Index

Actualstress 184 assumptions 201

Allowable (working) suess 196 combined bending and axial load 209-214
Analysis and design 8.9 core of a circular section 213, 214
deadloads 9 core of a rectangular section 211, 212
live (imposed) loads 9 deflections see Deflection of beams
safety 9 direct stress distribution 201-204
serviceability 9 elastic section modulus 204,205
windloads 9 flexural rigidity 204
Anisotropic materials 183 inclination of neutral axis 208
Anticlastic bending 214, 215 middle third rule 204
Arches 119-131, 504-510 neutral axis 201,203
flying buttress 119 neutral plane (surface) 201
lineararch 119-121 resolution of bending moments 207
springings 119 second moments of area see Calculation of
voussoirs 119 section properties
see also Three-pinned arches strain energy in bending 215
see also Two-pinned arches Bending of unsymmetricai section beams
Axial load 216-232
compressive 33,34 assumptions 216
tensile 33,34 deflections see Deflection of beams
direct stress distribution 217-220
‘Barrelling’ effect of shear force 232, 233
Beams ‘effective’ bending moments, shear forces, load
braced 498-501 intensities 233
cantilever 6,7 load, shear force and bending moment
continuous 6,7,488-490,514-516,524-530, relationships,general case 233
596-602 position of neutral axis 218,220
deflectionssee Deflection of beams principal axes 219,230-232
fixed (built-in, encastd) 6,7,368-375, second moments of area moments see
483-488 Calculation of section properties
influence lines 565-602 sign conventions and notation 216,219
simply supported 6.7 Bending tests 185
statically indeterminatesee Statically Biaxial stress system 385-388
indeterminatestructures Bond 313
structural forms 2,3 Bowstring truss 71,72
subjected to torsion 291-293 Braced beams 498-501
support reactions 7, 25-29 Bredt-Batho formula 298
Bending moment 35,36 Brinell Hardness Number 187
diagrams 42-53 Brittleness 182
notation and sign convention 37,38,216,219 Buckling of columns see Structural instability
point of contraflexure (inflection) 5 1
relationship to load and shear force 54-60, 233 Cables 101-116
sagging, hogging 38 heavy cables 105-116
Bending of symmetrical section beams 200-215 carrying a uniform horizontally distributed
anticlastic bending 214,215 load 109-113
636 Index

Cables (continued) Core of a circular section 213,214

catenary 108 Core of a rectangular section 21 1,212
deflected shape 105,106 Counterbracing 594-596
under self-weight 106-109 Couple 21
lightweight cables carrying concentrated loads Creep and relaxation 194
101-105 primarycreep 194
suspension bridges 5, 113- 116 secondary creep 194
Calculation of section properties 220-232 tertiary creep 194
approximations for thin-walled Critical (economic) section for a reinforced
sections 226-229 concrete beam 316
circular section 223 Crotti-Engesser theorem 445
I-section 221,222
inclined and curved thin-walled sections 229, Deflection of axially loaded structural members
230 154-157
parallel axes theorem 220 Deflection of beams
principal axes and principal second moments of deflection due to shear 363-366
area 230-232 deflection due to unsymmetrical bending
product second moment of area 223-225 358-361
_.. _ . ~
rectangular section 221 differential equation of symmetrical bending
theorem of perpendicular axes 221 331 -333
Carry over factors 522-524 form factor 364
Castigliano’s first theorem (Parts I and II) 445 moment -area method for symmetrical bending
Castigliano’s second theorem 497 351-358
Catenary 108 moment-area method for unsymmetrical
Charpy impact test 18 bending 362,363
Circumferential (hoop) stresses in a thin statically indeterminate beams see Statically
cylindrical shell 170-173 indeterminate structures
Collapse load of a beam 243 singularity functions (Macauley’s method)
Columns see Structural instability 345-351
Combined bending and axial load 209-214 Design 8 , 9
Commutative law for forces 13 deadloads 9
Compatibility of displacement condition 160 live or imposed loads 9
Complementary energy see Energy methods safety 9
Complex strain serviceability 9
elecmcal resistance strain gauges 401,402 windloads 9
experimental measurement of surface strains Design methods 196-198
and stresses 401-405 allowable (working) stress 196
maximum shear strain 400 elastic design 196
Mohr’s circle of strain 400.401,403 design strengths 197
principal strains 399,400 limit state (ultimate load) design 197
strain gauge rosettes 402 partial safety factors 197
strains on inclined planes 397-399 plastic design 197
Complex stress Distribution factors 521
biaxial stress system 385-388 Ductility 182
general two-dimensional case 388-390 Dummy (fictitious) load method 449,451
maximum shear stress 392
Mohr’s circle of stress 394-396 ‘Effective’ bending moments, shear forces and
principal stresses and principal planes 390-393 load intensities 233
representation of stress at a point 383,384 Effective depth of a reinforced concrete beam 313
stress contours 397 Elastic and linearly elastic materials 182
stress trajectories 396,397 Elastic design 196
stresses on inclined planes 384,385 Elastic limit 182
Components of a force 13.14 Elastic section modulus 204,205
Composite beams 308-328 Elastoplastic materials 182
steel and concrete beams 326-328 Electrical resistance strain gauges 401,402
steel reinforced timber beams 308-313 Endurance limit 196
see also Reinforced concrete beams Energy methods
Composite structures 161 Castigliano’s first theorem (Parts I and II) 445
Compound trusses 91,92 Castigliano’s second theorem 497
Compression tests 184 column failure (Rayleigh-Ritz method)
Continuous beams 6,7,488-490,514-516, 627-631
524-530,596-602 complemenmy energy 443,444
 Index 637
Energy methods (continued) Indentation tests 187
Crotti-Engesser theorem 445 Influence lines
dummy (fictitious)load method 449,451 beams in contact with load 565-589
flexibility coefficients 459 concentratedtravelling loads 574-579
Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem 459-464 diagram of maximum shear force 583,584
potential energy 455 distributed travelling loads 579-583
principle of the stationary value of the total maximum bending moment 576-578, 581,
complementary energy 446445,483,497 582
principle of the stationary value of the total maximum shear force at a section 575, 576,
potential energy 456-459 581
reciprocal theorems 459-465 Mueller-Breslau principle 571-574,597
strain energy 421,443,444,445 point of maximum bending moment 586,
due to shear 268 587
due to torsion 293,294 reversal of shear force 584,585
inbending 215 beams not in contact with load 589-592
in tension and compression 147-152 maximum values of shear force and bending
temperature effects 453-455 moment 591,592
theorem of reciprocal work 459,464,465 panels, panel points 589
total complementary energy 444,483,497,498 continuous beams 596-602
total potential energy 455 counterbracing 594-596
Engesser 445 forces in members of a truss 592-596
Equilibrium of force systems 24.25 Initial stress and prestressing 167-170
Euler theory see Structural instability Isotropic materials 182
Experimental measurement of surface strains and hod impact test 188, 189
stresses 401-405
Ktruss 71,72
Factors of safety Kinematic indeterminacy 8,474,480-483,541
Fatigue 195. 196
endurance limit 196 Limit of proportionality 147, 190
fatigue strength 196 Limit state (ultimate load) design 197
Miner’s cumulative damage theory 196 Linear arches 119-121
stress concentrations 195 Load, types of
stress-endurance curves 196 axial 33, 34
Finite element method 10 bending moment 35.36
Fixed (built-in) beams 368-375 concentrated 34
sinking support 374,375 distributed 34
Fixed end moments (table) 520,521 externally applied 35
Flexibility 149 free body diagrams 39
Flexibility coefficients 459 internal forces 36
Flexibility (force) method 161,473,474,504 load, shear force and bending moment
Flexural rigidity 204 relationships 54-60.233
Flying buttress 119 normal force 38-41
Force see Principlesof statics notation and sign convention 37,38,216.219
Form factor 364 shear 34,35
Free body diagrams 39 shear force and bending moment 42-53
Fulcrum 19 stress resultants 36
Function of a structure 1,2 torsion 35.36, 60-64
Longitudinal stresses in a thin cylindrical shell
Graphical method for truss analysis 89-91 170-173
Liider’s lines 191
Hardness tests 187
Hinges Macauley’smethod 345-351
in principle of virtual work 432 Matrix methods, introduction 541-551
plastic 243 axially loaded members 541-549
Homogeneous materials 182 beam elements 550
Hooke’s law 140, 190 pin-jointed space frames 549
Howe truss 71,72 statically indeterminatetrusses 549
Hysteresis 194 stiffness matrix 543
stiffness of a member 543
Impact loads 152-154 transformation matrix 546
suddenly applied loads 153, 154 Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem 459-464
Impact tests 188, 189 Method of joints 81-84
638 Index
Method of sections 84-86
Middle third rule 214
Miner’s cumulative damage theory 196
Modular ratio 313
Modulus of resilience 150
Modulus of rigidity 141
Modulus of rupture 185
Mohr’s circle of strain 400,401,403
Mohr’s circle of stress 394-396
Moment-area method
fixed beams 368-375
symmetrical bending of beams 351-358
unsymmetrical bending of beams 362,363
Moment distribution method
cany over factors 522-524
continuous beams 524-530
distribution factors 521
fixed end moments (table) 520,521
portal frames 530-540
principal of virtual work 583
sway 531-533
principle 518-520
stiffness coefficients 521,522-524
Moment of a force 18-21
couple 21
fulcrum 19
lever arm, moment arm 19
resolution of a moment 20
Mueller-Breslau principle 571-574.597
‘Necking’ of test pieces 190
Neutral plane, neutral axis 201,203
elastic neutral axis 201,203,235
inclination 208,220
plastic neutral axis 236
position 203,218
Newton’s first law of motion 11
Nominal stress 184
Normal force
diagrams 38-41
notation and sign convention 37,38
Notation and sign conventions for forces and
displacements 37,38
Orthotropic materials 183
Parallelogram of forces 12-14
Partial safety factors 197
Permanent set 182,190
Pin-jointed plane and space frames see Trusses
Plastic bending 234-251
collapse load 243
contained plastic Row 242
effect of axial load 250,251
elastic neutral axis 235
idealized stress-strain curve 234
moment-curvature relationships 240-242
plastic analysis of beams 234-248
plastic hinges 243
plastic modulus 237
plastic moment 236
plastic neutral axis 236
principle of virtual work see Virtual work
required maximum strength 234
shape factor 237
singly symmetrical sections 234-240
statically indeterminate beams 245-248
unrestricted plastic Row 242
yield moment 235
Plastic design 197,249
Plasticity 182
Point of contraflexure (inflection) 51
Poisson effect 142-144,214
Poisson’s ratio 142, 184
Polygon of forces 17
Portal frames 2,3,4,501-503.516-518,
530-540
Potential energy see Energy methods
Pratt ttUSS 71.72.84-86.594-596
Prestressing 167-170
Principal axes and principal second moments of
area 219,230-232
Principal strains 399,400
Principles of statics 11-29
calculation of support reactions 25-29
commutative law 13
components of a force 13,14
couple 21
equilibrant of a force system 16, 17
equilibrium of force systems 24.25
equivalent force systems 21 -23
force 11-18
as a vector 11.12
moment of a force 18-21
Newton’s first law of motion 11
parallelogram of frames 12-14
polygon of forces 17
resolution of a moment 20,207
resultant of a force system 12-16,23,24
resultant of a system of parallel forces 23,
24
statical equilibrium 11
transmissibility of a force 12
triangle of forces 17
Principle of superposition 64,367,368
Principle of the stationary value of the total
complementary energy see Energy methods
Principle of the stationary value of the total
potential energy see Energy methods
Principle of virmal work see Virtual work
Properties of engineering materials 181-198
anisotropic 183
brittleness 182
ductility 182
elastic and linearly elastic 182
elastic limit 182, 190
elastoplastic 182
homogeneous 182
isotropic 182
orthotropic 183
permanent set 182
plasticity 182
table of material properties 198
see o h Testing of engineering materials
 Index 639
Rankine theory for column failure 616-618 Springings 119
Rankine theory of elastic failure 415,416 Statical determinacy of trusses 75-78, 479,480
yield locus 415 Statical equilibrium see Principles of statics
Rayleigh-Ritz method for column failure Statical indeterminacy
627 -63 1 completely stiff structure 477
Reciprocal theorems 459-465 degree of statical indeterminacy 477-479
flexibility coefficients 459 entire structure 476,477
Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem 459-464 kinematic indeterminacy 8,474,480-483,541
theorem of reciprocal work 459,464,465 nodes 475
Reinforced concrete beams 313-325 pin-jointed frames 479-480
bond releases 473
critical (economic) section 316 rings 474-476
effective depth 313 singly connected supports 476
elastic theory 313-320 Statically determinate structures 7, 8
factors of safety 321 Statically indeterminate structures 7, 8, 158- 163,
modular ratio 313 291-293,367-375,472-551
ultimate load theory 320-325 beams subjected to torsion 291-293
Relationships between the elastic constants braced beams 498-501
144-147 flexibility and stiffness methods 473,474
Resultant of a force system 12- 16 introduction to matrix methods see Matrix
Robertson formula for column failure 622 methods
Rockwell hardness test 188 kinematic indeterminacy 8,474,480-482,541
portal frames 501-503.516-518, 530-540
Safety 9 slope-deflection method 510-518
Safety factors 197 continuous beams 514-516
Scratch and abrasion tests 187 equations for a beam 5 13
Secant assumption 507 portal frames 516-518
Segmental arches 5 10 stiffness coefficients 513
Serviceability 9 see also Moment distribution method
Shape factor 237 see also Statical determinacy
Shear centre 272-274,277-281 statically indeterminate beams
Shear flow, definition 265,269 continuous beams 488-490,514-516,
Shear force 34.35 524-530,596-602
diagrams 42-53 fixed beam with sinking support 374,375
effect on theory of bending 232,233 fixed (built-in) beams 368-374
notation and sign convention 37,38,216,217 matrix analysis 550
relationship to load intensity and bending method of superposition 367,368
moment 54-60,233 plastic analysis 245-248
Shearlag 266 propped cantilevers 367,368,483-488
Shear of beams 259-281 stationary value of total complementary
deflection due to shear see Deflection of beams energy 483
horizontal shear stress in flanges of an I-section total complementary energy 483
beam 264-266 statically indeterminate trusses
shear centre 272-274,277-281 Castigliano’s second theorem 497
shear flow, definition, 265,269 matrix analysis 549
shearlag 266 self-straining trusses (lack of fit) 495-498
shear stress distribution in symmetrical stationary value of total complementary
sections 261-267 energy 497
shear stress distribution in thin-walled closed temperature effects 495
sections 274-281 total complementary energy 497,498
shear stress distribution in thin-walled open unit load method 490
sections 268-274 see also Two-pinned arches
shear stress distribution in unsymmetrical Stiffness 149,543
sections 259,260 Stiffness (displacement) method 161,473,474,
strain energy due to shear 267,268 5 10,543
Shear tests 186 Strain
Shore scleroscope 188 see also Complex strain
Singularity functions 345-35 1 direct strain 138
Slenderness ratio 616 shear strain 139
Slope-deflection method see Statically volumetric strain 139, 140
indeterminate structures Strain energy
Southwell plot 620, 621 due to shear 268
640 Index
Strain energy (continued) equivalent length of a column 615
due to torsion 293,294 Euler theory for slender columns 608-616
inbending 215 failure of columns of any length 616-622
in tension and compression 147-152 initially curved column 618-622
modulus of resilience 150 Rankine theory 616-618
see also Energy methods limitations of Euler theory 616
Strain gauge rosettes 402 pin-ended column 609-61 1
Strain hardening 193, 194 Robertson formula 622
Strains on inclined planes 397-399 slenderness ratio 616
stress Southwell plot 620,621
actual stress 184 stability of beams under transverse and axial
complementary shear stress 137, 138 loads 623-627
direct stress in tension and compression Suddenly applied loads 153,154
134-136 Support reactions 7,25-29
nominal stress 184 Support systems 5-7
shear stress in shear and torsion, 136,137, see fixed (built-in, encastn5) 6
also Shear of beams idealization 5.6, 114
stress concentrations 135,195 pinned 5
see also Complex stress roller 5
Stress contours 397 support reactions 7,25-29
Stress-endurance curves 196
Stress resultants 36 Table of material properties 198
Stress-strain curves 140 Temperature effects 163-167.453-455
aluminium 191.192 Tension coefficients 86-89,92-95
‘barrelling’ 191 Testing of engineering materials 183- 193
brittle materials 192,193 actual stress 184
failure modes 190, 192, 193 bending tests 185
hysteresis 194 Brinell Hardness Number 187
mild steel 189-191 compression tests 184
‘necking’ 190 hardness tests 187
strain hardening 193,194 impact tests 188, 189
ultimate stress 189, 190 indentation tests 187
upper and lower yield points for mild steel 190 modulus of rupture 185
Stress-strain relationships 140- 142 nominal stress 184
Hooke’slaw 140 Rockwell 188
shear modulus, modulus of rigidity 141 scratch and abrasion tests 187
volume or bulk modulus 141 shear tests 186
Young’s modulus, elastic modulus 140 shore scleroscope 188
Stress trajectories 396,397 tensile tests 183, 184
Stresses on inclined planes 384,385 Theorem of reciprocal work 459,464,465
Structural forms 2-5 Theories of elastic failure 405-416
arches 3,4 brittle materials 414-416
beams 2.3 ductile materials 406-414
cables 4.5 maximum normal stress theory (Rankine) 415,
continuum structures 4 416
portal frames 2,3,4 maximum shear stress theory (Tresca) 406,407
slabs 4 shear strain energy theory (von
suspension bridge 5 Mises) 407-411
trusses 2.3 yield loci 411,412,415
Structural idealization Thermal effects 163-167.453-455
finite elements 10 Thin-walled shells under internal pressure
nodes 10 170-174
roof truss 9, 10,74,75 cylindrical 170-173
Structural instability spherical 173, 174
buckling (critical) load, definition 608 Three-pinned arches 122-131
column with fixed ends 611,612 bending moment diagram 128- 131
column with one end fixed, one end free parabolic arch carrying a uniform horizontally
612-614 distributed load 127, 128
column with one end fixed, one end pinned support reactions 122-127
614,615 Torsion of beams 288-304
effect of cross-section on buckling 622,623 Bredt-Batho formula 298
energy method (Rayleigh-Ritz) 627-631 compatibility condition 291
 Index 641

Torsion of beams (continued) parabolic arch carrying a pan span uniformly

diagrams 60-64 distributed load 509
plastic torsion of circular section bars 294-296 secant assumption 507
shear stress due to torsion 136,137 segmental arches 5 10
solid and hollow circular section bars 288-291 tied arches
solid section beams 299-301 Ultimate s m s 190
statically indeterminate beams 291 -293 Unit load method 438-442,449,452,490
strain energy due to torsion 293,294 Upper and lower yield points for mild steel 190
thin-walled closed section beams 296-299
thin-walled open section beams 301-304 Virtual work
torsion constant 300,301 applications of principle 435-442
warping of cross-sections 303,304 due to external force systems 433,434
Total complementary energy see Energy methods hinges, use of 432
Total potential energy see Energy methods principle of virtual work 247,248,421
Transmissibility of a force 12 principle of virtual work for a panicle 423,
Tresca theory of elastic failure 406,407 424
yield locus 411,412 principle of virtual work for a rigid body
Triangle of forces 17 425 -421
Trusses 71-95 sign of internal virtual work 433
assumptions in analysis 72-74 unit load method 438-442
compound trusses 91.92 virtual force systems, use of 434,435
counterbracing 594-596 virtual work in a deformable body 427,428
graphical method 89-91 work, definition 422,423
idealization 74,75 work done by internal force systems
influence lines 592-596 axial force 428-430
method of joints 81-84 bending moment 43 1,432
method of sections 84-86 shear force 430.43 1
pin-jointed space frames 92-95 torsion 432
resistance to shear force and bending moment Volume or bulk modulus 141
78-81 von Mises theory of elastic failure 407-41 1
self-straining (lack of fit) trusses 495-498 design application 410,411
stability 77, 78 yield locus 41 1,412
statical determinacy 75-78,479-480 Voussoirs 119
statically indeterminate see Statically
indeterminate structures Warping of beam cross-sections 303,304
temperature effects 495 Warren truss 2,3,71,72,76,81,82,89-91
tension coefficients 86-89.92-95 Work, definition 422,423
types of truss 7 1,72
Yield moment 235
Two-pinned arches 504-510 Young’s modulus, elastic modulus 140, 184,
flexibility method 504 234