IGCSE Grade (10)

Topic 3
Atoms, elements and
compounds

• Atomic structure

• Radioactive isotopes

• Electron distribution

• Ions and ionic bonds

• Molecules and covalent bonds

• Macromolecular (giant) structures

IGCSE Grade (10)

Paper 2
Questions Answers Questions Answers
1 D 36 C
2 C 37 C
3 A 38 B
4 A 39 C
5 C 40 D
6 A 41 B
7 A 42 B
8 D 43 B
9 A 44 A
10 A 45 B
11 C 46 A
12 C 47 D
13 A 48 D
14 A 49 D
15 C 50 C
16 A 51 A
17 B 52 D
18 C 53 C
19 A 54 A
20 C 55 A
21 A 56 D
22 C 57 C
23 B 58 D
24 A 59 B
25 C 60 B
26 C 61 A
27 D 62 C
28 A 63 C
29 D 64 C
30 B 65 B
31 C 66 B
32 C 67 D
33 A 68 A
34 D 69 C
35 C 70 C
IGCSE Grade (10)
71 D 79 B
72 D 80 C
73 A 81 B
74 B 82 C
75 C 83 C
76 C 84 B
77 A
78 B
IGCSE Grade (10)

Paper 2
1. The diagram shows the electronic structure of an atom J. 02 (60)

What is the number of protons in the nucleus?

A. 2 B. 3 C. 8 D. 13

2. The diagrams show the structures of two forms, X and Y, of a solid element J. 02 (8)
J. 09 (7)

What are suitable uses of X and Y, based on their structures?

IGCSE Grade (10)
3. The diagrams show models of molecules. J. 02 (11)

Which molecules could the above models represent?

4. The diagrams show the nuclei of four different atoms. N. 02 (5)

Which two atoms are isotopes of each other?

A Q and R B Q and T C R and S D S and T

5. J. 03 (6)
What is the electronic structure of an atom with a proton number 5 and a nucleon
number 11? C

A 1, 8, 2 B 2, 8, 1 C 2, 3 D 3, 2

6. What changes when an ion is made from an atom? J. 03 (7)

A the number of electrons only

B the number of neutrons only
A
C the number of protons only
D the number both of protons and of neutrons
IGCSE Grade (10)
7. Strontium, Sr, is a metal that forms an ionic chloride SrCl2. J. 03 (8)
Sulfur, S, is a non-metal that forms a covalent chloride SCl2. A

Which compound is likely to have the higher melting point (m.p.) and which is more soluble
in water?

8. J.00 (8)
J.04 (8)
How many electrons are shared between the atoms in a molecule of methane, CH4, and in
a molecule of water, H2O?
D

9. In the diagrams, circles of different sizes represent atoms of different elements. J.04 (7)
Which diagram can represent hydrogen chloride gas? J.11 (6)

A
IGCSE Grade (10)
10. The proton number of helium is 2. J. 04 (11)

What information does this give about helium?

A Its atom has two electrons. A
B Its atom is twice as heavy as a hydrogen atom.
C It is a Group II element.
D Its molecule has two atoms.

11. The diagrams show the arrangement of electrons in three different atoms. J. 04 (22)

Which atoms are metals?

A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2 and 3

12. Two isotopes of helium are 2He3 and 2He 4 J. 05 (4)

.Which two diagrams show the arrangement of particles in these two isotopes?
C
IGCSE Grade (10)
13. The electronic configuration of an ion is 2.8.8. J. 05 (6)
What could this ion be? J. 09 (6)

14. J. 05 (8)
Which statement about gaseous hydrogen chloride and solid potassium chloride is
correct?
A
A Hydrogen chloride is covalent but potassium chloride is ionic.
B Hydrogen chloride is ionic but potassium chloride is covalent.
C They are both covalent compounds.
D They are both ionic compounds.

15. Five elements have proton numbers 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18. J. 06 (3)
What are the proton numbers of the three elements that form oxides?

A 10, 12 and 14 C
B 10, 14 and 18
C 12, 14 and 16
D 14, 16 and 18

16. The rows P, Q and R in the table show three pairs of structures. J. 06 (4)

Which pair or pairs are isotopes?

A. P only B. P and Q only C. Q only D. Q and R only

IGCSE Grade (10)
17. J. 06 (6)
In the molecules CH4, HCl and H2O, which atoms use all of their outer shell electrons in
bonding?
A. C and Cl
B. C and H B
C. Cl and H
D. H and O

18. The table shows the nucleon numbers and proton numbers of some atoms. N.06 (5)

How many are atoms of non-metallic elements?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

19. The table shows the electronic structures of four atoms. N. 06 (6)

Which two atoms combine to form an ionic compound?

A. W and X B. W and Y C. X and Y D. X and Z

20. The diagram shows the structure of methane. J.07 (7)

What is the total number of electrons used for bonding in this molecule?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 10
IGCSE Grade (10)
21. The diagram shows the structure of a substance. J. 07 (8)

What is represented?

A. diamond
B. ethane
C. graphite
D. poly(ethene)

22. The table describes the structures of four particles. N. 07 (7)

What are the correct values of X, Y and Z?

IGCSE Grade (10)
23. The following statement is about chemical bonds. N. 07 (8)

Covalent bonds are formed by the …1… of electrons. Covalent substances have …2…
electrical conductivity.

Which words complete the statement? B

24. The electronic structures of atoms P and Q are shown. J.08 (9)

P and Q react to form an ionic compound.

What is the formula of this compound?

A. PQ2 B. P2Q C. P2Q6 D. P6Q2

IGCSE Grade (10)
25. The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table. N. 08 (6)

Which element is correctly matched with its electronic structure?

26. Which of the following compounds exist? N.08 (7)

27. Which particle is an ion? N. 08 (8)

D
IGCSE Grade (10)
28. The diagram shows a molecule of hydrogen fluoride. N. 08 (9)

In the molecule hydrogen fluoride, HF,

A. the hydrogen and fluorine share a pair of electrons.

B. the hydrogen and fluorine share a pair of protons.
C. the hydrogen gives the fluorine an electron.
D. the hydrogen gives fluorine a proton.

29. The diagram shows some properties that substances may have J. 09 (15)

To which labelled part of the diagram does 235U belong?

D

30. The symbols of two atoms may be written as shown. J. 10 (6 )

52 52
23 X 24 Y
B
Which statement about these atoms is correct?

A. They are different elements because they have different numbers of neutrons.
B. They are different elements because they have different numbers of protons.
C. They are isotopes of the same element because they have the same nucleon number.
D. They are isotopes of the same element because they have the same proton number.
IGCSE Grade (10)
June 2011 (4-6)
31

32
C

33
A
 IGCSE Grade (10)
Nov. 2011 (4-7)
34

35

C
IGCSE Grade (10)

36
C

37

C
IGCSE Grade (10)
J. 2012 (4-8)
38
B

39
C

40

41
B
IGCSE Grade (10)

42 B

Nov. 2012 (4-7)

43

44

A
IGCSE Grade (10)

45
B

46

J. 2013 (4-7)
47

48

D
IGCSE Grade (10)

49
D

50
C

Nov. 2013 (4-7)

51

A
IGCSE Grade (10)

52

53

54
A
IGCSE Grade (10)
J. 2014 (4-8)
55
A

56

D
IGCSE Grade (10)

57
C

58

59

B
 IGCSE Grade (10)
Nov. 2014 (4-7)
60
B

61

62
C
IGCSE Grade (10)

63

J. 2015 (3-7)
64

65
B
 IGCSE Grade (10)
66

67

68

Nov. 2015 (3-7)

69

C
 IGCSE Grade (10)

70
C

71

D
 IGCSE Grade (10)
72
D

73
A

J. 2016 ( 4-7)
74

75

C
IGCSE Grade (10)

76

77
A

Nov. 2016 (4-6)

78

B
IGCSE Grade (10)

79
B

80
C
 IGCSE Grade (10)
J. 2017 (4-5)
81

82
C

N. 2018 (4-5)
83
C

84
B
IGCSE Grade (10)

Paper 4
1. J. 02 (4. c)
(c) Bromine reacts with phosphorus to form phosphorus tribromide.
Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of
this covalent compound. The electron distribution of bromine is:
2 + 8 + 18 + 7

Use x to represent an electron from phosphorus.

Use o to represent an electron from bromine. [3]

2. N. 02 (3. e)
(e) Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in the
ionic compound sodium phosphide.

3-
3 Na1+ [xx.Pxx]
xxx

Use o to represent an electron from sodium.

Use x to represent an electron from phosphorus. [3]

3. J. 03 (2. a)
(a) Boron is a non-metal with a macromolecular structure.

(iii) Name another element and a compound that have macromolecular structures.

Element Carbon/ diamond

Compound Silicon dioxide [2]

IGCSE Grade (10)
(iv) Sketch the structure of one of the above macromolecular substances.

[2]

4. J. 03 (5. a, d, e)
The first three elements in Period 6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements are caesium,
barium and lanthanum.

(a) How many more protons, electrons and neutrons are there in one atom of lanthanum
than in one atom of caesium. Use your copy of the Periodic Table of the Elements to
help you.

number of protons 2

number of electrons 2

number of neutrons 4 [3]

(d) Barium chloride is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram that shows the formula of the
compound, the charges on the ions and gives the arrangement of the valency electrons
around the negative ion.

The electron distribution of a barium atom is 2 . 8 . 18 . 18 . 8 . 2

Use x to represent an electron from a barium atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.

[2]
IGCSE Grade (10)

(e) Describe, by means of a simple diagram, the lattice structure of an ionic compound,
such as caesium chloride.

[2]

5. J. 04 (1. b)
(b) Silicon has the same type of macromolecular structure as diamond.
(i) Explain why one atom of either element can form four covalent bonds.

The valence shell has 4 electrons to share, be stable and having configuration of

nearest nobel gas [2]

(ii) Predict two physical properties of silicon.

Hard

High melting point .[2]

(iii) Name a different element that has a similar structure and properties to silicon.

Germanium ………………………………………………………………..[1]

6. J. 04 (3. b)
(b) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of
nitrogen.

[2]
IGCSE Grade (10)
7. N. 04 (5. b, c)
(b) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one covalent
molecule of sulfur chloride.

Use x to represent an electron from a sulfur atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.

[3]

(c) Explain the difference in electrical conductivity between the following.

(i) Solid and liquid strontium chloride

Solid form is bad conductor of electricity

Liquid form is good conductor of electricity……………………………………… [1]

(ii) Liquid strontium chloride and liquid sulfur chloride

Liquid strontium chloride is good conductor of electricity

Liquid sulfur chloride is bed conductor of electricity …… [1]

8. J.05 (4. b)
(iii) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule
of the covalent compound hydrogen sulfide.

Use o to represent an electron from a sulfur atom.

Use x to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.

[2]
IGCSE Grade (10)
9. N. 05 (1)
(a) The structure of a typical ionic compound is a regular arrangement of positive and
negative ions.

(i) What is the name of this regular arrangement of particles?

Giant ionic lattice [1]

(ii) Give two physical properties of ionic compounds.

High melting point

Dissolve in water .[2]

(b) Ions are formed by electron loss or gain. The electron distribution of a magnesium
atom is 2 + 8 + 2 and of a nitrogen atom is 2 + 5.

(i) Give the formula of the magnesium ion.

Mg2+ ….[1]

(ii) Give the formula of the nitride ion.

N3-. .[1]

(iii) What is the formula of the ionic compound, magnesium nitride?

Mg3N2 [1]

(iv) In this compound there is an ionic bond. Why are the two ions attracted to each other?

Opposite charges attract …..[1]

IGCSE Grade (10)
10. N. 05 (5. a)
Strontium and zinc are both metals with a valency of 2. Strontium is more reactive than
zinc. Its chemistry is similar to that of calcium.

(a) (i) Complete the following table that shows the number of protons, electrons and
neutrons in each particle.

38 38 50
38 38 52
30 28 35

(ii)Explain why 88Sr and 90Sr are isotopes.

They have the same number of protons, different number of neutrons .[1]

(iv) Complete the electron distribution of an atom of strontium.

2 + 8 + 18 + 8 … + …2.... [1]

11. J. 06 (4)
The first three elements in Group IV are

Carbon,
Silicon,
Germanium.

(a) The element germanium has a diamond-type structure. Describe the structure of
germanium. A diagram is acceptable.

Each germanium atom is strongly bonded to 4 germanium atoms by covalent bonds in

a tetrahedral structure

2]

(b) Unlike diamond, graphite is soft and is a good conductor of electricity.

(i) Explain why graphite has these properties.

Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 3 carbon atoms in form of layers of

hexagons. The layers are held together by freely moving electrons that help to conduct
electricity. The attraction force between the layers is weak so the layers can slide over
each other [3]
IGCSE Grade (10)

(ii) Give a use of graphite that depends on one of these properties.

Property good conductor electricity

Use Dry cells . [1]

(c) Carbon dioxide and silicon(IV) oxide have similar formulae but different types of
structure.

(i) Give the formulae of these oxides.

CO2 SiO2 [1]

(ii) How are their structures different?

CO2 is a small molecule

SiO2 is a macromolecule …….[2]

12. N. 06 (2)
The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical properties of
the six substances A to F.

(i) Which three substances are solids at room temperature?

A, B, D …………………………………………………………….[1]
IGCSE Grade (10)

(ii) Which one is an ionic compound?

D …………………………………………………………….[1]

(iii) Which one is a gas at room temperature?

F ……………………………………………………………….[1]

(iv) Which two substances are liquids at room temperature?

C, E …………………………………………………..[1]

13. 06 (5. d)
(d) Give a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one
molecule of the covalent compound urea.

Its structural formula is given below.

Use ο to represent an electron from a carbon atom.

Use x to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.
Use • to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.
IGCSE Grade (10)
14. J. 07 (2)
Complete the following table.

good NaCl
SiO2
Positive ions good
Freely moving
Valence electrons

15. J. 07 (4. c)
(c) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one
molecule of the covalent compound nitrogen trichloride.

Use x to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.

[3]
IGCSE Grade (10)
16. N. 07 (2. a, b)
The table below gives the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms
or ions.

A
B 11
23Na
C 18
40Ar
D 15 3-
31P
E 13 3+
27Al

(a) Complete the table. The first line is given as an example. [6]

(b) Which atom in the table is an isotope of the atom which has the composition?
11p, 11e and 14n?

Give a reason for your choice.

B / Sodium, they have same number of protons and electrons but different number
of neutrons
[2]

17. N. 07 (3. a, b)
Magnesium reacts with bromine to form magnesium bromide.

(a) Magnesium bromide is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram that shows the formula
of the compound, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of outer
electrons around the negative ion.

The electron distribution of a bromine atom is 2, 8, 18, 7.

Use x to represent an electron from a magnesium atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a bromine atom. [3]
IGCSE Grade (10)
(b) In the lattice of magnesium bromide, the ratio of magnesium ions to bromide ions is1:2.
(i) Explain the term lattice.

Regular arrangement of alternate opposite ions held together by electrostatic

attraction force in solid state ………[2]

(iii) Explain why the ratio of ions is 1:2.

Mg atom loses 2 valence electrons, bromine atom gains 1 electron …[1]

18. J. 08 (2)
(a) Complete the table which gives the names, symbols, relative masses and
relative charges of the three subatomic particles.

1/1840 -1
P+ +1
Neutron 1

(b) Use the information in the table to explain the following.

(i) Atoms contain charged particles but they are electrically neutral because
they have no overall charge.

Number of positive protons equals number of negative electrons, so the net

charge is zero [2]

(ii) Atoms can form positive ions.

The atom loses electrons where number of positive protons is greater than
number of negative electrons [2]

(iii) Atoms of the same element can have different masses.

They are isotopes, they have same proton number, but different number of
neutrons [2]

(iv) Scientists are certain that there are no undiscovered elements missing from
the Periodic Table from hydrogen to lawrencium

No missing proton number which defines the element [1]

IGCSE Grade (10)

19. J. 08 (5. d)
(d) The structural formula of carbonyl chloride is given below.

Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in one
molecule of this covalent compound.

Use x for an electron from a chlorine atom.

Use o for an electron from a carbon atom.
Use ● for an electron from an oxygen atom.

20. N. 08 (2. a, c)
There are three types of giant structure – ionic, metallic and macromolecular.

(a) Sodium sulfide is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram that shows the formula of the
compound, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons
around the negative ion.

Use x to represent an electron from a sodium atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a sulfur atom.

(c) Silicon(IV) oxide has a macromolecular structure.

(i) Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide (a diagram is not acceptable).

Each Si atom is strongly bonded to 4 oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom is
strongly bonded to 2 Si atoms in a tetrahedral structure [3]
IGCSE Grade (10)
(ii) Diamond has a similar structure and consequently similar properties.
Give two physical properties common to both diamond and silicon(IV) oxide.

Hard
High melting point …….[2]

21. J. 2009[3]

3 The following is a list of the electron distributions of atoms of unknown elements.

(a) Choose an element from the list for each of the following descriptions.

(i) It is a noble gas. ………………………………………

D
(ii) It is a soft metal with a low density. ……………………………………
E
(iii) It can form a covalent compound with element A. ………………………………………
B& F
(iv) It has a giant covalent structure similar to diamond. ………………………………………
B
(v) It can form a negative ion of the type X3-. ………………………………………
A
[5]
(b) Elements C and F can form an ionic compound.
(i) Draw a diagram that shows the formula of this compound, the charges on the ions and the
arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion.
Use o to represent an electron from an atom of C.
Use x to represent an electron from an atom of F.

[3]
IGCSE Grade (10)
(ii) Predict two properties of this compound.
High melting point or boiling point / conducts when molten or in solution
Soluble in water / brittle / hard [2]

22. N. 2009 (31)[4,c]

The distinctive smell of the seaside was thought to be caused by ozone, O3.
Ozone is a form of the element oxygen.

(c) It is now known that the smell of the seaside is due to the chemical dimethyl sulfide,
(CH3)2S.
(i) Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of
this covalent compound.
Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.
Use ● to represent an electron from a sulfur atom.

[3]
(ii) Name the three compounds formed when dimethyl sulfide is burnt in excess oxygen.(ii)

Water / carbon dioxide / sulfur dioxide

[2]
IGCSE Grade (10)
23. N. 2010 (31)[1]
1 The table gives the composition of three particles.

(a) What is the evidence in the table for each of the following?
(i) Particle A is an atom.
Same number of protons and electrons [1]
(ii) They are all particles of the same element.
All have the same number of protons / same proton number / same
atomic number [1]
(iii) Particle B is a negative ion.
More electrons than protons [2]

(iv) Particles A and C are isotopes.

Same number of protons (and electrons) / same proton number / same
atomic number
Different number of neutrons / different mass number / nucleon number
[2]
(b) (i) What is the electronic structure of particle A?
2+8+5 [1]

(ii) What is the valency of the element?

3 [1]

(iii) Is the element a metal or a non-metal? Give a reason for your choice.
Non meal / last energy level has 5 electrons / needs 3e to complete outer
energy level [1]
[Total: 9]
IGCSE Grade (10)
24. N. 2010 (32)[1]
1 The following table gives information about six substances.

(a) Which substance could have a macromolecular structure, similar to that of silicon (IV)
oxide?
...................................................E............................................................................... [1]

(b) Which substances are solids at room temperature?

.............................A...................C.......................E.................................................... [1]

(c) Which substance could be a metal?

....................................................A............................................................................ [1]

(d) Which substance could be aqueous sodium chloride?

.....................................................F........................................................................... [1]

(e) Which substance is an ionic compound?

....................................................C.............................................................................. [1]

(f) Which substances are liquids at room temperature?

..............................D...................................F............................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
IGCSE Grade (10)
25. J. 2011 (31)[3,c]
Iron from the blast furnace is impure. It contains about 4 % carbon and 0.5 % silicon. Most of
this impure iron is used to make mild steel, an alloy of iron containing less than 0.25% carbon.

(c) Both iron and steel have typical metallic structures - a lattice of positive ions and a sea of
electrons.
(i) Suggest an explanation for why they have high melting points.
Strong attractive forces opposite charges attract / bonds hard to break /
requires a lot of energy to break bonds [2]

(ii) Explain why, when a force is applied to a piece of steel, it does not break but just changes
its shape.
Because the layers of positive ions can slide past each other [2]

26. J. 2012 (32)[1]

1 The table below includes information about some of the elements in Period 2.

(a) Why does neon exist as single atoms but fluorine exists as molecules?
Neon has full outer shell neon / does not need to lose or gain electrons
while fluorine atom has incomplete shell / forms bonds with other fluorine
atoms by sharing electrons to form covalent bond [2]

(b) What determines the order of the elements in a period?

..............................Proton number ............................................... [1]
IGCSE Grade (10)
(c) When liquid nitrogen boils the following change occurs.
N2(l) → N2(g)
The boiling point of nitrogen is very low even though the bond between the atoms in a
nitrogen molecule is very strong. Suggest an explanation.
Weak intermolecular forces / low amount of energy required to break
bonds between molecules
Strong covalent bonds between atoms don’t [2]
(d) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the outer shell (Valency) electrons in a
molecule of nitrogen.

[2]
[Total: 7]

27. N. 2012(31)[7]

Both strontium and sulfur have chlorides of the type XCl 2. The table below compares some
of their properties.

(a) (i) Use the data in the table to explain why sulfur chloride is a liquid at room temperature,
25 °C.

Melting point is below 25°C; Boiling point above 25°C

25°C is between mp and bp [2]
IGCSE Grade (10)
(ii) Strontium is a metal and sulfur is a non-metal. Explain why both have chlorides of the type
XCl 2.
The electron distribution of a strontium atom is 2 + 8 + 18 + 8 + 2.
Strontium loses 2e /
Sulfur gains 2e [2]

(iii) Deduce the name of the acidic compound formed when sulfur chloride reacts with water.
Hydrogen chloride / hydrochloric acid;
Accept: sulfurous acid [1]

(iv) Explain the difference in the electrical conductivity of liquid strontium chloride and liquid
sulfur chloride.
Molten strontium chloride is ionic compound , has freely moving ions
Sulfur chloride has no ions / only molecules [3]

28. J. 2014 P 31 (1 )

(a) Which particles are atoms? Explain your choice.

A D E / Same number of protons and electrons , the atom is electrically neutral
[2]
(b) Which particle is a negative ion and why has this particle got a negative charge?
C / Number of electrons sis greater than number of protons [2]
IGCSE Grade (10)
(c) Which particles are positive ions?
B F [1]

(d) Explain why particle A and particle D are isotopes.

They have same number of protons different number of neutrons . [2]
[Total: 7]

29. Nov. 2014 (2)

(a) Explain in terms of its structure why graphite is soft and is a good conductor of electricity.

Soft due to weak attraction forces between its layers. The layers slide by applying
force / Good conductor of electricity due to freely moving electrons [3]

(b) State two uses of graphite which depend on the above properties.

It is soft Pencil / Lubricant

It is a good conductor of electricity Electrodes / Battery [2]
IGCSE Grade (10)
(c) Silicon (IV) oxide also has a macromolecular structure.
(i) Describe the macromolecular structure of silicon (IV) oxide.

Every silicon atom is bonded to 4 oxygen atoms and every oxygen

bonded to two silicon atoms in a tetrahedral structure [1]

(ii) Predict two physical properties which diamond and silicon (IV) oxide have in common.

Have high melting point and boiling point / hard / colourless crystals/shiny [2]
[Total: 8]

30. Nov. 2015 (1)

Na + O 2-

Ca 2+

Si

29

35

27

45
42
IGCSE Grade (10)

They have same number of protons / different number of neutrons

Mg

-
Treatment of cancer
-
Measure thickness of papers

31. J. 2016 (1)

1 +1

1 0

-1

Atoms of the same element, having same number of protons but different
number of neutrons

Both have same number of electrons, same electronic configuration and

same number of valence electrons
IGCSE Grade (10)

3 4 3

16 18 18
41 K 1+
19

32. Nov. 2016 (1)

G
IGCSE Grade (10)
33. J. 2017 (1. b, c, d)

Hydrogen atom has no neutrons

MgF2

Sr3P2
IGCSE Grade (10)
33. N. 2018 / 42 (2. d)

__ 2+ __

Mg

High melting point and boiling point

Soluble in water
Solid form bad conductor of electricity but conduct when molten or
solution