IGCSE Grade (10)

Topic 1

States of matter

• States of matter

• Kinetic particle theory

• Diffusion
IGCSE Grade (10)

Paper 2

Question Answer Question Answer

1 C 17 C
2 C 18 B
3 B 19 D
4 B 20 D
5 A 21 B
6 D 22 B
7 C 23 B
8 A 24 C
9 D 25 C
10 C 26 D
11 B 27 C
12 C 28 D
13 B 29 A
14 D
15 D
16 C
IGCSE Grade (10)

Paper 2
1. Diagrams 1, 2 and 3 represent the three states of matter. J. 02 (2)

For which states can diffusion be demonstrated by using simple laboratory apparatus?

A 1 only
C
B 1 and 2

C 2 and 3

D 1, 2 and 3

2. Heating a liquid causes it to become a vapour. N. 02 (1)

What happens to the molecules of the liquid during this process?

C
IGCSE Grade (10)
3. Some sugar is dissolved in water. N. 02 (2)

Which diagram shows how the particles are arranged in the solution?
B

4. A solid metal is heated until it turns to vapour. J. 03 (2)

The graph shows the temperature of the metal during this process.

Which part of the graph shows the melting of the metal? B

5. Some students are asked to describe differences between gases and liquids. J.04 (1)
Three of their suggestions are:

Which suggestions are correct?

A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3

IGCSE Grade (10)
6. J. 04 (2)
A coloured liquid vaporizes easily at room temperature. Some of the liquid is placed at the
bottom of a sealed gas jar.

Which diagram shows the appearance of the jar after several hours? D

7. The melting points and boiling points of four substances are shown. N. 04 (2)

Which substance is liquid at 100 oC ?

C

8. At room temperature, in which substance are the particles furthest apart? J. 06 (1)

A. H2 B. H2O C. Mg D. MgO

A
IGCSE Grade (10)
J. 07 (1)
9. When there is no wind, the scent of flowers can be detected more easily on a warm
evening than on a cold evening.

This is because the molecules of the scent ……1…… ……2…… than in colder conditions.
Which words correctly complete gaps 1 and 2?

10. J. 08 (1)
A yellow precipitate is formed in the experiment shown.

How is the precipitate formed?

A. Particles collide, diffuse and then react.

B. Particles collide, react and then diffuse.
C. Particles diffuse, collide and then react.
D. Particles diffuse, react and then collide

11. In which substance are the particles furthest apart at room temperature? N. 08 (1)

A. ethanol B
B. methane
C. salt
D. sugar
IGCSE Grade (10)
J. 09 (1)
12. The diagram shows how the molecules in the exhaust gases diffuse into the air.

Which statement describes what happens to these molecules next?

A. The molecules fall to the ground because they are heavier than air molecules.
B. The molecules go back together as they cool.
C. The molecules spread further into the air.
D. The molecules stay where they are.

13. The diagram shows a cup of tea. J. 10 (1)

Which row describes the water particles in the air above the cup compared with the
water particles in the cup?
IGCSE Grade (10)
14. J. 11 . 1
The diagrams show the arrangement of particles in three different physical states of
substance X.

Which statement about the physical states of substance X is correct?

A Particles in state 1 vibrate about fixed positions.
B State 1 changes to state 2 by diffusion.
C State 2 changes directly to state 3 by condensation.
D The substance in stage 3 has a fixed volume.

15. N. 11 .1
In which substance are the particles close together and slowly moving past each other?
A air
B ice
C steam D
D water

16. J. 12 .1
Which diagram shows the process of diffusion?

C
IGCSE Grade (10)
17. N. 12 .1
What are the processes W, X, Y and Z in the following diagram?

18. N. 13 . 1
An attempt was made to compress a gas and a solid using the apparatus shown.

Which substance would be compressed and what is the reason for this?
IGCSE Grade (10)
19. J. 14 . 1

20. N. 14. 1
Which statement is an example of diffusion?

A A kitchen towel soaks up some spilt milk.

B Ice cream melts in a warm room.
D
C Pollen from flowers is blown by the wind.
D The smell of cooking spreads through a house.
IGCSE Grade (10)
21. J. 15. 1

22. N. 15. 1

B
IGCSE Grade (10)
23. M. 16. 1

24. J. 16. 1

C
IGCSE Grade (10)
25. N. 16. 1

26. J. 17. 1

D
IGCSE Grade (10)
27. J. 17. 2

28. N. 17. 1

29. J. 18. 1

A
IGCSE Grade (10)

Paper 4
1. J. 02 (5. a, b)
(a) The Kinetic Theory explains the properties of solids, liquids and gases in terms of the
movement of particles.

Liquids and gases both take up the shape of the container but a gas always fills the
container. Explain this, using the ideas of the Kinetic Theory.

Liquid-particles are very close, randomly distributed, slide over each other having
fixed volume

Gas-particles are very far apart, randomly distributed, randomly move in all directions,
diffuse, having no fixed shape nor volume [4]

(b) The following apparatus can be used to measure the rate of diffusion of a gas.

(i) What measurements would need to be taken to calculate the rate of diffusion of a
gas?

Volume of gas lost per time [2]

IGCSE Grade (10)
(ii) Which gas, carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide, would diffuse faster?
Explain your choice.

CO2 is faster as it has lower Mr / density [3]

2. J.03 (4. b)
(b) When nitrogen dioxide is cooled, it forms a yellow liquid and then pale yellow
crystals.

These crystals are heated and the temperature is measured every minute.
The following graph can be drawn.

(i) Describe the arrangement and movement of the molecules in the region A–B.

The particles are tightly packed in crystal lattice regularly arranged / vibrate

(ii) Name the change that occurs in the region B–C

Melting / Freezing .[4]

IGCSE Grade (10)
3. N 05 (2. a)
Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid at room temperature. It has the typical acid properties
and forms compounds called ethanoates.

(a) A pure sample of ethanoic acid is slowly heated from 0oC to 150oC and its temperature
is measured every minute. The results are represented on the graph below.

(i) Name the change that occurs in the region D to E.

Boiling [1]

(ii) What would be the difference in the region B to C if an impure sample had been
used?

Lower temperature and over a range .[1]

(iii) Sketch on the graph how the line would continue if the acid was heated to a higher
temperature.

Extend the line EF straight forward [1]

IGCSE Grade (10)
4. J 2010 (31) [2,a, i]
Ozone is a form of oxygen. Ozone is present in the upper atmosphere and it prevents
dangerous solar radiation from reaching the Earth’s surface. Some of the chemicals that
diffuse into the upper atmosphere decompose ozone. Chemicals that have this effect are
methane (CH4), chloromethane (CH3Cl ) and an oxide of nitrogen (NO2).

(i) Which of these three chemicals diffuses the most slowly? Give a reason for your
choice.
Chloromethane..................................................................................
Biggest molecular mass / highest density..
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

5. N. 10. 2

Lattice

6. N. 2010 (33) [6]

The Kinetic Theory explains the properties of matter in terms of the arrangement and
movement of particles.

(a) Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature. Nitrogen molecules, N2, which are spread far apart
move in a random manner at high speed.
IGCSE Grade (10)
(ii) How does the movement and arrangement of the molecules in a crystal of nitrogen differ
from those in gaseous nitrogen?
SOLID GAS
PATTERN regular lattice (random / irregular / no pattern [1]
DISTANCE close far apart / spread out [1]
MOVEMENT vibrate random in all directions [1]
[3]
(b) Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain the following.
(i) A sealed container contains nitrogen gas. The pressure of a gas is due to the molecules of
the gas hitting the walls of the container.
Explain why the pressure inside the container increases when the temperature is increased.

Particles have more energy / move faster

Collide harder / collide more frequently / more collisions / collide with more force (with
the walls)
... [2]
(ii) The following apparatus can be used to measure the rate of diffusion of a gas.

The following results were obtained.

Explain why nitrogen diffuses faster than chlorine.

Nitrogen has less relative molecular mass than chlorine
.. [2]
IGCSE Grade (10)
Explain why the nitrogen diffuses faster at the higher temperature.
At higher temperature nitrogen molecules or particles (not atoms) move faster
/have more energy
[1]
7. J. 12. 1

Evaporation

Condensation
IGCSE Grade (10)
8. N. 2012 (32) [2]

The diagram shows a heating curve for a sample of compound X.

(a) Is X a solid, a liquid or a gas at room temperature, 20 °C?

............ liquid ………………………................................................................................... [1]

(b) Write an equation for the equilibrium which exists in region BC.
X(s) X(l) .... [2]

(c) Name the change of state which occurs in region DE.

boiling / condensation [1]

(d) Explain how the curve shows that a pure sample of compound X was used.
(In region BC) solid melts and (in region DE) liquid boils at a fixed / sharp
temperature. .. [2]
IGCSE Grade (10)
9. N. 2012 (33) [3]
(a) A small amount of liquid bromine is added to a container which is then sealed.
Br2(l) → Br2(g)
Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain why, after about an hour, the bromine
molecules have spread uniformly to occupy the whole container.
Particles have a lot of energy enough to overcome weak intermolecular forces and
escape. Particles move randomly in all directions and diffuse.
[3]
(b) The diagrams below show simple experiments on the speed of diffusion of gases.
IGCSE Grade (10)
Complete the following explanations. Diagram 1 has been done for you.

Diagram 1
There is air inside and outside the porous pot so the rate of diffusion of air into the pot is the
same as the rate of diffusion of air out of the pot. The pressure inside and outside the pot is
the same so the coloured liquid is at the same level on each side of the tube.

Diagram 2
Air has higher Mr than hydrogen; hydrogen diffuses into the pot faster than air that
slowly diffuses out of the pot; pressure inside pot is greater than outside
[3]
Diagram 3
Air has lower Mr than carbon dioxide; air diffuses out of the pot faster than carbon
dioxide that slowly diffuses into the pot; pressure inside pot less than outside
[3]
[Total: 9]

10. J. 14. 3
(a) Different gases diffuse at different speeds.
(i) What is meant by the term diffusion?

Slow movement of gaseous or liquid particles from high concentration area to low
concentration area [1]

(ii) What property of a gas molecule affects the speed at which it diffuses?
..............Relative molecular mass ..................................................................... [1]

(b) Helium is a gas used to fi ll balloons. It is present in the air in very small quantities.
Diffusion can be used to separate it from the air.

Air at 1000 °C is on one side of a porous barrier. The air which passes through the
barrier has a larger amount of helium in it.
IGCSE Grade (10)
(i) Why does the air on the other side of the barrier contain more helium?
Helium has less relative mass than Nitrogen and oxygen . [1]

(ii) Why is it an advantage to have the air at a high temperature?

Rate of diffusion increases [1]

11. J 2014 (31) [3, a and b]

(a) Different gases diffuse at different speeds.
(i) What is meant by the term diffusion?
Particles of gas or liquid spread / move from high concentration to low
concentration [1]

(ii) What property of a gas molecule affects the speed at which it diffuses?
...................................... Mass or Mr............................................................................. [1]

(b) Helium is a gas used to fi ll balloons. It is present in the air in very small quantities.
Diffusion can be used to separate it from the air.
Air at 1000 °C is on one side of a porous barrier. The air which passes through the barrier
has a larger amount of helium in it.

(i) Why does the air on the other side of the barrier contain more helium?
Helium particles are less dense than air [N2 and O2] so diffuses faster. [1]

(ii) Why is it an advantage to have the air at a high temperature?

Rate of diffusion of Particles increases at high temperatures. [1]
IGCSE Grade (10)
12. N 2016 (41) [1]

Melting

Sublimation

Condensatio

To break the bonds and overcome

intermolecular forces between particles

E as the particles hit the walls more frequent

IGCSE Grade (10)
13. N 2017 (41) [2]

Draw line 130 - 145

Sublimation

Brownian motion

Air molecules hit the smoke particles

So they move random