Index

Note: Page number followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.

A pressure, 256–257
Accelerating flow, 374–378, 382–383, 684, 686f , 688f , 692 shear stress, 256
Adams–Bashforth method, 562–568, 567f temperature, 256
Adams–Moulton formula, 500 velocity, 255–256
Adams–Moulton method, 565t, 568–572 Brien, Ben, and van den Brule curvature method.
Advancing contact angle, 430, 431 See Sessile drops
Aerostatics, 315–317 Brownian motion, 128
Amine-based cationic surfactants, 436 Buoyancy forces, 317
Amphoteric surfactants. See Zwitterionic surfactants Burgers’ equation, 680
Anionic surfactants, 431
carboxylic acids, 434–435 C
sulfonic acids, 435–436 Calculus tricks
Artificial compressibility method, 702–703 curvature, 48–49
Aspect ratio, 263 denominators containing sums, 48
Atom, 93 infinitesimal changes, 49–50
Atomic scale variable and derivative, 48
gases, 244 Capillarity
liquids, 244 length, 446–447
phase changes, 244–245 measurement by, 459
plasmas, 245 meniscus formation, 447–451
solids, 243–244 pressure, 445–446
Average flow velocity, 333–334 Capillary heights, 446
Avogadro constant, 96 normalized, 446–447
Axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA), 493 Capillary length
capillary number, 447
B meniscus depth, 447
Backward Euler method, 555–559, 556f , 558f , 681 negative capillary pressure, 447
Backward finite distance, 60, 551–552, 559–560 normalized capillary heights, 446–447, 446f
Balanced rectangular function, 411 Capillary number, 261–262, 447
Fourier series expansion, 411–413 Capillary pressure, 445–446, 445f
Balance of momentum negative, 447
frictionless flow field, 277–278 Cartesian coordinates, 147, 154, 303, 312
Stokes’ friction approach, 278–280 Cartesian/cylindrical coordinates conversion,
Balancing viscous dissipation, 358 148–150
Bashforth–Adams schemes, 499 coordinate system transformation, 148–150
Bashforth and Adams curvature method, 480–481 Jacobian matrix, 157–159
Basis functions, FEM, 658–660 Cartesian/polar coordinates conversion, 150
Bernoulli equation, 283, 311–312 coordinate system transformation, 150
Bessel function, 381, 382 Jacobian matrix, 159
modified, 38–39 Cartesian/spherical coordinates conversion,
roots of, 39–40 151–154
standard, 35–38 coordinate system transformation, 151–154
Bilayer and micelle formation, 432–434 Jacobian matrix, 159–160
Bingham fluids, 250 Cationic surfactants, 431, 436
Bioaccumulation, 435, 442 Central finite difference, 59, 712
Biochemical passivation, 441 Central finite distance scheme, 561–562
Blast furnace process, 111 Central processing unit (CPU), 4
Boltzmann constant, 100 CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
Boundary condition (BC), 29–30, 85, 255–257 Chain rule, 27–28
finite difference method in Microsoft Excel, 627–629 Characteristic polynomial
Neumann, 628–629, 629f , 645 complex roots, 196–197
nonperiodic, 619–620 recurring complex roots, 197–198
nonzero Dirichlet, 628, 628f recurring roots, 196
one-dimensional heat equation, 645 Chebyshev differential equation, 620
periodic, 619 Chebyshev polynomial, 619–620, 620f

755
756 Index

Circular cross-sections Cartesian/polar coordinates conversion, 150

average flow velocity, 333–334 Cartesian/spherical coordinates conversion,
Darcy friction factor, 334–335 151–154
Euler equation, 329–332 CoreFunctions.txt, 17–19, 514, 534
force balance approach, 332–333 Correction factor α, 362–363
hydraulic diameter, 335 circular cross-sections, 362, 365
Circular flow tube elliptical cross-sections, 362–364
Bernoulli equation, 311–312 planar infinitesimally extended cross-sections,
energy conservation, 312 362, 365
Euler equation, 311–313 rectangular cross-sections, 363, 365–366
mass conservation, 309 square cross-sections, 363, 366
momentum conservation, 310 Cosine function, 31
C language Cosine series
SOR implementation in, 601–603 in one dimension, 72–74
SOR solver in, 605f in two dimensions, 74
Classical LU-decomposition, 525 Couette flow, 317–318, 605, 606f
Closed integral, 147 derivation, 318
Colebrook-White equation, 335 flow rate, 318
Compactness factor C, 363–367 shear stress profile, 318
Compressible continuity equation, 303–306 Cramer’s rule, 501, 504–505
Compressible fluids, 316–317 Crank–Nicolson method, 560–561, 562f
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 609 Critically-damped oscillation, 203, 577–578, 579f
Computation machines, 499, 517 Critical micelle concentration (CMC), 432, 438
Concentration jump, 45 Critical micelle temperature (CMT), 432
Cone/plate viscosimeter, 252–253, 252f Critical shear stress, 243, 244f
Conservative form notation, 633–634 Critical surface tension, 463
Conservative notation, integral form of Cross-section hydraulic resistance, 361–362
derivation, 634 Curl
integration, 635 cylindrical coordinates, 163–166
interpretation, 636 spherical coordinates, 176–181
right-hand side terms, 635–636 Curl-free vector fields, 140
volume-averaged conservative form, 636 Cylindrical coordinates, 147, 154–155,
Contact angle, 425–427, 425f 304–305, 394
dynamic, 430–431, 431f curl, 163–166
hysteresis, 430 divergence, 161–163
microscope, 430 gradient, 160–161
static, 430 material derivative, 168–170
Continuity equation, 309 scalar Laplacian, 166
flowrate, 268–269 vector Laplacian, 166–167
flow velocity, 268
geometry, 268 D
mass and volume flow, 268 Damped harmonic oscillation, 576, 576f
Continuum hypothesis, 246–247 Dampening property, 86
Control volume, 99, 245–248 Darcy friction factor, 334–335
continuum hypothesis, 246–247 Darcy-Weisbach equation, 334
Lennard-Jones potential, 245–246 Debye and Keesom interaction, 463
10 nm edge length Decelerating flow, 377, 378, 383, 679
dense and dilute gases, 247–248 Decelerating Poiseuille flow, 372
gas molecules, 247 de /ds method, 492
water molecules, 247 del Río and Neumann curvature method.
Convection constant, pressure for, 717 See Pendant drops
Convection-diffusion equation, 270–271, 408 Delta function
Taylor–Aris dispersion, 401–405 Fourier series of, 41–42
Convergence, series Fourier transformation of, 43
ratio test, 51 mathematical treatment, 40–41
root test, 51 shifting, 42–43
Convergence value, 51, 52 two-dimensional, 43
Convergent series, 51 usage, 40
Convolution property, 82 Denominator factor, 716
Coordinate systems, 336–337, 337f Dense gases, 247–248
Cartesian coordinates, 303 Density, 98
cylindrical coordinates, 304–305 Dependent variable, 22
polar coordinates, 305–306 Detergents, 441–442
spherical coordinates, 306–308 Differential calculus
Coordinate system transformation, 312–313, 405, 406, chain rule, 27–28
409–410 integration by parts, 28
Cartesian/cylindrical coordinates conversion, 148–150 product rule, 27
 Index 757

Differential equation, 22–24 Dimensionless volume forces, 288

classification, 194 Dirichlet boundary conditions, 29, 214–217, 220t
diffusion equation, 190 Discontinuities, 66
Fourier transform, 224–230 Discretization, 636–637
for Hagen-Poiseuille flow, 615f finite element method, 655–656, 655f
harmonic oscillation ODE, Laplace transform for, finite volume method, 636–637
200–204 Dispersion
heat conduction, 190 on moving fluid plug, 401–402, 402f
Helmholtz equation, 194 relation, 474–475
Laplace equation, 193–194 on static fluid plug, 401, 401f
Laplace transform, 230–235 Dissipation coefficient, 300
linear differential equations with nonconstant coefficients, Divergence
198–200 cylindrical coordinates, 161–163
ordinary differential equations, solutions to, 194–198 spherical coordinates, 173–176
partial differential equations, solutions to, 205–213 Divergence-free vector fields, 140
Poisson equation, 192 Divergence theorem. See Gauss’s theorem
time-dependent diffusion equation, in three dimensions, Divergent Navier-Stokes equation, 705–707
238–240 Dominating effects, 243
transport equation, 189 Dot product, 138
two-dimensional partial differential equations, Droplet microfluidics, 441
235–238 Drop-shape analysis, 492–493
variables approaches, substitution and separation of, Drop-weight method, 454–455, 455f
214–219 Duality theorem, 82
wave equation, 190–192 du Noüy ring, 453
Differentials, 25–26 Dynamically linked library (DLL), 20
Differentiation property, 82 Dynamic contact angle measurement,
Diffusion 430–431
convection and, 134 Dynamic surface tension, 457
Fick’s first law, 132–134, 134f , 134t Dynamic viscosity, 249–250
Fick’s second law, 134
mass conservation, 131–132, 132f E
visualization, 128–131, 130f , 131f Eckert number, 259
Diffusion equation, 190 Educt, 97
Digital diffusion experiment, 130, 131f Effective diffusion coefficient, 408–409, 416
Digital microfluidics, 441 Eigenfunctions, 211–212
Dilatant fluids, 250–251 Eigenvalue, 77, 80, 211–212, 381–382
Dilute gases, 247–248 Electron, 93
Dilution factor, 247 Elementary Maple commands
Dimensional analysis assignment, 9
for diffusion and convection, 289 built-in functions, 10
dimensionless Navier-Stokes equation, 284–285 command termination, 9
Froude number, 288 comments, 11
Reynolds number, 285–288 equations, 10
scaled variables, 283–284 function display, 12
Dimensionless analysis, 405 function read, 11
Dimensionless convection-diffusion equation, 289 function restart, 11
Dimensionless Navier-Stokes equation, 284–285 functions, 10
Dimensionless numbers, 257–264, 258t function sprintf, 13
aspect ratio, 263 function typeset, 11
capillary number, 261–262 function with, 12
Eckert number, 259 plotting, 11
Eötvös/Bond number, 261 vectors and matrices, 10–11
Froude number, 262 working with units, 13
Knudsen number, 257–259 Elliptical and circular profiles
Lewis number, 260 analytical solution, 323–324
Mach number, 257 flow rate for circular cross-sections, 325
Marangoni number, 262 flow rate for elliptical cross-sections,
Ohnesorge number, 262 324–325
Péclet number, 260–261 velocity profile for circular cross-sections, 325
Prandtl number, 259 velocity profile for elliptical cross-sections, 324
Reynolds number, 261 visualization, 325–326
Schmidt number, 259–260 Emulsification, 434, 440
Weber number, 262 Emulsion formation, 434, 441
Dimensionless velocity profiles, 377–379, 383 Energy, conservation of
accelerating flow, 378 balance of contributions, 296–300
decelerating flow, 378 by convection, 292–293
visualization, 378–379 heat flow
758 Index

Energy, conservation of (Continued) Eulerian frame of reference, 266, 266f , 291

by conduction, 293–294 Euler’s formula, 35
by volume effects, 295 Euler’s method, ODE, 549–555, 552f , 554f , 554t, 556f
state, thermodynamic equation of, 300–301 Even expansion, 230
work flow Exponential function, 76
by boundary forces, 294–295 Extended Fowkes model, 462
by volume forces, 295–296
Engineering mathematics F
Bessel functions Falling ball viscosimeter, 252f , 253
modified, 38–39 Falling fluid jet, 467–468, 470
roots of, 39 Fast numerical solver, 498–499
standard, 35–38 Fast radial diffusion, 407
calculus tricks FDM. See Finite difference method (FDM)
curvature, 48–49 FEM. See Finite element method (FEM)
denominators containing sums, 48 Field variables, 265
infinitesimal changes, 49–50 File Core.txt
variable and derivative, 48 buildestimation, 14–17
delta function, 39–43 extracttoplot, 14
differential equations includes, 14
boiled egg, 23 plotode, 17
boundary conditions (BC), 29–30 quickplot, 14
degree of, 23 quickplot3d, 14
differential calculus, important rules in, 27–28 Finite difference method (FDM), 609, 623–624, 679
differential equations, systems of, 30 in Microsoft Excel, 624–631
differentials, 25–27 alternative use of the spreadsheet, 629–631
functions, 21–22 boundary conditions, 627–629
homogeneous and inhomogeneous, 24 derivation, 624–625
initial values, 30 different profiles, 629
obtaining, 24 numerical scheme implementation, 626–627
ordinary and partial, 24–25 spreadsheet preparation, 625–626
solving, 24 Finite-difference scheme, 663
error function, 47 Finite element method (FEM), 609, 624, 655
heaviside function, 43–46 approximation functions in, 659f
signum function, 46–47 basis functions, 658–660
trigonometric equivalences discretization, 655–656, 655f
conversion from cosine, 34 hat functions, 659, 659f
conversion from cotangent, 34 Lagrangian coordinates, 656–658, 656f
conversion from sine, 34 pyramid functions, 659
conversion from tangent, 34 Finite element method (FEM)-Galerkin method,
conversions for half-angles, 34 659–660
Euler’s formula, 35 Finite volume method (FVM), 609, 624, 633
inverse functions, 33 discretization, 636–637
Pythagorean theorem, 33 function reconstruction, 637–644, 638f
trigonometric functions Flow channel geometries, 359–361
cosine, 31 Flow rate, 627
derivatives, 32–33 Flow tubes, 268
hyperbolic cosine, 32 Fluid effects, at interfaces
hyperbolic sine, 32 contact angle, 425–427
hyperbolic tangent, 32 free surface energy, 421–423, 421f , 422t, 423f
sine, 31 surface tension, 423–425, 423t
tangent, 32 temperature dependency, 424
ENO reconstruction. See Essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) Young-Laplace pressure, 427–430
reconstruction Fluid friction, 248
Entrance effects, 393–399, 679 Fluid jets, 468–470, 468f , 470f
interpretation, 398 characteristic breakup time, 476
Navier-Stokes equation, 394–395 Plateau–Rayleigh instability on, 467–468, 470
separation variables, 395–397 standing waves on, 475–476
substitution variables, 395–397 Fluid mechanical effects, 445, 446
transient solution, 397–398 Fluids
Eötvös/Bond number, 261 boundary conditions, 255–257
Equivalent circuit theory, 367–370 control volumes, 245–248
parallel connection, 369–370 critical shear stress, 243
serial connection, 369 dimensionless numbers, 257–264
Equivalent molar concentration, 98 dominating effects, 243
Error function, 47 heat transport, 254–255
Essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) reconstruction, 640 mass transport, 255
Euler equation, 311–313, 329–332 momentum transport, 248–256
 Index 759

properties, 248 Function approximation methods, 590–593

scaling law, 243 Function reconstruction, FVM, 637–644, 638f
Fluids, atomic scale determining the constants ci , 638
gases, 244 piecewise-constant profile, 639–640
liquids, 244 piecewise-linear profile, 640–641
phase changes, 244–245 piecewise-parabolic profile, 641–642
plasmas, 245 g , 638–639
usage of e
solids, 243–244 WENO schemes, 642–644
Fluorinated anionic surfactants, 435 Fused deposition modeling (FDM), 624
Fluorinated surfactants, 435 FVM. See Finite volume method (FVM)
Fluorination, 424
Flux theorem. See Stoke’s theorem G
Force balance approach Galerkin method, 609
analytical solution, 333 algorithmic implementation, 619
derivation, 332–333
example, 612–614
Formula translating system (FORTRAN), 492
Maple worksheet, 614–615
Forward Euler scheme, 680–681
multiple independent variables, 615–618
Forward finite distance approximation, 60
systems of differential equations, 618–619
Fourier-Bessel series, 77–80, 382, 384f , 397
weighting function, 611
Fourier expansion, 68–77
Gamma function, 37, 38
cosine series, 72–74
Gases, 244, 244f
sine series, 69–72
Gas pressure, 102–103
Fourier series, 374–375
Gauβ-Jordan elimination, 501–503
Bessel series, 77–80
Gauβ-Jordan inversion, 505–507
building, 63–68
Gauβ-Seidel method, 512–513
delta function, 41–42
Gauss’s theorem, 143–144, 193, 270, 633
heaviside function, 45–46
Geometric hydraulic resistance, 361
nonperiodic functions, 68–77
Gibbs free energy
Fourier’s law, 254–255, 293
for electrochemical reactions, 118
Fourier’s law, heat conduction
free standard enthalpy, 118–119, 119t
heat flows, balance of, 127
interpretation of, 120–121
instationary heat conduction, 128
pressure dependency of, 123–124
in one dimension, 125–126, 125f , 126t
temperature dependency of, 121–122
stationary heat conduction, 127
Gibbs–Helmholtz equation, 122
in three dimensions, 126–127
Gibbs phenomenon, 64–65
Fourier transform
Global positioning system (GPS), 538
definition, 81
Global truncation error, 564
one-dimensional diffusion equation, 224–230
Gradient
pairs, 84
cylindrical coordinates, 160–161
properties, 82–83
spherical coordinates, 171–173
Fourier transformation
Gravity-driven flow, 318–320
application, 85
Gravity forces, 310
delta function, 43
Green’s function, 227–228
heaviside function, 46
Green’s theorem, 145, 649–650
Fowkes model, 460–461, 461t
free surface energy, 462
OCG model, 463 H
Frame of reference Hagen-Poiseuille flow, 78, 320, 329–335, 329f , 371, 372f , 402,
Eulerian, 266, 266f 409, 414, 605, 606f , 612, 615f , 629, 687
Lagrangian, 266–267, 266f Hagen-Poiseuille law, 253, 255f , 359
Free surface boundary condition, 256 Half-wave sine function, 222, 223f
Free-surface condition, 29 overtones, 222–224, 225f
Free surface energy, 421, 459–460 Hat functions, 659, 659f , 661, 666
estimation of, 422–423 Heat conduction equation, 190
extended Fowkes model, 462 Heat equation, one-dimensional, 634, 644–648, 645f
Fowkes model, 460–462 Heat transfer, 124–125
low and high, 422 Heat transport, 254–255, 255f
Marangoni effect, 442 Heaviside function, 228–229
OCG model, 463 Fourier series of, 45–46
OWRK model, 462 Fourier transformation, 46
Wu model, 462 usage, 45
Zisman extrapolation, 463–464, 463f , 464t Helmholtz equation, 194
Friction forces, 310 Hess’s Law, 111
Frictionless flow field, 277–278 High free surface energy, 422, 442
Froude number, 262, 288, 288f High-level languages, 601
Full pivoting, 515 Homogeneous differential equations, 24
Fully developed flow profile, 266 Homogeneous solution, 195–196
760 Index

H×W Meshes, general rule for, 597 numerical stability, 511–512

Hydraulic diameter, 335 special matrices, 508–509
Hydraulic resistance, 368–369 Joule-Lenz heating, 368
equivalent circuit theory, 367–370 Jurin height. See Capillary heights
flow channel geometries, 359–361
pressure drop, 351, 360–361 K
pressure loss, 351, 359 Killer application, 5
simplification approaches, 361–367 Kinematic boundary condition, 473
viscous dissipation, 351–358 Kinematic viscosity, 251–252
Hydrophilic surface, 425–426 Kinetic energy, 103, 352
Hydrostatics, 315–317 Knudsen number, 257–259
Hyperbolic cosine function, 32, 337
Hyperbolic sine function, 32 L
Hyperbolic tangent function, 32 Lagrangian coordinates, 656–658, 656f
Lagrangian frame of reference, 266–267, 266f , 282
Laminar and turbulent flow, 285–288, 286f
I Laminar Hagen-Poiseuille flow, 334
Ideal gas, 110
Langmuir–Blodgett film, 433
definition, 100–101
Laplace constant, for velocities, 717
gas pressure, 102–103
Laplace equation, 192–194, 335–348, 604
kinetic energy, 103
Laplace operators, 635–636, 660
Maxwell speed distribution, 106–108
Laplace transform
mean free path, 101–102
application, 91–92
one-dimensional velocity probability distribution, 104–106
definition, 85
Idealized thermodynamic processes, 108
for harmonic oscillation ODE, 200–204
Immiscible flow, 429
one-dimensional wave and heat equations, 230–235, 233f ,
Incompressible continuity equation, 303–306
234f
Incompressible flow, 266
pairs, 87–91
Incompressible fluids, 315–316
properties, 86–87
Incompressible Newtonian fluids, 280–282
Leibniz integral rule, 91
Independent variable, 21–22
Length scales, 3
Infinitesimal negative change, 59
Lennard-Jones potential, 245–246, 245f , 246t
Infinitesimal positive change, 59
Lewis number, 260
Inhomogeneous differential equations, 24
Lifshitz/Van der Waals contribution, 463
Inhomogeneous partial differential equations, 239
Limited plane diffusion, 228–229, 229f
Inhomogeneous solution, 196
Limited point diffusion, 227–228, 228f
Initial boundary value problem (IBVP), 30
Linear differential equations
Initial value problem (IVP), 30
constant coefficients, 195–198
Initial values (IV), 30
nonconstant coefficients, 198–200
Initiating Poiseuille flows, 372
Linear systems, of equations, 500, 537
Inkjet printing, 4
Cramer’s rule, 501, 504–505
Instationary flows, 706–707, 712–715
Gauβ-Jordan elimination, 501–503
Integrated circuit technology, 4
Gauβ-Jordan inversion, 505–507
Integrated development environment (IDE), 20
Gauβ-Seidel method, 512–513
Integrated gas chromatography, 4
Jacobi method, 508–512
Integration, by parts, 28
LU-decomposition, 517–525
Integration factor, 198–199
sequential dense LU-decomposition, 525–530
Interface stabilization, 441
SOR, 513–517
Intermolecular forces, 421, 424, 426 substitution, 530–531
Interpretation, 398 tridiagonal matrix algorithm (Thomas algorithm), 531–534
Inverse functions, 33 Liquid/gas interface, 441
Ion, 93 Liquids, 244, 244f
Ionic surfactants, 432 Liquids, surface tension measurement of
Ionization energy, 93 capillarity measurement, 459
Iterative scheme, 542, 544, 553 drop-weight method, 454–455, 455f
du Noüy ring, 453
J maximum bubble pressure method, 456–457, 456f
Jacobian determinant, 158, 160 pendant drop analysis, 455–456
Jacobian matrix spinning-drop method, 457–459, 457f
Cartesian/cylindrical coordinates conversion, Wilhelmy plate method, 453–454, 454f
157–159 Localized support function, 659, 660
Cartesian/polar coordinates conversion, 159 Local truncation error, 564
Cartesian/spherical coordinates conversion, 159–160 Long range navigation (LORAN) system, 537–541,
definition and usage, 157 546–548
Jacobi method, 508–512 Loschmidt number, 101
iterative scheme, 508–510 Low free surface energy, 422
Maple worksheet, 510–511 Low-level languages, 601
 Index 761

LU-decomposition, 517–518 analytical applications, 4–5

calculation pattern, 519–520 commercial aspects, 5
derivation, 518–519 definition, 3
Maple worksheet, 521–522 inkjet printing, 4
performing, 599 integrated circuit technology, 4
pivoting, 523–524 microfluidics today, 5
procedure, 520–521 Microoptoelectromechanical system (MOEMS), 3
sequential dense, 596–598 Microsoft Excel, finite difference method (FDM) in,
substitution, 522–523 624–631
Miniaturized total analysis systems (µTAS), 4
M Minimal surfaces, 429
Mach number, 257 Modified Bessel functions, 38–39
Maple, 65 Modulation property, 82
CoreFunctions.txt, 17–19 Molality, 98
Core.txt, 14–17 Molar concentration, 97
elementary Maple commands, 9–13 Molar volume, 101
NeptunLib, 20 Molecular weights, 96
Maple helper function Mole fraction, 98
matrix evaluation, 543 Momentum, conservation of
matrix/vector multiplication, 542–543 balance of, 276–280
vector evaluation, 543–544 control volume, transfer into and out of, 273
Maple listing, 56–58, 66–68 dimensional analysis, 283–289
Maple worksheet, 342, 379, 384, 390, 414–416, by in-and outflowing mass, 273–275, 274f
598–599 Navier-Stokes equation, 280–282
Galerkin method, 614–615 by shear forces, 275, 275f
one-dimensional example, 665–666 by volume forces, 276
two-dimensional example, 672–677 Momentum equation, 701, 703, 707–710,
Marangoni effect 712–713
surfactants, 442–443, 442f , 443f Momentum transport, 248–256, 250f , 252f
tears of wine, 443 Bingham fluids, 250
temperature, 442 Dilatant fluids, 250–251
Marangoni number, 262 dynamic viscosity, 249–250
Mass balance, 269–270, 269f kinematic viscosity, 251–252
Mass concentration, 97 Newtonian fluids, 250
Mass concentration function, 402–403 plastic fluids, 251
Mass, conservation of, 309, 701 pseudo-plastic fluids, 251
continuity equation, 268–269 time-dependent viscosity, 251
convection-diffusion equation, 270–271 viscosimeters, 252–254
flowrate, integral representation, 269
fluid flow, in bulk, 265–268 N
Gauss’s theorem, 270 Nabla operator, 139, 281–282, 635, 660
mass balance, 269–270 Navier-Stokes equation, 24, 303–308, 310, 312, 338–339, 352,
Mass fraction, 98 371, 373, 379–380, 471, 498, 609, 679–680, 693–694, 701,
Mass transfer, 125 705–707
Mass transport, 255 aerostatics, 315–317
Material derivative, 304 for circular cross-section, 585–586
Matrix, 10 gravity-driven flow, 318–320
Matrix notation, 138 hydrostatics, 315–317
Maximum bubble pressure method, 456–457 Poiseuille flows, 320–321
Maxwell speed distribution pressure-driven flow, 320–321
mean free velocity, 107 shear force-driven flow, 317–318
partial pressure, 108 Navier-Stokes equation, for incompressible newtonian fluids
viscosity, 107 Lagrangian frame of reference, 282
Mean free path, 101–102 Nabla operator, 281–282
Mean square velocity, 103 NeptunLib
Meniscus contours, 450–451, 451f compiler options, 20
Meniscus depth, 447 linker options, 20
Meniscus formation, 447–448, 447f Neumann boundary condition, 29–30, 217–218, 220t, 628–629,
contours, 450–451 645
linearization, 448–450 Neutron, 93
surface curvature, 448 Newtonian fluids, 250, 311
Mercury drop contours, 485–486, 490–491 Newtonian movement, 128
Micelle formation, 432–434 Newton’s method, 537, 546t–547t
reaction compartments, 441 derivation, 540
Microelectromechanical system (MEMS), 3 finite difference, 540–541
Microfluidic channel, 401, 402, 405, 409 iterative scheme, 542
Microfluidics listing for, 544–546
762 Index

Newton’s method (Continued) vector field potentials, 142

nonlinear systems, 537 vector Laplacian, 141
quasi-Newton method, 541 via curl and divergence, 141–142
Non-ionic surfactants, 438–440 vector multiplication, 140
Nonlinear ODE, 558–559, 559f Ordinary differential equation (ODE), 24, 85, 601
Nonperiodic boundary condition, 619–620 linear differential equations
Nonperiodic functions constant coefficients, 195–198
Fourier expansion, 68–77 nonconstant coefficients, 198–200
period length, 68 variables and partial integration, separation of, 194–195
Nonzero Dirichlet boundary conditions, 628 Oscillating piston viscosimeter, 252f , 253
Normalized capillary heights, 446–447 Ostwald approximation, 250
Normalized hydraulic resistance, 359–361 Ostwald viscosimeter, 253–254, 254f
No-slip boundary condition, 255–256, 256f , 260 Overdamped oscillation, 202–203, 576–577, 579f
Numerical methods, for solving differential equations Owens, Wendt, Rabel, and Kaelble (OWRK) model, 462
Adams–Bashforth methods, 562–568
Adams–Moulton methods, 568–572 P
backward Euler method, 555–559 Parasitic solutions, 555
central finite distance scheme, 561–562 Parseval’s theorem, 82
coupled ordinary differential equations, 575–585 Partial differential equation (PDE), 25, 85, 194, 270, 601
Crank–Nicolson method, 560–561 Partial fraction expansion, 200–202, 201t
Euler’s method, 549–555 Partial pivoting, 515–517, 523–524, 529
forward and backward finite distance, 559–560 Particle trajectory, 267, 268f
function approximation methods, 590–593 Particular solution, 195–196
higher-order ordinary differential equations, 575–585 PDE. See Partial differential equation (PDE)
infinitesimal changes, 549 Péclet number, 260–261
ordinary differential equations with boundary conditions, Pendant drop analysis, 465
585–590 de /ds method, 455–456, 456f
Runge–Kutta methods, 572–575 Pendant drops
Numerical solution derivation, 486–487, 487f
advantages and disadvantages, 497–498 numerical solution, 487–491, 488f , 490f , 491f
concepts in, 498–499 Perfect gas, 110
historical overview, 499–500 Periodic boundary condition, 619
linear systems, 500–534 Periodicity, 71
Maple function, 541–544 Periodic table
Newton’s method, 568–570 element, 93–94
nonlinear systems, of equations, 537, 539f group, 95
Numerical solver, 725–743 nuclide, 95
period, 95
O Period length, 68
OCG model. See van Oss, Chaudhury, and Good (OCG) model Permutating LU-decomposition (PLU), 523
Odd expansion, 229 Phase changes, 244–245
ODE. See Ordinary differential equation (ODE) Phospholipids, 432
Ohm’s law, 368 Physical drop contour vs. derived drop contours,
Ohnesorge number, 262, 476–477 491–492, 492f
Oleophilic surface, 425–426 Planar infinitesimally extended channel cross-sections
One-dimensional diffusion, 190 derivation, 326–327
One-dimensional example, flow in infinitesimally extended flow rate, 328
channels shear stress profile, 328
general notation, 667–668 velocity profile, 327
hat functions, 661 visualization, 328–329
integration, 661–662 Plasmas, 245
Maple worksheet, 665–666 Plastic fluids, 251
matrix notation, 662–665 Plateau–Rayleigh instability
problem definition, 661 applicability of, 476–477, 476f , 477f
One-dimensional heat conduction, 190 characteristic breakup time, 476
One-dimensional heat equation, 207–213, 211f , 213f , 634, fluid jets, 468–470
644–648, 645f instability, 470–475, 471f , 475f
implementing the scheme using Microsoft Excel, 647–648, stability considerations, 467
647f , 648f standing waves on, 475, 475f
One-dimensional velocity probability distribution, 104–106 Plate/plate viscosimeter, 252, 252f
Operators Point notation, 137
cross product, 140 Poiseuille flow, 320–321, 595
Laplace, 140 Reynolds numbers in, 286–287
material derivative, 142 Poiseuille flow problems
nabla, 139 circular cross-sections, 329–335
scalar Laplacian, 141 elliptical and circular profiles,
scalar multiplication, 139–140 323–326
 Index 763

planar infinitesimally extended channel cross-sections, Rolling ball viscosimeter, 252f , 253
326–329 Root-mean-square position, 237–238
rectangular cross-sections, 335–348 Root test, 51
Poisson equation, 192, 321, 335–348, 595–599 Rotating piston viscosimeter, 252f , 253
Maple worksheet, 598–599 Rule of Sarrus, 504
sequential dense LU-decomposition, 596–598 Runge–Kutta methods, 500, 572–575, 573t, 575f
simple 4 × 4 mesh, 596, 596f
spreadsheet for solving, 625f , 627f , 628f S
two-dimensional, 617–618, 618f Saponification, 434–435
Poisson equation using SOR, 600–606 Scalar Laplacian
applying the solver, 605, 606f cylindrical coordinates, 166
calling SolvePoissonSOR from Maple, 603–604 operators, 141
Polar coordinates, 147, 155, 170, 305–306 spherical coordinates, 181
Polysorbate surfactants, 440 Scalar product, 138
Prandtl number, 259, 260t Scalar quantities, 137
Predictor-corrector methods, 500, 568–572 Scalars and vectors
Pressure, 256–257 operators, 139–142
convection constant for, 717 vector operations, 138
volume force constant for, 717 Scaled lengths, 284
Pressure constant, for pressure, 717 Scaled operators, 284
Pressure dependency, 111 Scaled pressure, 283–284
Pressure-driven flow, 320–321 Scaled time, 284
Pressure drop, 351, 360–361 Scaled velocity, 283
Pressure forces, 310 Scaling law, 243
Pressure gradient, 304, 715 Schmidt number, 251–252, 259–260, 260t
in velocities, 716 Semiimplicit method for pressure-linked equations (SIMPLE)
Pressure, in bubbles, 430 algorithm, 610, 703–705
Pressure loss, 351, 359 Separation variables, 395–397
Pressure-Poisson equation, 710–715 Sequential dense LU-decomposition, 525–526,
Pressure recovery 596–598
artificial compressibility method, 702–703 derivation, 526–528
divergent Navier-Stokes equation, 705–707 Maple worksheet, 529
problem with incompressible fluids, 702 pivoting, 529–530
SIMPLE algorithm, 703–705 substitution, 530–531
Product rule, 27 Series
Proton, 93 convergence, 51
Pseudo-plastic fluids, 251 definition, 51
Pulse function, 207, 207f Fourier series, 62–80
Pyramid functions, 659, 670f Taylor series, 53–61
Pyranoside surfactant, 440 Sessile drops
Pythagorean theorem, 33 derivation, 481–482
glass surface, 484, 485f
numerical solution, 482–486
Q numerics, 493
Quasi-Newton method, 541
Shear force-driven flow, 317–318
Shear stress, 256
R Shear-thickening fluids. See Dilatant fluids
Radial average mass concentration, 403 Shear-thinning fluids. See Pseudo-plastic fluids
Radial diffusion, 407 Shift property, 82
Radial mass concentration, 403–405, 407 Shooting method
Ratio test, 51 boundary value, 586–587
Reactant, 97 implementation, 587–588
Reaction enthalpy, 110–111 pendant drop revisited, 588–590
Receding contact angle, 430–431 rationale, 587
Reconstruction stencil, 640 speeding up, 590
Rectangular cross-sections, 385–393 Signum function, 46–47
flow rate, 344–348 SIMPLE algorithm. See Semiimplicit method for pressure-linked
Naive approach, 336 equations (SIMPLE) algorithm
single λ approach, 336–340 Sinc function
substitution and separation of variables, 336 normalized, 84
two λ approach, 340–342 unnormalized, 84
Reversible processes, 108 Sine function, 31
Reynolds’ dye flow experiment, 286, 287f Sine series
Reynolds number, 261, 285–288 in one dimension, 69–70
Reynolds’ transport theorem, 145–146 in two dimensions, 70–72
Riemann zeta function, 52 Sine wave function, 206, 206f
Robust numerical solver, 498–499 Single λ approach, 336–340
764 Index

Slip boundary condition, 256, 256f , 260 du Noüy ring, 453

Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis free surface energy, 459–464
(SDS-PAGE), 435 maximum bubble pressure method, 456–457
Solids, 243–244, 244f pendant drop analysis, 455–456
Solving for p, Taylor-Aris dispersion spinning-drop method, 457–459
coordinate system transformation, 405 Wilhelmy plate method, 453–454, 454f
fast radial diffusion assumption, 407 Surfactant
gradients along z-axis, 405 applications, 440–442, 440f
time-dependency, 405–407 chemical structure, 431–433, 431f –433f
SOR. See Successive over-relaxation (SOR) Marangoni effect, 442–443
Source-free vector fields, 140 types, 434–440, 434f –437f
Spectral methods, 619
example, 621 T
nonperiodic boundary condition, 619–620 Tangent function, 32
periodic boundary condition, 619 Tate’s law, 455
Spherical coordinates, 155–157, 306–308 Taylor-Aris dispersion
curl, 176–181 convection–diffusion equation, 401–405
divergence, 173–176 dispersion
gradient, 171–173 on moving fluid plug, 401–402
material derivative, 183–188 on static fluid plug, 401
scalar Laplacian, 181 example, 409–416
vector Laplacian, 181–183 mass concentration function, 402–403
Spherical coordinate system, 147 solution validity, 409
Spinning-drop method, 457–459 solving for p, 405–407
Square wave function, 63–65 Taylor series
Stabilization, of suspensions, 440 building, 53–56
Stable drops, 490–491 exponential function, 54–56
Stable numerical solver, 498–499 rationale, 54
Stalagmometer, 455 sine function, 56
Standard formation enthalpy, 111 finite changes
Static contact angle measurement, 430 central finite difference, 59
Stationary flow, 266, 706–712 forward and backward finite difference, 60
Stationary flow numerical solver implementation implications, 61
boundary values, 715–716 infinitesimal negative change, 59
constants, 716–717 infinitesimal positive change, 59
implementation, 718–725 second derivative, 60
structures, 717–718 finite changes as, 58–61
Steady-state solutions, 371–372, 374–375, 380–381 Maple listing, 56–58
Stencils, 640 Taylor series expansion, 54–56
WENO, 643–644 Temperature, 256
Stoichiometry, 97 Temperature dependency, 111
Stoke’ drag law, 132 Tensiometer. See Liquids, surface tension measurement of
Stokes drag, 253 Tensiometric method, 453
Stokes’ friction approach, 278–280 Thermal creep, 264, 442
Stoke’s theorem, 144 Thermodynamic potential, 120
Substitution variables, 395–397 Thermodynamic process, 99
Successive over-relaxation (SOR), 513–517 Thermodynamics, 99
constants, 716 control volume, 99
Poisson equation using, 600–606 density, 98
solver in C, 605f electrons, 93
Successive over-relaxation (SOR) implementation first law, 109–112
in C language, 601–603 heat and mass transfer, 124–134
disadvantages, 601 ideal gases
Sugar-based surfactants, 438–440 definition, 100–101
Surface active agent. See Surfactant gas pressure, 102–103
Surface free energy. See Free surface energy kinetic energy, 103
Surface integrals, 645–646 Maxwell speed distribution, 106–108
Surface tension, 3, 425f mean free path, 101–102
contact angle measurement, 430–431 one-dimensional velocity probability distribution, 104–106
fluid effects, at interfaces, 421–430 idealized thermodynamic processes, 108
at liquids, 423 neutrons, 93
Marangoni effect, 442–443 periodic table, 93–95
at solids, 421 protons, 93
surfactants, 431–442 second law, 112–124
Surface tension measurement third law, 124
capillarity measurement, 459 weights and concentrations, 96–98
drop-weight method, 454–455, 455f Thermodynamics state variables, 99–100
 Index 765

Thermodynamic state, 99 Euler’s formula, 35

Thomas algorithm. See Tridiagonal matrix algorithm inverse functions, 33
Three-dimensional flow problems Pythagorean theorem, 33
derivation, 701–715 Trigonometric functions
numerical solver, 725–743 cosine, 31
pressure recovery, 702–707 derivatives, 32–33
stationary flow numerical solver implementation, 715–725 hyperbolic cosine, 32
Three-dimensional grids, 658 hyperbolic sine, 32
Three-dimensional numerical solver, 725–743 hyperbolic tangent, 32
chamber by-flow, 728–730, 728f , 730f sine, 31
chamber through-flow, 730–732, 732f tangent, 32
double-fin channel flow, 738–741, 740f , 742f Truncation error function, 54
flow around objects, 734–737, 736f Tween surfactants, 440, 442
modifications, 741–743 Two-dimensional entrance flow problems, 687–699
rectangular channel flow, 737–738, 738f considering convection, 693–699
step expansion, 733–734, 733f , 734f higher Reynolds numbers, 695–699
Three-dimensional point source diffusion, 236 implementation, 695
Time and space, two-dimensional problems of first order in, Navier-Stokes equation, 693–694
648–652 neglecting convection, 688–693
Time-dependent Couette flow, 373–379 numerical scheme, 694–695
accelerating flow, 374 space-dependent transient flows in circular channel profiles,
decelerating flow, 377 695, 696f –698f
dimensionless velocity profiles, 377–379 Two-dimensional example, flow in rectangular channels
Maple worksheet, 379 derivation, 669–672
transient solution, 381–382 Maple worksheet, 672–677
Time-dependent diffusion equation, in three dimensions, mesh, 668, 669f
238–240 problem definition, 668
Time-dependent Hagen-Poiseuille flow, 379–385 using the worksheet to solve the Poisson equation, 677–678
boundary conditions, 381–382 Two-dimensional partial differential equations, 235–238
derivation, 381 Two-dimensional point source diffusion, 236
Navier-Stokes equation, 379–380 Two-dimensional Poisson equation, 617–618, 618f
transient and steady-state solutions, 380–381 Two-dimensional problems of first order, in time and second
Time-dependent transient effects, 371–373 order in space, 652–654
Navier-Stokes equation, 371 comment on the grid, 654
steady-state solutions, 371–372 flux approximations, 652–653
Time-dependent transient flows, 679 numerical scheme, 653–654
Time-dependent transient solution, 372 regular axes-incident grid, 653
Time-dependent viscosity, 251 Two-dimensional problems of first order, in time and space,
Time-independent steady-state solution, 402 648–652
Total differential, 26 Green’s theorem, 649–650
Transforms integration, 649
Fourier transform, 81–85 linearization, 650–651
Laplace transform, 85–92 numerical scheme, 652
Transient and steady-state solutions, 380–381 regular axes-incident grid, 651
Transient flow problem Two-dimensional time-dependent flow problems, 680–687
entrance flow, 393–399 Backward Euler scheme, 681
rectangular cross-sections, 385–393 Forward Euler scheme, 680–681
time-dependent Couette flow, 373–379 grid preparation, 681–682
time-dependent Hagen-Poiseuille flow, 379–385 implementation, 682–684
time-dependent transient effects, 371–373 time-dependent transient flows in circular channel profiles,
Transient flow, time-dependent, 679 685–687
Transient solution, 427–428 time-dependent transient flows in rectangular channel profiles,
Transport equation, 189, 205–207 684–685
characteristic lines, 205 Two λ approach, 340–342
solution, 206
visualization, 206–207, 206f , 207f
Triangular-like function, 65–66 U
Tridiagonal matrix algorithm Unbalanced intermolecular forces, 421
derivation, 531–533 Uncharged surfactants, 431
Maple worksheet, 533–534 Underdamped oscillation, 203–204, 578–579, 579f
numerical stability, 534 Uneven atom mass, 97
Trigonometric equivalences
conversion from cosine, 34 V
conversion from cotangent, 34 van Oss, Chaudhury, and Good (OCG) model, 463
conversion from sine, 34 Van’t Hoff equation, 123–124
conversion from tangent, 34 Vector calculus
conversions for half-angles, 34 acceleration, 154–157
766 Index
Vector calculus (Continued)
coordinate system transformation, 147–154
cylindrical coordinates, 160–170
Jacobian matrix, 157–160
polar coordinates, 170
position, 154–157
scalars and vectors, 137–142
spherical coordinates, 171–188
theorems in, 143–147
velocity, 154–157
Vector Laplacian, 304
cylindrical coordinates, 166–167
spherical coordinates, 181–183
Vector notation, 137
Vector operations
cross product, 139
norm, 138
scalar multiplication, 138
vector multiplication, 138–139
Vector quantities, 137
Velocity, 716–717, 724
Velocity profile, 624, 627
Viscosimeter, 250, 252–254
Viscous dissipation, 351–358
Gauss’s theorem, 356–357
kinetic energy, 352
in microfluidic channel, 356
Navier-Stokes equation, 352
Visualization, Taylor-Aris dispersion, 414
Volume force constant
for pressure, 717
for velocity, 717
W Zwitterionic surfactants, 431
Water drop contours, 484–485, 484f , 485f , 490
Wave collision, 207, 208f
Wave equation
force balance, 191
Newton’s second law of motion, 191–192
one-dimensional, 192
suspended string, 190, 190f
three-dimensional, 192
variables, substitution and separation of, 219–224
Weber function, 35
Weber number, 262
Weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO)
reconstruction, 640
schemes, 642–644
stencils, 643–644
Weighted residual methods
approximation function, 611
differential operator, 610
linear independent functions, 610
weighting function, 611
WENO. See Weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO)
Wilhelmy plate method, 433, 453–454, 454f
Wu model, 462
Y
Young-Dupré equation, 427, 429
Young-Laplace equation, 457, 480, 485
at curved interfaces, 427–430, 428f
Young-Laplace pressure, 448
Young’s equation, 426–427, 460
Z
Zisman extrapolation, 463–464, 463f , 464t
Zonyl FSA fluorosurfactants, 435
Zonyl FSO surfactants, 440
miscellaneous, 437
phospholipids, 438
quaternary ammonium, 436–437