INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

◦ ​Andin (1998)- i​ ntegral part of educational system to promote the optimum development of
the individual

◦​(​Lumpkin​) -method by which an individual acquires optimal mental, social and fitness
skills through physical activities
-promote lifelong physical activity

OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION:

◦Physical Development
- ​To be able to maintain a lifelong health and high level of fitness, one should actively
participate in physical activities.

◦Social Development
- Through participation in sports-related activities, one can acquire desirable social
traits such as friendliness, cooperation, and honesty in game competitions.

- This refers to the provision of opportunities for the individual to acquire desirable
social values through participation in physical and social activities.
 
◦Mental Development
- The individual improves his or her capacities through learning the mechanical
principle underlying movements.

◦Emotional Development
- Opportunities for self-expression and emotional mastery.

FUNCTION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION:

◦Biologic Function
- refers to the enhancement of the individual’s growth and development through body
movement.

◦Integrative Function
- This refers to personality integration achieved through participation in properly
selected activities.

◦Social Function
- Through participation in sports-related activities, one can acquire desirable social
traits such as friendliness, cooperation, and honesty in game competitions.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROGRAM:

1. Regular Program:
- Held during the schedule of PE class period
- Attendance required
- Focuses in skills development

1. Core Activities​ - These are the skills and activities needed to carry out the
objectives of physical education program.
2. Related Activities​ - enrichment activities from allied areas or subjects in the
Curriculum.
3. Adaptive Activities​ - refers to those activities, especially adapted to the needs of
special children such as the gifted, slow learners, culturally
less privileged, and handicapped.

2. Extra-curricular Program
- Extension of the instructional program
- Attendance is voluntary or not compulsory
- Provides the opportunity for students to practice further and to apply the skills
learned in regular programs.

1. Intramurals - r​ efer to the competitions held within the school, like dance,
gymnastics, volleyball and other sports.

2. Extramurals - ​refers to competitions of teams from different schools or

universities.

3. Field Mass Demonstration - ​kind of activity wherein most, if not all, students
participate in for the purpose of informing the public of the activities in physical
education.

4. Exhibition group Extra-curricular Program​ - special groups specially trained for

a certain event.

PURPOSES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

WHY DO YOU THINK WE NEED TO STUDY PE AND WHY IS IT INCLUDED IN THE

SCHOOL CURRICULUM?

The following are the purposes of physical education​ (Andin 1988):

1. To develop optimum fitness and health in an individual so that he/she is capable of living
the “good life” and using his/her maximum capacity to attain his/her fitness goals.
2. To produce individuals who can contribute to the economic well-being of a society through
the following:

a. Improvement of proper work habits and work attitudes such as punctuality,

cooperation, reliability and precision, accuracy and open mindedness;
b. Proper emphasis on problem-solving skills such as identifying a problem correctly
in school and in business world;

3. To train good leaders with moral integrity of the highest order and develop other desirable
traits necessary for effective group participation essential to our society through the
following:

a. An adequate system of values that enable the individual to make moral choices or
decisions needed in daily living and through;
b. Group participation in activities such as intramurals, extramurals, play days, and
sports festivals;

4. To develop creativity and innovativeness inspired by an abiding faith in God and love of
country and fellowmen;

5. To instill among students a love of pride for our rich cultural heritage, strive for their
preservation, and develop an understanding of the culture of others to promote international
brotherhood and unity.
 BODY POSTURE
• Body parts supported by the right amount of muscle tension against gravity.
Benefits:
1.​ Keeps the bones and joints in correct alignment
2​. Lessens the stress on the ligaments holding together the spinal joints and
prevents back ache and muscular pain from occurring
3​. Prevents muscle fatigue and allows the muscle to work efficiently and use
less energy
4​. Contribute to good appearance, projection, confidence and dignity

Causes of Poor Body Posture

• Incorrect sitting and standing position
• Stress
• Abnormally tight muscles
• Obesity

Effects of Poor Posture

• Spine Curvature
• Back Pain
• Neck Pain and Headache
• Poor sleep
• Disrupted Digestion
• Lack of Motivation

SCOLIOSIS
• Spine curves outwards

KYPHOSIS
• Excessive outward curve of the spine
THE DIFFERENT BODY POSTURE
1.) Sway back posture​ - shows an increase in posterior tilt of the pelvis and the trunk and
thoracic kyphosis in comparison to neutral posture

2.​) ​Lumbar lordosis ​- an excessive inward curve of the spine. It differs from the spine's
normal curves at the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions

3. Thoracic kyphosis - ​An increased front-to-back curve of the upper spine.

- Kyphosis is an exaggerated, forward rounding of the back.
- It can occur at any age but is most common in older women.
Age-related kyphosis is often due to weakness in the spinal
bones that cause them to compress or crack.
4. Forward head - ​hyperextension of the upper cervical vertebrae and forward translation of
the cervical vertebrae.

5. ​Good Posture -​ ​body being held upright against gravity while standing, sitting, lying down
CURVE OF THE SPINE
• Cervical Spine​- slightly inward sometimes described as a backward C-shape or lordotic
curve

• Thoracic Spine​-outward, forming a regular C-shape with the opening at the front or a
kyphotic curve

• Lumbar Spine​- curves inward and the like cervical spine.

Catapang (1999)​ identifies the common postural disorders.

They are the following:

1. ​Forward head.​ ​ This postural disorder is characterized by the​ head and neck being
overextended forward and not aligned with the body.

2. ​Round shoulders.​ T
​ his postural disorder is characterized by the​ shoulder blades being
moved apart from the shoulder girdle, which makes one look flat
chested.

3. ​Round neck​. ​This postural disorder is characterized by ​an exaggerated curve in the
back region, head and shoulders pushed forward, and a flat chest.

4.​ ​Winged scapula.​ ​This postural disorder is characterized by the ​borders of the
scapulae or the shoulder blades becoming prominent.

5.​ Kyphosis.​ ​This postural disorder is characterized by ​excessive curvature of the spinal
column that results in one having upper round back and
shoulders.

6. ​Lordosis​. ​This postural disorder is characterized by ​an extreme curvature of the spinal
column in the lumbar region.

7. ​Kypholordosis.​ ​This postural disorder is characterized by a ​combination of kyphosis

and lordosis ​wherein there is an extreme curvature for both the upper
and lower lumbar regions.

8. Scoliosis.​ This postural disorder is characterized by the​ lateral curvature of the spinal
column.

9. Genu varum.​ This postural disorder is characterized by the ​legs curving outward at the
knees and the feet and ankle touching each other.​ This postural
the border is also known as “​bow leggedness.”​

10. Genu valgum.​ This postural disorder is characterized by the ​knee angled inward and
touching each other without the feet and ankles coming into
contact with each other.​ This postural disorder is also known as
“​knocked​ ​knees​”.
11. Pes planus.​ This postural disorder is characterized by the ​longitudinal arch of the foot
which lowered and touching the floor​.

BODY MECHANICS​ • This pertains to the position of your body when moving.
Proper body mechanics and proper posture can do the following:

1. Align bones and joints;

2. Reduce stress and injuries;
3. Strengthen spine and muscles; and
4. Save energy and prevent muscle pain.
Experts reveal that there is a right and wrong way to move. The body and joints will be
healthier and protected if we practice moving the right way.

The following show the proper way to move:

1. Good posture while standing implies that shoulder blades are moved back, chest forward,
knees straight, and the top of your head should be parallel with the ceiling. Your pelvis
should not tilt. Arches of the feet should be supported with the help of shoes.

2. When sitting in a chair, buttocks should be moved all the way to the back of the chair.
Your back should be in a straight line and shoulders should be moved backward. Knees
should be bent at right angles, should be at the same height or higher than your hips. Feet
should be flat on the floor.

3. A proper way of walking that incorporates good posture and good body mechanics will
help conserve energy. A person with arthritis or injuries may have an abnormal gait. If you
can still walk, you should walk often. Walking builds muscle strength that helps to protect the
joints.

4. When lifting something that’s heavy, bend at your knees and hips and lower your body
down to pick up the object. Do not bend at the waist while keeping your legs straight and
reaching down to take hold of the object.

BODY TYPES:

• ​Ectomorph- t​ hin, linear appearance- low body fat percentage

​ road shoulders, small waist, large muscles, fast metabolism due to the
• ​Mesomorph- b
amount of lean muscles.

• ​Endomorph- ​big bones, round face, large trunk and thigh - degree of body fat especially
around the midsection
 ​ ean and Long, with difficulty building muscles.
• ​Ectomorph- L

• ​Endomorph- ​Big, High, Body Fat, often Pear- Shaped with a high tendency to store body
fat.

​ uscular and well-built, with a high metabolism and responsive muscle cells
• ​Mesomorph- M