Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures, and “t” indicate tables.

A Capillary model, 329–330, 330f, 331t

Acoustic impedance, 256
Activation, neutron, 148
Alpha-radiation, 120
Angle of internal friction, 279, 280t
Anisotropy, 4, 7–8, 15–16, 105, 206–213, 281
Anisotropy ratio, resistivity, 342
Anisotropy, thermal conductivity, 383t
Antiferromagnetic, 418
API calibration, neutronlog, 152–153
API oil gravity number, 114
API (American Petroleum Institute) unit, 134
Archie equation, 315–324
Aspect ratio, 220–221, 326, 404, 413, 440
Atomic mass number A, 120
Atomic number Z, 120
Attenuation mechanisms, 267–268
Attenuation of elastic waves, 260–268,
262–264f, 262t, 265t, 266–267f
AVO (amplitude versus offset), 253–256
B carbonate pore types, 12, 12f
Beta-radiation, 121
BET method, 36
Biot’s model, 238–239
Biot–Willis parameter, 202
Black shale, 123
Bonding properties (elastic), 246
Boyle’s law, 25
Brittleness index, 298
Brittleness, shale, 298–300
Brooks–Corey equation, 75–77
Bulk density, 109
Bulk relaxation, 92–94, 93f, 93t
Bulk volume
fluid, 37–38
irreducible fluid, 98
movable fluid, 98
C Complex conductivity, 357–358
Calcite, 11
Capillary-bound water, 38, 97–98, 98f
Capillary pressure, 69, 102, 105–106
Capillary pressure curve, 72, 367
Capillary tube model, 56f
Capturing, 148
Carbonate Advisor (Schlumberger), 158–159
Carbonate rocks, 10–11, 51, 192
Carbonate section, example, 164–165, 164f
Carbon/Oxygen log, 148
Castagna equation, 204–205, 205f, 205t
Cation exchange capacity, 6, 9–10, 95, 335
CEC, Cation exchange capacity, 6, 9–10
Cementation, 11, 28, 388, 390
Cementation exponent, 316
Characteristic energy, neutron interaction, 148,
149t
Characteristic frequency, 239
Characteristic length, neutron processes, 151
Chargeability, 359
Chemical remanent magnetization, 431–432
Chlorite, 6, 8–10
Classification
carbonate sediments, 11
clastic sediments, 5–6, 6–7f
Clastic rocks, 190–192
Clastic sediments, 5
Clay, 6
Clay-bound water, 95, 97–98, 98f, 100
Clay content, 190
Clay minerals, 8
Clay minerals, radioactivity, 121
Clay mineral typing, 136–139, 137f
Clay properties, 8–10, 9f, 10t
Claystone, 5
Coates equation, 60, 103
Cohesion, 279
Cole–Cole model, 347, 367
Compaction, 5, 27
Compaction correction, 195–196
Complex Refractive Index Method (CRIM),
354–355

491
492 Index

Compressional modulus, 169 Diagenesis, 32

fluids, 179, 180t Diamagnetic minerals, 419, 419t
minerals, 175–179, 176t Diamagnetism, 417
Compressional wave velocity, 290 Dielectric permittivity, 302
Compressive stress, 278 fluids, 349t
Compton effect, 142–143 ice, 349f
Conduction, thermal, 370–371 minerals, 348
Constant phase-angle model, 363 models, theories, 353
Contact angle, 67–68 rocks, 345, 349f
Contact elasticity factor, 247–249, 248f water, 349f
Contact region, 243 Diffusion, 88, 91
Convection, thermal, 370–371 coefficient, 106
Coordination number, 31, 32t Diffusion-induced relaxation, 95–97, 96t, 97f
Core analysis, 17–18 Digital core, 80–84
Corey’s equation, 65–66 Dipole orientational polarization, 346
Correlation between velocity and thermal Dispersed clay, 10
conductivity, 406–408 Dispersed shaly sand, 63
Correlation, strength properties and seismic electrical resistivity, 334
velocities, 289 Displacement pressure, 69
Coulomb’s criterion, 279 Dissipation factor, 261
CPMG (Carr, Purcell, Meiboom, Gill) Dolomite, 11
sequence, 88 Dolomitization, 11, 33
Crack porosity, 225–226, 285 Drainage, 73, 74f
Critical porosity, 213 Drillability, 292
Crossplots, 161 Dual-water model, 337
Cubic packing, 218 Dynamic modulus, 284–285
Curie temperature, 418
Cut-off, 98, 98f
carbonates, 98
E
Effective pressure, 201–202
clastics, 98
Effective stress, 273
clay, 98
Elastic anisotropy, 206
Elastic moduli, rock forming minerals,
D 175–179, 176t
Darcy’s law, 40–41 Elastic modulus, 168
Elastic scattering, 148–150
Dean–Stark distillation apparatus, 39
Debye relaxation, 346 Elastic wave velocities, 405
Decay curve, 85 Electrical conductivity, 302
Electrode polarization, 357f
Defect model, 230–232, 231f, 294, 408
Deformation, 269, 273 Electromagnetic wave propagation, 356
Deformation properties, 276–277, 277f Electron, 120
Demagnetization, 430–431 Elemental analyses, spectral nuclear
measurement, 155
Density
definition and units, 109–110
fluids, 110, 113t F
gas, 110, 114 Failure, 269
ice, 113 Failure test, 278f
minerals, 110, 111t Felsic rocks, 2
oil, 114 Ferrimagnetic, 417
rocks, 114–118, 116–117f Ferromagnetic, 417
Depolarization exponent, 404 Ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and
Depositional remanent magnetization, 432 antiferromagnetic minerals, 417–419,
Detrital remanent magnetization, 432 417–418f
Index
Filtration coefficient, 47
Fluid typing, 106
Forchheimer effect, 42
Formation resistivity factor, 316
Fracture, 187–188, 208
Fractured rocks, 34–35, 404, 440
Fracture orientation, 328
Free movable fluids, 97, 100
Free movable water, 38, 98, 98f
Free water level, 75
Frequency effect parameter, IP, 360
Frequency-independent phase angle, 358
G Interparticle pore network, 51
Gamma–gamma-density, 144–147, 145t, 147f,
161–166
Gamma–gamma measurement, 118
Gamma radiation, 121, 142–147
Gamma-ray index, 136
Gas expansion technique, 25, 25f
Gas shale, porosity, 26–27
Gassmann’s equation, 233–234, 234f, 237
Gassman’s model, 232–238
Geomechanical properties, 270
Global flow, 239–241
Gradient magnetic field, 95
Grain–grain contact, 388, 390
Grain size, 5–8, 6f, 13, 16, 46–47
Grain size distribution, 95
Grain size distribution curve, 7, 8f
Gyromagnetic ratio, 87, 96
H Laminated sediments, 209–211, 210–212t
Hagen–Poiseuille’s law, 57
Hanai–Bruggeman formula, 355
Hashin–Shtrikman bounds, 216f
Heat flow density, 370
Heat transfer, 370–371
Heavy minerals, 123
Heterogeneity, 13, 16
Homogeneity, 15–16
Hooke’s law, 168
Humble equation, 317
Hydrogen index, 100–101, 106
Hysteresis curve, magnetic, 418f
I Macroscopic cross section, 148
Igneous rocks, 2, 128–129
Illite, 6, 8
Imbibition, 73, 74f
Impedance, 254
493
Inclusion models, 412–413, 413f, 414t
conductivity, 439
Inclusion models, elastic, 220
Indonesia equation, 338
Induced magnetization, 415, 425–429, 428f,
431
Induced polarization, 356
Inelastic scattering, 148
Inhomogeneity, 15–16
Integral measurement, 134
Inter-echo time TE, 89
Interfacial polarization, 346
Interfacial tension, 67
Intermediate rocks, 2
Interparticle porosity, 32
Irreducible (capillary bound) water, 60, 100
Irreversible deformation, 273
Irreversible dephasing effect, 88
Isotropy, 15
K
Kaolinite, 6, 7f, 8–10
Klinkenberg correction, 42
Koenigsberger ratio, 433t, 434f
Kozeny constant, 60
L
Lambda rho attribute, 259
Lamcyé parameters, 169
Laminar flow, 40
Laminated clay, 10
Laminated shaly sand, 63
electrical resistivity, 333
Larmor frequency, 87–88
Layer models, 399–401, 400–401f
Leverett function, 75
Limestone, 11
Lithology, 5
Local squirt flow model, 239–241
Longitudinal relaxation, 91
Low-resistivity pay, 344–345
M
Macroscopic anisotropy, 16, 339
Mafic rocks, 2
Magmatic rocks, 378–383
Magnetic field strength, 87–88
Magnetic permeability, 416
494 Index

Magnetic properties Nuclear measurements, mineral analysis,

fluids, 422 154–160, 155t, 158f, 159t, 160f
minerals, 419–422, 419–420t, 421f, 423t Number of cracks per metre, 272
rocks, 422–424
Magnetic resonance, 85
Magnetic susceptibility, 415–416
O
Oersted, 416t
Magnetization, 416
Ohm’s law, 302
induced, 418f, 425–429, 428f, 431
Oil density, 114f
remanent, 418f, 431
Oil-wet, 66
Martization, 425
Oil-wet rocks, 324
Matrix density, 118
Matrix inversion, 166
Matrix-point, 162 P
Maxwell–Wagner effect, 347 Pair production, 142–144
Mean effective stress, 273–274 Paramagnetic minerals, 419, 420t
Mechanical rock properties, 35 Paramagnetism, 417
Membrane polarization, 357f Patchy saturation, 242
Metal factor, 360 PE measurement, 144
Metamorphic rocks, 2–4, 129–130, 378–383, Permafrost, 194
383t Permeability, 40, 94, 98, 102, 366
Migration length, 151 absolute, 40
Mineral composition, 13, 114 effective, 40, 65–66
magmatic rocks, 2, 3t measurements, 41f
sedimentary rocks, 6 relative, 40
Mixture theories Permeability anisotropy, 50
electrical properties, 438 Permeability models, 55–65, 56f, 58–59f, 61t,
Modular tensor model, 340 62–64f
Mohr’s circle, 278–279 Permeability of rocks, 42–43
Moldic pores, 33 Permeability versus porosity, 45f
Moldic porosity, 328 Permittivity
Molecular diffusion coefficient, 96 fluids, 306
Montmorillonite, 8–10 Permittivity shale, 352
Mudrock equation, 204 Phase shift, 303
Multiexponential relaxation, 97 Photoelectric cross-section index, 143
Mu rho attribute, 259 Photoelectric effect, 142–143
Photoelectric index (PE), 144
Poisson’s ratio, 169, 171, 171f, 183, 183f,
N 218–219, 226, 255–258, 257–259f, 277,
Natural gamma radiation, 121 277f
Néel temperature, 418 Polarization by constrictivity of pores, 357f
Neutron, 119 Polarization mechanisms, 346f
Neutron–density crossplot, 162, 162–163f Pore
Neutron generator, 148 connectivity, 13
Neutronlog, 147, 161–166 size, 46, 105
Neutron measurement, 151–154 size classification, 23, 24t
Neutron porosity, 152 size distribution, 72
Neutron radiation, 147–154 Pore body, 22
NMR acquisition parameters, 89 size, 102
NMR measurements, 85–89, 99, 102 Pore collapse, 252
NMR properties of reservoir fluids, Pore fluids, 179–181, 197–200, 241–242
92–93, 93t Pore space, fluids, 36–40
Nonspherical inclusions, 404–405 Pore throat, 22
Normal stress, 273 size, 102
Index 495

Pore-throat diameter, 366 Rock classification, parameters, 271–273,

Poro-perm plot, 44 271t, 272f
Porosity, 22, 98, 110, 114, 151–154, 316f, 384 Rock-fabric classification, carbonate, 51–52
carbonate rocks, 32–34, 33–34f Rock Mass Rating (RMR), 271–272
of clastic rocks, 25–32, 26–27t, 26f, 28–29f, Rock model, 17
31f, 32t Rock physics template, 257
definition, 22–25, 23f Rock quality, 271, 271t
determination, 22–23, 25 Rock Quality Designation (RQD) index, 271
effective, 23 Rock quality vs. log measurements, 294, 295f
initial, 30 Rocks
residual, 30 classification, 1–2
storage volume of fluids, 22 theories and models, 398–405
terms, 23, 24t Routine Core Analysis, 18, 23
total, 23 RQD index, 271, 271t
volumetric rock property, 22
Porosity determination, 118
Porosity–permeability plot, 54, 54f S
Porosity, primary, 25 Sandstone, 5, 7f
Porosity, secondary, 26 Saturation, 37, 110
Potassium K-40, 121 Saturation exponent, 322
Precessional motion, 87–88 Scalar property, 15, 16t
Pressure dependence of velocity, 200–204, Schlumberger-Doll Research (SRD) model,
201f 103
Principal stress components, 273 Sedimentary rocks, 4–13, 130–132, 384–397,
Proton, 119 409–412
Self-consistent approximation, 225
Series and parallel model, 399–401, 400–401f
Q Shale, 6
Quadrature conductivity, 361–362 content, 162, 339
Quality factor, 261 distribution type, 339
mechanical properties, 298
permeability, 49
R Shaly sand equation, 332, 338–339
Radiation, thermal, 370–371 Shear fractures, 35
Radiative capture, 150–151 Shear modulus, 169
Radiogenic heat production, 139 Shear modulus, minerals, 175–179, 176t
Raymer–Hunt–Gardner equation, 196 Shear stress, 278
Relaxation, 85 Shear wave splitting, 209
Relaxation curve, 99–100 Shear wave velocity, 290
Relaxation time, 89, 92 Shear weakening, 237
longitudinal, 91 Shell formula, 317
spectrum, 91 Shuey’s equation, 254–255
transverse, 91 Siltstone, 5
Relaxation-time spectrum, SIP, 367 Simandoux equation, 338
Remanent magnetization, 415, 418f, 431–432, Skewness, 7–8
434f Slowing-down length, neutron, 151
Residual porosity, 30 Slowness, 171, 174
Resistivity index, 321–322 Sorting, 7–8
Resonance technique, elastic Source rock, 123, 138
properties, 174 Special Core Analysis (SCAL), 18
Retort method, saturation, 39 Specific electrical resistivity, 302
Reversible dephasing effect, 88 carbonate, 319f
Reynolds number, 42 clean porous rocks, 315
496 Index

Specific electrical resistivity (Continued ) Ternary system, 420–421

fluids, 306 Thermal conductivity, 370, 372, 405
rocks, overview, 309–310 fluids, 376
shaly rocks, 332 minerals, 372
water, 308f vs. porosity, 394f
water, concentration, 306 vs. pressure, 396f
Specific heat capacity, 370, 378, 398 vs. temperature, 396f
Specific internal surface, 36, 37t, 94 Thermal conductivity from
capillary model, 58 well logs, 410
Spectral gamma measurement, 131–132 Thermal conductivity, soil, 394
Spectral induced polarization (SIP), 356–367 Thermal diffusion length, 151
Sphere packing, 30 Thermal diffusivity, 370
Sphere pack models, 217–220, 219f Thermal expansion, 371, 397–398
Spherical inclusions, 401–403, 403f Thermal properties
Sphericity, 7 fluids, 376, 377t
Spin echo, 89 minerals, 372–376, 373t
Spin–lattice relaxation time, 89 rocks, 376–398
Spin–spin relaxation time, 89 Thermoremanent magnetization, 431
Static and dynamic modulus, 284–289, Thomeer equation, 78, 78f
285–288f, 288t Thomsen parameter, 173, 207–208
Static compression test, 276–277 Thorium series, 121
Static modulus, 285f Th versus K plot, 137f
Steady-state method, 65, 371 Time–average equation, 194–195
Stiffness tensor, 168 Tortuosity, 56
Strain, 273 Total porosity, 100
Strain tensor, 168 Transition zone, 70
Strength properties, 278–284, 278–279f, Transmission technique, wave velocity, 174
280–282t, 282f, 284f Transversely isotropic medium, 172
Stress field, 270 Transverse relaxation, 91
Stress path, 274 Transverse relaxation time, 89
Stress–strain curve, 276f TR or TX—experiment repetition time, 89
Stress tensor, 168 TW—wait time, 89
Structural clay, 10
Structure angle, 243
Structured model, 243–245, 243–244f, 294 U
Structured model, strength properties, 296 Ultramafic rocks, 2
Structure tensor, 245, 250f Unconfined compression strength, 280
Subsidence, 270 Uniaxial compression strength, 280, 289–290,
Surface relaxation, 91, 94–95, 95t, 98–99 297
Susceptibility, 415–416, 419–420t, Uniaxial compression strength versus
423t, 430 compressional wave velocity, 297f
ores, 430f Uranium–radium series, 121
rocks, 425

V
T Velocity
T1 and T2 relaxation time, 86 brine, 181
T2 decay, 97–98 igneous and metamorphic rocks, 183–189
TE—inter-echo time, 89 rocks, 181–183, 182–183f
Tensile stress, 278 sedimentary rocks, 189–205,
Tension fractures, 35 191–193f, 194t
Tensorial property, 15, 16t unconsolidated sediments, 193f
Tensor of elasticity, 169 Velocity anisotropy, 188
Index
Velocity–porosity relationship
carbonate rocks, 192
Velocity–pressure relationship, 188
Virtual rock physics laboratory, 22
Viscosity, 40, 93, 96
Voigt and Reuss model, elastic, 215f
Voigt–Reuss–Hill average, 216, 216f
Volumetric photoelectric
cross section, U, 143
Vug cut-off, 103–105
Vuggy porosity, 32, 51
Vug porosity ratio,
318–319
497
W
Water-point, 162
Water saturation, 321–322
Water-wet, 66
Water-wet rocks, 324
Waxman–Smits equation, 335
Wettability, 66–68, 67f, 91–92
Wyllie’s equation, 195, 195t
Y
Young’s modulus, 169, 276–277, 291f
Young’s modulus, unconsolidated rocks, 288t