REFRIGERATION

BY: JUNE MAURICE MENDOZA

CHRISTIAN PAGSINOHIN

2012-2013
 Principles of Refrigeration
• Temperature

• Fahrenheit and Celsius Scales Temperature

• Kelvin and Rankine Scales

• Ambient Temperature

• Humidity

• Heat Flow

• Heat Transfer

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation
Principles of Refrigeration

• Specifics
• Specific Volume
• Specific Gravity
• Specific Heat
• Pressure
• Latent Heat
• Heat of Compression
• Enthalpy
Types of System
 Horsepower requirements per ton
of refrigeration

Tons of Refrigeration-
Cooling Load or
Refrigeration Effect
 Sample Problem 1
A water-cooled unit with an evaporator temperature of -
40°F will require 3 horsepower/ton of refrigeration. A ton of
refrigeration is equal to 12,000BTU/hr.

Here are equations for these curves in the form: y = A + B x

+ Cx2 + Dx3 + Ex4

Where y = horsepower/ton refrigeration

x = evaporator temperature, °F
 Heat Pumps & Refrigerators
The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat (QL) from the cold medium;
the objective of a heat pump is to supply heat (QH) to a warm medium.
Coefficient of Performance in
Refrigeration Cycles
 Refrigeration Cycles
• Carnot Refrigeration Cycle
 Refrigeration Cycles
• Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

• All the processes are reversible except for the throttling process, but still, this is considered the
ideal vapor compression cycle.
Refrigeration Cycles/Ideal Vapor
Compression Refrigeration Cycle
Refrigeration Cycles/Ideal Vapor
Compression Refrigeration Cycle
 Sample Problem 2
A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on an
ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle between 0.14 and 0.8 MPa. The mass
flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/sec. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram
with respect to saturation lines. Determine (a) the rate of heat removal from
the refrigerated space and the power input to the compressor, (b) the rate of
heat rejection to the environment and (c) the coefficient of performance.
Solution
Actual Vapor-compression
Refrigeration Cycle
 Sample Problem 3
Refrigerant-134a enter the compressor of a refrigerator as superheated vapor at
0.14 MPa and -10ᴼC at rate of 0.05 kg/sec and leave at 0.8 MPa and 50ᴼC. The
refrigerant is cooled in the condenser to 26ᴼC and 0.72MPa and is throttled to
0.15MPa. Determine (a) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and
the power input to the compressor, (b) the isentropic efficiency of the
compressor and (c) the coefficient of performance.
Solution
 Heat Pump System for Heating
and Cooling
• v
 Sample Problem 4

A house has a winter heating requirement of 30

kJ/s and a summer cooling requirement of 60
kJ/s. Consider a heat pump installation to
maintain the house temperature at 20ᴼC in winter
and 25ᴼC in summer. This requires circulation of
the refrigerant through interior exchanger coils
at 30ᴼC in winter and 5ᴼC in summer. Underground
coils provide the heat source in winter and the
heat sink in summer. For a year-round ground
temperature of 15ᴼC, the heat transfer
characteristics of the coils necessitate
refrigerant temperatures of 10ᴼC in winter and
25ᴼC in summer. What are the minimum power
requirements for winter heating and summer
cooling?
 Solution
The minimum power requirements are provided by a Carnot heat pump. For winter heating, the
house coils are at the higher-temperature level TH , and the heat requirements is |QH|=30
kJ/s
T 10+273.15
|QC |= QH C =30 ∙ =28.02 kJ/s
TH 30+273.15

This is heat absorbed in the ground coils.

kJ
W= QH - QC =30-28.02=1.98
s

Thus the power requirement is 1.98 kW.

For summer cooling, |QC|=60 kJ/s, and the coils are at the lower temperature level at TC.
T -T 25-5 kJ
W= QC ∙ H C =60∙ =4.31
TC 5+273.15 s

The power requirement here is 4.31 kW

Cascade Refrigeration Systems

Application:
• Moderately low temperature
(TL)
• Large pressure range in cycle
Multistage Compression
Refrigeration Systems

Application:
• Moderately low temperature (TL)
• Large pressure range in cycle
Multipurpose Refrigeration Systems
with a Single Compressor

Application:
• Refrigeration at more than
one temperature
 Liquefaction of Gases

Application:
• Operate at cryogenic temperatures (below -100ᴼC)
Gas Refrigeration Cycles

Application:
• Simple and lighter
components
• Refrigerate in the
aircraft
CoP of gas refrigeration cycle
An Open-Cycle Aircraft Cooling
System
Absorption Refrigeration System
 Refrigerants

• Definition

• a fluid used for heat transfer in a

refrigeration system. Most refrigerants
absorb heat during evaporation at low
temperature and low pressure and reject
heat during condensation at a higher
temperature and higher pressure.
 Refrigerants

• Classification

• halocarbons,

• azeotropes,

• hydrocarbons, and

• inorganic compounds
 Hydrocarbons

• Refrigerants belonging to the hydrocarbon group are

ethane, propane, butane and isobutane.
• They are produced from petroleum in an oil refinery.
• This group of refrigerants is used in the refrigeration
systems in oil refineries and the petrochemical industry
due to their low cost and ready availablility.
• Hydrocarbons are flammable and so safety precautions are
of utmost importance in the petrochemical industry.
 Inorganic compounds

• Inorganic compounds were refrigerants used

in refrigerant this group are ammonia NH3
 Halocarbons

• Refrigerants belonging to the halocarbon group are

derivatives of the hydrocarbons obtained by
substituting chlorine or fluorine for the hydrogen
atoms in methane and ethane.

• As chlorine and fluorine are both halogens, this group

of refrigerants is called the halogenated hydrocarbons
or halocarbons.

• They are sometimes referred to freons which are

colourless, non-inflammable, non-corrodent to most
metals and generally non-toxic

• Common refrigerants in this group are R-11, R-12, R-13

and R-22.
 Azeotropes

• An azeotrope is a mixture of two

substances which cannot be separated into
its components by distillation.

• It evaporates and condenses as a single

substance and Its properties are
completely different from its
constituents.

• For example, azeotrope R-500 is a mixture

composed of 73.8 per cent R-12 and 26.2
per cent R-152.
 Selection of a suitable
refrigerant
• It depends on many factors, such as the evaporating temperature required during
operation, the coefficient of performance COP, safety requirements, and the size and
location of the refrigeration plant.

• In order to select a suitable refrigerant for a refrigeration system of known size and
evaporating temperature, the following factors must be considered:

• The volume flow rate required per kW of refrigeration capacity

• The coefficient of performance COP

• Safety requirements

• Physical properties

• Operating properties

• Cost.