Exercises

General Chemistry II

Exercise 1: Write Lewis structure for the molecules: HF, N 2, CO2, ClF3, ICl4-, SO32-; PO43-; SO3,
SO2, NO2, O3, NO2, O3, SCN-
Exercise 2: Indicate the structure, the bond order and bond angle of the above molecules

Exercise 3: Predict the shapes of the following species and the hybridization about the central
atom each: PCl4, PCl3, PCl5, SO42-, SO32-, I3-, SF4

Exercise 4: Urea, a compound formed in the liver, is one of the ways humans excrete nitrogen.
The Lewis structure for urea is

Write Gillespie formula for each of the central atom and predict their hybridization type.

Exercise 5: Complete the following resonance structures for POCl3.

5.1. Would you predict the same molecular structure for each resonance structure
5.2. What is the hybridization of P in each structure.
5.3. which resonance structure would be favor on the basis of formal charge.

Exercise 6: Balance the following:

6.1. Cu + HNO3 dilute  Cu(NO3)2 + NO + ……
6.2. K2Cr2O7 + KNO2 + H2SO4  Cr2(SO4)3 + KNO3 + ……
6.3. H+ + Cr2O72- + C2H5OH (l)  Cr3+ + CO2(g) + H2O (l)
6.3. Al + HNO3  …… + N2O + ……
6.4. Fe3O4 + HNO3  Fe(NO3)3 + NO + ……
6.5. KIO3 + KI + H2SO4  I2 + …..
6.6. FeCO3 + HNO3  Fe(NO3)3 + NO + CO2 + H2O
Exercise 7:
Sketch the gavanic cells based on the following half-reactions. Calculate ؏o, show the
direction of electron flow and the direction of ion migration through the salt bridge,
identify the cathode and anode, and give the overall balanced reaction. Assume that all
concentrations are 1.0 M and that all partial pressures are 1 atm.
a. Cl2 + 2e → 2Cl- εo = 1.36V
Br2 + 2e →2 Br- εo = 1.09V
b. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O εo = 1.51V
IO4- + 2H+ + 2e → IO3- + H2O εo = 1.6V
c. H2O2 +2H+ + 2e →H2O εo = 1.78V
O2+ 2H+ + 2e →H2O2 εo = 0.68V
d. Mn2+ + 2e → Mn εo = -1.18V
Fe3+ + 3e → Fe ε o = - 0.036V

Exercise 8:
Using data from Table 11.1, place the following in order of increasing strength as
oxidizing agents (all under standard conditions): Cd2+, IO3-, K+, H2O, AuCl4-, I2

Exercise 9:
 Consider the following galvanic cell at 25oC:
Pt| Cr2+ (0.30 M), Cr3+(2.0 M) || Co2+ (0.20 M) | Co
The overall reaction and equilibrium constant value are:
Cr2+(aq) + Co2+(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + Co(s) K = 2.79 x 107
Calculate the cell potential, ؏, for this galvanic cell and ∆G for the cell reaction at
these conditions.

Exercise 10:

Au3+ + 3e → Au ɛo = 1.50 V
Tl+ + e → Tl ɛo = -0.34 V
a. Determine the overall cell reaction and calculate ؏ocell.
b. Calculate ∆Go and K for the cell reaction
n at 25oC.
c. Calculate ؏cell at 25oC when [Au3+] = 1.0 x 10-2 M and [Tl+] = 1.0 x 10-4 M.

Exercise 11:
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), which is produced by the reaction:
2NaClO2(aq) + Cl2(g) → 2ClO2(g) + 2NaCl(aq)
has been tested as a disinfectant for municipal water treatme
nt.
a. Using data from Table 11.1, calculate ؏o, ∆Go, and K at 25oC for the production
of ClO2.
b. One of the concerns in using ClO2 as a disinfectant is that the carcinogenic
chlorate ion (ClO3-) might be a by-product. It can be formed from the reaction:
ClO2(g) ↔ ClO3-(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Balance the equation for the decomposition of ClO2.

Exercise 12:
The overall reaction and equilibrium constant value for a hydrogen-oxygen fuel
cell at 298 K is

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) K = 1.28 x 1083

 a. Calculate ؏o and ∆Go at 298 K for the fuel cell reaction.
b. Predict the signs of ∆Ho and ∆So for the fuel cell reaction.
c. As temperature increases, does the maximum amount of work obtained from
the fuel cell reaction increase, decrease, or remain the same? Explain.

Exercise 13 *:
The solubility product for CuI(s) is 1.1 x 10-12 . Calculate the value of ؏o for the
half-reaction:
CuI + e → Cu + I-