially students who have not understood anything

about the science of phonology. It also relates to students who have just learned a

little about language procedures such as reading, memorizing, and speaking. Based

on that consideration it seems too early to apply the phonology theory that is

complex in depth to the students. Thus the right and effective solution is to teach a

good way to spell to eliminate the habit of talking wrong or at least minimizing it.

2.2. Empirical Review

There have been many studies on the phenomenon of speech errors that

have been conducted. Researchers will present several studies related to this case.
 Firstly, based on the research conducted by Harley (2006) entitled “Speech

Errors: Psycholinguistic Approach” which use laboratory-based induction and the

instrument such as involves recorders simply noting speech errors that they hear in

every day. This method has two positive things. First, it is very natural. Second, it

allows a comprehensive discovery of all types of errors to be formed. Researchers

may be more choose to see certain types of errors (for example sound level errors

may not be visible compared to the sound level errors produced). They may tend to

rarely store and record the types of errors that arise. This method makes it possible

to collect a number of very large errors easily from various experiments carried out.

The disadvantage is that this method further disrupts the concentration of several

elements to be researched and observed.

Secondly, based on the research conducted by Zhu & Liu (2018) entitled “A

Study of Categorization and Causes of Speech Errors” which use scientific method

and the instrument of the data collection by using the scientific analysis which is

slip of tongue. The process of collecting data through scientific methods is often

called "tongue slip". This is a term when a speaker misunderstands a word or

sentence unconsciously. This method is one of the most effective ways of finding

causes and finding solutions to speech errors. Even though they have used this

method, researchers still have difficulty studying it because speech errors cannot be

predicted when they will appear. There are several data found in this study. First is

the type of speech error which has many complicated structures in syntactic

aspects. Second is the complexity of speech errors that are very difficult for

researchers to experience because they occur unconsciously. Third is the production

of language which is one of the causes of speech errors, especially in terms of

speaking habits. Fourth is the cause of speech errors.

 Thirdly, based on the research conducted by Frisch & Wright (2002) entitled

“The phonetics of phonological speech errors: An acoustic analysis of slips of the

tongue” which use phonetic transcription analysis. The instrument such as using

EMG recordings originating from the orbicularis oris muscle (lower lip) along

with the transverse muscle (blade tongue) which is combined with sound

recordings to find out whether there is a non-contrastive error. They acted as

their own figures. They interpret muscle activities that cannot be predicted as

errors in speech production. In that study, the meaning of error does not match the

definition of perception in encryption. They interpret muscle activities that cannot

be predicted as errors in speech production. In that study, the meaning of error does

not match the definition of perception in encryption. They also found a number of

examples of unexpected muscle activity where there were no observable anomalies.

With this, they concluded through this evidence that gradient errors did occur. They

claim that the phenomenon of such errors is indeed intense.

Fourthly, based on the research conducted by Kovac (2011) entitled

“Speech Errors in English as Foreign Language: A Case Study of Engineering

Students in Croatia” which use experiment procedure method. The instrument such

as give five different tasks. First, the object of this research is that students are

required to watch cotton for 6 minutes and must tell the incident sequentially using

their own words in English. Second, students must describe the image designated

by the researcher. Third, the assignment given is almost the same as the second

assignment, just different rules. Fourth, students are required to say twenty words

systematically based on the picture given. Finally, students must make narratives of

five images that are determined by researchers and are not interconnected. This

experimental method produces a variable level of speech fluency that can be

examined more deeply.

The last, based on the research Riyawi & Alwiyah (2017) entitled “An

Analysis on Students’ Errors in Using Direct and Indirect Speech in Sentences at

Sixth Semester Students of Stai Hubbulwathan Duri” which use analysis method

consist of identification of errors, classification of errors, and explanation of errors.

The instrument such as the observations made by the researchers, got the fact that

the majority of students had difficulties in using direct speech and indirect speech

so that unexpected errors occurred. Researchers are interested in conducting

research on this phenomenon. To simplify the way when analyzing errors,

researchers will use a simple method to distinguish errors and calculate errors. By

way of analyzing data variables, researchers found the type of mistake made by

students (research objects) and the causes. Through this analysis students are able

to know errors in pronunciation and they will slowly reduce the level of speech

errors.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

The chapter discusses the research design, subjects of this study, object of

this study, setting of the study, techniques of data collection, research instrument,

and data analysis.

3.1. Research Design

This study uses a descriptive qualitative design. According to Creswell (2009),

qualitative research is a reflection of the study of individuals and groups that cover

social problems. This research focuses on observing subjects, collecting, and analyzing

data. The data obtained will be based on the results of using observation and interview

techniques.

3.2. Subjects of Study

The subjects of this study were all 12th grade students of SMAN 1 Negara

who received English lessons.

3.3. Object of the Study

The object of this research is the wrong type of words spoken by students and

the causes of the phenomenon of speech errors in 12 th grade students of SMAN 1

Negara.
3.4. Setting of the Study

Because of the strategic area and close to the residence of researchers, this

research was conducted at SMAN 1 Negara in Jembrana district, Bali.

3.5. Techniques of Data Collection

In the collecting data, the researcher used some techniques in order to collect the

data.

1. Observation

Researchers conducted observation techniques to collect data about what

words were wrongly spoken by students when learning English. Researchers will

monitor learning in every 12th grade that gets English lessons. Surely this

observation will be coordinated by teachers and researchers. Researchers are not

involved in learning at all. Researchers only see and record data as needed in

data collection. Whether it is conversation, reading, or answering questions all

will be noted by the researcher. Researchers will also use a voice recording

device (smartphone) to record the voices of students who will later be analyzed

and reviewed with the aim of seeing differences in pronunciation in each student.

Every word whose pronunciation is wrong will be recorded and collected.

2. Interview

Researchers use interview techniques in gathering data about the reasons

why students can experience the phenomenon of speech errors. Researchers

will ask several of questions related to this case after students finish with

learning English in one meeting.

3.6. Research Instrument

This research uses several basic instruments. The most important instrument of

this research is the researcher himself. This study also uses several supporting

instruments such as smartphones, interview guides, and observation attachments. The

use of smartphones by researchers is intended when recording sound and

pronunciation of students when mentioning words in English. This is useful for

analyzing more accurately if there is a speaking error that occurs. Interview guides are

needed by researchers when interviewing students who experience phenomena of

speech errors so that researchers can find out the cause. The observation sheet is used

by researchers to note what types of words are wrongly spoken and who are students

experience phenomena of speech errors to be further investigated. All of these

instruments have a function in bringing together data that will later be collected.

3.7. Data Analysis

In this study, data were analyzed using an interactive data analysis model

(Miles and Huberman, 1994). According to Miles and Huberman (1994) states the

analysis consists of three series of procedures simultaneously namely data reduction,

data display, and drawing conclusions (verification).

 Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model

1. Data Reduction

Researchers take data in a simple way. The researcher noted who the

students who made speech errors based on sound recordings and observations

made to find out further actions.

2. Data Display

After the data is sorted and reduced, the researcher take a note any

words that were wrongly spoken by the student along with the student's

name in a table.

3. Drawing Conclusion and Verification

Data collection begins to draw a conclusion. Valid data evidence must be

verified in accordance with the research objectives in the field. Supported

through an interview process that takes data from various students increasingly

making valid research conclusions.

3.8. Trustworthiness

In this study, researchers used a triangulation technique that aims to obtain valid

and reliable data. According to Denzin as cited in Bryman (2004), the triangulation

technique uses several approaches in data investigation to make it more acceptable

and reasonable for future research. Using this technique, the researcher observes data

that supports and is combined with the view of the researcher through a reliable

theory and compares the results with the results of the interview. This technique has

four parts, namely methods, between researchers (if in groups), data sources, and

theories. The method used by researchers in finding data is observation and

interview. The data source is 12th grade students who experience speech errors. The

theory used comes from previous research in order to compare the results of research

theoretically.
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