Index

Acceptance tests 261 Bending loads, single-mitre, pipe bends

Adams-Moulton method 398 under 361-2
Alternating plasticity 2, 69 Bending moment 10, 86
Angle of obliquity 262 in-plane 320, 324
Angular rotation 14, 21, 415 out-of-plane 320, 355
Area replacement 74, 137, 140, 142, sign conventions 16
144,157 Bending solutions
Asymptotic buckling 412 for shells of revolution 19-27
Asymptotic integration 334 inextensional 79-84
Asymptotic solution 84 Bending stresses 169,305,360,471,495,
for spherical shell of variable thick- 503
ness 301 conditions of essential part of stress
simplified 85 system 18-19
Axial pressure 419 due to stiffener tilting 476-8
potential of 424 nominal simple 329
Axisymmetric behaviour of ring-stiffened stiffener flange 474-6
cylinder 411 surface hoop 347
Axisymmetric collapse pressures 485 surface longitudinal 347
Axisymmetric deformed state 469 Bending tests, out-of-plane 362
Axisymmetric states of stress, analysis Bessel functions 280
of 393-6 Bifurcation buckling 412-13
Axisymmetric stress 503 Biharmonic equation 552
Bijlaard curves 247
Balance of moments 195 Bijlaard's method for loads applied over
Basic principles 7-71 rectangular areas 235-48, 249, 250
Beam-column effects 490 Body movements 92, 93, 94
Beam-column type non-linearity 406 Bolt holes 313-14
Beams, curvature changes in 521 Bolt load, change on application of pres-
Bending sure 273, 275, 276
in-plane 323,331,335,337,339 Bolt pitch 313-14
approximate analysis for 362 Bolt pitch correction factor 277
of multi-mitre pipe bend 343-55 Boltedflangedjoints see Flanged joints
of shells of revolution 539-49 Bolts
out-of-plane 335-7, 339 design 268
and internal pressure applied simul- initial tightening 268
taneously 339 prestress 268
strain energy of 420, 461 Boundary conditions 14, 19, 22, 24-26,
Bending behaviour of perforated plates 40, 43, 189-90, 192, 232, 234,
552
579
580
Boundary conditions (cont.)
246, 426, 427, 431, 485, 497, 556,
563, 564, 573
Boundary of shell 18
Bounding theorems 194, 195
Bracket support, pressure stresses 260
Branch(es) 73-165
cylindrical, in cylindrical vessel 247
flush 223
protruding 223
with pad reinforcement 223
Branch connections 248
Bryant formula 454, 473, 503
Buckling 243
asymptotic 412
bifurcation 412-13
by wrinkling along meridional lines
212
cylinders between buckling 432-6
due to internal pressure 391-3
elastic 213
externally pressurized vessels 406
overall 489
plastic 213
ring-stiffened cylinders
of finite length 441-55
of infinite length 437-41
web 465
Buckling cones between stiffeners 437
Buckling formulae 491
Buckling load 212,467,468
Buckling pressure 211, 434-5, 437,
440-2, 445, 446, 448, 449, 451-4,
469-74, 496, 497
overall 503
Buckling problem, energy solution to,
accuracy of 448-55
Buckling shapes 430
Buckling stress 469
Bursting pressure 214-16
Bursting strength 214-16
Centre of curvature 332, 576
Characteristic values 413
Circular cylinder subjected to rotationally
symmetric edge loads 39
INDEX
Circular ring under uniform circumferen-
tial load, collapse of 437-8
Circumferential moments 231-3, 246,
247
CLOUD, R. L. 167
Codes of practice ix, 157
Cold rolling 481-4,486,488,502
Collapse
axially symmetric 212
incremental 2, 69
of circular ring under uniform circum-
ferential load 437-8
overall 502
Collapse load 68,186,191,467
Collapse pressure 434, 443-6, 453
accuracy of prediction 499-500
axisymmetric 485
design 503
estimates based on elastic buckling
486
estimates based on elastic stresses
reaching yield condition 486-9
estimates based on elasto-plastic or
rigid-plastic analysis 490
estimates based on empirical curves
492-6
externally pressurized vessels, predic-
tion of 486-501
inter-stiffener 501
prediction of 501
stiffened cylinders 486-96
Collapsed cylinders 495
Combined loadings 103-6
Compatibility condition 21, 564
Compatibility equation 76, 77, 293,308
Compatibility of displacements 563
Compatibility requirements 91,94,116,
131
Complementary solutions 79
Complex stress function 78,108,114
Computer analysis 4, 367-404, 503
axisymmetric states of stress in bodies
of revolution 391-4
buckling due to internal pressure
391-3
creep 389-91
elasto-plastic 369-88
 INDEX 581
Computer analysis (cont.) line loads on 226-35
flanged joints 282, 290, 296, 313 lower bound for nozzle in 149
governing equations 369 nozzles in 223
miscellaneous analyses 388-96 radial nozzle in
see also Numerical analysis elastic analysis of 113-17
Computer solutions 210, 213 elastic limit on, experimental work
Concentrated moment 82 beyond 152-7
Concentrated radial load 80 limit analysis of 147-57
Concrete pressure vessels x rectangular loading areas on 235-48
Conical reinforcement 140 shallow, governing equations for 113
Constant flattening 345 strains in 33
Constitutive equations 53-54, 55 stresses at junction of, intersected by
Continuity requirements 178 radial cylindrical nozzle 74
Creep 22, 275, 287, 491, 516-18 with rotationally symmetric loading,
Creep curves yield surface for 55-63
at constant stress 515-16 Cylindrical vessel
at constant temperature under constant cylindrical branch in 247
load 515 flanged joints 290-7
Creep effects notation 310
analysis method 389-91, 524-49 reinforcement of hole in, by means of
determination of 513-50 compact ring 142
simple test procedure 523-4 upper bound solution for nozzle in
Creep laws 515-24 149
Creep strain increments 526 with hemispherical ends 135
Creep strain-stress relations 524
Creep test, uniaxial 514
Curvature 33,75-76 Damping 23
centre of 332, 576 Damping coefficients 46
effect of 576 Dead loads 318
Curvature changes 13-15, 473 Dead weight 323
in beams 521 Deformation
local 243 geometry of 376
Curvature rate 519 of uniform circular cylinder 406
Curved tube 326 plastic 204,207
Cylindrical pressure vessel, lower bound Deformation theory of plasticity 370,
to limit pressure of unreinforced 384, 385, 485
hole in 148 Design criteria 2
Cylindrical shells 31-44 Design process 1
complete solution under loading 35 Dimensionless ratio 154
displacements in 33 DIN 2505 method for flanged joints
edge displacements of 115-16 287-90
edge forces for 116 Direct strain 13,15,75
edge solutions for 36-44 Direct stresses 360
elastic analysis of 34-36 longitudinal 347
equations of equilibrium for 31-33 resultant 9
full strength reinforcement of cut out Direct thrust applied to nozzle 100
in 142 Discontinuity analysis 174, 176
582 INDEX
Discontinuity effects 185 of non-radial nozzles in spherical shell
Discontinuity stresses 47, 176, 322 107-12
Displacement definition 414 of pressure vessel ends 168-85
Displacement/force relations 90-91 of radial nozzle
Displacement systems, symmetrical and in cylindrical shell 113-17
anti-symmetrical 557-61 in spherical shell 87-106
Displacements 81, 82, 555 of shells of revolution 15-17
boundary conditions on 19 of spherical shell 75-87
compatibility of 563 Elastic buckling 213
equations 17 Elastic constants, equivalent 565
in cylindrical shells 33 Elastic ideally plastic material 50
in shells of revolution 13-14 Elastic limit
in spherical shell 92 behaviour beyond 484-6
radial 24 on radial nozzles in cylindrical shells,
Domed end experimental work beyond 152-7
externally pressurized vessels 496-501 Elastic modulus 575
flanged joint 297-310 Elastic-perfectly plastic material 386
notation 310 Elastic region, linear 155
Donnell approximations 227 Elastic restraint 450
Donnell equations 35-36, 235 Elastic stability, externally pressurized
Double Fourier series 236 vessels 411-69
Elastic stress concentration factors 158
for nozzle in cylinder 159
Edge bending solutions 19-27, 44, 79, for nozzles in spheres 159
84-87 Elasticity, three-dimensional theory of
Edge conditions 356
maximum circumferential stress due Elasto-plastic analysis 369-88, 485, 490
to 44 Elasto-plastic problem 376
maximum longitudinal stress due to Elliptic coordinates 107
44 Energy analysis 324-39
Edge displacements of cylindrical shells Energy solution to buckling problem,
115-16 accuracy of 448-55
Edge disturbances, effect of 41-42 Energy theorems 324
Edge effects 25 Equilibrium conditions 187, 189
Edge forces 94, 116, 119,121, 322 Equilibrium equations
Edge rotations at pipe junction 322 cylindrical shells 31-33
Edge solutions externally pressurized vessels 425-30
for cylindrical shells 36-44 flanges 294,308
for multi-mitre pipe bends 350 plate containing small hole 526
for single-mitre pipe bends 357 plates 189
Effective creep strain increment 390 shallow shell 28, 137
Effective plastic strain increment 372, shells 9-11, 375, 539-40
373,378 spherical shell 75
Effective strain 525 Equivalent elastic constants 565
Effective stress 371, 390, 525, 538 Equivalent length 244
Elastic analysis 1, 320 Equivalent square areas 245
of cylindrical shells 34-36 Experimental limit pressure 155-6
 INDEX
Experimental verification 106, 111
Extensibility 332
correction for 333
Extensional strain 414, 417, 458
Extensional strain energy 460, 462
External loads, potential of 423-5
External pressures 243
Externally pressurized vessels 5,405-511
behaviour beyond elastic limit 484-6
collapse pressure, prediction of
486-51
comparison with internally pressurized
vessels 406
design philosophy 501-5
dome ends 496-501
elastic stability 411-69
out-of-circularity 470-6, 501-3
out-of-roundness 496
out-of-sphericality 478-80
potential of axial pressure 424
potential of external loads 423-5
potential of radial pressure 424
residual stresses 481-4
shape imperfections in 469
stiffener tilting 476-8
stress analysis 406-10
Extruded tubes 495
Failures
analysis of 211
fatigue 157
instability 210
mode of 1
Fatigue 1
failures 157
high strain 2
high strain-low cycle 69
Fatigue cracking 504
Fatigue loading, pressure, nozzles in
cylindrical vessels under 159
Fatigue tests 159
Faying flange 456-7
Fillet radii 252
Finite differences, method of 383, 394-7
Finite element method 393, 394
Flanged joints 267-70
583
computer analysis 282, 290, 296, 313
current development 312-14
cylindrical vessel 290-7
notation 310
design methods 275-90
DIN 2505 method for 287-90
domed end 297-310
notation 310
example of 268
Lake and Boyd method for 282-6
leakage analysis of 270
load-deformation characteristics 276
Taylor Forge method for 275-83,
296, 297
see also Bolts; Flanges
Flanges 267-315
design methods 270
influence of flexibility 274
large diameter 290
load-deformation characteristic 270-5
mating pair of 271
separation 271
stress analysis of 269
taper hub 286
stress analysis of 290-312
see also Flanged joints
Flat plate
behaviour of 172
end made from 170
Flat plate solutions 108
Flattening 324,328,344,478
Flexibility factor 328, 330, 331, 335,
338, 339, 347, 356, 361, 362
Flexibility matrix 91
Flexural rigidity 323, 382
Flow rule 65
Fõppl equation 437-8, 440-1, 454
Force vector 91
Fourier series 230, 231, 238, 254, 325,
326
double 236
Gasket 268-77,282,283,287,314
Geometric parameter 122
Geometry, effect of change of 135
GILL, S. S. 1,7,73
584
Hemisphere-cylinder intersection 410
Hemispheres, tests on 497, 500
Hemispherical ends, cylindrical vessel
with 135
Hencky equations 382
Hetényi solutions 25, 39, 85
Hinge circles 127-34, 150, 190, 196-
200
Hinge mechanism 135
HofF's analogy 390
Hole edge, tangential stress at, variation
with time 532
jj0|es
arrays of 551 572-6
plate with diagonal system of 564
reinforcement of see Reinforcement
stretching of plate containing 526-39
unreinforced 96,565-71
comparison of theoretical and experi-
mental values 111
in cylinder 147
lower bound to limit pressure of, in
cylindrical pressure vessel 148
strain concentration factors 112
stress concentration factors 109,
566
Homogeneous equations 78-79
Homogeneous solution for sphere 18
Hook's law 13,15,34,86
Hoop compression 484
Hoop stress 101, 552
Hydrostatic test 194
Idealized geometries 335
Incremental collapse 2, 69
Incremental elastoplastic analysis 383
Incremental theory 370
Inextensibility 326, 332, 337, 345
Inextensional bending solution 79-84
Infinite series 335
Influence coefficients 175, 180-5, 271,
275, 322
Instability, local 469
Instability failure 210
Instability stresses 406
INDEX
Interaction surface 66, 127
one-moment limited 127, 130, 134,
135, 195
two-moment limited 132
Internal pressure
and local load acting simultaneously
242-3,245
and out-of-plane bending applied si-
multaneously 339
Junction
of cylindrical shell intersected by radial
cylindrical nozzle, stresses at 74
of
cylindrical and spherical shell, limit
analysis of 135
of
cylindrical vessel and hemispherical
sheU
H 168
o f sne11
forces acting at 90
of different geometry 44-50
of
spherical shell intersected by non-
radial
cylindrical nozzle, stresses
at 74
of
spherical shell intersected by radial
cylindrical nozzles, stresses at 74
Junction analysis 90
asymmetric case 92-95
axisymmetric case 90
of radial nozzles 115
Kalnin analysis 251-2
Kelvin functions 30
KENDRICK, S. 405
KrrcHiNG, R. 221, 317
Lake and Boyd method forflangedjoints
282-6
Langer asymptotic solutions 84
LECKIE, F. A. 73, 513, 551
Leckie-Penny analysis 249, 250-1
Lifting brackets 223,254
Ligament stresses 551-77
point matching method for 552-61
Limit analysis 2, 50-68, 157, 168, 186,
210
 INDEX
Limit analysis (cont.)
of junction of cylindrical and spherical
shell 135
of local loads 262-3
of radial nozzles
in cylindrical shells 147-57
in spherical shells 127-47
of shells 50-68
theorems of 52
theory of 193
Limit load 51-52, 186, 204, 207, 386
Limit pressure 130, 131, 157, 186, 192,
195, 200, 201,202, 379
and pad thicknesses 139
experimental 134, 155-6, 205
for spherical pressure vessels with
flush nozzles 135
lower bound to, of unreinforced hole
in cylindrical pressure vessel
148
of spherical pressure vessels with pro-
truding nozzles 135
Line loads
on cylindrical shells 226-35
on sphere—radial force 254
Linear constraints 387
Linear programming 387, 388
Load, local see Local load
Load-deflection curve 491
Load-deformation curve 204, 205
Load-deformation diagram 287, 290
Loading areas, rectangular, on cylindrical
shells 235-48
Local attachments, pressure stresses at
260-2
Local changes of curvature 243
Local dents 471
Local instability 455-69
Local load 3
and internal pressure, acting simulta-
neously 242-3, 245
and local attachments 221-66
limit analysis for 262-3
on spherical shells 248-59
Local load stresses 243
Long decay length 362
Long decay length index 355
585
Longitudinal moment 230-1, 239, 246,
247
Lower bound
for nozzle in cylindrical shell 149
to limit pressure of unreinforced hole
in cylindrical pressure vessel 148
Lower bound solution 131, 132, 144
Lower bound theorem 52, 67-68, 127,
137, 147, 387
Matrix notation 178
Maximum circumferential stress due to
edge conditions 44
Maximum elastic stress concentration
factor 157
Maximum longitudinal stress due to edge
conditions 44
Maximum principal stress
in sphere for internal pressure 96, 97
in sphere for moment loading 103
in sphere for shear loading 103
in sphere for thrust loading 101-2
Maximum stresses 95, 247, 362, 407,
503
possible positions of 484
variation with opening size for unrein-
forced opening 547
variation with time for unreinforced
opening 547
Mean partial stiffness coefficient 373-4
Mélan's theorem 118
Membrane displacement vector 91
Membrane forces 419, 420
Membrane solution 17-19, 32-33, 44,
79-84, 114, 305
Membrane stresses 43-44, 47, 49, 169,
225,305,491
Membrane theory 17, 18
Meridian 8
Meridional stress 101
Method of finite differences 383, 394-7
Method of thermal strains 370, 380-6,
390
Mitre angle 342, 356, 360, 361
Mitre bend problem 4
Mohr's circle of stress 353
586 INDEX
Moment loading 249
maximum principal stress in sphere for
103
shakedown values 122-6
stress concentration factor due to
102-3
Moments 239, 374, 375, 381
Nakamura approximation 386
Nakamura yield surface 386-7
Nominal membrane stress resultant 243
Non-axisymmetric analysis 410
Non-axisymmetric deformation 469
Non-dimensional time measure 525
Non-linear effect 336
Non-linearity, beam-column type 406
Non-uniform stiffening 454
Normal surface loading 226
Normality condition 53,130
Notch effects 410
Nozzle attachments 245
Nozzles 248-52
analysis of 2
and openings in spherical pressure
vessels, reinforcement of 137
design of 74,157-60
direct thrust applied to 100
flush 98, 102, 122-7, 135, 146, 149,
154
with integral pad-reinforced pressure
vessel 87
with uniform thickness pressure
vessel 87
geometry and stress distributions 395
in cylinder, elastic stress concentration
factor for 159
in cylindrical shells 223
in cylindrical vessels under pressure
fatigue loading 159
in spheres, elastic stress concentration
factors for 159
lower bound for, in cylindrical shell
149
non-radial
external loadings 112
in spherical shell, elastic analysis of
107-12
non-radial cylindrical, stresses at junc-
tion of spherical shell intersected
74
plastic behaviour of 159
protruding 98, 102, 122-6, 135, 149,
155
spherical pressure vessels with, limit
pressure of 135
with conical pad reinforcement 141
with integral pad-reinforced pressure
vessel 87
with uniform thickness pressure
vessel 87
radial
in cylindrical shells, elastic analysis
of 113-17
in cylindrical shells, elastic limit on,
experimental work beyond 152-7
in cylindrical shells, limit analysis
of 147-57
in spherical shells, elastic analysis of
87-106
in spherical shells, limit analysis of
127-47
junction analysis of 115
solutions for large diameter ratios
117
radial cylindrical
stresses at junction of cylindrical
shell intersected by 74
stresses at junction of spherical shell
intersected by 74
reinforced oblique 110
tests on 134,154
upper bound solution for, in cylindri-
cal vessel 149
with branch reinforcement 253
with vessel reinforcement 253
Nuclear energy industry x
Numerical analysis, comparison of meth-
ods 399-400
limit load 386-8
methods of 369
summary of methods 396-400
 INDEX 587
O-ring 270 underpressure 320-2
Objective function 387 Pipe factor 326, 328-31, 347
Openings in pressure vessels 74 Pipe junction, edge rotations at 322
reinforcement of 137 Pipe layout 320, 323
Optimum mesh size 397 Pipes
Out-of-circularity, externally pressurized curved, radial deflection of 321
vessels 470-6,501-3 thick 334
Out-of-roundness, externally pressurized Piping system 223
vessels 496 Plastic analysis, pressure vessel ends
Out-of-sphericality, externally pressurized 186-209
vessels 478-80 Plastic behaviour of nozzles 159
Overpressure testing 2 Plastic buckling 213
Plastic collapse loads 369-70, 388
Plastic collapse moment 287, 288
Pad, conical 140 Plastic deformation 204, 207
Pad size 98-100 Plastic flow 53
Pad thicknesses and limit pressure 139 Plastic hinge 379
Parallel circle 8 Plastic limit load 386
Partial stiffness coefficients 373, 375 Plastic regions at branch/vessel intersec-
PENNY, R. K. 72,513,551 tion 154
Perforated plates, bending behaviour of Plastic strain rate 55
552 Plasticity 22,285
Pipe bends 317-65 alternating 2, 69
constant flattening 345 deformation theory of 370,384, 385,
elliptic section 334 485
flattening 324, 328 Plasticity theory 168
mitred 319 Plate
multi-mitred 319 circular, elastic behaviour of 171
analysis 345-54 containing small hole, stretching of
geometry 340-3 526-39
in-plane bending of 343-55 flat, behaviour of 172
principles of analysis 343-5 end made from 170
under other types of load 355-6 perforated 552
single mitre 319 solutions 108
approximate analysis for in-plane Point matching method for ligament
bending 362 stresses 552-61
under bending loads 361-2 Poisson's ratio 285, 303, 332, 354, 372,
under internal pressure 356-61 491, 561, 565, 567
single unreinforced mitred 356 Post-buckling curve 413
smooth 319 Potential
energy analysis 335-9 due to radial pressure 424
energy method of 324-34 of axial pressure 424
other analysis methods 334-5, 340 of external loads 423-5
under combined bending and internal Potential energy
pressure 336-43 of buckled cylinder 445
under in-plane bending 323-35 total 438, 463
under out-of-plane bending 335-6 Potential function 77, 466
588
Power law 389
Prandtl-Reuss equations 371,372,380,
384, 390, 525
Predictor-corrector method 398-9
Pressure loading, shakedown values for
122
Pressure strength ratio 156
Pressure stresses 225, 243, 261
at local attachments 260-2
bracket support 260
Pressure-vessel ends 3,167-219
behaviour of 173-4
collapse of 210-12
elastic analysis 168-85
from flat plate 170
plastic analysis 186-209
structural response of 210
Pressure vessels
concrete x
use ix
Principal stresses 487
Principle of virtual work 326, 328
Radial deflection 86
of curved pipe 321
of spherical shell 249
Radial displacement 77
Radial force 247
distributed along generator 227-30
Radial line load 229
Radial load 238,245
applied along circumferential arc
233-5
Radial pressure, potential due to 424
Radial strain, spatial variation with time
538
Radial stress 552
spatial variation with time 538
Radial surface loading 247
Radial thrust loading 250
Ramp loading, response to 518
Rayleigh-Ritz method 211,391
Rectangular loading areas on cylindrical
shells 235-48
Reinforcement
arrays of holes with 572-6
INDEX
conical 140
effect of 572
full strength, of cut out in cylindrical
shell 142
local 253
of hole in cylindrical vessel by means
of compact ring 142
of openings and nozzles in spherical
pressure vessels 137
ring 142-7
of branch in cylindrical vessel 150-1
Reinforcement factor 573
Residual stresses 68-70,120,121,481-4,
488,489,492,499,504
Response to ramp loading 518
Rigid-ideally plastic material 51,53
Rigid-plastic analysis 263, 490
Ring reinforcement 142-7
of branch in cylindrical vessel 150-1
Ring-stiffened cylinder
axisymmetric behaviour 411
derivation of energy expressions and
boundary conditions 414-30
of finite length, buckling of 441-55
of infinite length 430-1
buckling of 437-41
stress analysis 406-8
Ring-stiffened shell, stress analysis
408-10
Ring stiffeners
inter-stiffener deformation 451
local instability of 455-69
reinforcing efficiency of 455
ROSE, R. T. 267
Round-off errors 397
Runge-Kutta method 181, 398, 399
Sandwich shell, yield surface for 66
Scatter band 499
Schleicher functions 292, 303
Sealing devices, pressure-assisted 269
Secant modulus 491
Separation of variables 428
Shakedown analysis 2, 68-70
Shakedown criterion 157, 158
Shakedown pressure 118-27,157
 INDEX
Shakedown structure 69-70
Shakedown theorem 69
Shakedown values
for pressure loading 122
for thrust and moment loadings 123
Shallow cones 493
Shallow cylindrical shell, governing
equations for 113
Shallow shell deflection 256-7
Shallow shell equations 251,255
Shallow shell equilibrium equations 28,
137
Shallow spherical shell equations 27-31
Shallow spherical shell of constant thick-
ness subject to forces and moments
uniformly distributed along
parallel circle 29-30
Shape imperfections 469, 492, 499
Shear, uniform applied 562
Shear force 19, 133
Shear force components 360
Shear loading
maximum principal stress in sphere
for 103
stress concentration factor due to
102-3
Shear modulus 565
Shear strain 13, 15, 417, 461
Shear stress 552
Shear stress resultant 9
Shell cap, equilibrium of 80
Shell deformation/stiffener deformation
ratio 446
Shell opening parameter 576
Shell theories 89
Shells
boundary of 18
of different geometry, junction of
44-50
ring-stiffened, stress analysis 408-10
subjected to internal presssure 107
Shells of revolution 8-27
bending and edge bending solutions for
19-27
compatibility conditions at junction of
two 21
displacements in 13-14
589
elastic analysis of 15-17
equation of equilibrium of 9-11
geometry of 8
membrane solutions for 17-19
rotationally symmetric loading 20
strains in 13-14
yield surface for 63-66
Simplified asymptotic solutions 85
Simpson's rule 375
Skeletal point and variable loading
522-3
Skeletal point stress 521
Skeletal stress 523
Snap-through action 263
Sphere
edge bending solutions for 25
equilibrium equation for 24
homogeneous solution for 18
maximum principal stress in
for internal pressure 96, 97
for moment loading 103
for shear loading 103
nozzles in, elastic stress concentration
factors for 159
Spherical cap 25
Spherical crown 180
Spherical pressure vessels
reinforcement of openings and nozzles
in 137
with protruding nozzles, limit pressure
of 135
Spherical shell
displacements 92
elastic analysis of 75-87
equilibrium equations for 75
intersected by cylindrical nozzle,
stresses at junction of 74
local loads on 248-59
non-radial nozzle in, elastic analysis of
107-12
of variable thickness, asymptotic solu-
tions for 301
radial deflections of 249
radial nozzle in
elastic analysis of 87-106
limit analysis of 127^47
under external pressure 496
590
Standards ix, 157
Stationary solution 519-20
Stationary state, time to 548
Stationary stress, time to
variation with opening size for
unreinforced opening 549
variation with stress exponent 532
Steady-state analysis 516
Steady-state solution 518-19, 520
Stepwise integration 376, 378, 397-400
Stepwise methods 377
Stiffened cylinders
collapse between stiffeners 503
collapse pressure 586-96
with non-uniform stiffening 493
Stiffener flange
bending stresses 474-6
strain energy 461
stresses in 473
Stiffener tilting
bending stresses due to 476-8
externally pressurized vessels 476-8
Stiffeners
collapse of 456
strain energy of 420-3
see also Ring stiffeners
Stiffening, non-uniform 454
Stiffness coefficients 375, 377, 378
Strain component 416, 458, 459
Strain-concentration factors for unrein-
forced hole 112
Strain-displacement equations 29, 76
Strain-displacement relations 171
Strain energy 325-7, 337, 346, 417
of bending 420,461
of stiffeners 420-3
Strain hardening 135, 204
Strain hardening law 517, 520
Strain hardening material 386, 485
Strain increments 378
Strain potential energy 419
Strain rate
components of 53
plastic 55
Strains
in cylindrical shells 33
in shells of revolution 13-14
INDEX
Stress concentration factor
compound 576
due to internal pressure 30
due to moment and shear loading
102-3
due to thrust loading 100-2
effect of obliquity and reinforcement
ratio 110-11
elastic 158
for nozzle in cylinder 159
for nozzles in spheres 159
for externally pressurized vessels
504-5
for internal pressure 95-98
for local attachments 261-2
for nozzles 157, 159
for rigid elliptical inserts 108
for ring-stiffened shell 409
for square pattern of reinforced holes
575
for unreinforced holes 109, 566
Stress concentrations 225
Stress couples 113
Stress distribution 331
Stress factors 338
Stress function 29, 77, 83, 86, 107, 113,
552
complex 78, 108, 114
Stress increments 373, 378
Stress intensification factor 356, 361
Stress ratio 248
Stress redistribution-skeletal point
520-2
Stress relief 68
Stress resultants 9,15-17,21,31,35-37,
53, 64, 76, 77, 80, 82, 86, 95,138,
143, 151, 183, 200, 226, 230, 359,
360,374, 375, 381, 540
Stress-strain curves 50, 51
Stress-strain displacement relations
541, 555
Stress-strain relationship 86
Stress variation around shell (unrein-
forced opening) 548
Stresses
at junction of cylindrical shell intersect-
ed by radial cylindrical nozzle 74
 INDEX
Stresses (cont.)
at junction of spherical shell
intersected by non-radial cylindrical
nozzle 74
intersected by radial cylindrical
nozzle 74
due to discontinuity force 47
Stretching of plate containing small hole
526-39
Superposition 564-6
Superposition formula 564
Support brackets 223, 254
Surface hoop bending stress 347
Surface longitudinal bending stress 347
Tangent modulus 491
Tangent modulus-stiffness method 370,
371-9, 394
Tangential displacement 563
Tangential force 82
Tangential line loads 256
Tangential load distributed over rectan-
guiar area 241
Tangential loading components 77
Tangential resultant 38
Tangential strain, spatial variation with
time 538
Tangential stress
at hole edge, variation with time 532
at stationary state, variation with stress
exponent 536
spatial variation with stress exponent at
stationary state 538
spatial variation with time 538
Tangential surface loading 241
Taylor Forge method for flanged joints
275-83, 296, 297
Temperature, effect of 15
Temperature distribution 313
Thermal movements 318, 323
Thermal strains, method of 370, 380-6,
390
Thermal stresses 88
Thick shells 247,393
Thin shell equations 334
Thin shells 247
591
Three-shell junction 385
Thrust loading
maximum principal stress in sphere for
101-2
shakedown values 122-6
stress concentration factors due to
100-2
Time hardening law 517, 524
Time to stationary state 548
Torispheres, tests on 497, 500
Torispherical end 178-9, 194
Torispherical heads 185, 195, 378
Torsion 449
sign conventions 16
Torsional restraint 456
Torsional rigidity 436
Torus 181
Total displacement vector 91
Transition pieces 224, 252
Transition region 373
Trapezoidal rule 375
Tresca hexagon 64, 65
Tresca maximum shear stress criterion
158
Tresca yield criterion 55, 57, 62, 63, 67,
118,132,159,194,201,215,371
Tresca yield surface 386-7
Triangular distribution of load 239
Trigonometric series 334
Truncation errors 397
Tubular attachment 259
Tubular support 261
Twisting moment 10
Twists 13-14, 33
Uniform applied shear 562
Uniform circular cylinder, deformation of
406
Unreinforced hole see Holes
Upper bound solution 130, 132, 149
Upper bound theorem 52, 54, 131, 150,
387
Variable loading and skeletal point
522-3
592 INDEX
Virtual work, principle of 132, 326, 328 Yield point 487
Vlasov differential equations 448-9 Yield stress 487
von Mises differential equations 448-9 uniaxial 486-7
von Mises-Hencky criterion 55, 66, Yield surface 54, 132
215, 371, 390, 487, 496, 525 for cylindrical shell with rotationally
symmetric loading 55-63
for reinforcement 138
Warping 449 for sandwich shell 66
Web buckling 465 for shell of revolution 63-66
Welding 481, 488-9, 494 one- and two-moment limited inter-
Work-hardening material 372 action 66
Yielding 50, 484, 485, 488, 503
progressive 379
Yield condition equation 138 Young's modulus 372, 484, 485, 491,
Yield criterion 53, 55, 57, 59-63, 66, 561, 565, 567
118, 120, 132, 134, 142, 144, 146,
151, 159, 371, 487