Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures, and “t” indicate tables.
A Ti2448 alloys, 310–319, 311t
Abrasive processing, 122
Abutments. See specific types of abutments
Accumulative roll bonding (ARB), 456, 469,
471
Acetabular cup, 247f, 332, 333f
Acid etching, 105, 125, 135
low-resolution, 136f
surface implants, 522–525
Acid treatment, 404, 437
ACOM-TEM method, 460
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa),
266f
Additive manufacturing format (AMF),
214–215
Additive manufacturing (AM) method,
32–35, 33f, 69–73, 251–252, 306,
307f, 326–337, 531
biocompatibility, 319–320
candidate PBF materials, 206
cellular structures and lattice design,
211–212
clinical implant design, 203–204
commercial applications, 203–204
data management, 212–215
in dentistry, 19, 20f
electron beam melting, 309, 310f, 315–319,
316–317f, 319f
geometric resolution and fidelity, 208–210
geometric stress concentrations, 212
geometry conformance, 215
lattice structural response, 212
manufacturability, 206–211
melt pool solidification, 210–211
metal additive manufacturing, 204, 204f,
216–217
patient-specific implant, 203–204,
216–217
powder bed fusion, 205
selective electron beam melting, 206
selective laser melting, 205
Ti-6Al-4V alloys
cellular structures, 277, 297
composition specifications, 207t
topology optimization, 216–217
Adhesion
stress and, 158–164
of thin films and coatings, 149–151
AFM. See Atomic force
microscopy (AFM)
Alkaline etching, 135
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 119–120,
165–166, 187, 261–262
Alkaline treatment
low-resolution, 136f
titanium surface after, 137f
Alloy design, 39
theory of, 39–45
of titanium alloys, 55–61
Alloying elements
β-stabilizers, 599–600
interstitial elements, 601–602
neutral alloying elements, 600–601
Alloying parameters
binary phase diagrams, 48–49, 50f
corrosion resistance, 53–55, 53f
for nickel alloys, 39–41, 40f
practically used alloys into α, α+β, and
β-types, 50–52, 51f
slip and twin deformation, boundary
between, 52–53, 52f
of titanium alloys, 46–48
Alloy production, 477, 479–480
embrittlement, 482
mechanical testing, 481, 487–489
optical microscopy, 481
phase analyses, 480–481, 484–487
scanning electron microscopy, 481
Alpha alloys, 26–27
α-phases, 303, 325, 326f
crystal structures, 603f
614
α-phases (Continued)
martensitic transformation, 605f
oxygen and, 375–378
Ti-Nb binary systems, 605f
α-stabilizers, 303
Alpha–beta alloys, 27, 507
Aluminum ions, 304–305, 477–478
Alzheimer’s disease, 419–420, 477–478
AM. See Additive manufacturing (AM)
method
American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM), 515
AnatomicsC3D planning sessions, 227,
234–235
Anatomics Pty. Ltd., 225
Anchoring effect, 104, 106
Angiogenesis, 185, 262, 263f
Ankle implants, SEBM-fabricated ELI
Ti-6Al-4V, 243
Anodic oxidation
formation mechanism, 153
titanium surfaces, 151–153
Anodization, 126–128
porous titanium surface, 129f
titanium alloy surface, 128f
Anodizing, of titanium surfaces, 100,
151–153
Antibacterial effect, of titanium alloys,
264–265
ARB. See Accumulative roll bonding (ARB)
Arcam AB, 279–280
Arcam A2 system, 241
Arcam-electron beam melting (EBM),
330–333
Ti64 dental implants, 330–332
trabecular titanium structures, 332–333,
333f
Artificial biomaterials, 175
Artificial metallic implants, 175
Artificial saliva, Ti-25Nb-10Zr alloy, 182,
184f, 184t
ASTM Standard F136, 354–357
Athermal ω phase (ωath), 376
Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
nano-Ti implant surface, 404t, 405–406
UFG Ti structure, 409–410f
Austenite, 17, 555–556, 559f, 562f,
593–594
Automobiles, titanium components, 25t
Index
B
Bacterial cells, CP Ti
severe plastic deformation, 432–436, 434t,
435f
stereolithography, 443–445, 444f
Bacterial invasion, 98
Balloon expandable (BE) stents, 607
Basquin equation, 425
Bcc cluster model
alloying parameters, 46–47, 46f, 49t
molecular orbital calculation, 45–46, 45f
Bending-dominated lattice, 212
Bend testing, 160
β-alloys
biomedical applications, 57
high strength, 55–57
stabilizing elements, 59–61
β-phases, 303, 325, 326f, 477–478
crystal structures, 603f
martensitic transformation, 605f
Ti-Nb binary systems, 605f
β-stabilizers, 303, 545, 599–600
β-titanium alloys, 347–348, 371, 501,
545–546, 591–592
ductility, 383
fatigue strength, 357–358
low-modulus, 373–375
mechanical and chemical properties, 546t
oxygen effect, 375–380, 386–387
Beta-type Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al alloy, 327–328
Binary phase diagrams, classification, 48–49,
50f
Binder systems, compatible with Ti-6Al-4V,
30–32, 31t
Bioactivity, of Ti-Nb-Zr system, 187–192
Biocompatibility
AM porous Ti, 319–320
surface modification, 95
Ti-6Al-4V cellular structures, 291–294
Biofilm formation, prevention of, 99
Biofunctional molecules, immobilization,
108–109
Biological activities, 164–167
Biological fixation, 147–148
Biomedical alloys
Ti-Nb-based, 381–382t
Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr, 374t, 381–382t
Young’s modulus, 305t
Biomedical load-bearing implants, 607
Index
Biometals, 347
BioModelling process, 225
calcaneus/heel implant, 226
cervical spine posterior fusion
implant, 231
colored, 233f
online AnatomicsC3D planning sessions,
234–235
posterior fusion cage, 231f
spine fusion implants, 232
titanium hemipelvic implant and, 235f
Birch-Murnaghan state equation, 479
Blasted surface implants, 523
Blister test, 160–161
Blood clot filter, 578–579
Body implants, 5–9
Boeing 787, 23
Bo-Md diagram, 374
Bond order, 40, 40f, 42, 47–48, 47–48f
Bone formation
and bone bonding, 95–97
prevention of, 97–98
Bone grafting, 499
Bone-implant contact (BIC), 520–522
Bone remodeling
investigation on, 350
stress shielding effect, 591
Bone resection template (BRT), 226–228
Bone resorption, 251
Bone screws, compressive, 548f
Bone volume fraction (BVF), 362, 364f
Boundary representations (B-rep), 214
Brittle failure modes, 286–287
BTU Cottbus in Cottbus, 480
Bulge test, 160–161
C surface characteristics and microstructure,
CAD/CAM manufacturing methods, 498
Calcaneus implants, 226
Calcium phosphates, 102
benefit of using, 148
classification, 147
intention of using, 147–148
surface modification, 105–106
Candidate PBF materials, 206
Cannulated bars, 77f, 91f
Carbon, 538
Castable abutments, 510–511
615
Casting
oxygen during, 373
process, 479–480
vacuum, 480
Cathodic sputtering, 134f, 137
C-DIC. See Circular polarized light
differential interference contrast
imaging (C-DIC)
Cell adhesion
covalent attachment, 191–192
hydrophilic surface, 257–258
peptides, 188–189
SPD-processed CP titanium, 426–436
surface modification, 106
titanium surface, 120f
Cell-extracellular matrix (ECM), 258
Cell-material interaction, 252, 256–257, 257f
Cell proliferation, 185–186, 188–189
Cell shape, Ti-6Al-4V alloy
fatigue properties, 289–290
static compressive properties, 286–289
Young’s modulus, 285
Cellular responses, 164–167
stereolithography effect, 441–443,
442–443f
Cellular structures, Ti-6Al-4V alloys
biocompatibility, 291–294
compressive strength, 283, 284f
compressive stress–strain curves, 286–289,
287f
design of, 278
fabrication, 278–280
fatigue failure, 284, 289–290
fatigue mechanism, 290–291, 290f
graded/gradient porosity, 295
mechanical properties, 280–291
S-N curves, 285f
280
unit cell structures, 278, 279f
Young’s modulus, 280–282, 284f, 285
Cervical spine posterior fusion implant,
230–231
Cervical vertebral fusion cages,
SEBM-fabricated ELI Ti-6Al-4V,
243–244, 245f
Chemical bonding, 149
adhesion related to, 149–151
and anchoring, 106
616
Chemical etching, 123–124
bioactive coatings, 403
nano-Ti implants, 404–409
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 132
China Food and Drug Administration
(CFDA), 239
Circular polarized light differential
interference contrast imaging
(C-DIC), 481, 486f
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 560, 586–587,
592–593, 593f
Cluster model, 41–42, 41f, 45f
Coarse grain (CG) CP titanium, 395
atomic force microscopy, 409–410f
base plate from, 401t
bending strength, 396
fatigue behavior, 425, 426f
laser scanning microscope, 404–405
properties, 445–448
scanning electron microscope, 406–408,
408f
vs. SPD-processed Ti, 424
W€ ohler curves, 427f
Coating(s)
adhesion of, 149–151
stresses in, 157–158
TiO2-based materials, 128–132
with two-level hierarchy, 139
Coating-substrate systems, 159, 163–164
Cobalt-based alloys, 304
Coffin-Manson equation, 425
Cold rolling (CR), 351–353, 376–378, 383
Cold-working process, 351–353
Coloring, of titanium, 100
Commercially pure Ti (CP Ti), 176, 304–305,
325, 393–394, 396, 506, 508, 509f, 515
coarse grain (see Coarse grain (CG) CP
titanium)
fatigue strength, 478
grades of oxygen, 371
hip implants, 471–472
microstructure, 397f, 423f
stability in, 468–469, 469f
severe plastic deformation, 420–424
bacterial cells, 432–436, 434t, 435f
cell adhesion, 426–436
mechanical properties, 424–426, 424t
mesenchymal stem cells, 429–430,
431f
Index
osteoblast/osteoblast-like cells,
430–432
stereolithography technique, 437–438
bacterial response, 443–445, 444f
cellular response, 441–443, 442–443f
fatigue properties, 439–441, 440f
microstructure, 438–439
strength, 347
UFG (see Ultrafine-grained (UFG)
titanium)
Young’s modulus, 305t
Compressive strength, Ti-6Al-4V structures,
283, 284f
Computer-aided design (CAD), 214, 306,
326, 330
cellular solid structures, 332, 332f
open-cellular foam structure, 293–294,
295f
“Conmet” company, 399
Conventional ECAP (convECAP).
See also Equal channel angular
pressing (ECAP)
mesenchymal stem cells, 431f
SaOS-2 cells, 433f
severe plastic deformation, 424, 426, 430,
435f
stereolithography, 434–436, 440f,
442–444f
W€ohler curves, 427f
Conventional tubing process, 79f
Cooperative Patent Classification (CPCL)
scheme, 572
Corrosion resistance, 53–55, 53f, 303–305,
477–478
of Ti-Nb-Zr system, 181–182
CP Ti. See Commercially pure Ti (CP Ti)
Cracking, SLM issues, 309
Crystallographic texture, 429, 604–606
Custom craniofacial implants, 225
Cyclic ratcheting, 290–291, 290f
Cytological responses, 118, 135
D
DB. See Doppler broadening (DB)
Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM),
258–260
DED technique. See Direct energy deposition
(DED) technique
Index
Definitive abutments, 510–511
Definitive restoration, 497
Delamination, SLM issues, 309
Density functional theory (DFT) simulations,
479, 487–488
Dental implants, 6, 10
insertion, 11f
osseointegration
acid-etched surface, 522–525
blasted surface, 523–525
machined surface, 520–522
surface characterization, 520
surface created by anodic oxidation,
525–526
procedure, 11f
properties, 508–510
single-tooth functionality, 506f
titanium
machining, 510
manufacturing, 506–507
restorative implant dentistry, 510–514
surgical dentistry, 514–518
Vitallium, 505
Dental practice
bars and overdentures, 513t
titanium restorative products, 512t
Dental restorations, 497
Dental thin implants, 395
Design for AM (DFAM) tools, 203–204, 215,
217
Die penetrant, 76
Diffusion, adhesion related to, 149–151
Direct dental restoration, 497
Direct energy deposition (DED)
technique, 32
Disclinations, 457
Discrete crystalline deposition (DCD), 524
Doppler broadening (DB), 464
Drug delivery device, 547f
Dry process, surface modification, 105
Dual acid etching, 135
DV-Xα cluster method, 40, 53–54
Dynamet, 68f
Ti alloy
coiling, 69f
profiles, 68f
Dynamic strength, spinal-fixation implants,
357–359
617
E
EBM system. See Electron beam melting
(EBM) system
EBSD. See Electron backscatter diffraction
(EBSD)
ECAP. See Equal channel angular pressing
(ECAP)
ECAP-conform (ECAP-C), 422–424
on CNC machines, 395
with drawing, 393–394, 396–399, 397t
with thermomechanical treatment, 423f,
424, 426, 430, 444f
bacterial cells, 435–436f
W€ ohler curves, 440f
EDS. See Energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (EDS)
Elastic modulus
oxygen and, 378–380
Ti-Nb-Zr system, 180
UFG microstructure, 467
Electrochemical cell model, 53–54, 54–55f
Electrochemical etching, 123–124, 126
Electrochemical techniques, 107–108
Electrodeposition techniques
coating layer formed by, 108f
surface modification, 107–108, 108t
Electromagnetic acoustic resonance (EMAR),
378–380
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD),
446–447, 459–460, 459f
Electron beam bombarding, 280
Electron beam melting (EBM) system, 226,
255, 277, 279–280, 309, 310f, 361–362
Arcam instrument, 330–333
experimental biomedical replacements,
296f
surface biological activity, 291–292
Ti2448 alloys
micro-CT, 316f
normalized S-N curves, 319f
porous structures, 314–319, 317f
Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds manufactured with,
284
Electronic structure, 40–41, 45
Electro-optical systems (EOS)-selective laser
melting (SLM), 326–329
Electrophoretic deposition, 107–108
Electroplating, 103, 107–108
618
ElectroPuls E3000 system, 396
Electrostatic attraction, adhesion related to,
149–151
EMAR. See Electromagnetic acoustic
resonance (EMAR)
ENCUT. See Energy cut-off (ENCUT)
Endodontics, 16, 502, 503f
Endosseous titanium implants, 496f
Endothelial cells
functioning, 185
proliferation level, 185–186
Energy cut-off (ENCUT), 479
Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS),
481, 487
Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP),
393–394, 421f
high-pressure torsion, 461
rig at Monash University, 422f
severe plastic deformation, 421–424, 430
stereolithography, 439–440, 444f, 446,
446t
Ti-6Al-4V, 471–472, 472f
Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy, 462
Ti-35Nb-3Zr-2Ta, 466–467
Ti-36Nb-3Zr-2Ta, 462
UFG Ti-6Al-4V, 471–472, 472f
Equivalent diameter (EqDiameter), 315–317
Erosion methods, 135
Etching, 123–126. See also specific types of
etching
European Patent Office (EPO), 572
External stress, 157
Extra-low interstitial (ELI), 206
Extrusion, 79, 81–82f, 82–83
composite material, flow of, 83f
deformation after, 83f
15–5 pH, 84f
Ti 6–4, 84f
F orientation map, 461f
Femtosecond laser treatment, 137, 138f
Fibroblasts
incubation of, 116, 116f
proliferation of, 116, 117f
Final abutments. See Definitive abutments
Finite element analysis (FEA), 164, 312–313
Forging, 66–69
hip stem, 66f
Index
FRIADENT® Plus surface, 524
Friction wear, 100
G
Gas atomization, 536
Gas thermal spraying, 129–130, 130f
Gaussian filter, 330–332
Geometric stress concentrations, 212
Gibson-Ashby model, 287–288
Grain refinement, SPD, 429–430, 444,
456–462
Griffith fracture, 151
Grit blasting, 437, 439, 441, 446
Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, 24f
Gum Metal, 374–375, 377
H
Hall-Petch equation, 457
Hall-Petch strengthening, 456–462
Hard tissue compatibility, 103
Hcp cluster model
alloying parameters, 47–48, 48f
molecular orbital calculation, 45–46, 45f
Healing abutments, 510–511
Heat treatment, 291, 507
fatigue property of scaffolds, 291
titanium surface after, 137f
Heel implant, 226
Hexagonal close-packed (HCP). See α-phases
High-density inclusions (HDI), 482
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1),
262–264
High-pressure torsion (HPT), 351–353,
456–457
Ti-6Al-7Nb α+β alloy, 457–459, 458f
Ti-15Mo alloy, 470f
dislocation densities, 465f
EBSD image, 459f
microhardness measurements, 466, 466f
refinement, 459–460
TEM image, 460f
Hip implants, 471–472
assembly of, 247f
individual, 247f
Hip overhaul stents, 247f
Hip overhaul supports, 247f
Hip stem forging, 75–76
Index
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) method, 531
HPT. See High-pressure torsion (HPT)
Human umbilical vein endothelial cell
(HUVEC), 185–186
Hydrogen analysis, 88–89f
Hydrolysis, 157
Hydroxyapatite (HAp), 147, 188, 523, 525
biological responses, 165
nanocoatings, 153–154
Hydroxyl groups, surface, 101–102, 101f
I Lithography, with reactive ionic etching, 118,
Implantable drug delivery device, 547f
Implantation surgery, 419
Implantitis, 98
Implant system, 5–9
biofilm formation, prevention of, 99
coloring of titanium, 100
regenerative medicine, 110
surface modification, 95
Indirect dental restoration, 497–498
Ingot metallurgy (IM) process, 583
radial expansion force, 588f
In situ microtensile testing, 161–162
Instrumented nanoindentation, 162–164
Interfacial adhesion, 149–151
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), 328
International quality management system
(QMS) standard, 225
Interstitial(s)
elements, 601–602
MIM processing, 537–538
oxygen, 371–372, 374–375, 377–380, 383
strengthening, 380, 383–384
Intrinsic stress, 157
Investment casting, 69, 71f
In vitro biological properties, of Ti-Nb-Zr
system, 182–187
Isothermal ω phase (ωiso), 376
J severe plastic deformation,
Just-in-time (JIT) implant philosophy, 204,
217–218
K application, 216–217
Kirschner wire-guiding technique, 75–76
Kroll process, 177
619
Kroll’s reagent, 480–481
K-wire orthopedic surgery, 76f
L
Laser-engineered net shaping (LENS), 255,
334–337, 335–338f
Laser melting process, 72f
Laser scanning microscope (LSM),
404–405
Layer-by-layer process, 326, 330
119f
Long-bone defects, 251
Low-cost powders, 536
Low-density inclusions (LDI), 481–482
316L stainless steel (SS), 304
Lubricants, 82
M
Machine-surfaced dental implants,
520–522
Martensite, 17, 372, 555–558, 562f
Luders bands, 565
self-accommodating groups, 558–559
start temperature, 595f
stress–strain behavior, 558–559, 559f
Martensitic transformation, 17, 591–592
Maxillofacial surgery. See Oral surgery
Mechanical theory, adhesion related to,
149–151
Mechanical treatment, 124
Medical implants
manufacture, 203
miniaturized, 395–396
dental thin implants, 395
nano-Ti implants, 395–400, 402f,
403–411
Melt pool solidification, 210–211
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
429–430, 431f
stereolithography, 441, 442f
Mesoporous films, of titanium oxide, 134f
Metal additive manufacturing (MAM)
classifications, 204f
implementation, 204
620
Metal injection molding (MIM), 27–35, 28f,
532f
binder, 535
bone screw prototype, 532f
characteristics, 31t
markets in Japan, 29f
microstructural and mechanical properties,
535–536
microstructural refinement, 543–544
non-spherical hydride-dehydride, 30f
powder metallurgy, 531, 533–535
sintered titanium powder, 534f
titanium MIM
β-titanium alloys, 545–546
fatigue behavior, 543–545
interstitials, 537–538
medical components made by,
546–548
microstructure, 539
Metallic biomaterials, 252–253
Metastable titanium alloys, 177
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), 328–329
Micro computed tomography (micro-CT)
interfacial bonding, porous samples,
336–337, 337f
PEEK cages, 361–362, 361f
polyether-ether-ketone cage,
362, 363f
Ti2448, 316f
Ti-6Al-4V, 293–294, 361–362, 361f
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), 437–438
Microtensile testing, 161–162
MIM. See Metal injection molding (MIM)
Miniaturized medical implants
dental thin implants, 395
design of, 395–396
nano-Ti (see Nano-Ti dental implants)
Minimally invasive Kirschner wire-guiding
technique, 75–76
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS), 76
Mixed-oxide coatings, 155–156
Molecular Lego peptides, 189–190
Molecular orbital approach, 39
for nickel alloys, 41–43
of titanium alloys, 45–46
MSCs. See Mesenchymal stem cells
(MSCs)
Mulliken population analysis, 42, 47
Index
N
Nano calcium phosphate crystals, 524
Nanocoatings, 148
manufacturing, 155
single/multilayered, 153–154
sol-gel nanocoating, 155–157
synthesis, 155
Nano-CP Ti, 395
Nanoindentation testing, 162–164
Nanostructured calcium phosphate, 166–167
Nanostructured materials, 148
Nano-Ti dental implants, 400–403
bioactive coatings, deposition of, 409–411
chemical etching, 404–409
fatigue life, 402f
geometrical parameters of, 395–396
for maxillofacial surgery, 399–400
microstructure and mechanical properties,
396–399
surface modification, 403–411
with ultimate tensile strength, 403
Nanotopography, 258
Nanotube diameter, 260
Near-net-shape products, 177
Neutral alloying elements
defined, 600
recoverable strain, increasing, 600–601
transformation temperatures, decreasing,
600–601
ω phase suppression and elastic modulus,
601
Nickel alloys, 571
crystal structure of, 41–43
molecular orbital calculation for, 41–43
Nickel titanium. See Nitinol
Ni-free superelastic titanium alloys
alloying elements
β-stabilizers, 599–600
interstitial elements, 601–602
neutral alloying elements, 600–601
biomedical load-bearing implants, 607
crystallographic texture, 604–606, 606t
neutral elements, 596–599
orthodontic archwires, 607
potential health hazards, 596
self-expanding stents, 607
strain accommodation, 602–604
stress-induced transformation, 592–594
superelasticity
Index
alloy design and origin, 594–595
metallurgical aspects, 592
twinned martensite, 596f
N+ ion-implanted TMA wires, 501
Ni powders
characteristics, 585t
chemical compositions, 585t
Nitinol (Ni-Ti), 13–16
arch wires, 501
dental braces, 19f
effect on medical device innovation
annual patent data, 574
braided wire stent, 579f
Fluid Pump patent, 574
growth rate, 571–572
mechanical and chemical properties,
571–572
nickel-based alloys, 571
superelastic properties, 577–578
in endodontics, 16
fixation devices, 19f
martensitic transformation, 17
mechanical properties, in medical devices
biased stiffness, 566, 567f
elasticity, 564
Medtronic CoreValve aortic valve
prosthesis, 563f
nonlinear unloading behavior, 565
orthodontic archwires, 565, 566f
springback strains, 564–565, 564f
strain-controlled fatigue, 567f
strain localization, 565
metallurgy
Austenite, 555–556
Martensite, 555–558
phase diagram, 555–556, 556f
self accommodation, 557–558, 558f
shape memory effect, 559–560
in orthodontics, 16
stent, 18f
tensile behavior, 561f
thermal shape-memory effect, 555
Nitinol-enabled intrauterine, 574–577
Nonsuperelastic metallic materials, 607
O machined surface, 520–522
Off-the-shelf (OTS) implant, 226
Online AnatomicsC3D planning sessions,
227, 234–235
621
Open-cellular structural implants, 293–294
Optical microscopy
alloys microstructure analyses, 481
Ti-0.4O-0.5Fe-0.08C-0.1Au, 486f
Oral surgery
bone grafting, 499
orthognathic surgery, 499
temporomandibular joint surgery, 500
Orthodontics, 16, 502f
archwires, 607
beta-titanium alloys, 501
Nitinol arch wires, 501
temporary anchorage devices, 502
Orthognathic surgery, 499, 499f
Orthopedic implants, 3, 326–327, 471–472
Arcam-EBM for TT in, 332–333, 333f
biomaterial for, 251
β-Ti alloys increased oxygen content,
386–387
cannulated applications, 78f
conventional tubing process, 79f
hip cup, 75f
K-wire orthopedic surgery, 76f
load-bearing, 254
machining knee joint, 72f
of metallic biomaterials, 255
serial-produced hip implant, 73f
spinal pedicle screws, 75f
surgeons, 3
titanium alloys
additive manufacturing, 69–73
forging, 66–69
investment casting, 69
machining orthopedics, 74
total knee joint, 72f
X-ray compression hip screw, 77f
X-ray small fragments, 78f
Osseointegration, 73, 95–96, 115, 175–176,
252, 256–257, 264–265, 403–404
acid-etched surface, 522–525
blasted surface, 523–525
defined, 505
earliest application, 495–496
endosseous implant, 519
gas thermal spraying, 129–130
severe plastic deformation, 428–430
stereolithography, 437–438, 441
surface characterization, 520
622 Index

Osseointegration (Continued) Phase analyses, microstructure and, 480–481,

surface created by anodic oxidation,
525–526
surface properties, 326–327
surface topography, 116–121
OsseoSpeed™ implant surface, 523
Osseotite® implant surface, 522
Osteoblasts, 430–432
incubation of, 116, 116f
mechanical surface treatment, 122
proliferation of, 116, 117–118f, 118
Osteocalcin (OC), 165–166
Osteoprogenitor activity, 165–166
Osteosynthesis, 477–478, 481–482
Oxygen content
alpha phase, 375–378
in bcc materials, 371–372
during casting, 373
effect on strength, 380–384
elastic modulus, 378–380
in orthopedics, 375–380, 386–387
Ti-Nb-based biomedical alloys with,
381–382t
TNTZ, 371, 372f
ω phase, 376–377
P X-ray and micro-CT images, 362, 363f
Partially fused powder, 208–211, 211f
PAS. See Positron annihilation spectroscopy
(PAS)
Passive film, 100–101
Patient-specific implants, 225–226
PAW. See Projected augmented wave (PAW)
PBCHM facility. See Plasma-beam, cold-
hearth melting (PBCHM) facility
PBF technique. See Powder bed fusion (PBF)
technique
PEEK cage. See Polyether-ether-ketone
(PEEK) cage
Pelvic replacement implant, 234–235
PEO. See Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)
Peptides, 188–192
Percutaneous peripheral intervention (PPI),
583
Periodontal tissues, natural tooth and dental
implant, 98f
Perkin Elmer 1621 detector, 481
484–487
Phase computation (PHACOMP) method, 39,
44–45
Phase stability, 374
correlation with alloy properties, 58–61
oxygen effect on, 375–378
Phase transformations, UFG β alloys,
469–470
Physical vapor deposition, 130–132
Pile-like titanium coating, plasma deposition,
131f
Plasma atomization, 536
Plasma-beam, cold-hearth melting (PBCHM)
facility, 479
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), 329,
410–411, 411f
Plasma etching, 124
Plasma spraying, 130, 154–155
Plateau stress, 586–588
Platelet adhesion, 99–100
Pluronic P123, 133
PM. See Powder metallurgy (PM)
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA),
147–148
Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) cage
bone volume fraction, 362, 364f
micro-CT and SEM image, 361–362, 361f
Polyhedrons, 278
PoreStar, 229–230
Porosity
SLM issues, 308
Ti-6Al-4V alloy
compressive strength, 283, 284f
fatigue failure, 284
S-N curves, 285f
Young’s modulus, 280–282, 284f
Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG), 266f
Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS),
463–464, 463f
Post stent implantation, angiography of, 589,
589f
Powder
injection molding method, 30, 30f, 178
metal injection molding, 534–535
Powder bed fusion (PBF) technique, 32,
204–205
Arcam-EBM, 330–333
Index
candidate PBF materials, 206
EOS-SLM, 326–329
manufacturability, 206–211, 208f
Powder metallurgy (PM), 177–178, 432
ingot metallurgy process, 583
insertion and placement, illustration, 583,
584f
metal injection molding, 531
TiNi shape memory alloys
hysteresis properties, 587t
mechanical properties, 586–588, 587t
microstructures, 586–588
preparation of, 585
properties of, 588–589
transfemoral intervention, 583, 584f
transradial intervention, 583, 584f
Preosteoblastic cells, 432
Programmatic lattice generation (PLG) tools,
214–215
Projected augmented wave (PAW), 479
Proliferation, as cellular excedent, 185f
Prosthetic Device Couplings, 577
Protein adsorption, 99, 102–103, 136f
Pseudoelasticity, 378. See also Superelasticity
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 433–436, 436f
R acetabular cup, 247f
Rapid prototype process, 178, 306.
See also Additive manufacturing
(AM) method
Reactive ionic etching (RIE), 118, 119f
Recrystallization heat treatment, 480
Regenerative medicine, surface modification,
110
Removal torque values (RTQ) evaluation,
166–167
Residual stress, 308–309
Resonant frequency damping, 280–281
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS),
378–380, 467
Restorative implant dentistry, titanium in,
497–499, 510–514, 512t
Rhombic dodecahedron cell, 289
Root canal procedure, 16
R-phase transition, 595
RUS. See Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy
(RUS)
623
S
Sacral vertebral fusion cages, 244–245, 246f
Sandblasting, titanium surface after, 122, 137f
SaOS-2 cells
severe plastic deformation, 430–431, 433f
stereolithography, 441, 443f
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
alloys microstructure investigations, 481
cellular solid structures, 332, 332f
dental implant surfaces, 520, 521f
high-pressure torsion, 457–459, 458f
laser-engineered net shaping, 335–337,
336f, 338f
nano-Ti implant surface, 406–408
plasma electrolytic oxidation, 410–411,
411f
polyether-ether-ketone cage, 361–362,
361f
Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, 458f
Ti-6Al-4V cage, 361–362, 361f
Ti-6Al-4V foam ligament, 283f
titanium oxide, 134f
TNTZ-ST, 354–357, 356f
Scratch testing, 159–160
Selective electron beam melting (SEBM),
205–206, 239
Ti-6Al-4V orthopedic implants
ankle implants, 243
assembly of hip implant parts, 247f
cervical vertebral fusion cages, 243–244,
245f
computer-aided design, 244f
grades, 239, 240t
hip overhaul stents, 247f
hip overhaul supports, 247f
individual hip implant parts, 247f
manufacturing process, 240–241
mechanical properties, 241–243, 242t
microstructural characteristics, 241–243,
242t
sacral vertebral fusion cages, 244–245,
246f
spherical powder, 240, 240t
spinal fusion cages, 247f
Selective laser melting (SLM), 34f, 72, 72f,
205, 279–280, 306–308, 361–362
compressive mechanical properties, 318t
624
Selective laser melting (SLM) (Continued)
dental implant suprastructure, 73f
EOS-, 327–329
issues, 308–309
lattice structure, 213f, 214
micro-CT analysis of, 209f
porous implants with immobilized silver
particles, 328–329
porous structures, 312–313, 313–314f,
315–319, 316f, 319f
schematic, 308f
solid parts, 310–311, 311f
of solid parts, 310–311
structural feature and compressive
performance, 314f
tensile properties, 311t
Ti2448 alloys, 310–313, 311f, 314f,
315–319, 316f
Ti-6Al-4V alloys, 208–209f, 211f
titanium lattice implant structures, 205f
Young’s modulus, 317f
Selective laser sintering (SLS), 256, 306
Self-assembling peptides (SAPs), 189–190
Self-expanding stents, 607
SEM. See Scanning electron microscope
(SEM)
Severe plastic deformation (SPD), 393–394,
399, 420, 455–456, 508
commercially pure titanium, 396–397, 412,
420–424
bacterial cells, 432–436, 434t, 435f
cell adhesion, 426–436
mechanical properties, 424–426, 424t
mesenchymal stem cells, 429–430, 431f
osteoblast/osteoblast-like cells, 430–432
dislocations and vacations/point defects,
462–466
Ti-Nb based alloys, 460–462
ultrafine-grained structure, 398
Shape memory alloy (SMA), 583
Shape memory effect (SME), 13–16, 61,
591–592, 594–595, 599–600
demonstration of, 17f
mechanism of, 17f
superelasticity, 560f
Shape recovery rate, 587–588
Shear testing, 158
Shock drying, TiO2 xerogel obtained by, 137,
138f
Index
Silver nanoparticles, 328–329
SIM. See Stress-induced martensite (SIM)
Simon-nitinol filter, 578–579
Simulated body fluid (SBF), 119, 153–154,
187–188
Ti-25Nb-10Zr alloy, 182, 184f, 184t
SLA. See Stereolithography (SLA)
SLM. See Selective laser melting (SLM)
Slumping, 208–210, 209f
S-N curves
Ti2448 alloys, 319f
Ti-6Al-4V cellular structures, 285f
Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr, 358–359, 358f
Snoek relaxation, 372
Soft chemistry, 132–133
Soft-tissue adhesion, 98
Sol-gel nanocoating, 155–157
Sol-gel technique, 132–133
Solidification, 278–279
errors, 208–210, 209f
melt pool solidification, 210–211
Solid-solution strengthening, alloying
elements, 484
S-parameter, 464–465
SPD. See Severe plastic deformation (SPD)
Spinal-fixation implants, 347–348, 348f
applications, 361–366
cage, 361–364
devices, 348–349, 349f
dynamic strength, 357–359
low rigidity, 350–359
requirements, 348–349
static strength, 351–357
techniques of, 349
wire, 365–366
Young’s modulus, 359–361, 360f, 362f
Spinal fusion techniques, 247f, 349, 350f
Spin coating, 133
Spine fusion implants, 232–234
Spray, 105
Springback, 348–349
Young’s modulus and, 349f
Sputtering techniques, 130, 134, 134f
Stabilization techniques, 349
Stairstepping, 208–210
Staphylococcus aureus, CP Ti
severe plastic deformation, 433–434, 435f,
436
stereolithography, 443, 444f
Index
Stent, 566
Stereolithographic (STL) file, 214, 215f
Stereolithography (SLA), 306
commercially pure titanium, 437–438
bacterial response, 443–445, 444f
cellular response, 441–443, 442–443f
fatigue properties, 439–441, 440f
microstructure, 438–439
on fatigue endurance limit, 446t
Sternum and ribs implant
Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane,
Australia, 228–229
Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United
Kingdom, 229–230
Salamanca University Hospital,
Salamanca, Spain, 226–228
Stress(es)
and adhesion measurement techniques,
158–164
shielding effect, 591–592
spinal-fixation implants, 347–349
titanium alloys, 303–305
in thin films and coatings, 157–158
Stress-controlled fatigue tests, 394–395
Stress-induced martensite (SIM), 379–380,
460–461, 592–594
formation, 374–375, 377–378
strain accommodation, 602
transformation, 378
Stress–strain (s–s) curves, 594t
aging heat-treated PM TiNi alloys, 587f
of Martensite, 558–559, 559f
Nitinol, 594t
Ti-6Al-4V cellular structures, 286–289,
287f
Ti-22Nb-XO alloys, 603f
TNTZ-ST, 354–357, 356f
Stretch-dominated structure, 212
Superelastic β-Ti alloys, 601
Superelasticity (SE), 13–16, 61, 377–378,
560–561, 580, 583, 585
alloy design and origin, 594–595
metallurgical aspects, 592
Nitinol
alloy design and origin, 594–595
stress–strain behavior, 594t
shape-memory effect, 560f
stress-induced martensitic transformation,
593
625
Surface chemistry, effect of, 257–260
Surface coatings, on titanium, 153–157
Surface hydroxyl groups, 101–102, 101f
Surface modification, 420
biocompatibility, 95
biofilm formation, 99
biofunctional molecules, immobilization,
108–109
bone formation
and bone bonding, 95–97
prevention of, 97–98
calcium phosphate formation, 102,
105–106
category of, 104–106
cell adhesion, 106
cellular response, 441
chemical bonding and anchoring, 106,
291–292
clinical demands, 95, 96t, 96f
coloring, 100
development, 110
dry and wet process, 105
effect of, 439
electrodeposition/electrochemical
techniques, 107–108
geometrical, 120, 122–123, 139
hard tissue compatibility, 103
nano-Ti implants, 403–411
passive film, 100–101
protein adsorption matter, 102–103
regenerative medicine, application to, 110
soft-tissue adhesion, 98
stereolithography treatment, 438–439, 441,
445
surface hydroxyl groups, 101–102
surface layer, 105
techniques, 104
thrombus prevention, 99–100
transient of, 109–110, 109f
wear resistance, increase of, 100
Surface oxide film, composition on titanium,
99f
Surface relief, in implantology, 139
Surface texture
after etching, 125–126
gas thermal spraying, 129, 130f
Surface topography, 260–262
Surgical implant dentistry, 514–518
SUS 316L, 347, 365–366
626
T SEM image, 458f
TAD. See Temporary anchorage devices
(TAD)
Tantalum, 374
Templating method, 133
Temporary anchorage devices (TAD), 502,
502f
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) prosthesis,
500, 501f
Tensile pull-off test, 158
Tensile test, 89, 90f
Tetraethylorthosilicate/tetraethoxysilane
(TEOS), 155–156
Thermal stress, 157
Thermomechanical processing, 508, 509f
Thermomechanical treatment (TMT),
398–399, 479–480
alloy production, 479–480
ECAP-C with, 423f, 424, 426, 430, 444f
bacterial cells, 435–436f
W€ohler curves, 440f
Thin films
adhesion of, 149–151
stresses in, 157–158
Thin-layer coating, 105
3D cellular implants, 291–292
3D-printed titanium implants, 225
calcaneus/heel implant, 226
cervical spine posterior fusion implant,
230–231
pelvic replacement implant, 234–235
spine fusion implant, 232–234
sternum and ribs implant
Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane,
Australia, 228–229
Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham,
United Kingdom, 229–230
Salamanca University Hospital,
Salamanca, Spain, 226–228
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, 326
Thrombus, prevention, 99–100
Ti2448 alloys. See Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn
(Ti2448) alloys
Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys, 304–305, 455–456, 478
α+β alloy, 457–459, 458f
dislocations and vacation clusters,
464–465, 464f
microhardness measurements, 466
microstructure stability in, 468–469, 469f
Index
Young’s modulus, 305t
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alloys, 27f
Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) alloys, 304–305, 326, 347,
361–362, 455–456, 478, 510, 515
additive manufacturing, 34f
applications, 607
Arcam-EBM, 330–332
ASTM comparison, 541f
binder systems, compatible with, 30–32,
31t
cages, 361–362, 361f, 363f
for medical implant applications, 34f
micro-CT, 361–362, 361f
scanning electron microscope, 361–362,
361f
X-ray and micro-CT images, 362, 363f
cellular structures, 277
biocompatibility, 291–294
compressive strength, 283, 284f
compressive stress-strain curves,
286–289, 287f
design of, 278
fabrication, 278–280
fatigue failure, 284, 289–290
fatigue mechanism, 290–291, 290f
graded/gradient porosity, 295
mechanical properties, 280–291
S-N curves, 285f
surface characteristics and
microstructure, 280
unit cell structures, 278, 279f
Young’s modulus, 280–282, 284f, 285
composition specifications, 207t
electron beam melting, 315f, 319f
ELI alloy, 397t
equal channel angular pressing, 471–472,
472f
finite element analysis, 312–313
laser-engineered net shaping, 334–337,
335f
microstructures of, 539f
nondental orthopedic implants, 591
orthopedic implants, 497–498f, 500f
acetabular cup, 247f
ankle implants, 243
assembly of hip implant parts, 247f
cervical vertebral fusion cages, 243–244,
245f
Index
computer-aided design, 244f
grades, 239, 240t
hip overhaul stents, 247f
hip overhaul supports, 247f
individual hip implant parts, 247f
manufacturing process, 240–241
mechanical properties, 241–243, 242t
microstructural characteristics, 241–243,
242t
sacral vertebral fusion cages, 244–245,
246f
spherical powder, 240, 240t
spinal fusion cages, 247f
temporary anchorage devices, 502
selective laser melting, 73f, 208–209f
strains for springback ratio, 360–361, 360f
technical advantages of, 206
tensile properties on oxygen content, 542f
vs. Ti-6Al-7Nb powder, 542
X-ray micro tomography, 312–313
Young’s modulus, 305t
Ti-6Al-4V-ELI alloys, 522
Ti-based superelastic alloys, 597–598t
Timet, 66f
rutile and titanium sponge, 67f
titanium ingot, 67f
Ti-15Mo alloys, 470f
dislocations and vacation clusters,
464–465, 465f
EBSD image, 459–460, 459f
microhardness, 466, 466f
orientation map, 461f
refinement, 459–460
TEM image, 460, 460f
Young’s modulus, 467, 468t
Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al alloys, 327–328
Ti-Nb-based biomedical alloys
with increased oxygen, 381–382t
SPD, 460–462
Ti-Nb binary alloys, 599f
Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr (TNTZ) alloys, 350, 601
fatigue strength, 357–359
high-pressure torsion, 460–461
with oxygen content, 371, 372f
S-N curves, 358–359, 358f
static strength, 351–357
strains for springback ratio, 360–361, 360f
tensile strength, 351–353, 354–355f
Young’s modulus, 353, 353–354f
627
Ti-35.3Nb-5.7Ta-7.3Zr-based alloys, 384f
Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr based biomedical alloys, 374t,
381–382t
Ti-35Nb-2Ta-3Zr-0.3O alloys, 374–375
Ti-35Nb-2Ta-3Zr-0.32O alloys, 383t
Ti-35.3Nb-5.7Ta-7.3Zr-0.7O alloys
flow curves, 385f
microstructure, 385f
Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloys, 462
Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn (Ti2448) alloys
electron beam melting
micro-CT, 316f
normalized S-N curves, 319f
porous structures, 314–319, 317f
porous structures, 312–319
selective laser melting
compressive mechanical properties,
318t
compressive performance, 314f
micro-CT, 316f
porous structures, 312–313, 313f,
315–319, 316f
relative density and Vickers hardness,
311f
solid parts, 310–311, 311f
structural feature, 314f
tensile properties, 311t
Young’s modulus, 317f
Ti-Nb-Zr system
addition layer between hydroxyapatite and
metallic alloy, 190t
in artificial saliva and SBF, 184f, 184t
bioactivity, methods for improving,
187–192
canonical adhesion motif, 191
corrosion resistance of, 181–182
elastic modulus of, 180, 181f
experimental results on, 183t
MG63 cells
cellular morphology of, 186–187, 186f
scanning electron micrograph, 185–186,
186f
in vitro biological properties of, 182–187
Ti-35Nb-3Zr-2Ta alloys, 466–467
Ti-36Nb-3Zr-2Ta alloys, 462
Ti-Nb-Zr-ta-O alloys, load-bearing implant
manufacturing, 384–386, 384f
mechanical properties, 385–386
microstructure, 385
628
TiNi shape memory alloys, 583
powder metallurgy process
mechanical properties, 586–588
microstructures, 586–588
preparation of, 585
properties of, 588–589
Ti-0.4O-0.5Fe-0.08C-0.3Si alloys, 487–489
Ti-0.4O-0.5Fe-0.08C-0.5Si alloys, 487–488
Titania nanotubes, 260–262, 260f
Titanium (Ti), 24f, 303–304, 325–326, 576f,
591
advantages, 393–394
alloying elements vs., 483–484, 485t
alloys, 16t, 23, 253–254, 304–305, 477,
515, 540f
antibacterial effect of, 264–265
biocompatibility of, 256–262
embrittlement, 482
metallurgy, 325–326
types used in medicine, 178–180, 179t
anodizing process, 152–153
bacterial strains, 434t
biocompatibility, 506
body implants, 5–9
β-type alloys
for biomedical applications, 57
high strength, 55–57
stabilizing elements, 59–61
cardiovascular applications, 3
characteristics, 3, 4f
chemical composition, 516–518t
classification of, 176–177
coloring of, 100
components
in automobile, 25t
fabrication techniques, 27–35, 28f
corrosion resistance, 5–6, 5f
cost, 23, 25t
dental implants
early endosseous implants, 495–496
machining, 510
manufacturing, 506–507
modern endosseous implants, 496–497
restorative implant dentistry, 510–514,
512t
surgical dentistry, 514–518
in endodontics, 502
fabrication of, 177–178
heat treatment, 507
Index
implants
additive manufactured jaw bone, 10f
alkaline phosphatase activity, 123f
anodization, 126–128
application of, 115
beta titanium-3 gold, 10f
bone implants, 7f
Conceloc technology, 8f
dental implants, 6, 10
etching, 123–126
examples, 7f
for facial damage, 6
fecal continence restoration system, 9f
force moments of removal, 126f
gas thermal spraying, 129–130
grain size and roughness, 122t
manufacturers, 445–448
mechanical surface treatment, 122–123
physical vapor deposition, 130–132
surface geometry, 116–121
texturing coating, 132–133
3D additive manufactured rib cage and
sternum, 9f
TiO2-based materials, coating of,
128–132
titanium oxide-based texturing coating
for, 129–132
topography, 134–139
total hip replacement, 8f
two-level hierarchy organization, 121f,
134–139
low rigidity
advantages, 350–351
dynamic strength, 357–359
static strength, 351–357
mechanical properties, 516–518t
mechanical testing, 481, 487–489
metal injection molding
β-titanium alloys, 545–546
fatigue behavior, 543–545
grain growth, 539
interstitials, 537–538
medical components made by, 546–548
microstructure, 539
metallurgy of, 26–27, 26f
microstructure analyses
optical microscopy, 481
scanning electron microscopy, 481
mill products, 66f
Index
in oral and maxillofacial surgery
bone grafting, 499
orthognathic surgery, 499
temporomandibular joint surgery, 500
in orthodontics
beta-titanium alloys, 501
Nitinol arch wires, 501
temporary anchorage devices, 502
in orthopedic applications, 3
phase analyses, 480–481, 484–487
phase stability, correlation of, 58–61
powders, 135
characteristics, 585t
chemical compositions, 585t
properties, 304t
in restorative dentistry, 497–499
specifications, 13, 16t
standards, 516–518t
straight and angled implants, 514f
superelasticity and shape memory effect,
61
surface coatings on, 153–157
surface of, 100–103
surgical instruments, 11–12, 12f
3D printing of, 255–256
3D scaffolds vascularization, 262–264
toxicological effect of, 254–255
tubing, 14f
ultimate tensile strength, 537–538, 537f
universal solvent, 536–537
vacuum arc remelted, 507
walker, 15f
in wheel chairs, 13, 15f
Young’s modulus, 305t, 359–361, 360f,
362f
Titanium alloys
biomedical applications, 65
cannulated bars for screws
instruments and implants, 76
manufacturing cannulated, 79–90
tubing vs., 77–79
core insertion, 82f
drawing, 85f
families of, 70f
laser melting process, 72f
minimally invasive Kirschner wire-guiding
technique, 75–76
nails for trauma, 75–90
ore to bar material, 65
629
for orthopedics
additive manufacturing, 69–73
forging, 66–69
investment casting, 69
machining orthopedics, 74
processing flow chart, 80f
rolling technologies, 84, 85f
US machine, 88f
Titanium-molybdenum (TMA), 501
Titanium–nickel alloy, 573
Titanium oxide (TiO2), 128–132, 506, 569f
Titanium plasma spray (TPS), 525
TiUnite implants, 525
TNTZ conducted with solution treatment
(TNTZ-ST), 350–351
histological image, 352f
static strength, 351–357
stress-strain curves, 354–357, 356f
X-ray, 352f
Young’s modulus, 354–358, 357f, 359f
Topography, two-level hierarchy of,
134–139
Topology optimization (TO), 216–217
Trabecular titanium (TT), 332–333,
332–333f
Transfemoral intervention (TFI), 583, 584f
Transition-metal based alloys, 40
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
280
Ti-15Mo alloy, 460, 460f
Ti-(17-19V)-(0.025–0.125)O alloys, 376
Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction, 446–447
Transradial intervention (TRI), 583, 584f
Tubing vs. cannulated bars, 77–79
Two-level relief hierarchy
cell adhesion on, 120f
creation, 120
osteosynthesis from, 121f
of surface relief, 139
of topography, 134–139
U
Ufa State Aviation Technical University
(USATU), 455
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 56–57,
537–538, 537f
nano-Ti with, 403
oxygen content, 383, 384f
630
Ultrafine-grained (UFG) titanium, 399, 408,
455
application, 471–472
atomic force microscopy, 409–410f
etching, 408–409
fatigue behavior, 425, 426f
mechanical properties, 466–468
microstructure on elastic modulus, 467
microstructure stability in, 468–471
phase transformations, 469–470
properties, 445–448
severe plastic deformation, 398, 420–424
structure, 405f
surface topography, 406f
W€ ohler curves, 427f
yield strength, 399, 445, 447–448
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethelyne
(UHMWPE), 326, 500
Underpotential deposition, 107–108
Unit cell, structures, 278, 279f
United States Patent and Trademark Office
(USPTO), 571
Current Classification (CCL) scheme, 572
medical device patents issued by, 576f
UTS. See Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
V Yield stress
Vacuum casting, 480
Vacuum plasma spraying, 131f
Vanadium, 325, 419–420
van der Waals bonding, 149
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),
185, 262–264
Vascularization, of 3D scaffolds, 262–264
Vasculogenesis, 185
Vickers hardness, 481
Vickers indentation, 52
Vitallium, 505
von Mises equivalent strain, 456–457
W
Wear resistance, increase of, 100
Wet abrasive blasting, 122
Wet process, surface modification, 105
Wheel chairs, titanium in, 13, 15f
Index
Wire extraction, 87f
Wireform intracardiac septal occluder, 580f
W€ohler curves, 425–426
CG vs. UFG titanium, 427f
ECAP-C with TMT, 440f
representing fatigue performance, 440f
Wolff’s Law, 305
World Health Organization (WHO), 477–478
World Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO), 580–581
ω phase, 376–377, 470
X
Xi’an Sailong Metal Materials Co. Ltd.,
246–247
X-ray diffraction (XRD), 596–599
dislocation density determination, 462
X-ray line profile analysis (XLPA), 462
X-ray micro tomography (XMT), 312–313
X-ray, polyether-ether-ketone cage, 362, 363f
Y
Yield strength (YTS)
Ti-0.4O-0.5Fe-0.08C-0.3Si alloy, 488
UFG Ti, 399, 445, 447–448
hot-worked material, 385–386
oxygen content, 383, 384f
Young’s modulus, 57–59, 58f, 601
biomedical alloys, 305t
EBM/SLM-produced porous Ti2448
samples, 315–317, 317f
and springback, 349f
Ti alloys, 359–361, 360f, 362f
Ti-6Al-4V alloy, 280–282, 284f
Ti-15Mo alloy, 467, 468t
Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr, 353f
TNTZ-ST, 354–358, 357f, 359f
YTS. See Yield strength (YTS)
Z
ZIMMER BIOMET’s dental implants, 522,
524
Zirconium (Zr), 60–61