Anatomy & Physiology 34A

Lab Exercises 11 & 13: The Appendicular Skeleton and Joints

I. Lab Objectives
A. Identify the bones of the pelvic and pectoral girdle, and their attached limbs.
B. Identify specific bone markings on the bones of the appendicular skeleton
C. Explain how the bones fit together in an articulated skeleton
D. Compare and contrast the features of the pelvic and pectoral girdle, and note how their
structures relate to their functions
E. Differentiate between a male and a female pelvis
F. Identify the structures of a knee joint

Activity 1: Examining & identifying bones of the appendicular skeleton – obtain the bone
box for your lab station and work with a lab partner to identify the following bones and their
markings. Be able to distinguish between left and right for larger bones.
PECTORAL GIRDLE
Clavicle (collar bone) – sternal end (rounded), shaft, acromial end (flattened), conoid tubercle
Scapula (shoulder blade)
- Posterior side: spine of scapula, acromion process, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa
- Anterior side: coracoid process, subscapular fossa, suprascapular notch, superior angle,
inferior angle, lateral (axillary) border, medial (vertebral) border
- Lateral side: glenoid fossa (cavity)
UPPER LIMB BONES
Humerus (upper arm)
- Proximal end: head, anatomical and surgical necks, greater and lesser tubercles,
intertubercular (bicipital) groove, deltoid tuberosity, radial groove
- Distal end: trochlea (medial condyle), capitulum (lateral condyle), medial epicondyle, lateral
epicondyle, olecranon fossa (posterior), coronoid and radial fossa (anterior)
Radius (lateral forearm bone)
- Proximal end: head, neck, radial tuberosity
- Distal end: styloid process, ulnar notch
Ulna (medial forearm bone)
- Proximal end: olecranon process (posterior), coronoid process (anterior), trochlear
(semilunar) notch, radial notch
- Distal end: head, styloid process
Carpals (8 wrist bones)
- Proximal row (lateral to medial): scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform
- Distal row (lateral to medial): trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Metacarpals (5 hand bones): numbered 1 (base of thumb) to 5 (base of little finger); have head
(distal end), shaft, and base (proximal end)
Phalanges (14 finger bones): numbered 1 to 5, and named proximal, middle, and distal; each
phalanx has a head, shaft, and base.
 2

Anatomy & Physiology 34A

Lab 11: Appendicular Skeleton – Upper Appendages

Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the scapula below. You can find the names of
the numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual and textbook. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton pictures have more
structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on our handout.

Scapula (posterior view) Scapula (lateral view)

Clavicle
 3

Anatomy & Physiology 34A

Lab 11: Appendicular Skeleton – Upper Appendages

Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the humerus, ulna, and radius below. You can
find the names of the numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual and textbook. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton pictures have more
structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on our handout.

Humerus distal end, Humerus distal end,

Humerus proximal end, anterior side posterior side
lateral side

Radius distal
end, anterior

Ulna distal
Ulna end, anterior Radius
proximal end, proximal
anterior end, anterior
 4

Anatomy & Physiology 34A

Lab 11: Appendicular Skeleton – Upper Appendages

Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the hand below. You can find the names of the
numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual and textbook. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton pictures have more
structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on our handout.

Hand – dorsal side Hand – palmar side

 5

Anatomy & Physiology 34A

Lab 11: Appendicular Skeleton – Pelvic Girdle and Lower Appendages

PELVIC GIRDLE – composed of 2 ossa coxae (coxal) bones and the sacrum (axial)
Coxal bones: 3 fused bones – ilium, ishium, & pubis – united at the acetabulum socket
- Ilium (superior): ala, iliac crest, iliac fossa, anterior superior and inferior spines, posterior
superior and inferior spines, greater sciatic notch, auricular surface, arcuate line (pelvic brim),
anterior, posterior, and inferior gluteal lines
- Ishium (inferior, posterior): ishial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ishial tuberosity, ishial ramus,
obturator foramen (between ishium and pubis)
- Pubis (inferior, anterior): articular surface (forms pubic symphysis), pubic crest, arcuate line,
superior & inferior pubic ramus, pubic body, pubic tubercle

LOWER LIMB BONES

Femur (thigh bone)
- Proximal end: head, fovea capitus, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, gluteal tuberosity,
intertrochanteric crest (posterior) and line (anterior)
- Shaft: linea aspera (posterior)
- Distal end: lateral condyle and epicondyle, medial condyle and epicondyle, patellar surface
(anterior), popliteal surface (posterior), intercondylar fossa (posterior)
Patella (knee cap): apex, base, anterior and articulatingr surfaces
Tibia (medial shin bone):
- Proximal end: medial and lateral condyles, superior articulating surface for femur,
intercondylar eminence, tibial tuberosity, articulating surface for fibular head,
- Middle: anterior crest (shin), shaft, interosseous crest
- Distal end: medial malleolus (medial ankle bulge), anticular surface for talus, fibular notch
Fibula (lateral lower leg bone): head, articular surfaces for talus and tibia, interosseous border,
shaft, lateral malleolus (lateral ankle bulge)
Tarsals (7 ankle bones): talus (superior) with articular surfaces for calcaneus and tibia,
calcaneus (heel) with articular surface for talus and calcaneal tuberosity, navicular (medial),
cuboid (lateral), cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
Metatarsals (foot bones): numbered 1 (base of big toe) to 5 (base of little toe); have head on
distal end and base on proximal end, with shaft in-between
Phalanges (14 toe bones): numbered 1-5, and named proximal, medial, and distal; each phalanx
has a head, shaft, and base.

Lab Activities 2 & 5: Palpate the surface regions of your body listed in the lab manual.

Lab Activity 3: Observe the articulated male and female pelvis models, and identify the
following: true pelvis, false pelvis, pelvic inlet (brim), pelvic outlet.

Lab Activity 4: Comparing Male and Female Pelves

Compare the male and female pelvis models. What is the key feature that allows you to
determine whether a pelvis was from a male or a female?

_______________________________________________________________________
 6

Anatomy & Physiology 34A

Lab 11: Appendicular Skeleton – Pelvic Girdle

Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the os coxa bone below. You can find the names
of the numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual and textbook. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton pictures have more
structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on our handout.

Os Coxa (lateral view) Os Coxa (medial view)

 7

Anatomy & Physiology 34A

Lab 11: Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Appendages

Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the femur below. You can find the names of the
numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual and textbook. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton pictures may have more
structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on our handout.

Femur proximal, anterior view Femur proximal, posterior view

Femur distal, anterior view Femur distal, posterior view

 8

Anatomy & Physiology 34A

Lab 11: Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Appendages

Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the tibia and fibula below. You can find the
names of the numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual and textbook. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton pictures have more
structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on our handout.

Tibia proximal, anterior view

Tibia distal, anterior view

Fibula proximal, anterior view Fibula distal, anterior view

 9

Anatomy & Physiology 34A

Lab 11: Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Appendages

Label the structures listed in the lab handout on the foot bones below. You can find the names of
the numbered structures on the Penn State Anatomy website
(http://www.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm), as well as the lab
manual and textbook. Note that these Penn State Anatomy skeleton pictures may have more
structures than I am requiring you to label. You only need to label what’s on our handout.

Foot lateral view

Foot superior view

Homework: Complete the Lab 11 Review Sheets.

 10

Anatomy & Physiology 34A

Lab Exercise 13 - Articulations

Activities 1-3: Use Figure 13.1 to help you identify fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints on
a skeleton.
Activity 4: Identify the different types of synovial joints.
Activity 5: Demonstrate the types of movements allowed at synovial joints, as seen in Fig. 13.5.
Activity 6: Complete the charts on pg. 175 regarding uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints.
Activity 7: Examining the Knee Joint (supplement)
Label the following structures on the knee model below: medial and lateral collateral ligaments
(MCL & LCL), anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL & PCL), quadriceps tendon,
patellar ligament, medial and lateral menisci. On the flat knee model (not this model) you can
also identify the articular capsule, deep patellar bursa, medial and lateral patellar retinaculum,
subcutaneous prepatellar bursa, and suprapatellar bursa.

What 3 bones articulate to form the knee joint? _____________________________________

Knee (anterior)

Knee (posterior)

Homework: Complete the Lab 13 Review Sheets.