ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE
IN HEALTHCARE
THE FUTURE OF AI AND WHAT
YOU NEED TO KNOW
OBJECTIVES

• Define artificial intelligence

• Understand different ways A.I. can
be integrated into healthcare
• Anticipate challenges in applying A.I.
in healthcare
AI DEFINED

“The use of computer systems to analyze large quantities

of data, then applying the results programmatically to
better inform decisions” – MIT

Analyzes Discovers Applies

data patterns to new
problem
Malone T.D., MIT Sloan School of Management
 A.I. DEFINED

• American Medical Association: “Augmented intelligence,”

A.I. will be designed and used to enhance human
intelligence rather than replace it
• Emphasizes partnership to enhance, extend, and expand
human capabilities
WHAT A.I. IS NOT….
HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2010s
1980-2000 Neural IBM Watson
beats humans at
networks
1960s introduced. Jeopardy
First A.I. AlphaGo beats
1950s computer that IBM’s Deep world champ at
“Artificial learned from Blue beats GO
Intelligence” trial and error chess world
champ
was coined

IBM Cloud Education; Jun, 2020 Artificial Intelligence

A.I. BASICS –
MACHINE LEARNING

• Network of algorithms
called Basic neural network
• Input level
• Hidden level
• Output level

IBM Cloud Education; Jun, 2020 Artificial Intelligence

A.I. BASICS –
DEEP LEARNING

• Multiple hidden layers that

refines conclusions and
includes backpropagation-
algorithms
• More complex and
sophisticated

IBM Cloud Education; Jun, 2020 Artificial Intelligence

A.I. IN HEALTHCARE
THE POSSIBILITIES
Meskó, B . The top 12 health chatbots. The Medical Futurist. 2018
 AI OF THE FUTURE

• More AI are being

developed for pathology
and geriatrics as advances
are being made in movement
sensors and imaging

Meskó, B . The top 12 health chatbots. The Medical Futurist. 2018

A.I. APPLICATIONS IN STROKE
Human activity recognition and stroke onset
detection devices
Apply ML to MRI and CT for more accurate
stroke diagnosis
Using A.I. to predict intracranial bleeding
with tPA
Compiling and analyzing factors that predict
a prognosis

Jiang, F. et al. BMJ. ISSN: 2059-8696

A.I. IN PHARMACY PRACTICE
 AI IN PHARMACY PRACTICE

• Using A.I. to identify strange electronic

prescriptions
• A.I. learned by feeding computer
metformin prescriptions
• A.I. determined if the prescription
had common, rare, or
unprecedented instructions

Flynn, A. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019; 76 (9) 622-627

POTENTIAL USES FOR AI IN PHARMACY

Decisions to treat Inventory management

• Learn appropriate • Combine and

medication use, then aggregate patient and
able to detect and medication-use data to
alert when a predict par values
prescribed drug
deviates from the
pattern of use

Flynn, A. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019; 76 (9) 622-627

POTENTIAL USES FOR AI IN PHARMACY

Dosing decisions
When responses to therapy are quantifiable, A.I. can support dosing decision

Dosing modified by blood levels

Vancomycin!!!

Flynn, A. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019; 76 (9) 622-627

CONCERNS USING A.I.
 A.I. CONCERNS

• Bias can be introduced

• Rare events cannot be
predicted and will confuse A.I.
• Inadequate accuracy

Flynn, A. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019; 76 (9) 622-627

CONSIDERATIONS FOR
DEVELOPMENT AND
INTEGRATION OF A.I.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR USING A.I.

• Forming good data strategies to develop patient insights

• Crucial to maintain data standards when collecting data
• Provide adequate, balanced, diverse data
• Develop protocols for the safe use of A.I.
• Collect real-world evidence and develop a mechanism to continuously
monitor performance
CONSIDERATIONS FOR USING A.I.

• Establishing performance standards to measure AI success

• Define performance evaluation metrics
• Consistent evaluation at different stages of the development and
implementation
• Metrics should reflect values and priorities of the hospital